Lake baikal animal world presentation. Baikal presentation

Scroll through the presentation for a geography lesson for grade 7 on the topic: "Lake Baikal"

Lake Baikal

• Lake Baikal is located in Russia, the southern part of Eastern Siberia.
• This is the deepest lake in the world.
• The largest natural storage of fresh water.

• Baikal is located on the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia.
• The lake stretches from north to southwest for 636 km. The width of the lake is 25 to 80 km.

336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal.
At the same time, the largest volume of water enters the lake from the Selenga River. And the only river Angara flows out of Baikal.

Baikal area 31,470 sq. Km
The maximum depth is 1637 meters.

• To imagine the enormity of the water body of Lake Baikal, let us point out that the Angara needs 387 years of continuous work to drain its water bowl, provided that not a liter of water gets into Lake Baikal during this time.

The volume of water in Lake Baikal is 23 thousand cubic meters. km

• This accounts for 20% of the world and 90% of Russian fresh water reserves. There is more water in Baikal than in all 5 Great Lakes.
  (Upper, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario).

From January to April, the lake is usually covered with ice.

• Baikal water is unusually clear, clean and saturated with oxygen. In spring, the transparency of the water is 40 m.

There are 52 fish species in the lake, of which 27 are endemic. The most popular are Siberian sturgeon, omul, whitefish, perch, dace, catfish, carp, burbot, golomnyanka.

• Golomyanka is a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder,
• 35% fat
• It lives only in Lake Baikal and belongs to the class of viviparous.
• Golomyanka is capable of producing up to 2000 small fish.

• The Latin name of the Baikal omul is translated as "wandering" whitefish. The name is not accidental. Scientists believe that the omul penetrated into Baikal during the interglacial period from the seas of the Arctic Ocean.

• Baikal omul is endemic, i.e. does not occur anywhere except Lake Baikal.
• Baikal omul is divided into several populations, the most popular are Selenga and Barguzin.

Baikal seal

• One of the three freshwater seal species in the world. Endemic to Lake Baikal. The average body length of an adult seal is 165 cm, weight is from 50 to 130 kg. Travel speed in a calm environment 7-8 km / h Maximum speed 20-25 km / h. It moves slowly on a hard surface, fingering with fins and tail.

Cubs are born in mid-March. Usually, a seal gives birth to one baby weighing up to 4 kg. The skin of the baby is silver. The baby spends about 4-6 weeks inside the den, feeding on the mother's milk.

Mikanovich Kira

The presentation "Lake Baikal" was created for the lesson of the outside world in grade 4 and contains 33 slides. The presentation reveals the beauty of Baikal, its originality and uniqueness, talks about the flora and fauna of the lake and its environs, about the peoples inhabiting this area, shows the ecological problems of Baikal.

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LAKE BAIKAL Mikanovich Kira MKOU "ASOSH with UIOP" 4 A class

Lake Baikal Scientists are still arguing about the origin of Lake Baikal. On the one hand, it is believed that it is 25-35 million years old, on the other hand, the lakes do not live so much because of their siltation

Baikal is not only the deepest lake on Earth, but also the largest storage of fresh water - about 19% of the world's reserves are concentrated in it.

In terms of the area of \u200b\u200bthe water surface, Baikal is the sixth lake in the world, surpassing Belgium with all its houses and factories.

Baikal has more water than all the American Great Lakes combined.

336 rivers and streams flow into Baikal, and only one river flows out of it - the Angara.

There is a legend that Baikal once had many obedient children, and only the wayward Angara, having fallen in love with the handsome young Yenisei, went against the will of her father, who wanted to marry her off to the old Irkut. One night she ran away to her beloved, for which Baikal threw a huge stone at her in anger and cursed the fugitive.

Another feature of the lake is its amazing transparency - up to 40 meters!

There are 27 islands on Lake Baikal, of which the largest is Olkhon (730 km²).

In the myths and legends of the Buryats, Olkhon is called the abode of the formidable spirits of Lake Baikal. Here, according to legend, the chief of the khans, Khaan-Khute-baabai, who was sent to Earth by the highest gods, descended from the sky. His son, Khan Shubuu noyon, who was the first to receive a shamanic gift from the Tengriyas, lives here in the form of a bald eagle-golden eagle.

In 1996, Baikal was included in the list World heritage UNESCO.

The lake and coastal areas are distinguished by a unique variety of flora and fauna. Their inhabitants are 2/3 endemic, that is, they live only in this reservoir.

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Baikal animals Vegetable and animal world Baikal is unusually rich. Currently, there are 1550 species and varieties of animals, 1085 plant organisms.

