home Equipment Khibiny Mountains: general information, geographic location, photo. Khibiny - etymology Famous explorer of the bowels of the Khibiny mountains 7 letters

Khibiny Mountains: general information, geographic location, photo. Khibiny - etymology Famous explorer of the bowels of the Khibiny mountains 7 letters

See the film by Veronica Strogonova "Khibiny"; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzkxT-oPPdY

largest mountain range Kola Peninsula - Khibiny. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep, the highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m). In the area of the Khibiny massif, geologists have found about 500 minerals, dozens of which are of practical value, 110 are not found anywhere else.

The main mined minerals are: apatite, nepheline, sphene, aegirine, feldspar, titanomagnetite. Apatite is a raw material for the production of phosphate fertilizers, phosphorus and phosphoric acid, it is used in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as in the production of ceramics and glass. The mineral is occasionally used by jewelers; wide use in jewelry is impossible due to the fragility of this stone.

The first explorer of the Khibiny was the Finnish geologist V. Ramsay (Wilhelm Ramse), on expeditions in 1887-1892. maps of the area were drawn up, geology and mineralogy were studied; then for 25 years no studies were conducted. In 1920-32. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR carried out planned studies of the Khibiny massif, led the expeditions of Acad. A.E. Fersman. In 1930, the economic development of this area began, the Apatit trust was organized, which was engaged in mining.

Reference
Wilhelm Ramsay (Finn. Wilhelm Ramsay, 1865-1928) - Russian and Finnish geologist, foreign corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925), professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Helsingfors, from 1924 to 1927 - professor of mathematics and natural sciences.

1) Existing etymology

Toponymy Khibiny
http://eco-apatity.jimdo.com///-/

At the beginning of the XVI century. Moscow land surveyors began to draw up "drawings" of the border regions of Russia. Among others, the map "Karelian and Lop lands to the Murmansk Sea" was compiled. It has not survived to this day, but it is known that Lake Imandra and the "Budrinskiye Mountains" on its shore were marked on it. Probably, the name of the mountains comes from the word "budra" - this is how the Pomors called the plant that grew in the Kandalaksha Bay. Later, the mountains became known as the Khibiny. It is believed that this name comes from the word "khiben" (presumably of Finnish origin), which was used on the Kola Peninsula and in the Arkhangelsk region, and it meant - "a flat hill, a plateau."

2) Researchers about the toponymy of the region

A) A.A. Minin, I.F. Popov, V.I. Shakhnovich. Short review toponymy of tourist areas of the Kola Peninsula; http://www.kirovsk-hibinogorsk.ru/toponimika.html

“The toponymy of the peninsula is characterized by polynomials: often the same geographical feature has up to 4-5 Sami plus 1-2 Russian names, often not even related in meaning. This is explained by the existence of 4 dialects and 6 dialects in the Sami language, which differ significantly from each other. According to A.A. Minina polyname is inherent in 18% of all geographical objects Kola Peninsula.

B) Vasiliev S.B. Toponyms of the Khibiny region; http://nick-k56.livejournal.com/311186.html

“Similar names of Khiipin, Khippin or Khibiny first appeared on maps and in written sources at the end of the 19th century. The history of this toponym is complex. There is a high probability that he is not of Sami, but of Finnish origin and appeared not so long ago. A clear confirmation of this can be seen in the book of the Revdinsky local historian V.A. Likhachev "Drawings of Kanozero", where fragments from German atlases of 1891 and 1911 are given. On the first we see the name "Umbdek", on the second - "Umptek", in brackets - "Сhibina". The wide use of the second name was recorded only after the expedition to the Khibiny of the Finnish scientist V. Ramsay in 1887, who did not hide the fact that the mountains had the Sami name Umpteg.

2) Topography

Map of Lake Imandra and the Khibiny Mountains on the Kola Peninsula, compiled by the expedition of V. Ramsay in 1891 http://www.kolamap.ru/img/1892/1892_.html

1891 Karte ;ber den imandra-see und das umptek oder chibin; gebirge auf der Halbinsel Kola. Translation: "Map across Lake Imandra and the umptek or Khibiny Mountains on the Kola Peninsula"; terms "umptek=chibin;" have no translation (meaning).

3) The use of oronyms (names of mountains) in Russian

Russian National Corpus

The graph of the frequency of use of the term in the NKRY shows that the oronym "Khibiny" was not used in the Russian literary language until 1923.

* G. N. Boch. Excursion to the North (1926): "In the very center of the Kola Peninsula, at 67 ° 35" ; 67 ° 55 "N. sh. and 3° 56"-4° 41" E. from Pulkovo, between two picturesque lakes; Imandra and Umpyavr, the Khibiny mountain range rises. ... This group is not isolated, we meet with it in other alkaline massifs of Greenland, Christiania, Arkansas or the Ilmen mountains of the Urals; only the Khibiny are the most grandiose of these massifs and should be considered as the largest alkaline massif in the world.

