Objects of natural and cultural population. unesco attractions in russia

Objects world heritage, included in the special list of UNESCO, are of great interest to the entire population of the planet. Unique natural and cultural objects make it possible to preserve those unique corners of nature and man-made monuments that demonstrate the richness of nature and the possibilities of the human mind.
As of July 1, 2009, there are 890 objects in the World Heritage List (including 689 cultural, 176 natural and 25 mixed) in 148 countries: individual architectural structures and ensembles - the Acropolis, the cathedrals in Amiens and Chartres, the historical center of Warsaw (Poland) and St. Petersburg (Russia), the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square (Russia), etc.; cities - Brasilia, Venice along with the lagoon, etc.; archaeological reserves - Delphi, etc.; National parks - marine park Great Barrier Reef, Yellowstone (USA) and others. The states on whose territory the World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations to preserve them.

1) Tourists inspect the Buddhist sculptures of the Longmen Grottoes ("Dragon Gate") near the city of Luoyang in Chinese province Henan. There are more than 2,300 caves in this place; 110,000 Buddhist images, more than 80 dagobas (Buddhist mausoleums) containing relics of the Buddhas, as well as 2,800 inscriptions on the rocks near the Yishui River, a kilometer long. For the first time Buddhism in China was introduced in these places during the reign of the Eastern Han Dynasty. (China Photos/Getty Images)

2) Bayon Temple in Cambodia is famous for its many giant stone faces. There are over 1,000 temples in the Angkor region, ranging from nondescript piles of brick and rubble scattered among rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, considered the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored. More than a million tourists visit them every year. (Voishmel/AFP - Getty Images)

3) One of the parts of the archaeological site of Al-Hijr - also known as Madain Salih. This complex, located in the northern regions Saudi Arabia was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List on July 6, 2008. The complex includes 111 rock burials (I century BC - I century AD), as well as a system of hydraulic structures dedicated to the ancient Nabatean city of Hegra, which was the center of caravan trade. There are also about 50 rock inscriptions dating back to the Donabatean period. (Hassan Ammar/AFP - Getty Images)

4) The waterfalls "Garganta del Diablo" ("Devil's Throat") are located on the territory of the Iguazu National Park in the Argentine province of Misiones. Depending on the water level in the Iguazu River, the park has from 160 to 260 waterfalls, as well as over 2000 varieties of plants and 400 Iguazu National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Christian Rizzi/AFP - Getty Images) #

5) The mysterious Stonehenge is a stone megalithic structure, consisting of 150 huge stones, and located on the Salisbury Plain in the English county of Wiltshire. This ancient monument is believed to have been built in 3000 BC. Stonehenge was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Matt Cardy/Getty Images)

6) Tourists stroll by the Bafang Pavilion in the Summer Palace, Beijing's famous classical imperial garden. summer palace, built in 1750, was destroyed in 1860 and rebuilt in 1886. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998. (China Photos/Getty Images)

7) The Statue of Liberty at sunset in New York. "Lady Liberty", which was presented to the United States by France, stands at the entrance to New York Harbor. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Seth Wenig/AP)

8) "Solitario George" (Lonely George), the last living giant tortoise of this species, born on Pinta Island, lives in the Galapagos National Park in Ecuador. She is now approximately 60-90 years old. The Galapagos Islands were originally inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, but in 2007 they were marked as endangered. (Rodrigo Buendia/AFP - Getty Images)

9) People skate on the ice of the canals in the Kinderdijk Mills area, a UNESCO World Heritage site near Rotterdam. Kinderdijk has the largest collection of historic windmills in the Netherlands and is one of the top attractions in South Holland. Decoration with balloons of the holidays passing here gives a certain flavor to this place. (Peter Dejong/AP)

10) View of the Perito Moreno Glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park, in the southeast of the Argentinean province of Santa Cruz. This place was listed as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 1981. The glacier is one of the most interesting tourist sites in the Argentinean part of Patagonia and the 3rd largest glacier in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. (Daniel Garcia/AFP - Getty Images)

11) Terraced gardens in the north Israeli city Haifa is surrounded by the golden-domed Shrine of the Bab, the founder of the Baha'i faith. Here is the world administrative and spiritual center of the Baha'i religion, the number of professing which in the world is less than six million. The site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 8, 2008. (David Silverman/Getty Images)

12) Aerial photography of St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. According to the World Heritage website, within this small state is a unique collection of artistic and architectural masterpieces. The Vatican was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Giulio Napolitano/AFP - Getty Images)

13) Colorful underwater scenes of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This thriving ecosystem hosts the world's largest collection of coral reefs, including 400 coral species and 1,500 fish species. The Great Barrier Reef was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981. (AFP - Getty Images)

14) Camels rest in the ancient city of Petra in front of Jordan's main monument, Al-Khazneh, or the Treasury, believed to be the sandstone tomb of a Nabataean king. This city, located between Red and dead seas, is located at the crossroads from Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Phoenicia. Petra was added to the World Heritage List in 1985. (Thomas Coex/AFP - Getty Images)