Of the algae, the most numerous are diatoms, of the animals - golomyanka-goby fish, amphipods. Baikal has 848 species of endemic (i.e. unique) animals and 133 species of unique plants.

The only representative of the mammals of Lake Baikal is the seal or the Baikal seal, which has a common ancestor with the northern seal. Scientists suggest that the seal entered Baikal from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara River during the Ice Age. Its number is currently about 60 thousand heads. The seal lives for more than 50 years; a female can bring up to 2 dozen cubs during its life.

Most of the seals emerge in mid-March, are born on ice, in a snow den, and while feeding on their mother's milk, they do not dive into the water. Cubs have white fur - this is their protective color. With the transition to feeding on fish, their color changes: silver-gray in 2-3 months, brown-brown in older ones. A young seal is called a khubunk, the first molted animal is called a kumatkan. Hunting is carried out mainly on kumatkans.

o n d a t ra

A little about the coastal nature. Taiga comes close to Baikal itself and therefore the fauna is quite diverse here. Of course, the main game is the sable. with about l

The appearance of a bear on the shores of Lake Baikal is of the nature of a massive, regularly recurring phenomenon. They can be seen here from the 2nd decade of June, depending on when the ice on Lake Baikal disappears and the years of caddisflies begin. Baikal attracts bears with a variety of different food, the lake throws out beetles, dragonflies, molluscs, dead gobies, golomyanka, and sometimes wounded seals.

In the open, grassy areas of the mountains, bears also find an abundant table - various types of umbrella and legumes. It is in these landscapes and only in strictly defined periods of the year that so many bears can be observed. The northern shores of Lake Baikal are unique and unique in this respect.

Siberian chipmunk

Wryneck

Redstart

Brown hare Musk deer

Przewalski's horse

Grouse Capercaillie

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The population of the Baikal region The population along the shores of Lake Baikal consists of Russians and foreigners: Buryats and Tungus.

The most populated places are mainly those that are located near the tracks leading to the cities: Irkutsk, Verkhneudinsk and Barguzin, closer to the post roads (and now to the railway). Thus, the southern half of Lake Baikal is more populated than the northern one, in which only rare Tungus nomads and in some places Russian settlements, mainly from exiled peasants, are located.

And now about the sad. In 1966, the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) started up, as a result of which the adjacent bottom areas of the lake began to degrade, and the state of the taiga around the BPPM worsened.

In September 2008, the plant had to be shut down. However, in January 2010, a decree was adopted that actually allows the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill to discharge industrial wastewater into Baikal, burn and store any waste on its shores.

On March 10, 2010, public organizations of Russia announced the creation of a coalition "For Baikal!" and the beginning of collecting signatures for an appeal to UNESCO.

Baikal is one on the whole planet, There is simply no other ... We are all yours, my Baikal, children, And we are destined to live with you!

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Lake Baikal is about 25 million years old.

As most scientists today assume, the formation of the Baikal Basin began already in the Mesozoic era, and the lake itself was about 20-25 million years ago. That is, you and I can assume that the beauty of Lake Baikal could be admired by one of the most ancient inhabitants of our planet, dinosaurs and mammoths. Do you know this below. The shape that we now recognize on the world map, Baikal acquired not so long ago, if we compare this time with the moment of its appearance, that is, several million years ago. By the way, if we talk about age, it would not hurt to mention that Baikal the oldest lake on planet Earth.

Where did the name "Baikal" come from?

Since childhood, we have heard about Lake Baikal, but have each of us thought about who gave the name to the lake and what this word means! Version one: The name comes from the Mongolian word "Baigal Dalai", which literally means "Big Lake". The Buryats adopted the name, but altered it a bit according to their own "Baigal-Nuur" - "Baigal Lake". When the Russians entered the lands of Lake Baikal, they, in turn, adopted the name "Baigal" and over time, in colloquial pronunciation, they simplified it to the modern "Baikal" known to us. That is, one letter was replaced from "g" to "k". Version two: The name has its origin from the consonant Türkic-lingual word "Bai-Kul" - "Rich lake". "Baikal" came to be consonant with the Chinese name "Bei-Hai" - "North Sea". But most scientists are in favor of the first version.

Volcanoes of Baikal

Today, there are no active volcanoes on Lake Baikal itself, but within the boundaries of the Baikal rift zone there are numerous extinct volcanoes and traces of volcanic activity. For example, in the Tunkinskaya Valley there are volcanoes that are considered extinct only recently, about 10 thousand years ago. Even more ancient volcanoes, which later turned into mountains, are found on the Baikal coast, on the Ushkany Islands and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Cedar Capes. It has been suggested that the presence of dormant volcanoes at the very bottom of the lake is likely. Constant observations of scientists over the lake and the surrounding area give reason to conclude that the birth of new volcanoes is likely, albeit small. These conclusions are based on the presence of thermal waters on Lake Baikal, recurring earthquakes and anthropogenic (by human hands) impact on the crust caused by the construction of dams and reservoirs.

