Wrangel Island: Reserve, location on the map of Russia, climate, coordinates. Animal and floral world of Wrangel Island
Wrangel Island - Space from Cosmos
Wrangel Island - Russia belonging to the island in the Arctic Ocean between the East Siberian and Chukotka seas.
I received my name in honor of the Russian navigator and the polar researcher Ferdinand Wrangel.
History
The existence of the island of Russian pioneers was known since the middle of the XVII century. According to the stories of local residents of Chukotka, however, he got into geographical maps only two hundred years later.
Opening
Wrangel Island actually was opened by American Kitoboia Thomas Long in 1867, and the first landing on it was produced only in 1881 by the crew of the American ship "Corvin", under the command of Lieutenant Berry. Shortly before that, on October 21, 1879, Gerald's neighboring island in search of an expedition J. Franklin landed an English researcher Kellet.
Learning
For the first time, Wrangel Island was investigated in 1911 by an expedition on Vaigach vessel, which established the Russian flag on the island.
Relief
The relief island is strongly disseminated. Taking most of the island of the mountain form three parallel chains - the northern ridge, the middle ridge and the southern ridge - ending in the West and East coastal rocky cliffs. The most powerful is the middle ridge in which the highest point of the island is the Soviet Mountain (1096 m). The northern ridge is the lowest, it goes into a wide wetlands, wearing the name of the Tundra of the Academy. The southern ridge is low and passes away from the sea coast.
Between the ridges there are valleys with numerous rivers. Total on the island of more than 140 rivers and streams with a length of more than 1 km and 5 rivers with a length of more than 50 km. Of approximately 900 lakes, most of which are in the academy tundra, 6 lakes have a bad, exceeding 1 km². On average, the depth of the lakes is not more than 2 m. According to the origin of the lake, they are divided into thermal lights, to which most of the old old (in the valleys large rivers), glacier, footprint and lagoon.
Climate
The climate is severe. Most of the year over the area moves the masses of cold arctic air with low moisture content and dust. In the summer of the southeast, heavily and wet air from the Pacific Ocean reaches. Periodically come dry and strongly heated air masses from Siberia.
Quite often, the territory of the reserve is flying or visited by the wind of the birds from North America, among which the Canadian cranes are regularly visiting the island of Wrangel, as well as Canadian barrots and various American small sparrows, including reels (mytov singer, savanna bunties, black oatmeal, Yunco, white and white zonvertroches).
Fauna mammalian reserve poor. Empty lemming, Siberian lemming and sands are constantly living here. Periodically, and in significant quantities there is a polar bear, the maternity burgots of which are located within the borders of the reserve. At times in the reserve penetrate wolves, wolverines, mountainous and foxes. Together with people on the island of Wrangel settled riding dogs. The house mouse appeared in residential buildings. For acclimatization on the island, the northern deer and shezeby were brought.
In the mid-1990s, in the magazine "Mammoths whose age was determined from 7 to 3.5 thousand (!). Despite the fact that, on emerging opinion, Mammoths are everywhere extinct 10-12 thousand years ago. Subsequently, it was found that these remains belong to a special relatively small meaning, who inhabited the island of Wrangel in times, when it was long ago pyramids of Egypt, and which disappeared only in the reign of Tutankhamon and the heyday of the Mycenaean civilization. This puts the island of Wrangel and a number of the most important paleontological monuments of the planet.
Settlements
- Star
- Percatkun
Sources
Literature
- Gromov L. V. Shard of ancient Beringi. M., 1960.
- Mineev A. I. Wrangel Island. M.; L., 1946.
- The vegetation of the Far North and its development, is vol. M.-L., 1958.
- Soviet Arctic (sea and the islands of the Arctic Ocean). M, 1970.
Links
- Wrangel Island on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
- Information about the reserve on the site of the Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Posted Sun, 16/11/2014 - 07:49 by CEP
Wrangel Island from the west side is washed by the East Siberian and the eastern side of the Chukchi seas. Herald Island is a mountainously and is located 60 km east of Wrangel Island in Chukotka Sea.
Wrangel Island is located north of Chukotka, between 70-71 ° C.Sh. and 179 ° zd - 177 ° V.D. An important feature of the geographical position of the island is the fact that it is the only large land located in high latitudes in the northeast sector of the Asian Arctic, in the mainland shelf area, the boundary of which ends at about 300 km north of the island. At the same time, the island of Wrangel is located close not only to Asia, but also to North America, and to the Bering Strait dividing these continents, which serves as the only highway connecting the quiet and northern ice oceans and the reproduction of many types of marine animals.
The island is separated from the mainland of Long Strait, the average width of which is 150 km, which ensures reliable insulation from the mainland. At the same time, the Square of the Island of Wrangel is large enough to provide biological and landscape diversity. Other Arctic Islands and archipelagoes are separated from Wrangel Island with hundreds of kilometers.
Until the last raising of the World Ocean, Wrangel Island was part of the Unified Beringian Sushi.
The greatest length is diagonally from the northeast to the southwest (between Cape Wering and Blossom) is about 145 km, and the maximum width from the north to South (Traverse Bay Lacenaya - Gulf Krasina) - a little more than 80 km. Approximately 2/3 of the island area occupy mountain systems with the highest height of 1095.4 m N.M.. (Soviet).
Wrangel Island is one of the highest islands in the Euro-Asian Arctic sector and the highest island, deprived of the coating glaciation, in the Arctic at all. The island is characterized by the strong dismemberment of the relief and a wide variety of geological and geomorphological structures.
The Islands of Wrangel and Herald on climatic conditions, the peculiarities of landscapes and vegetation cover are the subzone of the Arctic TundR (the most northern subzones of the tundra zone).
Geography of Wrangel Island
Wrangel Island (Chuk. Umkilir - "Island of White Bears") - Russian island in the Arctic Ocean between the East Siberian and Chukotka seas. Named in honor of the Russian navigator and the statesman of the XIX century Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel.
Located at the junction of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres and is divided into 180-M Meridian into two almost equal parts.
Administratively refers to the Euulty District of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
It is part of the reserve of the same name. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2004).
Archaeological finds in the area of \u200b\u200bthe parking area of \u200b\u200bthe ravine ravine indicate that the first people (Paleoeoe) hunted on the island for another 1750 BC. e.
The existence of the island of Russian pioneers was known since the middle of the XVII century on the stories of the local residents of Chukotka, however, he got into geographical maps only two hundred years later.
Opening
In 1849, the British researcher Henry Kellett (Eng. Henry Kellett) found a new island in the Chukchi sea and called him in honor of his ship herald island Herald. The west of Herald Kellett was observed another island and noted him on the map. The island received its first name: "Land of Kellett".
In 1866. western Island Visited the first European - Captain Eduard Dallmann (Eduard Dallmann), who conducted trade operations with residents of Alaska and Chukotka.
In 1867, American whale by profession and researcher on the vocation of Thomas Long (English. Thomas Long) - maybe not knowing about the previous opening of the kellett, or incorrectly identifying the island - called him in honor of the Russian traveler and the State Worker of Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel.