15) Sydney Opera House - one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol of Sydney and one of the main attractions of Australia. Sydney Opera theatre inscribed on the World Heritage program in 2007. (Torsten Blackwood/AFP - Getty Images)

16) Rock paintings made by the San people in the Dragon Mountains located in the east South Africa. The San people lived in the Drakensberg area for thousands of years until they were destroyed in clashes with the Zulus and white settlers. They left behind incredible rock paintings in the Dragon Mountains, which were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2000. (Alexander Joe/AFP - Getty Images)

17) General view of the city of Shibam, located in the east of Yemen in the province of Hadhramaut. Shibam is famous for its incomparable architecture, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Program. All houses here are built of clay bricks, about 500 houses can be considered multi-storey, as they have 5-11 floors. Shibam is often referred to as "the oldest city of skyscrapers in the world" or "Desert Manhattan", it is also the oldest example of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction. (Khaled Fazaa/AFP - Getty Images)

18) Gondolas near the Grand Canal in Venice. The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore is visible in the background. Island Venice - seaside resort, Centre international tourism world significance, the venue for international film festivals, art and architectural exhibitions. Venice was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1987. (AP)

19) Some of the 390 abandoned huge statues of compressed volcanic ash (moai in the Rapa Nui language) at the foot of the Rano Raraku volcano on Easter Island, 3700 km from the coast of Chile. National Rapa Nui park included in the UNESCO World Heritage Program since 1995. (Martin Bernetti/AFP - Getty Images)

20) Visitors walk along the Great Wall of China in the Simatai area, northeast of Beijing. This largest architectural monument was built as one of the four main strategic strongholds in order to defend against the invading tribes from the north. The 8,851.8 km long Great Wall is one of the largest building projects ever completed. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP - Getty Images)

21) Temple at Hampi, near the South Indian city of Hospet, north of Bangalore. Hampi is located in the middle of the ruins of Vijayanagara - former capital Vijayanagara empire. Hampi and its monuments were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP - Getty Images)

22) A Tibetan pilgrim rotates prayer mills on the grounds of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet's capital. The Potala Palace is royal palace and Buddhist temple complex which was the main residence of the Dalai Lama. Today, the Potala Palace is a museum actively visited by tourists, remaining a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and continuing to be used in Buddhist rituals. Due to its enormous cultural, religious, artistic and historical significance, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. (Goh Chai Hin/AFP - Getty Images)

23) The Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian city of Cusco. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving the UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983, has become a center of mass tourism. The city is visited by 2,000 tourists per day; In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800. (Eitan Abramovich/AFP - Getty Images)

24) Buddhist pagoda Kompon-daito on Mount Koya, in the province of Wakayama, Japan. Mount Koya, located east of Osaka, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004. In 819, the Buddhist monk Kukai, the founder of the Shingon school, an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism, was the first to settle here. (Everett Kennedy Brown/EPA)

25) Tibetan women walk around the Bodhnath Stupa in Kathmandu - one of the most ancient and revered Buddhist shrines. On the sides of the tower crowning it, "Buddha's eyes" inlaid with ivory are depicted. Kathmandu valley with a height of about 1300 m is a mountain valley and a historical region of Nepal. There are many Buddhist and Hindu temples here, from the Boudhanath stupa to tiny street altars in the walls of houses. locals It is said that 10 million Gods live in the Kathmandu Valley. The Kathmandu Valley was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1979. (Paula Bronstein/Getty Images)

26) A bird flies over the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum-mosque located in the Indian city of Agra. It was built by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth. The Taj Mahal was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983. The architectural marvel was also named one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World" in 2007. (Tauseef Mustafa/AFP - Getty Images)

27) Located in northeast Wales, the 18km Pontcysillte Aqueduct is an Industrial Revolution civil engineering feat completed in the early years of the 19th century. More than 200 years after its opening, it is still in use and is one of the busiest sections of the UK canal network, handling around 15,000 boats a year. In 2009, the Pontkysilte aqueduct was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "a milestone in the history of civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution." This aqueduct is one of unusual monuments plumbing and plumbing. (Christopher Furlong/Getty Images)

28) A herd of moose grazing in the meadows of Yellowstone national park. Mount Holmes, on the left, and Mount Dome are visible in the background. In the Yellowstone National Park, which occupies almost 900 thousand hectares, there are more than 10 thousand geysers and thermal springs. The park was included in the World Heritage program in 1978. (Kevork Djansezian/AP)

29) Cubans drive an old car along the Malecon in Havana. UNESCO inscribed Old Havana and its fortifications on the World Heritage List in 1982. Although Havana has expanded to over 2 million people, its old center preserves an interesting mixture of baroque and neoclassical monuments and homogeneous ensembles of private houses with arcades, balconies, wrought iron gates and patios. (Javier Galeano/AP)

Ten natural objects of the Russian Federation are on the UNESCO World Heritage List (4 of them are recognized as natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance), and this is not counting another 15 objects that are cultural objects of protection. This is not at all surprising, because Russia is a truly vast country, with a huge territory, with incredibly beautiful and diverse nature, with a rich cultural heritage.

