Extracurricular activity about Lake Baikal. Baikal is a priceless gift of nature
« Lake Baikal"
Prepared and carried out:
M.A. Akopyan - biology teacher
Subject: « Lake Baikal».
Goals:- introduce students to Lake Baikal, show its uniqueness,
introduce the fauna of the lake, give some historical
knowledge about Baikal;
Develop students’ speech, memory, broaden their horizons, enrich
lexicon;
To cultivate love for the Motherland, for nature, and a caring attitude.
Today at our event we will get acquainted with one of the great lakes of planet Earth - Lake Baikal ( sl. No. 1,2,3).
Baikal is too big and mysterious. First, let's look at the geographic map.
This is what Baikal is like! From space, Baikal has the shape of a young moon (sl. No. 4).
The ancient Baikal is visible from space,
Its crescent is azure.
He gained fame on the planet,
Sung by our turbulent times.
How beautiful you are, our Father Baikal!
Among the forests sand dunes and rocks.
You stand, not knowing sorrows and troubles
Already a quarter of a hundred million years.
Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet.
And here is some more information about this lake: (sl. No. 5)
Baikal is on the border Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. The width of Lake Baikal ranges from 24 to 79 km. The bottom of Lake Baikal is 1167 meters below the level of the World Ocean. In terms of area, Baikal ranks sixth among the largest lakes in the world. Length coastline 2100 km.
The depth of Baikal is 1631 m.
In terms of depth, Baikal ranks first among lakes globe.
(sl. No. 6).
The average depth of the lake is 745 m, the maximum depth of the lake is 1642 m
But such depth is not everywhere.
Baikal is not only the deepest lake on Earth, but also the largest storage facility fresh water- it contains about 19% of the world's reserves (sl. No. 7).
Among the mountain ranges, near the hills and rocks
The lake-sea spreads out,
Siberian pearl - ancient Baikal,
Whose waves roar in the open space.
Baikal has no equal lakes on Earth -
It is the deepest and purest!
Beautiful in the morning, in the evening dawn,
In the snow and under the radiant sun.
On average, 336 rivers and streams flow into Baikal, and one outflow is the Angara, a tributary of the Yenisei. The most large river Selenga (sl. No. 8,9).
Why do you think Baikal is called Baikal? (sl. No. 10).
Origin of the name Bai-Kul (Turkic) - rich lake
Baigaal - Dalai (mong) - rich fire
Bei-Hai (Chinese) - northern sea
Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet; its age is estimated at 25-30 million years. Most lakes, especially those of the Ice Age, live for 10-15 thousand years, and then fill with sediment and disappear from the face of the Earth. There are no signs of aging on Baikal, like many lakes in the world ( sl. No. 11).
On the contrary, research recent years allowed geophysicists to hypothesize that Baikal is an incipient ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.
Legend of Baikal.(sl. No. 12). There is a legend that Father Baikal had 336 son rivers and one daughter, the Angara, all of which flowed into their father in order to replenish its waters. But then his daughter fell in love with the handsome young man Yenisei and went against the will of her father, who wanted to marry her to an old Irkutsk man. She fell in love with the Yenisei River and began to bring her father’s water to her beloved. In response to this, Father Baikal threw a huge piece of rock at his daughter and cursed her. This rock, called the Shaman Stone, is located at the source of the Angara and is considered its beginning.
Baikal is beautiful at any time of the year! (sl. No. 13,14,15,16). Enormous depth, amazing purity and transparency of the water, the harsh, fabulous beauty of the shores. High waves crash against the rocks with noise and roar, the sound of powerful surf carries far away (sl. No. 17).
Our yacht is approaching big island Baikal - Olkhon Island.
There are 27 islands on Lake Baikal, of which the largest is Olkhon. (sl. No. 18)
In Buryat myths and legends, Olkhon is called the abode of the formidable spirits of Lake Baikal (sl. No. 19). According to legend, the chief of the khans, Khaan-Khute-baabai, sent to Earth by the highest gods, descended from heaven here. Here lives in the form of a bald eagle - a golden eagle - his son named Khan Shubu, who was the first to receive the shamanic gift.
Let's dive into the underwater kingdom of the lake.
How tempting it is to see with your own eyes who lives in this crystal chamber. ( sl. No. 20).
Depth 100 m (layer No. 21,22)
Gobies and grayling are found at this depth. Grayling is one of the most colorful and beautiful fish in Russia. Its weight reaches from 500 to 1500 grams. It lives not only in the lake, but also in the rivers of Siberia.
Depth - 150 m. (layer No. 23)
The omul spends quite a lot of time at this depth. The largest size of omul is 50 cm, weight up to 5 kg. The omul lives up to 25 years. Out of 100 omul eggs, one fish survives. How long the omul will survive depends on the purity of the water in Lake Baikal.
Omul is a large commercial fish weighing up to 3 kg. It feeds on large benthic crustaceans, juvenile fish, and small zooplankton.
Depth 200 m (layer No. 24)
A sturgeon swims past us - this is the king fish of Baikal. Sturgeon live in Baikal for 50-60 years or more, reaching 100-130 kg in weight. This fish grows very slowly. Predatory fishing for sturgeon has greatly undermined the reserves of Baikal’s most valuable fish. Now the sturgeon is listed in the Red Book.
Depth 380 m (layer No. 25, 26)
Here she is! This is the Golomyanka.
The golomyanka is a viviparous fish; it does not lay eggs, but live young, which die at temperatures above + 10 C. There is so much fat in the golomyanka that when dead it does not sink, but floats on the surface. In the past, residents of the Baikal coast collected dead golomyanka and rendered the fat from it, which was used for lighting and as a medicinal remedy.