Dinosaurs and mammoths on the lake

In the area of \u200b\u200bLake Gusinoe, which is located not far from Lake Baikal, in the coal rocks of the Mesozoic era, the remains of dinosaurs were found. But it is definitely impossible to say that dinosaurs walked along the shores of Lake Baikal. We can only say that dinosaurs lived in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Baikal, because Baikal appeared later, after the dinosaurs disappeared from all over the planet. Yes, mammoths lived on Lake Baikal. And, by the way, not only mammoths, but for example, woolly rhinos, reaching very large sizes.

Mysteries of Baikal

Baikal has its own secrets and even a mysterious place called Shamanka Rock, which is located on Cape Burkhan. The rock is composed of granite, white marble and quartz and has a cave inside. The cave has its own name associated with the name of Khan Guta-Babai. According to Buryat legends, he descended from heaven to earth, built a palace for himself in the Shamanka cave and married the most beautiful girls. From this couple, the family of Great Shamans began, who told the whole world about the sacred knowledge accumulated by the Tengri people.

Storms on Baikal

Despite the fact that Baikal is a lake, there are strong storms ... Wave height can reach 4-5 meters.

Endemics of Lake Baikal

Baikal is a habitat for unique and endemic plants and animals. For example, there are about 27 species of fish that live exclusively in the waters of Lake Baikal

1. Baikal omul

Endemic to Lake Baikal, a fish of the whitefish genus of the salmon family. Usually weighs 1-1.5 kg, there are individuals weighing up to 7 kg. Omul entered Baikal from the Arctic Ocean along the river system about 20 thousand years ago, during the last glaciation. Its first description was given by J.G. Georgi in 1775.

2. Nerpa

Endemic and the only mammal of Lake Baikal. It is located at the top of the food chain of the reservoir, encloses all its energy flow and has a significant impact not only on the ichthyofauna, but also on the entire ecosystem of the lake.

3. GOLOMYANKA

It is a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder, whose body is 35% fat. She lives at a great depth of Lake Baikal and is viviparous. The importance of golomyankas for Lake Baikal is immeasurably great. The entire deep-water layer of the lake is inhabited by golomyankas. They account for 3/4 of the biomass and 4/5 of the production of all fish.

4. BAIKAL EPISHURE

One of the most famous endemics of Lake Baikal. A species of planktonic crustaceans from the subclass of copepods (Copepoda). The size of an adult crustacean is about 1.5 mm. Epishura plays an important role in the pelagic ecosystem, inhabiting the entire water column and forming up to 90% or more of the biomass.

5. Baikal sturgeon

Evolutionarily the oldest and largest fish of Lake Baikal. Usually inhabits the coastal waters of the eastern side of Lake Baikal at a depth of 20-50 m and in the Selenga shallow water. The main food of the Baikal sturgeon is insect larvae, all types of crustaceans and the Baikal broadlobe.

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“… And what about Siberian beauty? And is it possible, for example, about Lake Baikal, to express approximately something worthy of it? Any comparisons, any words will only be a faint and faded shadow. If it were not for the mighty, to match him, the Sayans are nearby, not Lena, taking its origin nearby, not the Angara, carrying its water to the Yenisei, one could decide, standing on the shore of this miracle lake and looking at its near contours and water, on its colors and illumination from above, from which the soul does not even melt, but dies in a deep swoon - one could decide that Baikal was accidentally dropped from some other planet, more joyful and richer, where he was with a local inhabitant full agreement. " Valentin Rasputin

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"... We should be glad that our Russia has had the good fortune to possess such a pearl of nature as Lake Baikal, but we should already feel the obligation to place high on the task of studying this pearl." Gleb Vereshchagin

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Baikal is located in the south of Eastern Siberia. It is the deepest lake in the world with unique features and the largest freshwater reservoir on the planet. It has no equal in the world in terms of age, depth, reserves and properties of fresh water, diversity and endemism of organic life. Since ancient times, it has been called the sacred sea, glorious, gray and formidable. Among the many epithets, one can single out such as: "the world source of drinking water", "the blue eye of Siberia", "the oasis of the virgin nature of the Earth", "the sacred center of North Asia", "God-made creation", "the sacred gift of nature", "natural monument with unique landscapes ”,“ a priceless treasury of the Earth's genetic wealth ”,“ a miracle of limnology, a concentration of unique natural values \u200b\u200b”. Due to its unique features, Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996.