* N. P. Kolpakova. Tersky coast (1936): "In 1923, a small agricultural stronghold was organized at the Khibiny station." Note. the station is shown on the Soviet map of 1925

It is obvious that the first mentions of the oronym "Khibiny" in the Russian literary language are associated with the construction of the Murmansk railway (1916-1917), 170 thousand people worked on its construction, incl. 10 thousand Chinese from Manchuria, 2 thousand Kazakhs, 40 thousand prisoners of the Austrian army and 500 Canadians. With the commissioning of the railway, the economic development of this sparsely populated region began, and the oronym spread.

4) Generalization and conclusions

* The Khibiny mountain range is not shown on old maps, for the first time the double name Umptek-Chibin; is fixed on the map of V. Ramsay in 1891, the array is shown on foreign maps since 1911, on Soviet maps of the Khibiny since 1935. http://www.kolamap.ru/img/1935/1935.html

* In the Russian literary language, the term has been fixed since 1923, the oronym Khibiny has no meaning in European languages, the connection of graphics and phonetics with the content of the term has not been established.

* Khibiny - a mountain range, composed of various rocks, i.e. stone (mineral or rock of natural origin). Therefore, it is necessary to look for a term containing meaning in the graphic form of an oronym - a stone, hard as a stone, petrification.

Conclusion
Most likely, the oronym Khibiny was launched into a special geological and literary circulation by the Finnish geologist V. Ramsay around 1891. It is advisable to consider the term in connection with Hebrew terminology and biblical images, because it is not explained in other languages.

5) Hebrew Terminology and Biblical Imagery

A) Terminology

Let's bring the term into a form close to the Hebrew grammar and highlight the root - KHIBINS - X + IBIN + Y. The corresponding Hebrew root is instantly revealed - IBEN to turn into stone, to make it hard as a stone. Derived from the noun EVEN stone.

* KHIBINS = KHIBINS = Heb. XE he article (defines a one-of-a-kind or well-known object) + IBEN to make hard as a stone, to turn into a stone; petrification (from EVEN).

* heb. EVEN stone (in various senses).

Oronym meaning

Most likely, in the name of KHIBINA, geologist V. Ramsay expressed the idea (in the language of God) about the wealth of minerals located in this mountain range, the meaning is a unique petrification (Stone). About 500 minerals have been identified, 110 are not found anywhere else.

Note: the article, “Ga (ha) is a definitive member in the Hebrew language, used as a prefix to nouns, adjectives and participles to indicate that we are talking about a well-known, specific subject, and corresponds to the Arabic particle al, German - der, die, das, French le, la, etc." (See GA in EEBE).

B) Biblical image

* Job 38:6: "On what are its foundations established, or who laid the cornerstone (EVEN) of it."

* Isaiah 28:16: “Therefore thus says the Lord God: behold, I am laying for a foundation in Zion a stone (EVEN), a stone (EVEN) tested, a cornerstone, precious, firmly established: whoever believes in it will not be put to shame.”

* Zechariah 4:7: “Who are you, great mountain before Zerubbabel? you are a plain, and he will bring out the cornerstone (EVEN) with noisy exclamations: "grace, grace is on him!"

Thus, by establishing the time of the beginning of the use of the oronym Khibiny (1891), the professional environment (geology) in which this special term was used, and by applying the biblical term and image in deciphering, we got the content (meaning) of the oronym.

In the Khibiny, between the Poachvumchorr ridge and the Takhtarvumchorr massif, there is a gorge-pass of Ramsay. The name in 1920 was given by A.E. Fersman in honor of the leader of the Finnish expeditions, geologist Wilhelm Ramsay, who studied the geological structure of the Kola Peninsula in 1887-1914. Here in 1997 a memorial plaque was erected in honor of V. Ramsay.

It is generally accepted that the priority of the geographical discovery of the Khibiny is associated with the names of the captain of the Corps of Mining Engineers N. Shirokshin and the traveler Academician A. Middendorf, who visited the Khibiny in 1834 and 1840. In fact, this mountain range was known much earlier. On the map of the Academy of Sciences back in 1745, east of the lake. Imandra primitive icons show some mountains. The lake itself appeared on geographical maps in 1611, so that the Russian people who crossed the peninsula from south to north, already in those years simply could not help but see the mysterious Lapp tundras covered with “eternal snows”. Shortly before Ramsay, the Russian explorer N. Kudryavtsev and the Frenchmen C. Rabo and C. Velen visited the Khibiny.

However, A. Fersman, assessing the efforts of all his predecessors in the study of the Khibiny, highlighted the works of V. Ramsay: “…. The Finnish geologist V. Ramsay certainly deserves the honor of the first scientific coverage of the Khibiny and Lovozero tundras, the first maps of the region and the first study of their petrography, geology and, in part, mineralogy. As a sign of appreciation of Ramsay's merits, A. Fersman not only renames one of the gorges, but also calls one of the new minerals ramzaite.

Wilhelm Ramsay

What did Ramsay do so that Fersman himself would define his works as classical? How true is the title of the scientific discoverer of Khibiny?

In 1887 in Finland, which was then part of Russian Empire, a solid geographical expedition was equipped to study the interior of Lapland. This expedition marked the beginning of Ramsay's many years of research in the Kola North, which continued for 40 years until his death.

Although Ramsay was not formally the leader of the first expedition, he showed himself to be such a skillful traveler and gifted naturalist that later the generalized name "Ramsay's expedition" was strengthened by itself.