More than 70% of the inhabitants of Lake Baikal are not found in other bodies of water on the planet. These species include the golomyanka, a pinkish-white, translucent, scaleless fish.
Depth 500 m (layer No. 27)
Behind the porthole are silver golomyankas and planarians. Very beautiful.
Not only the fish resources of Baikal, but also the fur riches of the Baikal region and Transbaikalia have long attracted settlers here.
Barguzin sable skins are the most valuable fur in Siberia (sl. No. 28). He deservedly enjoys worldwide fame.
Bush-tailed squirrels are common in the taiga - another object of the fur trade (sl. No. 29).
We say goodbye to Olkhon Island.
The peoples who inhabited the shores of the lake called the lake Baikul, which means “rich lake”. And Baikal is really rich. Rich in its flora and fauna. Currently, 1550 species and varieties of animals, 1085 plant organisms are known (sl. No. 30,31).
According to the Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there are 2630 species of plants and animals in the lake. This abundance of the organic world is explained by the large amount of oxygen in the water.
The lake and coastal areas are distinguished by a unique diversity of flora and fauna. Their inhabitants are 2/3 endemic (i.e. unique), that is, they live only in this body of water.
Baikal is freshwater, with clear water,
And there are a lot of living creatures in the waters:
Sturgeon, golomyanka, taimen with roach,
Whitefish and omul are endemic to Lake Baikal.
The Baikal seal lives in those waters,
And the shore is a nesting place for birds,
You will see eagles and seagulls in flight.
Bears come to feed.
A musk deer lives in the mountains of the Baikal region -
Deer, the smallest in the world,
And the slopes around are covered with taiga,
Rich flora of Siberia.
A little about coastal nature. The taiga comes close to Lake Baikal and is therefore diverse animal world. Of course, the main game animal is the sable (sl. No. 32).
In open, grassy areas of the mountains, bears also find an abundant table - various types of umbellifers and legumes. It is in these landscapes and only during strictly certain periods of the year that such a large number of bears can be observed. Northern Shores Baikal are unique and the only ones in this regard . (sl. No. 33)
The appearance of a bear on the shores of Lake Baikal is a massive, regularly recurring phenomenon. They can be seen here from the 2nd decade of June, depending on when the ice on Lake Baikal disappears and the caddis fly season begins. Baikal attracts bears with a variety of different foods; the lake throws out beetles, dragonflies, mollusks, dead gobies, golomyankas, and sometimes young seals.
In a wide strip of the Baikal coast, on the verge of two elements - land and water, inhabitants whose lives are closely connected with both water and land find shelter. The white-tailed eagle, osprey, black kite, several species of gulls nesting on the islands are the main species of birds without which the shores of Lake Baikal are difficult to imagine (sl. No. 34,35,36,37,38).
Sole representative mammals of Baikal - the seal or Baikal seal, which has a common ancestor with the northern seal (sl. No. 39). Scientists suggest that the seal entered Baikal from Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age. Its current population is about 60 thousand heads. The seal lives for more than 55-56 years; during its life, a female can give birth to up to 2 dozen cubs. . The limbs of the seal are flippers. The front flippers are well developed, with sharp claws.
When Baikal is covered with ice, the powerful front flippers are the tool with which the seal makes an opening in the ice to emerge and inhale air.
Most seals appear in mid-March; they are born on ice, in a snowy den, and while they are feeding on their mother’s milk, they do not dive into the water. Cubs have white fur - this is their protective coloring (sl. No. 40). With the transition to feeding on fish, their color changes: silver-gray in 2-3 month olds, brown-brown in older ones.
The seal is one of the three freshwater seals in the world. These animals are very curious, often swim up to ships and stare at them for a long time. (sl. No. 41).
Of course, you can’t count all the animals. There are many of them and they all need protection (sl. No. 42,43,44,45).
Another feature of the lake is its transparency - up to 40 meters. No body of water on Earth has such high water transparency
(sl. No. 46,47,48).
And now about the sad thing.
Baikal is a unique lake, but like any natural object it has its own environmental problems. In 1996, the lake was included in the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites (sl. No. 49).
Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill. In 1966, the BPPM began operating. As a result, the surrounding areas of the lake began to degrade. The taiga is drying out (sl. No. 50).
In September 2008, the plant had to be shut down. However, in January 2010, a resolution was adopted that actually allowed the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill to discharge industrial wastewater into Lake Baikal, burn and store any waste on its shores (sl. No. 51).
On March 10, 2010, public organizations in Russia announced the creation of the coalition “For Baikal” and the start of collecting signatures for an appeal to UNESCO.
(sl. No. 52,53).
Eastern oil pipeline. (sl. No. 54). The Transneft company is constructing the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean", taking place in the Baikal region. As a result, an oil spill would damage the entire unique ecosystem of the lake. On March 18, 2006, a rally took place in Irkutsk against the construction of an oil pipeline. As a result, V.V. Putin banned this project on April 26, 2006. IN given time The oil pipeline is being built outside the Baikal catchment area.
In 1956, the lake was used for hydroelectric power. It became an integral part of the Irkutsk reservoir. As a result, the water level rose by 1 m ( sl. No. 55).
In addition to industrial enterprises, the lake is polluted by household waste. There are regular raids to clean it up, but unfortunately it’s not getting smaller ( sl. No. 56,57,58).