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The location is between 55 ° 46.3 "N and 109 ° 57.5" E. 51 ° 27.5 "N and 103 ° 42.5" E Height - above sea level. sea \u200b\u200b445 m. Age - about 25 million years; Flora and fauna includes about 2635 species, of which 52 species are fish; 78% are endemic. Maximum depth - 1637 m. Area - 31,500 sq. km. Volume - 23 thousand cubic meters km. The length of the lake is 636 km. The greatest width is 79.5 km. The smallest width is 27 km. The coastline is 2100 km. The number of capes is 174 (according to I. D. Chersky). The number of islands - 26 (according to O. G. Gusev); the largest is Olkhon. Bays - 6; bays - the 20 largest - Barguzinsky, Chivyrkuisky, Proval; Sandy. The number of tributaries - 336 (according to G.I. Galaziya); the largest are Selenga, Barguzin, Chivyrkuy. The cost of Baikal water is $ 2300 trillion

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“Baikal is amazing, and it is not for nothing that Siberians call it not a lake, but a sea. The water is unusually transparent, so that one can see through it, as through air, its color is delicate - turquoise, pleasing to the eye. The banks are mountainous, covered with forests; all around the game is impenetrable, hopeless. An abundance of bears, sables, wild goats and all kinds of wild stuff. " This is how A.P. Chekhov saw the Glorious Sea in 1890 during a trip to Sakhalin. The transparency of the Baikal water is 40-45 m.

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Baikal - from the Turkic language from Bai-Kul, which means "rich lake" or from the Mongolian Baigal - Dalai - "big lake" For 1000 years there will be enough water of Baikal for the inhabitants of Russia For 40 years there will be enough water for Baikal for the inhabitants of the globe It will take 360 \u200b\u200byears to All the water has drained out to the hangar, if not a single drop comes in during this time. And to fill the basin of the lake with water, you will need the entire flow of the rivers of our planet. Why are you so named Baikal? Who first gave you a name? Whose first voice chanted? Are your freedoms stormy? Like the sea, the bowl is deep, transparent water! Russia is very large and all could get drunk.

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Baikal has its own climate. The lake has a softening effect on both summer and winter air temperatures. The seasons of the year are late by about half a month or a month. August is the best time on Lake Baikal. The end of August - the beginning of September can be called velvet season... And in late autumn and early winter it is much warmer on the shores of the lake. In the north of Baikal, the sun shines for 1900-2200 hours a year, in the southern and middle parts of the lake - 2000-2400 hours a year. Which is much more than in Sochi.

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In the depths of the waters of Lake Baikal, there are many inhabitants of different "classes": crustaceans, fish, mollusks, etc. Beautiful, colorful fish live on the surface, and in the depths under water live inhabitants with special devices for survival. People use many fish living in the lake as food, for example: perch, omul, grayling.

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Insects are the most numerous group. They can be found in the air, on land, in water and in soil. Among the dangerous pests of the stand, there are Siberian silkworms, willow buckworms and others, the mass reproduction of which can lead to partial or complete drying out of forests. The system of forest life is inhabited by orderlies insects, larvae of carrion flies and others.

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The fauna of Lake Baikal is diverse and interesting. On the protected trails of Khamar-Daban, you can meet a mighty elk, graceful roe deer, musk deer, and tusked wild boar. The owner of the taiga is the brown bear. On the shores of Lake Baikal, otters and minks leave their tracks. In the forest more often you can find a running shrew or a mouse. With the onset of dusk, bats silently leave their shelters.

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It is impossible to imagine a forest without a variety of birds. On Lake Baikal, there are very rare birds listed in the Red Book: the steppe eagle, golden eagle, long-tailed eagle, white-fronted goose, peregrine falcon, osprey, etc. From the order of owls, there are marsh and eared, hawk, majestic owl, etc.

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The only representative of mammals is the seal, or the Baikal seal. According to the classification, the Baikal seal belongs to the family of real seals. It is believed that it penetrated from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age, when the rivers were dampened by ice advancing from the north. Other scientists do not exclude the possibility of its penetration along the Lena, which, as it is assumed, was a drain from Lake Baikal. There is no definite answer yet. It is mentioned in the reports of the first explorers who came here in the first half of the 17th century. The scientific description was first made during the work of the 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern, expedition led by V. Bering. As part of this expedition, a detachment worked on Lake Baikal under the leadership of I.G. Gmelin, who studied the nature of the lake and its environs in various ways and described the seal.