If you want to see the virgin nature of Russia in its original form, then it will not be difficult for Russians (and foreign tourists too) to go to one of the nature reserves or national parks of the country, on the territory of which these ten objects are located that need constant protection at the international level. level...

1. Forests of the Komi Republic

The area of ​​these forests is more than 3 million hectares, on which is located national park and a state biosphere reserve. This object has opened a new page in security for Russia environment at the global level.

The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest untouched forests growing in Europe. They cover an area of ​​32,600 square kilometers in the north Ural mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park. According to their composition, the Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. Western part forests fall on the foothills, eastern - on the mountains themselves. The forest area of ​​Komi is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. More than two hundred species of birds live here, 40 species of rare mammals, and 16 species of fish that are considered valuable for fishing, preserved since the Ice Age, live in the reservoirs. For example, Siberian grayling and palia char belong to such fish species. Many inhabitants of the virgin forests of Komi are listed in the Red Book of the planet. This natural object of the Russian Federation was included in the UNESCO list in 1995 - the very first in the list.

2. Lake Baikal

For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the people of Russia who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water in terms of volume. The shape of Baikal has the shape of a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters with an average depth of 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is distinguished by a high content of oxygen. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer near the surface. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see in depth at a distance of up to forty meters.

The oldest and deepest (approximately 1700 meters) on Earth, Lake Baikal covers an area of ​​over three million hectares. The reservoir that appeared about 25 million years ago was in almost complete isolation, due to which an amazing ecosystem was formed in its fresh waters, the study of which allows obtaining information about the evolutionary processes taking place on the planet.

Unique even on a global scale, the lake is about 20% of all the reserves of such necessary fresh water on Earth, as well as a delightful sight that inspires beauty and enchants with the luxury of amazing landscapes.

Lake Baikal was named a beautiful pearl by UNESCO in 1996 and included in the list of priceless heritage of the planet.

3. Kamchatka volcanoes .

This site was also included in the World Heritage List in 1996. Five years later (in 2001), the territory of the object subject to international protection expanded due to the movement of the lithospheric plates of the Pacific volcanic ring. Today, the territory of the state biosphere reserve is about 4 million hectares. This area is called the "natural museum of volcanology." Both long-extinct and active volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula can serve as exhibits. Moreover, each of the "exhibits" is an individual object, for the study of which life is not enough.

In total, there are currently about 300 extinct volcanoes and 30 active ones, but the number of the latter changes every year. The most interesting tourist attraction of this region is the Valley of Geysers in the Konotsky Biosphere Reserve. The mountain rivers of Kamchatka abound with huge numbers of salmon fish, and coastal waters are home to many species of whales and dolphins.

4. Altai Mountains

These mountains are called "Golden", as each species of animals, birds and fish is unique here. Altai cedar forests and mammals with the most valuable commercial fur, which can be equated in value with gold, have been preserved here. The object covers an area of ​​more than 1.5 million hectares, was included in the UNESCO list in 1998. The "golden" Altai mountains are located at the intersection of the mountain system of Siberia and Central Asia.

The vegetation of this region is unique, there is an abundance of alpine meadows, there are steppes, semi-deserts and tundra. Absolutely everything is unique here, from snow leopards to forms mountainous landforms. Pearl Altai Territory called Teletskoye Lake, which is also called "Small Baikal".

5. Natural Park "Lena Pillars"

The fabulously beautiful landscapes of the park are formed by hundred-meter rock formations that pacify the waters. beautiful river Lena. The Lena Pillars are located in the very heart of Sakha (Republic of Yakutia).

Such an amazing natural phenomenon owes its appearance to the continental climate, within which temperature fluctuations reach about one hundred degrees (+40 degrees in summer and -60 degrees in winter). The pillars are separated by deep ravines with steep slopes. Their formation took place under the influence of water, which contributes to the freezing of the soil and its weathering. Similar processes led to the fact that the ravines deepened and expanded. Water in this case plays the role of a destroyer, representing a danger to the pillars.

Introduced in 2012 into the list of heritage of the planet, the Lena Pillars are of interest not only from the point of view of an aesthetic spectacle, it is also a unique archaeological zone, on the territory of which the remains of ancient animals of the Cambrian period were found.

This natural site has an area of ​​1.27 million hectares. If we take into account the geological structure of the soil in the park, then this land can “tell” a lot about the history of the planet, about living organisms and vegetation.