Baikal attracts tourists from all over the world (sl. No. 59). 70 km from Irkutsk is the village of Listvyanka - the most popular place tourism on Lake Baikal. Most cruises on the lake originate from here. The Great Baikal Trail passes through various sections around the lake.
Baikal is the only one on the entire planet,
There is simply no other option...
We are all yours, my Baikal, children,
And we are destined to live with you!
Why are you sad, beloved Baikal,
What is your surf sighing about?
Or someone evil, unforgiving
Does he sometimes mock you?
And Baikal sighed in response to me:
“I have lived in the world for thousands of years...
Nobody offended me
On the contrary, everyone respected...
But over the past half century...
I don't recognize the person!
It's like pure water
He will never need it..."
And people need to take care of it!
It had been under siege for a long time.
For what we will leave to posterity...
Baikal and its neighboring ridges are increasingly being used for recreation by the population. Along the shores of the lake they create tourist centers and holiday homes (sl. No. 60).
Baikal is a miracle, a living organism,
And people need to take care of it!
Factories, villages, " wild tourism» -
It had been under siege for a long time.
Holy Baikal is raging and making noise
And the waves throw at us, crumpled,
It’s as if Baikal’s soul hurts
For what we will leave to posterity...
Don't offend the sea, people!
Baikal also wants to live:
Play with the waves, arguing with the winds
And serve people faithfully!
Protecting Baikal is a sacred matter:
His fate is in our hands!
Nature itself told us
May our native Baikal live for centuries!
And I believe: Baikal will be
Glory to Russia to grow!
And our descendants will not forget us
Give it its due.
The file will be here: /data/edu/files/i1452781907.ppt (presentation "Lake Baikal")
And what is it?
And what is it?
So blue
Cold as ice
Transparent like glass?
Maybe this is the sky
Caught on the pine trees
Rolled over the rocks
And glass on the ground?
And what is it,
So golden
Shiny like a mirror
Blinding eyes?
Maybe it's the sun
It was easy to sleep under the rocks,
It lies tired
Closing your eyes?
And what is it?
Uneasy all the time
Maybe it's a cloud
Stuck among the rocks?
And this is not a cloud,
And this is not heaven,
And this is not the sun,
And Lake BAIKAL!
Today I want to invite you on a short journey, and of course you have already guessed where. Of course to Lake BAIKAL!
Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet. And although its age is estimated at 25 - 50 million years, it is still young. And maybe someday our Baikal will become an ocean! This is proven by the fact that its banks diverge at a rate of 2 cm per year. This means Baikal is growing!
The area of Baikal is 31,500 sq. km. (ranks 8th among the largest lakes in the world) This is approximately equal to the area of Belgium, the Netherlands or Denmark. But in terms of depth, Baikal ranks first among the lakes of the globe. The depth of Baikal is 1631 m. Such depth is not everywhere! After all, the lake is a depression consisting of three independent basins, separated from each other by high underwater hills.
Southern depression - 1432 m, Middle - 1632 m, Northern depression - 889 m.
Why is Baikal called that? What does the word Baikal mean? Where, from what language did this name come into Russian? Russian people appeared on Baikal in 1643. It was a detachment of Cossacks led by Kurbat Ivanov. They built the first ship on Lake Baikal.
The peoples who inhabited the shores of Lake Baikal led a nomadic lifestyle. And they all called the lake in their own way. For example, Evenks talked lama , that is, the sea, and Buryats called him Baigal – Nuur - lake. U Chinese Baikal was called northern sea Bai-hai . IN Yakut there is a word in the language - baykhal – sea. Probably, the Evenks, the Buryats, and the Yakuts translated this name from some other language. But from which one?
Also in Bronze Age lived in the Baikal region Turkic-speaking peoples - Kurykans who knew runic writing. Scientists suggest that they were the first to give the lake the name Baikal. Baikal is a Turkic word from bai - kul , which means rich lake . And the lake is rich, of course, in fish.
Baikal is the most transparent lake. Greater transparency of Baikal water is observed in winter and at the end of June, and then it decreases. Why? As the water heats up, bacteria, algae, and animals develop better. The rivers flowing into the lake carry a large amount of clay and silt particles. Currents carry all this into open Baikal. However, the lake is a settling basin, where even the smallest impurities settle to the deep bottom of Lake Baikal.
Baikal is a flowing, or waste lake. More than 300 rivers carry their waters into it. And only the only Angara flows out of the lake. Flowing into the Yenisei, it connects Baikal with the Arctic Ocean.
Why is the water in Baikal fresh? It is filled with surface waters of rivers, which have little salt. The bottom of these rivers is lined with crystalline rocks that are difficult to dissolve
How much water is there in Baikal? In a huge basin - 23,000 cubic meters. m. of water, this is 20% of the world's fresh water reserves. If all sources on Earth suddenly disappeared drinking water and there was only one Baikal left, then all the people of the globe, using its water, could live for almost half a century, spending as much water per person per day as people now spend in major cities.
Baikal has the richest variety of living creatures, of which there are more than 2,600 species, they maintain cleanliness and high quality waters of the lake and make it “living water”.
Endemics of Baikal are species of animals or plants found only here. There is life in Baikal at all depths. From the very surface to maximum depths and even in the thickness of bottom sediments, in the most deep depressions A variety of aquatic organisms live, including fish.
The simplest single-celled organisms are zooplankton; multicellular - sponges (filter feeders), Baikal worms, dipterous insects, soft-bodied animals, mollusks.
Fish - omul, grayling, sturgeon, taimen, golomyanka (melts in the sun), burbot, goby and many others.
Mammals – seal.