It must be said that in 1887 it was Ramsay's detachment that first crossed the peninsula along the route Kola - Kildin - Voronye - Lovozero - Ponoi - St. Nose. Additional surveys made to the north and south of the main direction made it possible to draw up the first geographical map peninsula without "white spots" in its center, to discover the previously unknown mountain range of the Lovozero Mountains, to give the first information about geological structure peninsulas.

Viktor Gakman

Ramsay saw the Khibiny for the first time through the spacious expanse of Umbozero when he climbed the peaks of Luyavrurt, later better known as the Lovozero tundra. But only in 1891 and 1892. he managed to spend two field seasons here together with his constant companions - petrographer V. Gakman, astronomer and geodesist A. Petrelius, botanist A. Chilman.

Travelers worked in several directions at once. Petrelius began to map Mountain peaks, rivers and lakes, watersheds between them, to determine the belonging of the hydrographic network to the basins of the Imandra, Umbozero. Mountain, pass and river. Petrelius - this is how Fersman immortalized his name on the Khibiny map.

V. Gakman, a brilliant specialist petrographer, having processed the collections of rocks and minerals collected with Ramsay at the University of Heidelberg (Germany), established the presence of completely new minerals: lovenite, eudialyte, sphene, astrophyllite, murmanite, loparite. The river that splits Mount Yukspor in two was given the name of Gakman on the Khibiny map, which Academician Fersman also took care of.

Botanical and geographical discoveries third comrade Ramsay. Fersman assigned his name to one of the peaks of the Western Khibiny, although, of course, Chilman most of all explored the eastern parts of the peninsula, where he discovered the Cave ridge, discovered permafrost on

It is believed that the most important, i.e. V. Ramsay did not find apatite deposits. But in the solid academic multi-volume book “Geological Exploration of the USSR” it is authoritatively stated that Fersman compiled his map of rocks and minerals, indicating the ring structure, on the basis of the Ramsay map. Without these fundamental generalizations, apatite would have remained hidden from human eyes for a long time. Fersman himself very precisely said about this: “The objectives of our study were set: against the background of the classical works of V. Ramsay, to give a complete geographical and geological survey of mountain ranges.”

In addition, during the time of Ramsay, it was precisely the theoretical interest in apatites that was natural. After all, neither the demands of the then agriculture, nor the technological capabilities of industry, nor geographical conditions - nothing allowed us to count on the practical use of this mineral. Ramsay summarized his research in several monographs and articles written mainly in German. None of his 18 published works on the Khibiny and Kola Peninsula never published in Russian.

As befits a true scientist, Ramsay paid tribute to those who began to study the Khibiny before him. That is why on today's map of this unique mountain range there are peaks bearing the names of Kudryavtsev, Rabo and Middendorf.

The Khibiny is a mountain system that has attracted researchers and nature lovers since ancient times. They are not as inaccessible as other areas. You can reach the mountains by car. Or another option is to get to Murmansk by plane or train.

Location and relief

The Khibiny Mountains are located between and Umbozero. They are an array consisting of plateau-like peaks. The highest point is 1201 m. This is Mount Yudychvumchorr, which is part of the Khibiny massif. The height of the mountains is on average 1000 meters.

There are many traces of ancient glacial activity. People like circuses and cars talk about it. And also troughs - valleys plowed by a glacier, similar to troughs.

There are results of permafrost activity - kurums, the so-called stone rivers. And on the plateau there are whole stone seas.

Geological structure

The Khibiny Mountains are a crystalline structure - an intrusion. This is an integral geological body composed of rocks of igneous origin. There are only 8 such intrusions in the world. This massif, shaped like a horseshoe, is mostly composed of rocks - nepheline syenites. In ancient times, there were huge volcanoes that cooled down, and the magma crystallized. Therefore, about 800 different minerals have been found here. Some of them are specific to this area.

Names of modern settlements correspond to the minerals found here: Nepheline sands, Apatites, Titanium. After the descent from these mountains of a heavy glacial shell, this territory experienced tectonic uplift. It occurred unevenly, as evidenced by the nature of geological structures. They look like funnels, the edges of which are composed of older rocks than the center. For about 20 million years, the Khibiny rose 500 meters above the surrounding plains. Then there was a long break of 15 million years. Then again the mountains began to grow, this time their height doubled.

Climate

Climatic conditions, depending on the geographical location, have the Khibiny mountains. On the map of the North-West in the European part of Russia, you can see that most of the peninsula is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Despite this fact, the climate here is much warmer than in others. The severity of the local weather is smoothed out by the proximity Barents Sea, since the North Cape warm current enters this part of the ocean. Therefore, the climate here is quite mild, and severe frosts are relatively rare.

Due to the location of the Khibiny in the Arctic, twilight reigns here for half a year. In winter daylight is very small and lasts 2-3 hours. The polar night lasts for about four months - the period when the sun does not rise from the horizon. And because of the proximity to the magnetic pole of the planet, you can observe a very impressive phenomenon - Northern Lights.

Summer lasts two and a half months. The highest positive temperatures are +20 in July. The average for the month is +13 degrees. The coldest period lasts during January. average temperature month -11 degrees. And the Khibiny mountains have the most negative mark in winter -35 0 С. Photos of these places show that there are often fogs and high clouds. This indicates the influence of cyclones on the territory. Precipitation falls mostly in the form of snow.