Many remains of mammoths, bison, woolly rhinos, Lena horses, reindeer and other remains of ancient mammals have been found in the Lena Pillars. Today, 12 representatives of animals and birds listed in the Red Book of the planet live on the territory of the complex. It is believed that the Lena Pillars have a huge "aesthetic influence" on a person due to their unique beauty of landscapes, the quaintness of the relief with huge caves, fabulous-looking stone sculptures, rocky spiers, niches and "towers".

6. Sikhote-Alin Reserve

This territory, included in the UNESCO list in 2001, covers an area of ​​about 0.4 million hectares. The object is valuable because unique broad-leaved forests and ancient coniferous forests have been preserved on its territory. There is also an incredible mixture of different types of flora and fauna, among which there are many rare species.

A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the sable population. At present, it is the most convenient place for observing the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. Over a thousand higher species, more than a hundred - mosses, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - fungi.

The local fauna is represented by a large number of birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are among the protected objects. lemongrass chinese,ginseng,Fori rhododendron and Palibina edelweiss, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black crane and stork, Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon, fish owl and Swallowtail butterfly - all of them found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve.

7. natural complex Reserve Wrangel Island

The protected area, which in 2004 added to the list of UNESCO treasures, is located beyond the Arctic Circle. It includes the relief landscapes of Wrangel Island, whose area is over 7 thousand square meters. kilometers, and Herald Island, whose area is 11 thousand square meters. kilometers, as well as the coastal waters of the East Siberian Sea and the waters of the Chukchi Sea.

This region managed to avoid glaciation, thanks to which the area is distinguished by amazing biological diversity. The harsh climate of the protected area appealed to the walruses, who have formed here the largest rookery in the Arctic. The picturesque land was also chosen by polar bears, the density of their ancestral dens in this region is considered the highest on the planet.

More than fifty species of birds nest here, including both endemics and endangered ones. Gray whales rush here, choosing this place for feeding. Surprisingly, over four hundred species of vascular plants are found on the island, among which there are also endemics.

Here tourists can see the largest "bird colonies" in the Eastern Arctic. Pleistocene relics predominate among plant forms. The landscape of the island is unusual, as well as its water area. Many travelers dream of visiting here.

8. Ubsunur hollow

The area of ​​this unique biosphere reserve is 0.8 million hectares. The object was included in the UNESCO list in 2003. located salt Lake with a large scale area on the border of Mongolia and the Russian Republic of Tuva. By the way, only seven sections of the intermountain basin with a shallow lake (up to 15 meters) are located on the territory of Russia, the remaining five parts of the Transboundary Facility are located in Mongolia. Each of the seven sections of the basin on our territory is individual in appearance and the plants that grow there depending on the landscapes.

Inhabitant of the Ubsunur Hollow

Where you can see the foothills with eternal areas of snow-capped peaks, there are also areas of mountain taiga, alpine meadows, wetlands, mountain tundra and even sandy deserts. The remnant mountains with bright vegetation and contrasting landscapes give a special picturesqueness to the Ubsunur basin. Endangered animal species are found here - mountain sheep - argali, snow leopard, as well as many rare species of birds - geese, herons, terns, gulls, waders, etc. During the excavation of ancient burial mounds on the territory of the basin, unique rock paintings, burials and stone statues were discovered .

9. Putorana Plateau

Included in the World Heritage List in 2010, this natural site of the Russian Federation covers a total area of ​​more than 1.8 million hectares. This virgin basalt plateau in the north of Eastern Siberia, almost at the Arctic Circle, is invaluable in terms of study by geologists and geomorphologists. The mountainous terrain has a stepped landscape, flat-topped massifs intersect deep canyons. The plateau was formed at the turn of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic as a result of volcanic activity. Forty-layer deposits allow us to study the structure of the planet.

Deep cracks in the plateau were formed by glaciers, which subsequently filled with water, forming lakes with a unique appearance and a depth of up to 400 meters. There are many on the plateau beautiful waterfalls, one of which (in the valley of the Kanda River) has a height of 108 meters. In total, there are 25 thousand small and large lakes with a huge supply of fresh water on the territory of the Putorana Plateau. There are more than 30 species of mammals in this northern reserve, and all of them are rare or relict.

Vegetation is represented by 400 species - mainly woodlands, mountain tundra and larch taiga. The plateau serves as a resting place for thousands of species of migratory birds.

The picturesque landscapes of the beautiful plateau coincide with the boundaries of the reserve of the same name located beyond the Arctic Circle, which adorns the territory of Central Siberia. The special charm of the area is betrayed by the successive zones: the virgin taiga, the richest forest tundra, the colorful landscapes of the tundra and the fabulous beauty of the icy Arctic deserts. A real decoration of the plateau: winding ribbons of rivers and a crystal saucer of a lake filled with clear cold water. Through the inhospitable lands of the plateau, a road stretches along which deer migrate. This is an incredible sight, which in nature can be observed less and less.