Lake Baikal Day in 2017 is celebrated on September 3 (the first Sunday in September). For this date, specialists from the Irkutsk Regional Children's Library named after Mark Sergeev have prepared various interesting events for children: environmental educational hours with demonstrations of photos and videos about Lake Baikal, an environmental quiz “The Kingdom of Glorious Baikal”, literary journey“News from the shores of Baikal” showing fragments of domestic films. In addition, book exhibitions “Baikal Mysterious and Many-Faced” and “Baikal – the Pearl of Siberia” have been launched.
September 6 at reading room The library hosted an ecological educational hour “Baikal - a miracle of nature”, which was attended by second-grade students of the Orthodox Girls’ Gymnasium in the city of Irkutsk.
The event opened with an expressive reading of a poem about Lake Baikal by Mark Sergeev, “What is this?” Showing slides with picturesque views lake, the librarian told the audience what makes it unique, emphasized that Baikal is the record holder among all the lakes on the planet, brought Interesting Facts and numbers.
Having examined the geographical location of Lake Baikal on the map, the schoolgirls looked with interest at the slides about the endemics of the lake, its flora and fauna, and reinforced these concepts with examples. With great attention, the children listened to the legend about the old man Baikal, his daughter Angara, the young man Yenisei and the Shaman Stone, and then played, vying with each other to answer riddles about the fish of the lake.
The children were also told about the problem of the disappearance of many rare species of animals and flora Baikal region, about the importance of caring for nature. Young readers were keenly interested in the causes of environmental disasters and discussed options for solving some problems for the protection of Lake Baikal and the environment.
At the end of the event, the children shared their impressions of trips to Lake Baikal, where they were able to see birds and representatives of the lake’s fauna in natural conditions: gulls, eagles, seals, crustaceans and others. The children were once again reminded of the need to preserve this unique natural monument, of the importance of caring for Lake Baikal, especially while on vacation on the shores of the lake.
After the event, schoolgirls were able to get acquainted with the thematic book exhibition displayed in the reading room.
For reference:
In 1996, Baikal was included in the List of objects World Heritage UNESCO. Baikal is translated from Turkic as “rich lake”. Exactly this deep lake in the world. Its average depth is about 730 meters. The greatest known depth of Lake Baikal is 1637 meters.
Tasks:
expand knowledge about the diversity of flora and fauna of Lake Baikal;
draw students' attention to the beauty and perfection of the forms and colors of living organisms;
fostering a caring attitude towards nature, a sense of responsibility for the results of one’s activities.
Equipment: computer, projector, interactive whiteboard, presentation.
Progress of the event:
slide 1
Presenter 1: Hello, dear guys! We are pleased to welcome you to the environmental event “What’s in your name, Baikal!”
Presenter 2: Today you will learn a lot of interesting and new things about this lake, as well as test your knowledge with the help intellectual game.
To begin, we invite the teams to introduce themselves (team introduction)
Presenter 1: Be careful, so during the event all the correct answers will be heard. Do not miss your chance! Good luck!
slide 2
Presenter 1. Mighty Baikal sleeps...
Silent pride preserves centuries of silence...
The enchanted world of the watery depths
sleeps peacefully and mysteriously...
Presenter 2: Seeing a storm without clouds, seeing the formidable Baikal
indignant from their depths,
both the Tungus and the Buryats considered this subsoil
demigod in his prayers.
Presenter 1: Between harsh beauties, among strange fish,
between the jets of emerald waves
in a quiet, wonderful palace made of sapphire blocks
The ruler of the Baikal country is sleeping...
Presenter 2: Packs of evil animals protect his sleep,
darkness and silence of the night...
The deity sleeps quietly, far from people,
in inaccessible and gloomy peace...
Presenter 1: What's in your name, Baikal? There is wealth hidden in it - in the literal and figurative meaning of the word. Wealth is like the well of the planet, storing the world's reserves of the purest drinking water and unique forms of animal and plant life, found nowhere else. Wealth - as a literal translation from the Turkic language: Bai-Kul means a rich lake.
slide 3
Presenter 2: First display Siberian Sea appeared on the map in the “Drawing of the Siberian Land”, compiled in 1667 by order of the Tobolsk governor P. Godunov. Of course, in the modern sense it was not a map, but a very conventional diagram, but since then Baikal has declared itself as a geographical given.
slide 4
Presenter 1: Scientists estimate the age of the lake at 25–30 million years. Baikal is unique natural object, since most lakes, especially those of glacial origin, live on average 10-15 thousand years, and then fill with silty sediments and become swampy.
Presenter 2: Baikal stretches from south to north for 636 km in the form of a giant crescent - this is approximately equal to the area of countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands or Denmark. This is the eighth largest lake in the world. In our country, Baikal is superior to the Caspian and Aral.
Video “Baikal in Spring”
Presenter 1: Wooded mountains are semi-ovals,
The touch of blue patterns,
And the rocks cut by the shaft,
And the sky that fell into Baikal,
Presenter 2: And he himself is majestic and eternal,
In a carved granite frame,
And everything - to the bottom - is translucent,
And every bit of it is dear.
Presenter 1: And the Hangars are obstinate in their flight,
And the scream of the wind, and the hum of the turbines,
And the birds - the pine trees over the cliff,
And the wild wind Barguzin -
Presenter 2: In this, without which I can’t
To be far and wide and wide,
And you are unthinkable, Russia,
And you are unthinkable, Siberia.
Presenter 1: The water is clean, unique, transparent,
Silent, but full of life, the taiga.