Flora

Vegetation cover consists of several belts. The zone of coniferous and mixed forests is located mainly at the foot of the mountains and in river valleys at low altitudes. This belt ends at a height of 470 meters and occupies a third of the massif. It is dominated by spruce and birch. In the forest you can find mountain ash, aspen and bird cherry.

Above begins the zone of subalpine birch forests. It stretches in a narrow strip between the forest and tundra belts. Here grows a bathing suit, geraniums, and thistle.

Next comes the mountain-tundra zone. It occupies about half of the entire area of the Khibiny Mountains. Below, dwarf shrub vegetation is common. In early August, the berry season continues. Blueberries, blueberries, cloudberries ripen. At the beginning of autumn, it's time for lingonberries. Above is the moss-lichen tundra. Mosses here are dominated by green and sphagnum mosses. Lichens cover large boulders of stone rivers. Many plants included in the Red Book grow here.

Toponymy of names

The indigenous people in the Khibiny region are the Saami. On the map of these mountains there are entirely names in the language of this people. However, their meanings are different. Since there are several dialects in the Kola Peninsula.

One of the versions of the origin of the name of the mountains from the word "Khiben" is a flat hill. The Saami conditionally divided the Khibiny mountains into two parts: Umbozersky and Lavozersky. The first in their language sounded like Umptek, the second - Luyavrurt.

The Saami first came up with the name of the river, and then the valley was named from it. And then the ridges were indicated. The first part of the word is a sign of an object (high, rocky). The second denoted a geographical object (mountain, river, lake). For example, Lake Woodyavr. Wood - a hill covered with shrubs. The root of the javr is a lake. Thus, the Saami gave simple descriptions of objects. Among them, Vudyavr is a lake on a hill with shrubs.

The Khibiny Mountains are a wonderful land that you really want to visit. it unique place, where mountains, tundra, many lakes are combined with clear water and northern lights. Khibiny is rightly called a treasury of minerals.

: 67°44′05″ s. sh. 33°43′34″ in. d. / 67.73472° N sh. 33.72611° E d. / 67.73472; 33.72611(G) (I)

CountryRussia, Russia RegionMurmansk region

Period of educationCarboniferous period

highest peakYudychvumchorr Highest point 1200.6 m

At the foot are the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk. At the foot of Mount Vudyavrchorr -.

Climate

The Khibiny combines features of the regional and local mountain climate. The outer slopes of the mountains experience a significant softening effect of the climate of the surrounding plains, and the microclimate of the central part of the massif is much more severe. Snow in the mountains lies from October to June.

In the Khibiny falls from 600-700 mm of precipitation in the valleys, up to 1600 mm of precipitation on the mountain plateaus. During the year, precipitation is distributed almost evenly, a little more in summer, a little less in winter. In summer, about 20% of the days are without precipitation, with an average precipitation of 2 mm / day, in winter, only 10%, with an average precipitation of 1.5 mm / day.

Flora and fauna

The Khibiny flora is very valuable. On the territory of the massif grows a large number of species included in the "red books" of various ranks.

Rock complexes that make up the Khibiny massif:

complex of khibinites and endocontact nepheline syenites,
complex of trachytoid khibinites,
rischorrite complex,
complex of ijolite-urtites, malignites and lujavrites,
complex of medium-grained nepheline syenites,
foyaite complex.

Within the limits of the Khibiny massif, mineral associations were found that are not typical for other massifs of alkaline rocks, including topaz and spinel. In the xenoliths of Mount Eveslogchorr there is a manifestation of corundum used in the jewelry industry - blue sapphire.

Mining

The largest deposits of apatite-nepheline ores are located on the territory of the Khibiny massif.

Currently, the following mines are operating: Kirovsky (Kukisvumchorr and Yukspor deposits), Rasvumchorrsky (Apatite circus and Rasvumchorr plateau deposits), Central (Rasvumchorr plateau), Vostochny (Koashva and Nyorkpakhk deposits) and recently discovered Oleniy Ruchey (Koashva deposit). Mining is carried out both underground and open pit. The number of open-pit mining is decreasing and soon the development of deposits will be carried out only by the underground method.

The main minerals mined in the Khibiny are: apatite, nepheline, sphene, aegirine, feldspar, titanomagnetite. Lovchorrite used to be mined.

Study and development

Expeditions and travelers

A. F. Middendorf.
- V. Ramsay, A. Chilman, A. Petrelius and others.
N. V. Kudryavtsev.
M. M. Prishvin.

Chronology of development

Movement in defense of the Khibiny

passes

Currently, the Khibiny are popular with mountain and ski tourists, as well as climbers. To overcome them, both in summer and in winter, a good physical training participants. However, most of the passes are non-categorical, or have 1-2 categories. All Khibiny passes can be divided into two types - saddle and gorges.