10. Territories of the Western Caucasus

The nature reserve with an area of ​​0.3 million hectares has been included in the UNESCO list since 1999. These territories are almost untouched by human civilization. Today they are protected not only by UNESCO, but also by other all-Russian and international organizations - Greenpeace, the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, "NABU", Dresden Technical University, the working group " North Caucasus” and others. The territory of the reserve covers areas that stretch from the upper reaches of the Kuban River to the Belaya and Malaya Laba rivers..

Caucasus. Blooming rhododendron in the Upper Mzymta valley

The vegetation in this protected region is represented by coniferous and broad-leaved forests, crooked forests, mountain meadows, and nival belt. Every third plant here is considered relic. Rare species of birds of prey nest here - ospreys, bearded vultures, golden eagles, griffon vultures, etc. Among the large animals in the reserve, you can see West Caucasian tigers, brown bears, wolves, Caucasian red deer, bison, etc. Tourists will be interested to see beautiful karst formations in this natural area with deep gorges, waterfalls, underground rivers, tarns, moraines, cirques and valleys formed by mountain glaciers.

11. Curonian Spit

The Curonian Spit is a sandy spit located on the coast Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. The Curonian Spit is a narrow and long saber-shaped strip of land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea and extends from the city of Zelenogradsk Kaliningrad region to the city of Klaipeda (Smiltyne) (Lithuania).

Length - 98 kilometers, width ranges from 400 meters (near the village of Lesnoy) to 3.8 kilometers (near Cape Bulviko, just north of Nida).

The Curonian Spit is a unique natural-anthropogenic landscape and a territory of exceptional aesthetic value: The Curonian Spit is the largest sand body that is part of the Baltic sand spits complex, which has no analogues in the world. The high level of biological diversity due to the combination of different landscapes - from desert (dunes) to tundra (raised bog) - gives an idea of ​​important and long-term ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, river, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals. The location of the spit and its relief are unique.

The most significant element of the spit relief is a continuous strip of white sand dunes 0.3-1.0 km wide, partly approaching the highest in the world (up to 68 m).

The Curonian Spit contains natural areas that are the most representative and important for the conservation of biological diversity, including those where endangered species are preserved, which are of outstanding world significance in terms of science and nature conservation: due to their geographic location and orientation from the northeast to the southwest, it serves as a corridor for migratory birds of many species flying from the northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of the Middle and Southern Europe. Every year, in spring and autumn, 10 to 20 million birds fly over the spit, most of which stop here for rest and feeding.

In the last entry, I posted not all the architectural objects of Russia, marked by UNESCO for their uniqueness and historical value. Today I will add to this list...

12. Citadel, Old city and fortifications of Derbent .

The citadel, the old town and fortifications of Derbent is the collective name under which in 2003 UNESCO inscribed the medieval architectural heritage of the city of Derbent on the World Heritage List.

The history of ancient Derbent, located off the coast of the Caspian Sea, on the territory of modern Dagestan, has, according to archaeologists, five thousand years. This one of the oldest cities in Russia was at first a small settlement founded at the foot of the spurs of the Caucasus Mountains, which later acquired city fortifications of impressive size.

However, the first documentary evidence of this place is precisely how big city, belong to the 5th century. At that time, the Persian king Yazdegerd II ruled here, who appreciated its strategic location. This, by the way, is reflected in the name, because Derbent in Iranian means “mountain outpost” or “mountain pass”. Approximately 100 years later, another king erected a fortified city on the remains of the former defensive structures, which is called the Old, with impregnable fortress and powerful fortifications. Between these fortifications, stretching deep into the Caucasus Mountains for more than 40 kilometers, a city has developed that still retains a medieval character.

Citadel of Nara-kala

It continued to be a strategically important site well into the 19th century. Derbent has experienced many dramatic events throughout its history: wars, assaults, periods of decline and prosperity, times of independence and subjugation to other peoples. But still, this place has preserved many monuments of all these turbulent periods.

This: the citadel of Naryn-kala, with thick and high walls, the ruins of the palace of the Derbent Khan, baths and a guardhouse;

13. Struve geodesic arc

The Struve arc is a network of 265 triangulation points, which were stone cubes buried in the ground with an edge length of 2 meters, with a length of more than 2820 kilometers. It was created to determine the parameters of the Earth, its shape and size. It is named after the creator - the Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (Vasily Yakovlevich Struve).

The Struve geodetic arc was measured by Struve and employees of the Derpt (Tartu) and Pulkovo observatories (whose director was Struve) for 40 years, from 1816 to 1855, over 2820 km from Fuglenes near the North Cape in Norway (latitude 70 ° 40′11″N) to the village of Staraya Nekrasovka Odessa region near the Danube (latitude 45° 20′03″ N), which formed a meridian arc with an amplitude of 25° 20′08″.

Struve geodesic arc, "Point Z", o. Gogland, Leningrad region

Currently, arc points can be found on the territory of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia (on the island of Gogland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova (Rud village) and Ukraine. On January 28, 2004, these countries applied to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee with a proposal to approve the remaining 34 points of the Struve Arc as a World Heritage Site. In 2005, this proposal was accepted.