The furious wave is noisy and agitated -
This is how I remember ancient Baikal.
slide 5
Presenter 2: Baikal not only has the characteristics of a sea, but it is even called a prototype of the ocean: enormous depths, colossal amounts of water, internal waves and seiches, strong storms and, finally, the expansion of the basin due to the moving apart of the shores.
Presenter 1: Perhaps, after many millions of years, Baikal will become an ocean, since 336 permanent watercourses flow into Baikal. Considering the current weather and climate situation associated with the warming and drying of the northern hemisphere and the Baikal basin, as well as the disappearance of about 150 rivers and streams in this territory due to rampant deforestation, there is reason to believe that fewer tributaries currently flow into Baikal than there were in the last century.
Presenter 2: Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Its average depth is about 730 m. And the greatest depth is set at 1637 meters, this is a record depth for all lakes on the globe.
Presenter 1: Baikal holds about 23 thousand km3 of water. This is approximately the same volume contained in all five Great Lakes combined. North America, and the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so transparent that individual stones and various objects can be seen at a depth of 40 m. At this time, Baikal water is blue. In summer and autumn, when a mass of plant and animal organisms develop in sun-warmed water, its transparency decreases to 8-10 m and the color becomes blue-green and green. The purest and most transparent water of Lake Baikal contains so few mineral salts (100 mg/l) that it can be used instead of distilled water.
Video “Baikal in winter”
Presenter 2: Thus, Baikal is the largest storage facility for liquid fresh water on the planet and the largest factory for maintaining its purity. In order to imagine how large the volume of Baikal water is, one must assume that if the Angara flowed continuously, it would take almost 400 years for all the water in Baikal to flow out through it, provided that no water flowed into it. during this time not a single drop. If it were necessary to fill the Baikal basin by sending water from all the rivers of the globe here, this could be done in only 300 days.
Presenter 1: And finally, if you freeze the water of Lake Baikal, cut it into ice cubes with a volume of 1 km3 and lay them in one row, then this ice belt will stretch from the north to the south pole of the Earth and even further 3 thousand km. Baikal not only stores, but also produces 60 cubic kilometers of water of excellent quality per year. It all starts in the coastal forests.
There is 1 Tour “Historical” (slides 6-9)
1. What is the most plausible and generally accepted version of the origin of the word “Baikal”? a) from the Buryat “Baikal-Nuur” (“Lake Baikal”);
b) from the Mongolian "Baigal" ("rich fire");
c) from the Mongolian "Dalai-Nur" ( big lake");
d) from the Turkic "Bai-Kul" ("rich lake").
Correct answer: d) from the Turkic "Bai-Kul" ("rich lake").
2. Which of the listed reservoirs does Baikal not exceed in volume of water?
a) the five Great Lakes of America (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) combined; b) Aral Sea; c) Baltic Sea; d) Baikal surpasses all of the listed reservoirs.
Correct answer: d) Baikal surpasses all the listed reservoirs.
3. What is the approximate age of Lake Baikal?
a) about 10 million years; b) about 25 million years; c) about 100 million years;
d) about 500 million years. Correct answer: b) about 25 million years
4. How long would it take for all the rivers of the world taken together to fill the empty Baikal basin? a) per day; b) in a week; c) ten months;
d) in 45 days Correct answer: c) in ten months
Teams present prepared messages
slide 10
Presenter 1: Nature is generous to Baikal. The necklace of coniferous forests adorning the coastal mountain ranges creates unusual beauty landscapes, provides shelter for animals and birds that enliven the area.
Message from team 1: The pride of the Baikal taiga. The mountain slopes are covered with light green larches, birches, poplars, and alders, occupying the lower belt. Higher up it is replaced by a belt of dark coniferous forest with cedars, fir, and spruce. Even higher, the slopes are covered with impenetrable thickets of elfin cedar, through the thicket of weaves, through which only bear paths pass. Above them, on gentle terraces, are alpine meadows with fragrant flowers and, finally, char with patches of snowfields. In the Baikal taiga, trees of all ages have been preserved, there are even 800-year-old giants. Widespread only here pine forests, the basis of which is the world-famous Angara pine. In the undergrowth you can find rich lingonberries, and on the slopes of the hills there are dense thickets of ferns. Mixed and most valuable forests in the Baikal region, pine trees, are widespread. There are the least spruce and fir forests here. Larch, pine, and cedar protect the soil from erosion and prevent the removal of harmful substances into the reservoir.
Video “Baikal in summer”
Presenter 2: But the main mystery takes place in the depths of the lake. Millions of living beings, small and large, go to work. They make Baikal water Baikal water.
slides 11-12
Team message 2: Sponges come first among filter feeders. One of the oldest inhabitants of the planet, sponges inhabit the rocky bottom of the lake to a considerable depth. Baikal sponges play a significant role in the cycle of substances in the coastal zone. By passing a huge amount of water through the smallest pores, the sponge obtains food for itself. Dead remains of plants and animals fall into it along with the water. Up to 90 percent of this waste unnecessary for the lake is retained in the body of the sponge.