Wrangel knew about the existence of the island from Chukchi and during the 1820-1824 he was unsuccessful looking for him.
In 1879, the way of Expedition of George de Long, which tried to reach the North Pole on the Jeannetta vessel, passed near the Wrangel Island. The sailing of De Long ended the disaster and in search of it in 1881, the American steam cutter Thomas Corvin approached the island (English. Thomas Corwin) under the command of Kelvin Hooper (English Calvin L. Hooper). Hooper landed on the island of the search batch and proclaimed its territory of the United States.
In September 1911, icebreaking steamer "Vaigach" came to the island of Waigach from the composition of the Russian hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean. The crew of Vaigach performed the shooting of the coast of the island, made a landing and raised the Russian flag over him.
herald Island, Wrangel Island Satellite 
Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-1916
On July 13, 1913, the Brigantine of the Canadian Arctic Expedition "Karluk" (English "Karluk) under the leadership of the Anthropologist V. Stefanson came out of the port of Nome (Alaska) to study the island of Hearshe in the sea Beaufort. August 13, 1913, 300 kilometers from the destination, "Carluk" was clamped with ice and began a slow drift to the West. On September 19, six people, including Stefanson, went hunting, however, due to ice drift, they could not return to the ship. They had to do the way to Cape Barrow. Later, Stephenson was charged with deliberately left the ship under the pretext of hunting in order to study the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
25 people remained on Karluk - team, members of the expedition and hunters. Brigantine drift continued on the route Barka Zhannetta George de Long, until January 10, 1914, she was crushed.
The first batch of sailors on behalf of Bartletta and under the command of Baryna, Mameman spoke to the island of Wrangel, but Herald was mistakenly reached. Herald's island remained senior assistant captain "Karluk" Sandy Anderson with three sailors. All four died, presumably due to food poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Another party, including Elassker McCoy (Member of the Sheklton Antarctic Expedition in 1907-1909), took an independent trip to the island of Wrangel (at a distance of 130 km) and disappeared. The remaining 17 people under the command of Barletta managed to get to the Island of Wrangel and went ashore in Draghi Bay. In 1988, traces of their camp were found here and a memorable sign was established. Captain Barlett (had the experience of participation in expeditions of Robert Piri) and the Hunter Eskimo Cataktovik together went on the ice on the mainland for help. For a few weeks, they successfully reached the coast of Alaska, but the ice conditions did not allow to take an immediate rescue expedition.
Russian icebreaking steamers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" in the summer of 1914 twice (August 1-5, then on August 10-12) tried to make their way to the rescue, but could not overcome the ice. Several attempts by the American Cutter "Bear" (English "Bear) also turned out to be unsuccessful.
Of those who remained on the island of Wrangel, 15 people were killed: Mallock from the aggregate of such reasons as overwork, supercooling, ganlena and eating spoiled peummican; Mamen, as a consequence of kidney failure caused, apparently, the same pemmican; Braddie, according to some members of the group, was killed Williamson, who stated an accident when cleaning the revolver. The reason is a heavy psychological atmosphere in the group camp. The murder has not been proven, Williamson denied all the charges. The survivors mined themselves to feed the hunt and were saved only in September 1914 by the expedition on the Canadian schooner King & Wing (English "King & Wingence).
Northern Shine above the island of Wrangel 
Expedition Stephenson 1921-1924
Inspired by the experience of survival of the Karluk crew and the prospects of sea fishing at the Island of Wrangel, Stefenson deployed a campaign on the colonization of the island. To support his company, Stefanson tried to receive official status on the part of Canadian first, and then the British government, but his idea was rejected. The refusal, however, did not prevent Stefenson to declare the support of the authorities and then raise the British flag over the island of Wrangel. As a result, it led to a diplomatic scandal.
On September 16, 1921, a settlement of five colonists was founded on the island: 22-year-old Canadian Alan Crawford, Americans Galle, Maurera (expedition participant at Karluk), Knight and Eskimo women Adda Blackjack as seamstress and cooks. The expedition was poorly equipped, as Stefanson relied on the hunt as one of the main sources of supply.
Successfully overlooking the first winter and losing only one dog (from the seven), the colonists hoped for arrival in the summer of the vessel with reserves and shifts. As a result of heavy ice conditions, the vessel could not get closer to the island and people remained at another wintering.
In September 1922, the Bloat of the Belaya Magnet "Magnet" can be held to the island of Wrangel (the former messenger, armed during the Civil War) under the command of Lieutenant D. A. Von Driver, but the ice did not give her such opportunities. About the goal of the "Magnit" to the island of Wrangel Opinions disagree - this is the suppression of Stephenson's activities (expressed by contemporaries and participants in the events), or on the contrary, assisting him for remuneration (expressed in the newspaper FSB of Russia in 2008). Because of the military damage to the white movement in the Far East, the ship was no longer returned to Vladivostok, the crew "Magnit" went to emigration.
After the hunt fails and food reserves approached the end, on January 28, 1923, three polarists went to the mainland for help. Nobody saw them more. The remaining Island of Knight died from Qingi in April 1923.
Alive remained only 25-year-old hell blackjack. She managed to survive on the island alone before the arrival of the vessel on August 19, 1923.
In 1923, 13 settlers remained on the wintering on the island - American geologist Charles Wells and twelve Eskimos, including women and children. Another child was born on the island during the wintering period. In 1924, concerned about the news of creating a foreign colony on russian island, The Government of the USSR sent to the island of Wrangel canoner boat "Red October" (the former Vladivostok port icebreaker "Reliable", on which guns installed).
"Red October" came out of Vladivostok on July 20, 1924 under the command of Hydrograf B. V. Davydov. On August 20, 1924, the expedition raised the Soviet flag on the island and taken out settlers. On the way back, on September 25 in the Long Strait at Cape Schmidt, the icebreaker was hopelessly clamped with ice, but the storm had a storm helped him. Overcoming heavy ice led to the overflow of fuel. By the time when the vessel threw anchor in the bay of providence, the fuel remained 25 minutes of the stroke, and there was no fresh water at all. Vladivostok icebreaker returned on October 29, 1924.
Soviet-American, and then the Chinese-American negotiations on the further return of the colonists to their homeland through Harbin took a long time. Until the return, Troy did not live - the head of the expedition Charles Wells died in Vladivostok from pneumonia; Two children died over the next way.
Development of the Island of Wrangel
In 1926, a polar station was created on the island of Wrangel under the leadership of G. A. Ushakov. Together with Ushakov, 59 people landed on the island, mostly Eskimos who previously lived in the villages of Providence and Chaplino.
In 1928, an expedition was performed on the icebreaker "Litche", the boiler house on which the Ukrainian writer and journalist Nikolai Truveiini worked, who described the Island of Wrangel in a number of his books, in particular "to the Arctic - through the tropics." In 1948, a small group of domestic reindeer was brought to the island and a branch of a reindeer herdded state farm was organized. In 1953, administrative authorities adopt a resolution on the protection of foolishness on the island of Wrangel, and in 1960, a long-term reserve was created by decision of the Magadan Regional Executive Committee, transformed in 1968 to the reserve of republican importance.