A story about other architectural monuments of Russia included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, Around the world

cited
Liked: 9 users

natural heritage. General provisions

Definition 1

At the moment, the world natural heritage is understood as miraculous natural monuments formed under the influence of evolutionary, natural-climatic, biotic and abiotic factors and representing cultural, aesthetic or scientific value for current and future generations.

Natural heritage can be forests, water bodies, mountains and mountain systems, plateaus, other geological formations, biodiversity richness, protected areas, and so on.

The study of natural ecosystems as part of the world natural heritage is studied by such sciences as general ecology, geoecology, recreational geography, geomorphology, hydrology, mineralogy, petrography and many other sciences that are integral parts of ecology and geography.

UNESCO action for the protection of the world natural heritage

Definition 2

UNESCO is an international United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization that unites $195$ of member countries.

In addition to activities in the field of education, science, ensuring human rights and freedoms, illiteracy, discrimination, this organization also deals with the conservation of natural objects of great aesthetic, scientific and other significance. In $1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage. This convention entered into force after $3$ of the year. Since then, a special commission has held annual meetings at which objects are identified for inclusion in the list of cultural and natural heritage sites. In turn, natural heritage sites are selected in order to preserve them and attract a wide range of the public to the uniqueness of natural sites.

Currently, there are $197$ of objects on the list of world natural heritage around the world. In addition, $32$ of objects according to mixed natural and cultural criteria are also allocated.

Natural objects have been included in the UNESCO list since $2002 on the basis of four developed criteria:

1. The object is a natural phenomenon or space of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
2. The object is an outstanding example of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including monuments of the past, a symbol of ongoing geological processes in the development of the relief, or a symbol of geomorphological or physiographic features;
3. The object is an outstanding example of ongoing ecological or biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems, plant and animal communities;
4. The property includes the most important or significant natural habitat for the conservation of biological diversity, including endangered species of exceptional global conservation and scientific value.

Unfortunately, a number of world natural heritage sites are under constant anthropogenic pressure, are subject to destruction, the destructive effects of natural processes, armed conflicts and uncontrolled tourism. Therefore, at the moment, the protection and attraction of public attention to the conservation of natural heritage sites is a very important and urgent task.

Natural heritage of Russia

Currently, $26$ of World Heritage Sites are registered in Russia, including $10$ of World Natural Heritage Sites. In terms of world natural heritage, Russia ranks $4$ in the world, after China, the USA and Australia.

The list of natural world heritage sites in Russia includes:

1. Virgin forests of Komi. The year of inclusion in the list is $1995$. The facility area is $3.28 million hectares and includes tundra areas covered with forests, swamps and rivers.
2. Lake Baikal. The year of inclusion in the list is $1996$. The area of ​​the facility is $3.15 million hectares. Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on the planet. Its waters store almost $20%$ of all fresh water in the world. The lake is home to a unique animal world characteristic only for these areas.
3. Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Year of inclusion in the list - $ 1996 $. ($2001-expansion). The site consists of $6$ of individual sections and includes a large concentration of volcanoes. The nature of Kamchatka forms an aesthetically unique landscape with significant biodiversity.
4. Golden Altai mountains. The year of inclusion in the list is $1998$. The object consists of $3$ separate sections. The area is home to such endangered animal species as the snow leopard.
5. Western Caucasus. The year of inclusion in the list is $1999$. The area of ​​the facility is $300$ thousand hectares. The area is characterized by a large number endemic plant and animal species.
6. Central Sikhote-Alin. Year of inclusion - $2001$. The territory extends from the Sikhote-Alin Mountains to the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and is a habitat for endangered animal species - the Amur tiger, the Far Eastern leopard.
7. Ubsunur basin. Year of inclusion - $2003$. The territory of the facility is $1069 thousand hectares and consists of $12$ separate plots, $7$ of which are in Russia and $5$ in Mongolia. In the Ubsunur basin there is a huge number of birds and rare species of animals.
8. Wrangel Island. The year of inclusion in the list is $2004$. The object includes Wrangel Island itself and Herald Island with adjacent water areas. There is a very high biodiversity here (walruses, polar bears, northern right whales, nesting places for birds, etc.).
9. Putorana Plateau. Year of inclusion - $2010$. The object is characterized by untouched tundra, forest tundra, arctic desert system. The main deer migration routes are recorded here.
10. Lena pillars. Year of inclusion - $2012$. The Lena Pillars are natural formations with a height of about $100$ meters and have aesthetic value and unique beauty.

In addition, 6 new natural objects (Daursky Reserve, Commander Islands, Magadan Reserve, Krasnoyarsk pillars, Vasyugan swamps, Ilmensky mountains), 3 repeated objects (extension of the Sikhote-Alin site, Virgin Komi Forests) were included as candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. and Western Caucasus).