passes	Height	Category	Approaches
Chorrgor South	850 m	n/a	The valley of the Chasnayok stream (right tributary of the Meridional stream) - The valley of the lower left tributary of the Petrelius stream - the left tributary of the Kuniyok River
Chorrgor Northern	1015 m	1A in summer, 2A in winter, increased avalanche risk	Upper Goltsovaya - Middle course of the Kuniyok River
Arsenyeva (Arsenina) Vostochny	1030 m	n/a in summer, 1A in winter
Arsenieva West	1010 m	winter 1B, summer 1A	The upper reaches of the Meridional Creek - The valley of the second right tributary of the Malaya Belaya River from the bottom
cross	950 m	winter 2A, summer 1B	Petrelius Stream - Meridional Stream
Kukisvumchorr	479 m	n/a	River valley Kuniyok - Valley of the river. Kukisjok
Wortkewive	810 m	1A in winter, n/a in summer	The upper reaches of the upper right tributary of the Tulyok River - the Loparskaya River Valley
geographers	650 m	winter 1B, autumn 1A, summer 1A	Lake Maly Vudyavr. - Valley of the right tributary of the Bolshaya Belaya River.
deceitful	563 m	n/a	The middle course of the Kaljok River - the upper reaches of the Deception River
Yumekorr South (Impulse)	780 m	1A in winter, n/a in summer	The valley of the Nephelinovy stream (a tributary of the Imandra, which flows into it near the Nepheline Sands station) - The valley of the largest left tributary of the Meridional stream
Ramsay (Ramsay Gorge)	650 m	n/a	Valley of the Malaya Belaya River - Valley of the Poachyok River
Nameless	830 m	winter 2A, summer 1B	Valley of the Tulyok River - Valley of the upper left tributary of the Vudyavryok River
gap	650 m	winter 2A, summer 1B	Valley of the left tributary of the Vuonnemyok River - Valley of the right tributary of the Tulyok River
Eagle Nest	1090 m	2 A	The upper reaches of the Petrelius stream (Petrelius circus) - Fersman stream (southern Fersman circus) - the right tributary of the Malaya Belaya
Partomchorrsky (Partomporsky) South	800 m	n/a	Valley of the Lyavoyok River - Upper left tributary of the Kaskasnyunyok River
Postman	590 m	n/a	Valley of the stream Medvezhiy Log (right source) - Valley of the stream Nephelinovy
Southern Rischorr	780 m	n/a	Risjok Stream Valley - Kaskasnyunyok Stream Valley
Fersman	974 m	summer 1b	Fersman Creek - East Source of Meridional Creek

Peaks

Highest Peaks:

An interesting fact is that until a certain time Mount Chasnachorr (1189 m) was considered the highest point of the Khibiny. Although even now there are often resources on the Internet in which Chasnachorr is listed as the highest point. No less interesting is this fact: according to various sources, the height of Mount Yudychvumchorr is from 1200 to 1206 meters.