Lie about gulag
In 1987, the former ZKK Efim Moshinsky published the book in which he argued that he was in the "Correctional Labor Camp" on the island of Wrangel and met Raul Wallenberg there and other foreigners' prisoners. In fact, contrary to legend, there was no Gulag camps on the island of Wrangel. 
Wrangel Island (Reserve)
In 1975, the island of Nynivak was introduced to the island, and the executive committee of the Magadan region took the land of the islands to the future reserve. In 1976 for learning and guarding natural complexes The Arctic Islands was founded by the Wrangel Island Reserve, which also included the small neighboring island of Herald. In connection with the reserve around the islands, the security zone of the reserve 5 sea miles wide. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve amounted to 795.6 thousand hectares. In 1978, the scientific department of the reserve, whose employees began to be a planned study of the islands of plant and animal world.
In 1992, a radar station was closed, and the only island remained locality - Ushakovsky village, which by 2003 was empty.
In 1997, at the proposal of the Governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the State Economics of Russia, the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve was expanded due to the inclusion in its composition of the water area of \u200b\u200b12 maritime miles wide, the order of the Government of the Russian Federation N ° 1623-p dated November 15, 1997, and in 1999, Around the already protected water area by the decision of the Governor of Chukotka JSC N ° 91 of May 25, 1999, a security area was organized by a width of 24 nautical miles. Wrangel Island 
Modernity
Various military exercises are regularly held on the island.
At Schmidt's Cape and Wrangel Island in 2014, more than 2.5 thousand tons of various goods will be delivered for the first time.
On August 20, 2014 Sailors of the Pacific Navy under the command of Captain 3 rank Evgenia Onufriev, who arrived on the island of Wrangel for holding hydrographic works on the Marshal Gelovani ship, raised the Naval Flag over the island, thus founding the first point of the basing of the Pacific Fleet of Russia.
Wrangel Island Nature
The island area is about 7670 km², of which about 4700 km² are occupied by mountains. Coast lowlands, dissected by lagunis, separated by sandy braids from the sea. In the central part of the island, the area is mountainous. There are small glaciers and small lakes, the Arctic Tundra.
Climate
Wrangel's Island relief determines significant thermal differences within its limits. Thus, at different points of the southern coast, the mid-July temperature ranges from 2.4 to 3.60c, which corresponds to the range of the arctic tundra subzones; On the northern coast, the same indicator fluctuates about 10s (as in polar deserts), and in the intermediates of the central part of the island, it reaches 8-100s, which is characteristic of the southern outskirts of the tundra zone.
Climate in the Area island area with a significant influence of cyclonic activities. Most of the year, cold arctic air masses are dominated here, which are distinguished by low temperatures and low moisture content and dust. In summer, they are crowded with warmer and wet air masses from the Bering Sea. Not rare here and dry, dusty or continental air masses from Siberia. The average annual air temperature is 11.3 ° C. The coldest month is February (- 24.9 ° C), the warmest - July (2.5 ° C).
The frost-free period on the islands usually does not exceed 20-25 days, often constituting only about 2 weeks. During the year it falls on average 152 mm of precipitation, of which approximately half of the snow months. For the winter period, strong and long-lasting northeastern winds are characterized, whose speed often exceeds 40 m / s. At the same time, the snow sediments are significantly redistributed depending on the form of the relief and the direction of the wind, forming a very uneven snow cover - from its absence on places in the places to multi-meter in lowlands and on the leeward slopes. A significant part of snow precipitation is demolished by the wind in the sea.
Meso-climatic differences are well expressed on the territory of the island of Wrangel. The central sector of the island has a greater continentality of the climate compared to the coastal (Western and Eastern sectors), which are characterized by lower summer temperatures, the later gathering of snow and much greater than the repeatability of cloudy weather and fogs.
Relief
Approximately 2/3 of the territory about. Wrangel occupy mountains. In the central part of the island to the north and south of the central mountains, two longitudinal wide (up to 3 km) valleys are traced in the latitudinal direction. The highest point of the island of the Soviet Mountain is 1096 m. The central mountain part of the Island of Wrangel is a middle mountain, towering over all island.
The middle house array is strongly dissected by numerous valleys. The peaks of the mountains, with the exception of several highest with the mountaineering outlines, have a predominantly plain form. From the West, the North and the South of the Mediterraneury, the lane is surrounded by a lane and holmogriy, which are strongly dissected Penmentelene with high-altitude marks from 200 to 600 m. Substrengths are also densely dissected by valleys, among which there are several particularly large, forming extensive intermountable basins. Mountain structures of the island from the north and south are bother with accumulative plains, folded predominantly alluvial sediments, with ridges and respects rising 10-15 m above the general level.
The northern valley is dedicated to a large latitudinal one, and South - to the border of multi-time and varietary thickness. The north and southern part of the island occupy low-lying tundra. The northern low-album of the academy tundra is a slightly coated lowland with absolute marks from 5-10 to 30-50 m. Plain tundra in the southern part of the island by the nature of the surface of the Tundra of the Academy. The absolute marks of its heights at the foot of the central mountains reach 100 m. From the west side of the island there is a seaside narrow plain.
The plain coast of the island belongs mainly to the lagoon type and are characterized by abundance of sandy-pebble braids and bars. Where mountainous structures come to the sea, various types of abrasion shores are developing, characterized by rock cliffs up to several tens of meters. Herald Island is a high rest of the granites and gneises, from all sides, the steep rocky yields of up to 250 m in the sea. For both islands, a variety of cryogenic forms of nano- and micro-relief are characterized, among which various polygonal and spotted forms prevail. In the low-lying areas of the plains of the island of Wrangel, termeral hollows are also developed, and in intergranty valleys - Bajjarakh complexes resulting from the drawing of polygonal ice ice.
In accordance with the landscape and ecological zoning of the territory of Russia (Isachenko, 2001), the Island Island is part of the Chukchi-Koryak group of the provinces of the Far Eastern sector of the subarctic zone. However, most researchers (Alexandrov, 1977; Chrome, Mamontov, 1974, etc.) refer it to the Arctic zone. For the island as a whole, the development of arctic type landscapes is characterized, including polar-deserted and arctic-tundra subtypes. In accordance with the Botaniko-geographical zoning of the Arctic (Alexandrov, 1977), the Island of Wrangel belongs to the Werangele's subfroval of the Vrangelev-West American province of the Arctic TundR. On the island of Wrangel, all the main types of Arctic landscapes are presented. Plains, abrasion and accumulative origin, according to morphological types, give a wide range, which includes low-alley and elevated, flat, hilly and inclined.