Currently, another $1$ object of a mixed type (according to cultural and natural criteria) is listed as a candidate - the cultural landscape of the Cave Cities of Crimean Gothia, which is located in Crimea, however, the territory of the Crimean peninsula, in accordance with international standards, is disputed between Russia and Ukraine, therefore this site is in limbo and is unlikely to be recognized as a world heritage site in the near future, as it does not have a national reference.

Natural monuments protected by UNESCO The United Nations Specialized Agency for Education, Science and the Arts monitors the conservation cultural heritage Worldwide. This category includes both the most outstanding architectural structures created by man and nature reserves - in the second case, UNESCO specialists have to put a lot of effort into protecting unique natural phenomena from plunder and destruction by our freedom-loving race. Especially for you, we have collected 10 of the most beautiful monuments nature, which are among the specially protected.

St Kilda

Scotland This unique, isolated archipelago was inhabited by a small group of Gaelic people who were all evacuated during the Second World War. Now there is a militarized base and several teams of scientists: St. Kilda is home to the rarest species of birds and animals.

Wulingyuan Mountains

China This mountain system is located in the north of Hunan province. The mountains owe their appearance to the weathering of sandstones. It was here that Cameron filmed his "Avatar" - one of the peaks was subsequently renamed by the provincial authorities to "Hurrah, Avatar!"

wadden sea

The water area of ​​the North Sea Watt is called a shallow offshore area, of which there are dozens. Natural processes function here without the slightest human intervention, almost the entire territory of this unusual sea is covered by three national parks.

Road of the Giants

Northern Ireland The unique terrain is more than 40,000 basalt columns. They connected with each other as a result of a volcanic eruption, and the ancient tribes had already come up with a legend that trolls would go to Ragnarok along these pillars.

Rapanui National Park

Chile The whole world knows this place thanks to unique statues moai: Easter Island is considered almost the most mysterious place our planet.
Galapagos Islands

Ecuador

It was here that Charles Darwin first thought about the theory of evolution: the abundance of flora and fauna still makes the Galapagos a place of pilgrimage for every self-respecting naturalist.

Socotra Archipelago

Yemen Four islands and a pair of rocks: one of the most isolated archipelagos in the world, located near pirate Somalia, boasts an abundance of endemic species of fauna and flora, which can not be found anywhere else in the world.

Yosemite National Park

USA Three thousand square kilometers of unique mountain landscapes, granite cliffs, waterfalls and sequoias: Yosemite is rightfully considered one of the best National parks country.

Tongariro National Park

New Zealand Local mountains are deified by the Maori peoples living here: they connect people and all nature of the island.

Halong bay

Vietnam There are more than 3,000 islands in this bay, which is half the number of people living here. Tourists from all over the world come every year to join the majestic nature of this place.

The list of natural and cultural attractions created by UNESCO is a kind of quality mark that tells the traveler that it is worth seeing. We decided to tell you about those Russian facilities which have been included in the World Heritage Register. What if you don't know about some of them?

Central Sikhote-Alin

The name Sikhote-Alin, which is unusual for the Russian ear, is borne by mountains in the Primorsky Territory. Rare animals such as the Himalayan bear and the Amur tiger live here. The protected area was recognized as a heritage of mankind in 2001.

Architectural and historical complex Bulgar

On the territory of Tatarstan, the ruins of a city founded by the Volga Bulgars (Turkic tribes) have been preserved. In 1361, the city was destroyed by the Golden Horde prince Bulat-Timur - fortunately, not completely. The settlement has survived to this day, which was recognized as a unique monument in 2014.

Wrangel Island

Wrangel Island is the northernmost of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It includes not only the island of the same name, but also the neighboring Herald Island, as well as the adjacent waters of the Chukotka and East Siberian Seas. The islands are known for their huge walrus rookeries and the highest density of polar bear dens in the world. The reserve was recognized as the heritage of mankind in 2004.

History Center Yaroslavl

One of the dominant features of Yaroslavl is the complex of the Spassky Monastery, which is often referred to as the Kremlin. Together with other historical buildings of the city, it was included in the World Heritage List in 2005.

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

Built in the royal estate in 1532, when Kolomenskoye was not yet the territory of Moscow. The church was recognized as a heritage of humanity in 1994.

Lake Baikal

Surprisingly, but deepest lake of the world was recognized as the heritage of mankind not among the first natural attractions. UNESCO noted the exclusivity of this reservoir only in 1996.

Architectural ensemble Trinity-Sergius Lavra

In 1993, the main attraction of Sergiev Posad was added to the list. The largest male monastery in Russia was founded in 1337, and the laurel acquired its familiar appearance by XVIII century when most of the buildings available to the public today appeared here.

Western Caucasus

The mountains of the Western Caucasus, on the territory of which, for example, the Sochi National Park and the Ritsa Reserve are located, stretch from Anapa to Elbrus. Here you can find both low-mountain relief and typically alpine landscapes with numerous glaciers. The mountains were included in the UNESCO list in 1999.