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Literature

M. M. Prishvin "Khibiny Mountains"

Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Khibiny

By the way the regimental commander saluted the commander-in-chief, glaring at him, stretching out and getting up, how, leaning forward, walked behind the generals along the ranks, barely keeping a trembling movement, how he jumped at every word and movement of the commander-in-chief, it was clear that he was fulfilling his duties subordinate with even greater pleasure than the duties of a boss. The regiment, thanks to the severity and diligence of the regimental commander, was in excellent condition compared to others who came at the same time to Braunau. There were only 217 retarded and sick people. Everything was fine, except for the shoes.
Kutuzov walked through the ranks, occasionally stopping and saying a few kind words to the officers, whom he knew from the Turkish war, and sometimes to the soldiers. Glancing at the shoes, he shook his head sadly several times and pointed at them to the Austrian general with such an expression that he seemed not to reproach anyone for this, but he could not help but see how bad it was. The regimental commander ran ahead each time, afraid to miss the word of the commander-in-chief regarding the regiment. Behind Kutuzov, at such a distance that any weakly spoken word could be heard, walked a man of 20 retinues. The gentlemen of the retinues talked among themselves and sometimes laughed. Closest behind the commander-in-chief was a handsome adjutant. It was Prince Bolkonsky. Beside him walked his comrade Nesvitsky, a tall staff officer, extremely stout, with a kind and smiling handsome face and moist eyes; Nesvitsky could hardly restrain himself from laughing, aroused by the blackish hussar officer walking beside him. The hussar officer, without smiling, without changing the expression of his fixed eyes, looked with a serious face at the back of the regimental commander and mimicked his every movement. Every time the regimental commander shuddered and leaned forward, in exactly the same way, exactly in exactly the same way, the hussar officer shuddered and leaned forward. Nesvitsky laughed and pushed the others to look at the funny man.
Kutuzov walked slowly and listlessly past a thousand eyes that rolled out of their sockets, following the boss. Having leveled with the 3rd company, he suddenly stopped. The retinue, not foreseeing this stop, involuntarily advanced on him.
- Ah, Timokhin! - said the commander-in-chief, recognizing the captain with a red nose, who suffered for a blue overcoat.
It seemed that it was impossible to stretch more than Timokhin stretched, while the regimental commander reprimanded him. But at that moment the commander-in-chief addressed him, the captain drew himself up so that it seemed that if the commander-in-chief had looked at him for a little more time, the captain would not have been able to stand it; and therefore Kutuzov, apparently understanding his position and wishing, on the contrary, all the best for the captain, hastily turned away. A barely perceptible smile ran across Kutuzov's plump, wounded face.
“Another Izmaylovsky comrade,” he said. "Brave officer!" Are you happy with it? Kutuzov asked the regimental commander.
And the regimental commander, as if reflected in a mirror, invisibly to himself, in the hussar officer, shuddered, went forward and answered:
“Very pleased, Your Excellency.
“We are all not without weaknesses,” said Kutuzov, smiling and moving away from him. “He had an attachment to Bacchus.
The regimental commander was afraid that he was not to blame for this, and did not answer. The officer at that moment noticed the captain's face with a red nose and a tucked-up stomach, and mimicked his face and posture so similarly that Nesvitsky could not help laughing.
Kutuzov turned around. It was evident that the officer could control his face as he wanted: at the moment Kutuzov turned around, the officer managed to make a grimace, and after that take on the most serious, respectful and innocent expression.
The third company was the last, and Kutuzov thought, apparently remembering something. Prince Andrei stepped out of the retinue and quietly said in French:
- You ordered to be reminded of the demoted Dolokhov in this regiment.
- Where is Dolokhov? Kutuzov asked.
Dolokhov, already dressed in a soldier's gray overcoat, did not wait to be called. The slender figure of a blond soldier with clear blue eyes stepped out from the front. He approached the commander-in-chief and made a guard.
– Claim? - Frowning slightly, asked Kutuzov.
“This is Dolokhov,” said Prince Andrei.
– A! Kutuzov said. – I hope this lesson will correct you, serve well. The Emperor is merciful. And I won't forget you if you deserve it.
Clear blue eyes looked at the commander-in-chief as boldly as they did at the regimental commander, as if by their expression they were tearing away the veil of conventionality that separated the commander-in-chief so far from the soldier.
“I ask you one thing, Your Excellency,” he said in his resonant, firm, unhurried voice. “I ask you to give me a chance to make amends for my guilt and prove my devotion to the emperor and Russia.
Kutuzov turned away. The same smile of his eyes flashed across his face as at the time when he turned away from Captain Timokhin. He turned away and grimaced, as if he wanted to express by this that everything that Dolokhov told him, and everything that he could tell him, he had known for a long, long time that all this had already bored him and that all this was not at all what he needed. . He turned and walked towards the carriage.
The regiment sorted out in companies and headed for the assigned apartments not far from Braunau, where they hoped to put on shoes, dress and rest after difficult transitions.
- You do not pretend to me, Prokhor Ignatich? - said the regimental commander, circling the 3rd company moving towards the place and driving up to Captain Timokhin, who was walking in front of it. The face of the regimental commander, after a happily departed review, expressed irrepressible joy. - The royal service ... you can’t ... another time you’ll cut off at the front ... I’ll be the first to apologize, you know me ... Thank you very much! And he held out his hand to the commander.
“Excuse me, General, do I dare!” - the captain answered, turning red with his nose, smiling and revealing with a smile the lack of two front teeth, knocked out by a butt near Ishmael.
- Yes, tell Mr. Dolokhov that I will not forget him, so that he is calm. Yes, please tell me, I kept wanting to ask, what is he, how is he behaving? And everything...
“He is very serviceable in his service, Your Excellency ... but the carakhter ...” said Timokhin.
- And what, what is the character? asked the regimental commander.
“He finds, Your Excellency, for days,” said the captain, “he is smart, and learned, and kind. And that's a beast. In Poland, he killed a Jew, if you please know ...
- Well, yes, well, yes, - said the regimental commander, - you still have to feel sorry for the young man in misfortune. After all, great connections ... So you ...
“I’m listening, Your Excellency,” Timokhin said, with a smile making it feel that he understood the wishes of the boss.
- Yes Yes.
The regimental commander found Dolokhov in the ranks and reined in his horse.
“Before the first case, epaulettes,” he told him.
Dolokhov looked around, said nothing and did not change the expression of his mockingly smiling mouth.
“Well, that’s good,” continued the regimental commander. “People get a glass of vodka from me,” he added, so that the soldiers could hear. – Thank you all! Thank God! - And he, having overtaken a company, drove up to another.
- Well, he, right, good man; You can serve with him,” Timokhin subaltern said to the officer walking beside him.
- One word, red! ... (the regimental commander was nicknamed the red king) - the subaltern officer said, laughing.
The happy mood of the authorities after the review passed to the soldiers. Rota was having fun. Soldiers' voices were talking from all sides.
- How did they say, Kutuzov crooked, about one eye?
- But no! Totally crooked.
- Not ... brother, more big-eyed than you. Boots and collars - looked around everything ...
- How does he, my brother, look at my feet ... well! think…
- And the other is an Austrian, he was with him, as if smeared with chalk. Like flour, white. I'm tea, how they clean ammunition!
- What, Fedeshow! ... he said, perhaps, when the guards begin, did you stand closer? They said everything, Bunaparte himself is standing in Brunov.
- Bunaparte stands! you lie, fool! What does not know! Now the Prussian is in revolt. The Austrian, therefore, pacifies him. As soon as he reconciles, then war will open with Bounaparte. And then, he says, in Brunov, Bunaparte is standing! It's obvious that he's an idiot. You listen more.
“Look, damn tenants! The fifth company, look, is already turning into the village, they will cook porridge, and we will not reach the place yet.
- Give me a cracker, damn it.
“Did you give tobacco yesterday?” That's it, brother. Well, on, God is with you.
- If only they made a halt, otherwise you won’t eat another five miles of proprem.
- It was nice how the Germans gave us strollers. You go, know: it's important!
- And here, brother, the people went completely frantic. There everything seemed to be a Pole, everything was of the Russian crown; and now, brother, a solid German has gone.
- Songwriters ahead! - I heard the cry of the captain.
And twenty people ran out in front of the company from different ranks. The drummer sings turned around to face the songbooks, and, waving his hand, began a drawn-out soldier's song, beginning: "Isn't it dawn, the sun was breaking up ..." and ending with the words: "That, brothers, will be glory to us with Kamensky father ..." in Turkey and was now sung in Austria, only with the change that in place of "Kamensky father" the words were inserted: "Kutuzov's father."
Tearing off these last words like a soldier and waving his arms as if he were throwing something on the ground, the drummer, a dry and handsome soldier of about forty, sternly looked around at the songwriter soldiers and closed his eyes. Then, making sure that all eyes were fixed on him, he seemed to carefully lift with both hands some invisible, precious thing above his head, held it like that for several seconds, and suddenly threw it desperately:
Oh, you, my canopy, my canopy!
“Canopy my new…”, twenty voices picked up, and the spoonman, despite the heaviness of the ammunition, briskly jumped forward and walked backwards in front of the company, moving his shoulders and threatening someone with spoons. The soldiers, swinging their arms to the beat of the song, walked with a spacious step, involuntarily hitting the leg. Behind the company came the sounds of wheels, the crunch of springs and the clatter of horses.
Kutuzov with his retinue was returning to the city. The Commander-in-Chief signaled that the people should continue to walk freely, and pleasure was expressed on his face and on all the faces of his retinue at the sound of the song, at the sight of the dancing soldier and the merrily and briskly marching soldiers of the company. In the second row, from the right flank, from which the carriage overtook the companies, a blue-eyed soldier, Dolokhov, involuntarily caught the eye, who walked especially briskly and gracefully to the beat of the song and looked at the faces of the passers-by with such an expression as if he pitied everyone who did not go at this time with a company. A hussar cornet from Kutuzov's retinue, mimicking the regimental commander, lagged behind the carriage and drove up to Dolokhov.
The hussar cornet Zherkov at one time in St. Petersburg belonged to that violent society led by Dolokhov. Zherkov met Dolokhov abroad as a soldier, but did not consider it necessary to recognize him. Now, after Kutuzov's conversation with the demoted one, he turned to him with the joy of an old friend:
- Dear friend, how are you? - he said at the sound of the song, equalizing the step of his horse with the step of the company.
- I am like? - answered Dolokhov coldly, - as you can see.
The lively song attached particular importance to the tone of cheeky gaiety with which Zherkov spoke, and the deliberate coldness of Dolokhov's answers.