On the territory of the Island Markov, (1952) and V.V.Petrovsky (1985), there were 5 districts characterized by relatively homogeneous geological and geomorphological conditions and features of plant communities: Tundra Academy, Southern District, West District, Central District and East Area.
wrangel Island, Chukotka Sea coast 
Hydrology and hydrography
Total on the island of more than 140 rivers and streams with a length of more than 1 km and 5 rivers with a length of more than 50 km. All watercourses have snowmall. Of approximately 900 lakes, most of which are located in the academy tundra (North Island), 6 lakes have an area exceeding 1 km². On average, the depth of the lakes is not more than 2 m. According to the origin of the lake, they are divided into thermal lights, to which most of the older (in the valleys of large rivers), glacial, footprint and lagoon. The largest of them are: KMO, Komsomol, Gagache, Reserved. The entire island surface is dissected by an intensively developed river network. All over or less large rivers take the beginning within large mountain varnishes, where their valleys are usually narrow, with steep slopes and canyons in some sections. Mountain streams and rivers have a relatively low depth with a small row width. The valleys are deeply embedded, differ not yet installed equilibrium profile. Mountain rivers, which flow the embrace structures, almost all throughout have steep rocky shores. With the exit to the plains of the surface of the watercourses sharply expands: flows are dismembered by several sleeves, meanders appear, ples, rigs. For watercourses, the academy tundra is characterized by a calm flow in winding rods. The erosion cut into them is weakly expressed. There is an abundance of old lakes, especially in the floodplain part.
The water area of \u200b\u200bthe East Siberian and Chukotka Seas, adjacent to the Islands of Wrangel and Gerala, is distinguished as a separate Wangel chemical-oceanographic area, characterized by the special types of surface water with low salinity, high saturation with oxygen and increased content of biogenic elements. From the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bBering, the flow of warm Pacific waters, which form a clearly pronounced interlayer at a depth of 75-150. IN northern part Waters, at a depth of 150 m, warm atlantic waters penetrate.
The ice regime adjacent to the islands of the water area is characterized by almost constant presence of ice in the summer. The edge of the drifting ice, during their minimum propagation, is located in close proximity to the islands, or a little north-west (in exceptional cases far north). In the Long Strait, throughout the warm period, an ice array is preserved, known as Wrangelsky. In the East Siberian Sea, near the island of Wrangel in the summer there is a spong of the Eyone Oceanic Ice Arrays. In the winter period, to the north or north-west of the island there is a stereo in stationary wormwood.
East-Siberian Sea. Due to the low depths, the temperature is characterized by a uniform distribution from the surface to the depth. IN winter time It is -1-20s, in summer + 2 + 50c, in bays to + 80c. The saltness of water is different in the western and eastern parts of the sea. In the eastern part of the sea at the surface, it is usually about 30 ppm. River stock in the eastern part of the sea leads to a decrease in saline to 10-15 ppm, and in the mouths of large rivers almost to zero. Near the ice fields, salting increases to 30 ppm. With a depth of salting rises to 32 ppm Chukotka Sea. The temperature in winter -1.70s, in the summer rises to + 70s. From the southern part of the island of tides and low-rise, about 15 cm. In winter, an increased saline is characterized (about 31-33) of the waters of water. In the summer period, saline is less, it increases from west to east from 28 to 32. In the melting edges of the ice ice saline, it is minimal at the mouth of the rivers (3-5). Usually with a depth of saline increases.
Describes the Chukotka current from the West to East from the East Siberian Sea and the Geraldovskaya and the Long Branches of the Beringovomorsk flow going to the north, north-west and west to the Strait of Long.
Geology
The island is complexed with a variety of sediments (metamorphic, sedimentary, magmatic, etc.) of a wide age range - from the late Precambrian to Triass, which are blocked by non-quaternary precipitation that perform depression in the north and south. Lovely nude, lightweight tundra and in most cases moderate exceeding, good decryptability of objects make an island convenient for geological study. In addition, contacts between the midstalls in most cases are well pronounced in the relief.
Wrangel Island is composed of two main complexes: metamorphic formations and deposits of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Cover.
Metamorphic formations are exposed in the axial part of the central and mammoth mountains. The sedimentary and volcanic rocks are strongly deployed and metamorphiced in the green and epidote-amphibolite facies and small intrusions of the main and acidic composition, stand out as the Webhelev complex [Ivanov, 1969], the lower part of the Sweets of Berry [Tilman et al., 1970; Hanelin et al., 1989; Bogdanov, 1998], Gromovskaya and Inkalin Sweets [Kamenev, 1975]. Total capacity is estimated in 2000 m. G.I. Kamenev on finds of microfossils Gromovskaya retinue attributed to the middle and upper rife, and an Inkalin retinue to Wanda. ON THE. Bogdanov, S.M. Tilman and V.G. Hanelin with co-authors tend to consider these formations as a result of dynamometamophysome-ma Devonian or early Paleozoic breeds, which is confirmed by K-AG dating 457 ± 25 million years. During the works of the Soviet-Canadian expedition, the definitions of zirkons were obtained, testifying to the Late Proterozoic age: 699 ± 1 million years (zircons from basites), as well as 609 ± 10, 633 ± 21 and 677 ± 163 million years (zircons from granites). Our field observations (2006) are likely to indicate that there are both ancient and Paleozoic education in the metamorphic complex.
The Paleozoic-Mesozoic Case is complicated by the deposits of Silur-Demon, Devon, Carbon, Perm and Triassa. The contact of the Vrangelev complex with a nonmetron-free case is most likely tectonic. In the upper reaches Predators, it is distinctly expressed in the relief by a ledge and a conjugate saddler covered with vegetation with numerous rashes of black clay shale.
Silico Devon. Territative and carbonate sediments of this age are known only in the northern part of the island. Total capacity 400-500 m.
Devonian. Represents sandstones, often quartzites and slates with horizons of conglomerates, gravites and limestone. MK Kosko with co-authors describe the disroxant stratigraphic contact of Devon with conglomerates at the base in the breeds of the Webhelev complex. Power 600-2000 m.
Lower carbon. In the upper reaches Predators The lower part of the cut is made dark gray and black clay shale with the darkeys of dark organogenic limestone. The above is a pack of alternation of greenish-gray and brown limestone sandstones, aleurolites and slates. Gradual lamination is clearly visible. Across stretching there are Mergelist-limestone packs, interference and lenses of carbonate rocks and dolomites with plaster. For this part of the cut is characterized by motley brown, yellow, gray, green and pinkish colors.
Carbon. Pelitomorphic and organogenic limestone with horizons of terrigenous rocks, the number of which increases in the northern direction. The total capacity of deposits is 500 -1500 m. In the middle course p. Unknown there are yields of volcanogenic rocks of sour and main composition with relics of ball alive and yashmoid lenses.
Permian. Clay shale with bits of bituminous limestone and sandstones. In the southern part, clay slates are dominated, and in northern, more shallow, there are limzid horizons of conglomerates. Power of deposits 800 m in the southern part and 1200 m in Northern [Kosko et al., 2003].
Triassic. Territative sediments common mainly in the southern part, where they can be traced in a wide band from m. Bird bazaar to the east coast. The triass is characterized by turbidates and an internal fold-scaly structure.
Triass Turbiditis overlap the various horizons of Paleozoic sediments. Some researchers tend to consider these relationships as discountable stratigraphic contact, others as long. In the places studied by the authors (r. Predators, Hands. Doubt, m. Brew) Tectonic contact. However, it is impossible to exclude a long history of contact formation.