Even more grandiose work is carried out by creatures invisible to the eye. Microscopic algae and tiny mollusks tirelessly filter the water, neutralizing harmful substances. The record holder among them is the king of zooplankton, the crustacean epishura, the size of a grain of sand (about 1-1.5 mm). We can say that without him there would not have been unique water Baikal. Thanks to its filtering device - a dense network of bristles and hairs on the limbs of the oral apparatus - epishura is the most effective biological cleaner of Baikal water. The upper, biologically most active fifty-meter layer of water is filtered by the epishura up to 50 times a year. All attempts by scientists to resettle epishura to other lakes have led nowhere. She only needs Baikal, just as Baikal is needed by thousands of living beings who have created a planet of clean water for themselves.
slide 13
Presenter 1: In this closed world, evolution has passed its own unique path. About 1,500 species of animals live in Baikal. The world of organisms inhabiting Baikal is distinguished by deep endemism: in the open part of the lake, the fauna is 60% original, and is not found anywhere else in the world.
slides 14-18
Presenter 2: Half of all species of freshwater mollusks, shell crustaceans and many other animals live only in Baikal. They are very small, but each has their own responsibilities. Gammarus, excellent orderlies, in turn serve as food for fish.
Presenter 1: Of the 52 species of Baikal fish, 27 species are endemic. The group of endemic gobies is the most numerous in terms of species diversity. According to the latest data, there are 29 species of goby fish in Baikal, grouped into 11 genera and three families.
slides 19-27
Message from team 3: The largest fish in Baikal is the Baikal sturgeon, its length reaches 1.5-1.8 m, and its weight is 100-130 kg or more. The second largest and heaviest fish is taimen - its length is up to 1 m and its weight is up to 40-50 kg.
The largest specimen of omul found in the Selenga population weighed up to 5 kg and was about 50 cm long. This is the main commercial fish of Lake Baikal and an object of sport fishing. The typical habitat of the Baikal omul is the area of the underwater slope to a depth of 350 meters, and in the fall, during spawning season, the rivers flowing into Baikal.
Golomyankas are the most amazing Baikal creatures, and when alive and in their natural environment they are exceptionally beautiful fish. They are pale pink in color, with pearlescent highlights shimmering in all the colors of the rainbow. The translucent beauty of Baikal is the most numerous fish in the lake. And like all beauties, she cannot stand mixing with the crowd, she always stays alone. Therefore, despite all its abundance, it is extremely difficult to catch it - after all, it does not form fishing and spawning schools, which means you cannot catch it in a net. They tried to lure her with light and ultrasound, but the capricious beauty did not bite even such bait. So she lives free, independent, inaccessible to humans, becoming prey only for the indigenous inhabitants of Baikal - the seal and the omul.
slides 28-29
Presenter 2: The only representative of mammals in Baikal is the seal, or seal. It is believed that the seal entered the lake from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age, when the rivers were dammed by ice advancing from the north. Other scientists do not exclude the possibility of its penetration along the Lena River, which is believed to have flowed from Lake Baikal.
Message 4 teams: The longest age of seals in Baikal is 56 years for females and 52 years for males. The average weight of a seal is about 50 kg. However, males reach a weight of 130-150 kg. and grow up to 1.6-1.8 meters, and females weigh up to 110 kg. reach a length of 1.3-1.6 meters. Their growth ends by the age of 17-19. Until the age of 40, females are able to bear offspring. The weight of newborn cubs is up to 4 kg. The seal is capable of diving into water up to 200 m, and therefore it can withstand a pressure of 21 atm. It can stay under water for up to an hour, but usually it does not stay there for more than 20-25 minutes. This time is enough for her to catch fish. Her diet per day is 3-5 kg, and per year she eats about 1 ton of fish.
For the sake of valuable fur, people hunt mainly cubs - kumutkans - while they are gray in color. The shooting cannot be called anything other than barbaric, because the wounded Kumutkans manage to dive under the ice and inevitably die there.
2nd Tour “Biological” is being held
slides 30-33
1. How many species of aquatic animals live in Baikal? a) about 500; b) over 1000; c) over 1500; d) over 5000. Correct answer: c) over 1500
2. What proportion of Baikal’s animal inhabitants are endemic (that is, found only here)? a) up to 10%; b) up to 30%; c) up to 60%; d) up to 90%.
Correct answer: c) up to 60%
3. Which Baikal fish is of the most commercial importance?
a) Baikal sturgeon; b) Baikal omul; c) Siberian grayling;
d) golomyanka. Correct answer: b) Baikal omul
4. The only species of aquatic mammals living in Baikal is...
a) Baikal seal; b) Baikal beluga whale; c) Baikal white-sided beetle;
d) Baikal sea lion. Correct answer: a) Baikal seal
slides 34-36
Presenter 1: In the last century of our millennium, the population of the Baikal shores increased many times. As you'd expect, nothing good Baikal the person didn't bring it. Forests are cut down, rivers are polluted, fields are fertilized with pesticides, pulp mills discharge purified but alien waters incompatible with Lake Baikal, new villages and cities are built, the earth is covered with asphalt, fires devour all living things...
Presenter 2: I look to tomorrow with anxiety:
Will omul and seal live there?
How to preserve a protected lake,
So that its water does not “cellulose”,
So that it becomes the property of the people
Is the glorious sea sacred Baikal?
Presenter 1: But despite everything, Baikal remains the cleanest lake on the planet. If we assume that 0.5 liters of water is enough to quench a person’s thirst, then Baikal water would be enough to feed the population of ten million planets like Earth. And if we assume that 5 liters per day is enough for drinking and cooking, then humanity could live on Baikal water alone for 40 years.