Citadel, old city and fortifications of Derbent

Derbent is considered the oldest city in Russia. The first mention of it dates back to the 6th century BC, when it was called the Caspian Gate. Here is the citadel and fortifications, whose age is 16 centuries. In 2003, UNESCO recognized them as an exceptional historical monument.

Golden Altai Mountains

It was under this name that three sites were included in the UNESCO list in 1998 Altai mountains: Altai and Katunsky reserves and the Ukok plateau. Despite the status of specially protected areas, there are still frequent cases of poaching.

Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery

The Ferapontov monastery in the Vologda region began to be built in the 15th century. For centuries it has been the most important cultural and religious center of the Belozersk region. Today, in the buildings of the monastery, included in the UNESCO list in 2000, there is a museum and a bishop's residence of the Vologda Metropolis.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

In 1996, the Kamchatka volcanoes were recognized as a World Heritage Site, and five years later, UNESCO expanded the protected area. A large number of active volcanoes are concentrated here, which makes this area unique even by global standards.

Historical and architectural complex "Kazan Kremlin"

The only Russian Kremlin, on the territory of which the church is adjacent to the mosque, is located in Kazan. It began to be built in the 10th century, and it acquired a more or less modern look only six centuries later. Today, the fortress, which has been considered the heritage of mankind since 2000, is the main attraction of the capital of Tatarstan and a favorite place for walks of the townspeople.

Putorana Plateau

Lenta.ru wrote more than once about the Putorana Plateau, which was included in the World Heritage List in 2010. The natural reserve, stunning in its beauty, is located in the north of Central Siberia, 100 kilometers beyond the Arctic Circle. Here you can see the untouched taiga, forest tundra and the Arctic desert.

White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

In 1992, the white-stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal were recognized as World Heritage. Located very close to each other, the cities are an ideal weekend itinerary, varied and not tiring.

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

In 1990, one of the first to enter the list main square Russia (together with the Kremlin). In total, there are three UNESCO-marked sights in Moscow - more than in any other region of the country.

curonian spit

Partially located on the territory of Lithuania, the Curonian Spit is one of the main natural attractions of the Kaliningrad region. Its length is 98 kilometers, and its width is from 400 meters at its narrowest point to four kilometers at its widest. The spit was included in the UNESCO heritage list in 2000.

Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent

Another Moscow attraction - the Novodevichy Convent - was created in the 16th-17th centuries. The monastery is a prominent representative of the Moscow baroque and is known for the fact that women from the royal family were tonsured as nuns here. The importance of the monastery for world culture was recognized in 2005.

Virgin forests of Komi

The largest Russian attraction on the list covers an area of ​​​​3.28 million hectares, including flat tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals and one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forests. These territories have been protected by the state for the past 50 years; forests were included in the UNESCO list in 1995.

The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

Many go to Karelia for the sake of Kizhi and Solovki. Both islands are on the World Heritage List. Kizhi churchyard, a monument of wooden architecture, was included in the list in 1990.

Lena Pillars

Located in the largest region of the country - in Yakutia, the pillars are located almost 200 kilometers from the republican center. Excursions here are expensive, but those who have been at the pillars say that they do not regret the money spent. In 2012 uniqueness natural monument noted by UNESCO.

Historic center of St. Petersburg

One of the most famous sights not only in Russia, but also abroad is the center of St. Petersburg. The "Venice of the North" with its canals and over 400 bridges was included in the UNESCO list in 1990.

Ubsunur hollow

Another attraction that Russia shares with other states (there are three in total). The Ubsunur basin, partly located on the territory of Mongolia, consists of 12 disparate sections, united by a common name. A huge number of birds live in the local steppes, rare mammals are found in the desert areas, and the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book, lives in the highlands. The basin was included in the UNESCO list in 2006.

Cultural and historical ensemble "Solovki Islands"

The Solovetsky archipelago has six islands, and its total area is over 300 square kilometers. Despite the fact that it is located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region, most travelers sail here from Karelia - it's more convenient. The archipelago entered the list in 1992.

The ancient city of Tauric Chersonesos and its choir

Chersonesos is familiar to everyone who at least once rested in the Crimea. The ruins of the ancient polis, which is now part of Sevastopol, were included in the UNESCO list in 2013.

Struve geodesic arc

"Struve Arc" - a chain of triangulation points, stretching for almost three thousand kilometers across the territory of ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. It appeared at the beginning of the 19th century and was used for the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the Earth's meridian arc. It was created by the astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, better known in those days under the name of Vasily Yakovlevich Struve. In 2005, the attraction was included in the UNESCO heritage list.

Historical monuments Novgorod and surroundings

In the 9th century Novgorod became the first capital of Russia. It is quite logical that it was one of the first to be included in the World Heritage List. UNESCO recognized it as a heritage of mankind already in 1992.