Initially, a stratigraphic relationship could have been existed, then it was formed with a total northern northern vergeedness, typical of Wrangel, and in the lowest stages, discharges could arise, including along the plane of the slope, due to the total stretching and formation on the shelf south of young sedimentary pools.
Soil Pokrov
The entire territory of the reserve is located in the zone of everlasting breeds. The soil islands are formed relatively well. Arctic tundra turf and tundra or arctic gley soils prevail. In the most continental central regions of the island, the soils are completely uncharacteristic for the Arctic Islands - steppe cryoaride and tundrospal, peculiar to the continental districts of Siberia and the North of the Far East. Under the name of the arctic tundra saline soils are described on the island and typical salt marshes, with lithogenic origin, i.e. We owe their existence to the discharge water regime, which is characteristic of arid territories and completely atypically for the Arctic. In the central regions of the island, the type of carbonate arctic-tundra soils is quite widespread, which is the endemic of the island of Wrangel.
On the island of Herald, the colonies of seabirds at an altitude of 100-200 m are well formed peat-humidic zogenic soils, which are extremely developed vegetable cover.
Flora
The first explorer of the vegetation of the Island of Wrangel B. N. Town, in 1938 studied east Coast Islands, taken it to the zone of arctic and polar deserts. After a complete study of the entire island from the 2nd half of the XX century. It is referred to the subzone of the arctic tundra tundra zone. Despite the relatively small sizes of the Island of Wrangel, due to the sharp regional features of his vegetation, it stands out to the Special Wedrangela subference of the Vrangelian-West American province of the Arctic TundR.
The vegetation of the island of Wrangel is characterized by a rich ancient species. The number of types of vascular plants exceeds 310 (for example, at a significantly larger Novosibirsk islands of such species of only 135, on the islands of the Northern Earth, about 65, on the Earth Franz Joseph less than 50). Flora island is rich in relics and relatively poor spread in other indoor regions of plants, which here in various estimates are not more than 35-40%.
About 3% of plants subendemic (Beskulnitsa, Mc Gorodova, Ostromoter Vrangelevsky) and endemic (Mattik Vrangelevsky, Mak Ushakova, Phalgelayevskaya, Mak Lapland). In addition to them, 114 species of rare and very rare plants grow on the island of Wrangel.
Such a composition of the plant world allows us to conclude that the original Arctic vegetation on this site of ancient Beringi was not destroyed by glaciers, and the sea prevented the penetration from the south of later migrants.
Modern vegetative cover on the territory of the reserve is almost everywhere incurred shorty. Sexual moss tundra prevails. In the mountain valleys and intermountains, the central part of the Island of Wrangel is found areas of Zamnik (Iva Richardson) with a height of up to 1 m.
bird Bazaar, Wrangel Island 
Quite often, the bird of the reserve is flying or recorded by the wind of the bird from North America, among which the Canadian cranes are regularly visiting the island of Wrangel, as well as Canadian barrocks and various American small sparrows, including reels (mytov singer, savanna bunties, gray and Oregon Yunko, Chernobrovaya and Whitenesh zonologia).
Fauna mammalian reserve poor. Endemic lemming of Vinogradov, who previously considered the subspecies of the hoofed leming, Siberian lemming and sands, live here. Periodically, and in significant quantities, the polar bear appears, the maternity burgots of which are located within the borders of the reserve. At times in the reserve penetrate wolves, wolverines, mountainous and foxes. Together with people on the island of Wrangel settled riding dogs. The house mouse appeared in residential buildings. For acclimatization on the island, the northern deer and shezeby were brought.
The northern deer dwells here and in the distant past, and the modern herd comes from those delivered in 1948, 1954, 1967, 1968, 1975 of home deer from the Chukotka Peninsula. The deer population is supported in an amount of up to 1.5 thousand heads.
There is evidence that shezebiks lived on the island of Wrangel in a distant past. Nowadays, the flock of 20 goals was brought in April 1975 from the American Nunivak Island.
On the territory of the island is the largest frying fryer in Russia. In coastal waters inhabit seals.
In the mid-1990s, in the magazine "Nature" it was possible to read about the stunning discoveries made on the island. The Sergey Vartanyan reserve employee discovered the remains of woolly mammoths here, whose age was determined from 7 to 3.5 thousand years. Despite the fact that, on emerging opinion, Mammoths are everywhere extinct 10-12 thousand years ago. Subsequently, it was found that these remains belong to a special relatively small meaning, who inhabited the island of Wrangel in times when the Egyptian pyramids were standing long ago, and which disappeared only to the reign of Tutankhamon and the heyday of the Mycenaan civilization. This puts the island of Wrangel and a number of the most important paleontological monuments of the planet.
rest of the village of Dobyazy 
Settlements
Ushakovskoe (non-residential)
Star (non-residential)
Perkatkun (non-residential)
Population
The official village of Ushakovsky on the island of Wrangel was declared non-residential in 1997. However, several people refused to leave him.
The last 25-year-old woman-islanders named Vasilina Alpown in 2003 prickly white bear.
After her on the island of civilians, there was only a man Grigory Kourgin, a practitioner shamanism. Repeated the presence of people on the island provided the Russian military from the troops of the East Military District (VVO), which on October 1, 2014 set up a military town created for them.
Reserve Island Wrangel
"Wrangel Island" - State natural Reserve, It occupies the most north position (located mainly north of 71 ° C. sh.) from protected areas of Russia.
The State Natural Reserve "Island of Wrangel" was established by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of March 23, 1976 No. 189. Total area - 2,225,650 hectares, including a water area - 1,430,000 hectares. Square Zone - 795,593 hectares. It takes two islands of the Chukotka Sea - Wrangel and Herald, as well as an adjacent water area, and is located on the territory of the Schmidtsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
This northernmost nature reserves occupy two islands of the Chukotka Sea - Wrangel and Herald, as well as an adjacent water management, and is located on the territory of the eastern district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Landscape
Approximately 2/3 of the territory about. Wrangel occupy mountains. Arctic tundra and mountains - the prevailing landscape. The Hydrographic Network of Wrangel Island is about 150 relative to small rivers and streams, only 5 of which have a length of over 50 km, and about 900 small shallow water lakes.
Flora Islands of Wrangel in its wealth and the level of endemism has no analogues in the Arctic. To date, 417 species and subspecies of vascular plants were revealed in the reserve. It is more than known for the entire Canadian Arctic Archipelago and 2-2.5 times exceeds the number of species on other Arctic tundra areas of such sizes. About 3% of the flora of the island of Wrangel are subendemic species. Among the vascular plants 23 Takson are endemics of the island. In terms of endemics, Wrangel Island has no equal among the Arctic Islands, including Greenland. A row of endemic plants (Oxytropis Ushakovii Oxytropis Okolodeliki, Mac Multipath Papaver Multiradiatum and Mac Snow-Manped Papaver CHIONOPHILUM) are common on the island. The endemics also include the variety of Besklinnitsa, the subspecies of Lapland Maca, Maks Gorodova and Ushakov, Phachchka Vrangelevskaya. The number of famous types of moss (331) and lichens (310) on the island of Wrangel is also superior to other territories in the Arctic TundR subzone.