The Khibiny (kild. Umptek) is the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep with individual snowfields.

At the same time, not a single glacier was found in the Khibiny.

The highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).

In the center are the Kukisvumchorr and Chasnachorr plateaus.
At the foot are the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk.

At the foot of Mount Vudyavrchorr is the Polar Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute.

The polar night lasts 42 days. Frequent cyclones, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure. In the open spaces of the peaks, winds can blow at speeds up to 50 m/s. From August to mid-April, you can watch the northern lights.

Summer is short, in the mountains 60-80 days without frost. In the foothills, the period with an average daily temperature above 10 ° C lasts about 70 days. Summer also receives the maximum amount of precipitation. The polar day lasts 50 days.
In the Khibiny falls from 600-700 mm of precipitation in the valleys, up to 1600 mm of precipitation on the mountain plateaus. During the year, precipitation is distributed almost evenly, a little more in summer, a little less in winter. In summer, about 20% of the days are without precipitation, with an average precipitation of 2 mm / day, in winter, only 10%, with an average precipitation of 1.5 mm / day. Khibiny, Khibiny mountains

Flora and fauna
The Khibiny flora is very valuable. On the territory of the massif grows a large number of species included in the "red books" of various ranks.
In the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates of the Khibiny mountain range, 27 species of mammals, 123 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles, 1 species of amphibians are represented. Almost all mammals are represented here Murmansk region. Some of them are classified as protected or on the verge of extinction.

Geology
The Khibiny alkaline massif is a large intrusive body of complex shape and composition. The age according to the helium-lead method is determined as carbonic and is 290 ± 10 million years. A characteristic feature of the Khibiny massif is a ring (in plan) structure, which has a number of analogies among some other alkaline massifs. The rock complexes that make up the massif form, as it were, arcs folded into each other, open to the east, which is explained by the intrusion of magma along alternating ring and cone faults.