3rd Tour “Ecological” is being held
slides 37-40
1. It is believed that the high transparency of Baikal water is explained by large quantity filter-feeding organisms that purify the water. Such filters are...
a) bivalves (barley, etc.); b) planktonic crustaceans (epishura and others); c) sponges (badyaga, etc.); d) endemic fish - golomyanka. Correct answer: b) planktonic crustaceans (epishura and others)
2. It is estimated that the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) in the first 22 years of its operation caused damage to the nature of Lake Baikal that exceeds the cost of its products by approximately...
a) 10 times; b) 40 times; c) 100 times; d) 200 times. Correct answer: d) 200 times
3. Transparent and clean air over Lake Baikal allows you to see the coastal Mountain peaks, deleted on...
a) 20 km; b) 40 km; c) 80 km; d) 200 km. Correct answer: d) 200 km
4. If there was only one fresh body of water on Earth - Baikal, how long could it provide all the people of the Earth with water?
a) month; b) 1 year and 8 months; c) 12.5 years; d) about 40 years old.
Correct answer: d) about 40 years
Presenter 2: Each team needs to demonstrate their banner dedicated to the protection of Lake Baikal. (Teams protect banners)
slide 41
Presenter 1: So, guys, we saw only a small part of Lake Baikal. We learned about the importance of the lake for nature and people. We saw the extraordinary nature of ancient animals, or as they are called relicts and endemics. And people must preserve this uniqueness, protect it and prevent the impoverishment of the unique fauna of the Glorious Sea - Baikal.
Summarizing. Rewarding.
Internet resources used:
http://ozerobaikal.info
http://www.baikal-club.ru
http://www.magicbaikal.ru
On September 10, our country celebrated a big holiday - Baikal Day. In this year - the Year of Ecology, the department of local history literature and bibliography of the Central City Hospital could not ignore this significant date for all Irkutsk residents.
“You shouldn’t look for a great lake on a map, you need to look for it within yourself...”
(I. Shirobokov)
Baikal. Is there at least one Russian who does not want to see Lake Baikal with his own eyes? We (non-indigenous residents of the Irkutsk region) first learned about Baikal from school. And in a child’s imagination there appears that mysterious corner of the earth that beckons with its wonders, mysteries and unprecedented incomprehensible beauty. We find it on a large wall map, we even fall in love with the name itself settlement Irkutsk, indicated by a red puck at the base of a slightly curved blue “hockey stick”. And rarely does anyone, from the distant lands of the former Soviet Union, and then Russia, have the lucky chance of settling next to Baikal... Each of us has our own Baikal, and the first meeting with it, like first love, is unforgettable.
On September 10, our entire country celebrates a big holiday - Baikal Day. Baikal Day was first established 18 years ago in 1999 and scheduled for the fourth Sunday in August. But then, since 2008, by decision of the Legislative Assembly of the Irkutsk region, it was moved to the second Sunday of September. And this is legal, because. schoolchildren after summer holidays gather in classrooms, working people join their teams, and this significant day is not lost among the many faces sunny days summer, does not slip through your fingers with clear water, because this is the Day of Baikal - a lake that cannot be forgotten. On this day, schools, libraries, universities and many other institutions hold exhibitions, competitions, and quizzes that make our thoughts purer and more sublime and encourage us to take care of nature. native land and its main pearl - Baikal.
Under the auspices of Baikal Day, scientific and cultural events, film festivals, theatrical performances, and sports competitions are held throughout the year. Artists come to Baikal to conduct plein airs, applied folk art groups come to show off their works, amateur theater actors come to perform at International festival“Siberian ramp” “in a duet with the Baikal surf.” Over the years, this holiday becomes the beginning of the countdown of good deeds and traditions not only in our region, but also in different parts of the planet. Baikal, with its purest fresh water, unique flora and fauna, with its legends and secrets, attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world, acquiring everything
great popularity in international tourism. Modern infrastructure - a network of tourist centers, recreation centers and sanatoriums - contributes to the influx of organized tourism on Lake Baikal. Any traveler can enjoy walking, biking, horseback riding or boat trips, climbing sacred mountain Munku-Sardyk, see and capture Sandy Bay, Olkhon Gate, Svyatoy Nos Peninsula, Chivyrkuisky Bay... Or simply admire the pristine beauty of the Siberian Sea.
But here's how to preserve this miracle of nature for a long time, for future generations? The powerful industrial development of the Baikal region cannot but affect the defenseless, easily vulnerable nature of the deepest and cleanest lake in the world. In the current 2017 – the Year of Ecology, the problem of protecting Lake Baikal is especially acute. Environmental cleanups are regularly held in the areas adjacent to the reservoir, and the coasts are cleared of garbage. But “... a lot, a lot depends on us: on those who live and work on the shore of Lake Baikal, on those who come here to relax. We are responsible for every broken tree, for every plucked flower, for the preservation of the natural landscape of every picturesque depression, every cozy bay” (Galkina V.I. 60 minutes about Baikal). Since ancient times, Baikal has been revered by people living on its shores; every tree was protected. This case is widely known, which has already become a parable: “the old Evenk, before cutting down a tree for a tagan, asked the birch tree for forgiveness for cutting it down out of necessity...”. Pioneers and explorers of Lake Baikal and the surrounding areas have always thought about preserving the deep, icy lake, the only one in the world.
A lot has already been written about Baikal, films have been made about it, magnificent paintings have been created by artists... Journalism and fiction, works of art dedicated to Lake Baikal are intended not only to glorify its beauty and riches, but also to advocate for the protection of the environment unique lake. These are the works of famous scientists and writers - Rasputin, Volkov, Galaziy, Taurin, Chivilikhin and many others who care for its purity and preservation.
In the journalism of Valentin Rasputin, a significant place is occupied by the topic of protecting nature and, above all, Lake Baikal. The writer has a special relationship with nature. “He is in love with her with filial love and testifies to this with all his creativity” (Sirin A.D. Light of Rasputin’s prose).