Sexual-moss tundras predominate, the middle and lower belts of the mountains are engaged in grass-lichen and shrub-divergent tundra. There are swamps with the participation of spa, low and raised on Earth thickets of Evnyakov. In the flexible belts of the mountains - extensive rocky placers.
Natural conditions are not favored by the wealth of fauna.
In the reserve, there are absolutely no amphibians and reptiles; Fish (sike, washing and some others) can only be seen in coastal waters. But on the island of 169 species of birds, most of which are flying, nesting are registered for 62 species, of which 44 species are nesting on the islands regularly, including 8 types of seabirds. For example: Seagulls, Cayra, etc. Among the birds should be primarily mentioned by a white goose, which forms a large autonomous nesting colony from several tens of thousands of couples in Russia and in Asia. Black barrocks nest regularly (moreover, the nestless barrocks are arrived at a mongrel with mainland Chukotka and Alaska), an ordinary Gaga and Gaga-Grebenushka, in a very small number of Siberian gaga, panels and slices. On the ripped sea shores - the birds, which appealing in the 60s, according to the well-known researcher of the North S. M. Uspensky, 50-100 thousand Tolstoculus Kair, 30-40 thousand Maewings, 3,000 cormorants. V. V. Djkinkin in the book "In the world of nature reserved", published in 1989, writes "now these birds less", and on the official website of the reserve the total number of colonies of seabirds is estimated to 250-300 thousand nesting individuals.
The basis of the bird's population is the tundra species, most of which have circumpolar aroles and are common to all arctic tundras. This is a lapland plantain, a bunk, tules, stonecock, Icelandic sandbird and a number of other species. At the same time, there are cases of nesting nesting uncharacteristic for the Arctic of species, such as Turukhtan, a sandplash-redish, an imaging and an ax, a foam talovka, for whom Wrangel Island is the most northern point of the nesting. In recent years, Ipatka in recent years began to nest on the colonies of seabirds of the Island of Wrangel regularly and the number is growing.
The world of mammals is poorer, and the most typical representatives - Siberian Lemming and Lemming of Vinogradov, which in the years of high numbers are very important in the ecosystems of the reserve. Sandshadow, ermine, wolverine, wild northern deer, wolves, will raise red foxes. But a particularly famous resident of both islands is a polar bear. Wrangel's Islands and Herald are known as the world's largest concentration area of \u200b\u200bthe White Bear Berlerg. V. V. Dezhkin writes: "In some years, the reserve was organized by the Berlogs until 200-250 Medveditz." On the site of the reserve there is information that "annually on the islands in the Berlogs from 300 to 500 bears. Approximately 100 generic burgrels from this quantity is arranged on a small about. Herald. In the spring with a slightly rapid offspring, they are stripped into the sides of the Arctic's expanses.
Hoping are represented in the reserve with two species - the northern deer and the sheep. The northern deer were delivered to the island of Wrangel in the late 40s - early 50s: brought two batches of home reindeer from Chukotka's coast. Currently, they are a unique history and biological characteristics of the island population of the wild reindeer, the number of which at certain periods reached 9-10 thousand individuals. In 1975, for the year before the establishment of the reserve, 20 shezebians caught on Wrangel were brought to american island Nynivak. The period of adaptation of the sheep on the island and the development of the whole territory passed with difficulties and was stretched for several years, after which the survival of the original herd did not cause doubts and the population began to grow actively. Currently, the number of sheeps on the island is about 800-900 individuals, according to the position for the fall of 2007 - possibly up to 1000. According to paleontological data, both types of hoofs lived on the territory of the Island of Wrangel in Late Pleistocene, and the northern deer and much later - only 2 -3 thousand years ago.
Finally, on the coasts of the reserve, the wallery seals are arranged - the most interesting and valuable marine animals. Their protection and study are included in the task of local scientists. Pacific walrus lives here, for which this water area is the most important area of \u200b\u200bsummer feeding. In certain years, in the summer and autumn period - from July to the end of September-beginning of October, - near the islands, most of the females and young people accumulate. The walruses are holding at the edge of the ice and prefer to crawl on the vacation on the ice, until they are in the water area. With the disappearance of ice near the most cordless shallow sections, the walruses are suitable for the islands and form on certain braids the largest coastal fokers in the Chukchi sea. At the same time, on the coastal frying walruses on the island of Wrangel, a total of up to 70-80 thousand animals were recorded, and taking into account the beasts floating in the water here to 130 thousand walruses. On the wintering wallery migrate to the Bering Sea.
During the whole year in the coastal water area, ringed nerves and lahtak are common. The ringed nerve is the main feed for polar bears during the year, providing a full predator life cycle.
In the summer and autumn period adjacent to the islands of Wrangel and Gerald, the water area - the root of feeding and migrations of cetaceans. Gray whale is most numerous here. In recent years, the number of gray whales in the summer-autumn period off the coast of the Island of Wrangel has increased markedly. Every year along the shores of Wrangel Island on autumn migrations are large herds. According to satellite blossoms, it was found that Beluhi is suitable for the island of Wrangel in the fall, which are going to childbirth in the Mackenzie River Delta (Canada).
The purpose of creating a reserve is to preserve and explore the typical and unique ecosystems of the island part of the Arctic, as well as such species of animals, like a white bear, a walrus, the only nesting population of the White Goose, and many other types of Beringian flora and fauna with a high level of endemism. In 1974, shebik was acclimatized on the island.
Especially valuable natural objects
Tomas Valley Thomas with surrounding slopes
High concentration of generic white bear burgrel, high density of family groups and females of a white bear in the autumn period
Cape Blossa district
walruy rookery on the spit; High concentration and activity of polar bears in the autumn period; concentrations of pink and white cups on the autumn span; The area of \u200b\u200bthe concentration of walrus and feeding of gray whales in the coastal water area
Spit doubtful
walrus rookery; Place of high activity and concentration of polar bears in the autumn period
Southern Coast in the Bay Doubt
Cryophyte-steppe and tundro-steppe plant communities; rare and endemic taxa plants; Places of nesting of yeast car; The area of \u200b\u200bconcentration on the span of pink and white chaps; The high activity area of \u200b\u200bpolar bears in the autumn period
The mouth of the river Mammoth and Lake Jack London
high concentration of linen black chambers; concentrations of hives on the autumn span; Big colony of the vilochofit seagull; The high activity area of \u200b\u200bpolar bears in the autumn period
Average river mammoth
Cryophyte-steppe and tundro-steppe plant communities; relic community of arctic continental halofitis; High density of the nests of white owls and reproductive holes; Numerous small colonies of a white goose and other plastifers around the sockets of white owls; The nesting places of the yolkoskik and the Bardowan of the Sandplash; High density and variety of types of lemming settlements
Gusina River Valley
Relic tundmont communities, the growth of Evnyakov; High nesting density of white owls; Numerous colonies of a white goose around the sockets of white owls; Bardwoman's nesting location; High concentration and variety of types of lemming settlements
Mountain Massif Kit
nesting area Bardova Sandplash, desiccitus, concentration of melting black chambers; Big colony of the vilochofit seagull; High diversity of lemming settlements
West Coast (Plot from Cape Thomas to the mouth of the Soviet river)
High concentration of the generic burgrel of a white bear on the coastal slopes of the mountains, high activity of white bears in the autumn period; Large colonies of seabirds (Maewings, thick-frustrated cakes, beregs of cormorants, soaps); Bardwoman's nesting location; unique and high-aesthetic geological structures (I-VI); Arctic continental halofitis
Cape Warring district
High concentration of generic white bear burgrel; High activity of polar bears in the autumn period; Large colonies of seabirds (Maewings, thick-frustrated cakes, beregs of cormorants, soaps); The highest density of the Bardowan of the sandplash, the eponymous tip; location of mountain crystal and calcite; Unique geological structures
The supreme river is unknown (key section "Upper Unknown")
The most stable and densely populated reproductive settlement of the White Owl known in the area of \u200b\u200bthe species; Mixed reproductive settlements of White Owls and Sands; Very high concentration of colonies of plastiflowers around the sockets of white owls; High concentration of micropopulations and communities of relict, endemic and rare taxa plants; The growth of Ivnyakov
Basic nesting colony of white goose in the upper river Tundrov
The only major colony of white geese, preserved in Eurasia; with a concomitant unique ecosystem that formed in this habitat when influencing the zogeneous factors
Herald Island
The highest concentration of the generic burgrel of the White Bear is known in the area of \u200b\u200bthe species; walrus rookery; The most large in this sector of the Arctic colony of seabirds with the community of concomitant species; Unique and high-aesthetic geological structures
Mountains Drem-Head, Western Plateau, Warring, Eastern Plateau Plot in Cape Pillar
The main areas of the concentration of the generic Berler's Bear on the island of Wrangel, the areas of high concentration and activity of white bears in the autumn period
The lower river Tundrovaya
High concentration of white geese with chicks during molting period; The most stable and densely populated reproductive settlement of the Pots, known in the area of \u200b\u200bthe species; The area of \u200b\u200bthe high nesting density of the Voice of the Seagull; High concentration and variety of types of lemming settlements
Lake Basins in the Tundra of the Academy from the River of the Bear to the River Hydrographers and the Lowness of the Rivers Unknown, Songsova, Red Flag and Hydrographers
areas concentration of white geese with chicks during the post-challenge molting; The main places of the nesting of the Voice of the Seagull
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Source of information and photo:
Social team
Leontyev V. V., Novikova K. A. Toponymic dictionary of the northeast of the USSR. - Magadan: Magadan Book Publishing House, 1989, Page 384.
Wikipedia website.
Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on history geographic discoveries. - Enlightenment, 1985. - T. 4.
Sentalinsky V. Coast of non-random meetings. Magazine "Around the World" (September 1988). Checked March 2, 2010. Archived from the source on February 5, 2012.
Krasinsky G. D. on the Soviet ship in the Arctic Ocean. Hydrographic expedition to the island of Wrangel. - Litizdata edition N.K.I.D., 1925.
Klimenko I. N. Expedition to the island of Wrangel, or two lands of icebreaker "Reliable". Primorsky State United Museum named after V. K. Arsenyev.
Visa V. Yu. Seas of the Soviet Arctic: Essays on the history of the study. - ed. Glavsevmorputi, 1948. - 416 p.
Sentalinsky V. A. House Man and wild beast. - Thought, 1988. - 236 p.
SHentalinsky V. A. Ice Captain. - Magadan Book Publishing House, 1980. - 160 p.
Vitaly Shentalinsky. Reserved autumn on Wrangel // Around the World. - 1978. - № 9 (2635).
Vitaly Shentalinsky. Coast of non-random meetings // Around the World. - 1988. - № 9 (2576).
Gromov L. V. Shard of ancient Beringi. - Geographiciz, 1960. - 95 p.
Mineev A. I. Five years on the island of Wrangel. - Young Guard, 1936. - 443 p.
Mineev A. I. Wrangel Island. - Publisher of Glavsevmorputi, 1946. - 430 p.
Towns B. N. Polar desert about. Wrangel // Botanical Journal. - 1943. - T. 28. - № 4. - P. 127-143.
Towns B. N. Soil-vegetable Pokrov Islands of Wrangel // The vegetation of the Far North of the USSR and its development. - L.: Science, 1958. - V. 3. - P. 5-58.
Towns B. N. Analysis of the arctic desert zone on the example of the Island of Wrangel // The vegetation of the Far North of the USSR and its development. - L.: Science, 1958. - V. 3. - P. 59-94.
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Wrangel Island - Natural Reserve, located on the Arctic Outside. This is the only territory that Russia managed to conquer in America and England. But the authorities were not here. During reforms on the island, this world left this world's last inhabitant. Since people no longer left, the development of flora and fauna here began to develop rapid pace. On the territory it was possible to meet a large number of polar bears that migrated to the island to overheat. There were also numerous herds of sheep.
Name
Why is the island of Wrangel so called? Local residents They call him an intelligence, which means the island of white bears. But he owes to his official name to the Russian navigator - Ferdinand Vrangel.
Nature
The area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Wrangel is approximately 7670 square meters. km. Most (about 4700 square meters) occupy mountain ranges. The shores are dissected by lagoons and sandy braids. The central part of the island is a mountainous area. There are small lakes and glaciers on site. Description of the Island of Wrangel will be incomplete without the designation of the embossed features of this area.
Relief
The terrain is very disseminated. Mountains are built into parallel chains - ridges. Conditionally, they are divided into three parts - the northern, middle and southern ridges, the end of which from the Western and East side serve rocky cliffs. The most solid is the middle part. Here is the Soviet Mountain, which is the most high point Islands. The northern ridge smoothly goes into a swampy terrain and is considered the lowest. This plain is called the Tundra Academy. The southern ridge is closest to the sea coast. In the center of the island there is a mountain, named after Leonid Gromova.
Rivers and lakes
The main area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Wrangel is the mountains. But at the same time, there are a large number of rivers and lakes. In total, there are more than 140 rivers and small streams, the length of which is about 1 km. There are approximately 900 lakes on the island, most of them are located in the academy tundra. Several of them occupy an area exceeding 1 km. sq. Lakes are not deep, on average no deeper than 2 m. Where is the island of Wrangel?
Location
The island reigns a terrible cold of the Arctic. Such climate is almost unsuitable for habitat.
The geographical location of the Island of Wrangel affects its history. It is 140 km from the North Coast of Chukotka. That is why the island found very late. In the mid-19th century, large states were not interested in mastering the Arctic desert.
History opening
But at the beginning of the 20th century, interest in this area has grown sharply. In 1911, the Russian flag was raised on the island. But the United Kingdom and Canada also became interested in this territory. At that time, in the Far East went Civil War. Canadians took advantage of this circumstance and in 1921 raised the British flag on the island. The government of Canada with full confidence announced that its territory belongs to the UK. A year later, migrants from the United States began to arrive at the island. Now the American flag was waving there.