Professor Mikhail Mikhailovich Kozhov, whose object of study was Baikal and the Baikal region, and to which he devoted his entire life, said: “It is more expedient to use Baikal, with its colorful nature, crystal clear water and the uniqueness of the organic world, not for the development of the chemical industry, but as a source of clean water , as well as for the needs of tourism and workers' recreation. Baikal must be preserved for future generations as a unique phenomenon on our planet.”
Grigory Ivanovich Galaziy also devoted his entire life to protecting the unique Lake Baikal. His main scientific activity was aimed at solving environmental problems related to the protection and rational use of natural resources.
He headed the Baikal station, which in 1961 became the Limnological Institute. The scientist devoted a lot of time and effort to the struggle for the purity of the waters of Lake Baikal and the preservation of its flora and fauna. He took an active part in the creation and promotion of the project “Law on the Protection of Lake Baikal”; under his leadership, a comprehensive Atlas of Baikal was prepared and published.
The main polluter of Baikal at that time was the Baikal pulp and paper mill, built on the southeastern shore of the lake. “The plant discharged 210 thousand m3 of wastewater into Baikal every day. It was clear to everyone except Soviet officials that sooner or later these waters would harm Baikal. The officials had one thing on their mind: fulfilling and exceeding the plan for the production of cellulose, and what would happen to Baikal did not bother them. It should be noted that at that time G.I. Galaziy did not have enough scientific data to prove the destructive effect of the plant’s wastewater on the lake’s ecosystem, and he unwittingly had to “exaggerate the colors” somewhat for the benefit of Baikal in order to attract public attention. And he succeeded. Thousands of residents of the country, from academicians A.I. Yanshin and A.A. Trofimuk to ordinary people. Various public organizations appeared in defense of Baikal... As a result of the efforts of the public and scientists, the BPPM ceased its activities in 2013” (Bogdanov V.T. Baikal in legends, stories and tales).
Galaziy said: “It is impossible to allow the source of drinking water supply to simultaneously be a receiver of industrial and household waste. It is necessary to develop fundamentally new waste-free technologies for water consumption...” This year, on March 5, the city celebrated the 95th anniversary of the birth of a prominent scientist, honorary citizen of the city of Irkutsk, academician, “Knight of Baikal,” as he is usually called, Grigory Galaziy.
For the famous Irkutsk local historian and tourist Valentin Petrovich Bryansky, who traveled all the trails of the Baikal region, visited every bay and every island of the lake, his passion for his work became part of his life. While still a student at the Novosibirsk Institute of Railway Transport Engineers, he dreamed of meeting the Sayan Mountains and Lake Baikal.
In the book “Hello, Baikal!”, written according to Bryansky’s personal impressions, the author’s thoughts about using in the future on Lake Baikal “... only energy sources that are harmless to it: the sun, wind, surf, one can add - the heat of the earth, as well as species transport - mainly sails and oars.
... the main user of Lake Baikal should be tourism - cultural and well-equipped. Tourism must be controlled as soon as possible, otherwise it could cause harm comparable to the impact of industrial discharges and emissions.”
Observing the life of Baikal, Bryansky comes to the conclusion that his enemies are the ecological illiteracy of the population and lack of culture, poaching, departmental interests and localism, indifference to its fate and short-sightedness.
Nowadays, prominent public figures, the Green Party, the Baikal Environmental Movement, and young ecologists are getting involved in solving a complex environmental problem that is looming over Baikal like a menacing squall. But, as I. Shirobokov noted, the words once spoken by V.I. Lenin are very consistent with the problem of preserving Baikal: “One step forward, two steps back.”
Famous Irkutsk journalist and writer Igor Shirobokov is one of the leaders social movement in defense of Baikal, he writes especially heartfelt about the lake with which his fate has connected him for the rest of his life: “It’s a hopeless idea to tell everything about Baikal. Many tried - some with words, some with a brush, some with a lens - but as a result they managed to capture only one moment, one minute state of the Siberian Sea: why
So? And who, tell me, of the writers or artists, who of the people of all times will dare to say that they have recreated life itself? No, this is not given to a person...
Baikal, like all of us, is filled with life, momentary and eternal, beautiful and frightening, simple and incomprehensible... Baikal is immeasurably larger and wiser than a small person. That is why we are so irresistibly drawn to it, that is why only on its banks does that inexplicably high and pure state of soul arise that cannot be expressed in words.
... just admiring it now is not enough, the miracle must be protected and preserved more carefully than the paintings of Raphael. All together - from past and future thoughtless and therefore criminal intrusions, everyone - from poachers' shots, fires, from their addiction to “souvenirs” (a normal person would not think of tearing off a piece from the “Sistine Madonna” as a souvenir).
You can bring fish, nuts, and berries from Lake Baikal, but how long will they last? Bring beauty, Baikal will give it to you for life.”
Let these words of the Irkutsk writer become a motto for everyone who ever says: hello, Baikal.
Fedotova O. A., Ch. bibliographer OKLIB
Literature
Bogdanov, V.T. Baikal in legends, stories and tales. Irkutsk 2011.
Bryansky, V.P. Hello, Baikal! Irkutsk 1989.
Galaziy, G. Baikal in questions and answers. Irkutsk 2012.
Galkina, V.I. 60 minutes about Baikal. Irkutsk 1979.
Goldfarb, S.I. The World of Baikal. Irkutsk 2010.
Shirobokov, I. My Baikal, our Baikal. Irkutsk 1999.