Pernaya
Another bright representative of the Fauna Island of Wrangel is Belaya Owl. The location density of the nesting is considered the highest in the country. The reserve is the largest bird market on the entire Chukotka Peninsula. Most of the marine penetrate.
Wrangel Island Birds are represented by 169 species. But not all of them nest on this territory.
In summer, more than 50 species of birds are permanent inhabitants of the island. Many of them are no longer see anywhere. Most species live exclusively in northern latitudes. For example: Seagulls, Cayra, etc. Among the birds should be primarily mentioned by a white goose, which forms a large autonomous nesting colony from several tens of thousands of couples in Russia and in Asia. Black barrocks nest regularly (moreover, the unnoticed barracks arrive here on a link with mainland Chukotka and Alaska), ordinary Gaga and Gaga-Grebenushka, in a very small number of Siberian gaga, pawliness and housings.
Birds arrive in the reserve in May, arrange nests in invisible, hard-to-reach places. Often they can be found on the occasions of the rocks. Here they lay eggs, feed chicks until they learn to fly independently. After that, the birds are collected in the flocks and fly to the south in winter, and in the spring they return to their homeland with a harsh climate.
Many know the island of Wrangel as the last refuge of mammoths. Scientists testify that it was in the reserve that the dwarf shape of these animals was discovered. This species dwell along with normal individuals. The excavations have established that more than 3 thousand years ago, mammoths lived in the Arctic.
Flora
A unique plants grow on the island, which are well adapted to local conditions. For the most part, all these species can be found in the tundra of other regions, they differ only in their sizes. On the island of Wrangel, predominantly dwarf plants grow. Strong northern winds Do not give them to grow. Therefore, their height often reaches no more than 10 cm. However, plants having an ancient origin can be found here. Over time, they have not changed. More than 114 plant species grows in the reserve, the composition of which is perfectly preserved due to the climate and remoteness of the island.
In the reserve, the dwarfs of Evyanka trees grow, not more than 1 meter high. You can meet them in mountain gorges well protected from wind.
Tourism
Despite the harsh climate and remoteness from civilization, Wrangel Island annually takes tourists from all over the world. Ecotourism develops rapid pace. People want to touch the splendor of nature, to see the victim of her rare representatives. Wrangel Island - one of best places for this. Today, tourists are available several sightseeing routes. Brave travelers are waiting for an unforgettable adventure. If you are tired of the hot resorts of Asia, boldly come to the island of Wrangel behind the sharp feelings. This, of course, not turkish resortbut nevertheless very interesting place.
There, where there is a Wrangel Island, getting very difficult. As a rule, people get on tourist ships. It usually happens from August to September. At another time, visit the reserve is dangerous due to glaciers. On the territory of the reserve, tourists are moving at all-terrain vehicles.
A large island is the island of Wrangel. It is at the intersection of Meridian 180 degrees, which shares the Western and Eastern Hemisphere. East of him in sixty kilometers from him is Herald Island. The area of \u200b\u200bWrangel island is only eight square kilometers. Long Strait separates these islands from the mainland, this strait throughout the year is covered with a thick layer of ice. For this reason, the island has long remained unknown for people. By the way, in the forties of the 19th century, the island itself was opened. It happened, this is when the famous geographic F. P. Wrangel in the north of Chukotka watched the flights of bird flocks. Later they were put forward to the assumption that there is an unknown land between the Chukotka and East Siberian seas. Gradually, Wrangel carefully studied and checked his assumption, then accurately pointed out the location on the map major islandwho called him in his honor. In 1976, the reserve was founded on the territory of this island. Since 1968, Soviet people have already installed the regime of an integrated reserve. This reserve also includes Herald Island. Natural world Wrangel Islands leaves a great impression on eyewitnesses. Where are you, look here.
Features of the island of Wrangel
Interestingly, on the island above the horizon from November 18, the sun does not appear, and the phenomenon continues until January 25. For many this time is known as a polar night. It is also impossible to say for sure where the sea begins and sushi ends. Some things are visible only in polar radiance or lunar lighting. Since the moonlight is chosen from ice, the landscape is painted in many shades. However, for many the best time on the island is the period northern Lights. At this time, everything changes beyond recognition. Unexpectedly appearing light rays in the dark sky, the numerous ice crystals and snow are illuminated. This leads to the formation of the arches, fans and banners. Where to find .
During the period of the polar day, the reserve takes a completely different appearance. At this time, the sun does not go beyond the horizon since May and until July. By the way, this does not make the climate very hot, but animals and some plants are noticeably revive. In other words, they develop more energetically. A variety of birds flying to the island on the nesting are especially amazing spectacle. Traditionally, in such a period, snow melts and the Arctic islands resemble the blooming oasis in the ice kingdom. Wrangel Island is distinguished by unique nature. Some types of animals and plants can be seen here. Visit. You will not regret.
Gradually, the climate is mitigated. The Pacific Ocean affects the universal warming of climate. The average annual temperature is -11 degrees, just below the sea temperature. For the island of Wrangel, cloudy windy weather are characterized, which are often accompanied by fogs. The reserve is rich in a large number of lakes, shallow rivers and streams. Since in winter, all the reservoirs freeze, there are practically no fish here. There are approximately 310 species of plants, among which you can often see lichens and mids growing on mountain slopes and plains.
Flora Islands Wrangel
Most of the plants are the island are dwarf. After all, their average height reaches only ten centimeters. True, a meter shrub IVA is found - the highest plant. Since many plants do not have time to go through all life cycles, they are perennials. In other words, they retain non-seed seeds, flowers and leaves under the snow. This is an amazing phenomenon: evergreen plants grow in the Arctic desert. For example, it is a vodonik, lingonberry and driad. In the unique plants of the Island of Wrangel include: Mak Ushakov, Phalgelskaya and Poppy Lapland. On the island there is a region with a kind of tundra and steppe vegetation, this place is called the Mammoth Prairie.
Many local animals mainly prefer the sea than land. This can be explained by several reasons. After all, on the shore, animals and birds are more feed, and no one touches them here. Note that the protected island is surrounded by a security zone. In the natural laboratory of the island work scientists of various areas. They are monitored by unexplored plants and animals. Therefore, it is not to be surprised that the island of Wrangel became a comprehensive reserve.
For some testimonies, shebities lived in the past in the past. Today, twenty heads were taken from Nynivak Island, which in America. Also, the island of Wrangel is known in Russia's largest frying walrus. By the way, the island of Wrangel is included in the list of paleontological monuments of the Earth.
Off the coast of Chukotka. Chukchi is called him "island of polar bears." Wrangel Island belongs to the Iulinsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The 180th meridian is held through the island of Wrangel, known as the "line of dates" line, so there are always two different dates on the island. Due to the harsh Arctic climate and remoteness from civilization, the island of Wrangel is practically uninhabited. Only occasionally the warships sail here to stick the flag or build a radio station.
wrangel Island on the mapwhich can be controlled (change the scale and move)