About 500 minerals have been found on the territory of the Khibiny massif, dozens of which are of practical value, 110 are not found anywhere else. Such a concentration of a huge amount of minerals in a limited area has no analogues in any place. the globe. The peculiarity of the geochemistry of the Khibiny massif leads to the accumulation of rare minerals and creates deposits of completely new minerals. Khibiny, Khibiny mountains

Rock complexes that make up the Khibiny massif:
complex of khibinites and endocontact nepheline syenites,
complex of trachytoid khibinites,
rischorrite complex,
complex of ijolite-urtites, malignites and lujavrites,
complex of medium-grained nepheline syenites,
foyaite complex.
Within the Khibiny massif, unique [source not specified 558 days] mineral associations were found that are not characteristic of other alkaline rock massifs, including topaz and spinel. In the xenoliths of Mount Eveslogchorr, there is a manifestation of blue sapphire, a precious stone of the highest category.

Lake Long, Khibiny

Mining
Khibiny mountains.
The largest deposits of apatite-nepheline ores are located on the territory of the Khibiny massif.

Expeditions and travelers
1840 A. F. Middendorf.
1887-1892 V. Ramsay, A. Chilman, A. Petrelius and others.
1880 N. V. Kudryavtsev.
1907 M. M. Prishvin.

1914 construction of the Murmansk railway begins.
1920 Academician AE Fersman discovered rare alkaline minerals.
1925-1926 A. N. Labuntsov discovered large deposits of apatite.
1930 Construction of an apatite-nepheline processing plant (ANOF-1) began on the shores of Lake Bolshoi Vudyavr.
2012 in the eastern part of the Khibiny, on the shores of Lake Umbozero, the Oleniy Ruchey mine was opened.

Currently, the Khibiny are popular with mountain and ski tourists, as well as climbers. To overcome them, both in summer and in winter, good physical preparation of participants is necessary. However, most of the passes are non-categorical, or have 1-2 categories. All Khibiny passes can be divided into two types - saddle and gorges. Khibiny, Khibiny mountains
Highest Peaks:

Peaks
Height
Category
Yudychvumchorr 1200.6 m in winter 1A, in summer n / a -
Chasnachorr 1189 m -
Putelichorr 1111 m in winter 1A, in summer n/a -

Mount Yudychvumchorr

OBJECTS KHIBIN

Yudychvumchorr (Kild. “humming mountain”) is a mountain with steep walls and a flat top, located on the Kola Peninsula in the southwestern block of the Khibiny. Height 1200.6 meters. From the south and southeast, Yudychvumchorr is limited by the deep valley of the Malaya Belaya River, and from the west by the valley of the Fersman stream. It is the highest point of the European Arctic of Russia.
Yudychvumchorr is sometimes also called Mount Fersman, in honor of the explorer Khibiny, the famous Soviet geochemist and mineralogist Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.
Kukisvumchorr is a mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The largest of the Khibiny Mountains. The highest point is Mount Kukisvumchorr (1143 m above sea level). Located in the center of Khibiny. Composed of nepheline syenites. The slopes of the mountains are steep, covered with forest-tundra vegetation. The tops are flat and rocky. There are two glaciers in the northern part. The Vudyavryok River flows along the western side of the massif. The Tulyok and Kuniyok rivers originate on the massif. At the foot of the mountains are the lakes Big Vudyavr and Small Vudyavr. In the mountains is Akademicheskoe lake. In the foothills there is a remote area of the same name in Kirovsk, where apatite-nepheline ores are being developed.

On the southern slope of Mount Kukisvumchorr there is a ski resort, which hosts annual freeride competitions.
On October 21, 2010, a man-made earthquake of magnitude 3.2 occurred in the Kukisvumchorr microdistrict. The tremors were also felt in Murmansk. The consequences of the earthquake were only minor damage at a nearby mine.

pass Kukisvumchorr

Chasnachorr (Sami - Woodpecker Mountain) is a mountain range located in the western part of the Khibiny. The second highest mountain is 1189 m.
The mountain limits the basins of the valleys of the Meridional Stream from the east (connects with the meridional ridge Poachvumchorr), the Kuniyok River and the Petrelius Stream from the west. From the north it is separated from Mount Indivichvumchorr by the South Chorgorr pass, and in the southwest it merges with the highest Yudychvumchorr plateau. The most difficult passes are located on this jumper. Khibiny mountains: Fersman and Cross. The Chasnayok River originates in the northern circus of the mountain. The highest point is a plateau. The mountain is bounded from the north, east and south by steep walls.

KHIBIN PASSES

South Chorgorr, Lake Imandra

view from Mount Kukis, great moon

Malaya Belaya river, Northern Lights

Lake Imandra from the Aku-Aku pass

Fersman Pass - a pass in the Murmansk region, height - 974 m above sea level. Located in the western part of the Khibiny between the top of Fersman and the Yudychvumchorr plateau, it connects the valleys of the Meridional Stream and the Malaya White River. Named in honor of the Soviet geochemist and researcher Khibiny - Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.

river Risyok Khibiny, Khibiny mountains

REPORT ON THE HIKING AND MOUNTAIN HIKING TO THE KHIBINY
Mining Report tourist trip II class along the Khibiny
Date: July 14 - August 2, 2006
Route book №177-04/3-216
Head: Olkhovskaya I.G. (Moscow)

1. Background information about the trip
Organization: GOU DDYUTE YuOUO DO Moscow, GOU SOSH No. 1037 "Lingva".
District: South.
Hiking area: Kola Peninsula, Khibiny.
Type of tourism: mountain.
Hiking difficulty category: second.
Thread of the route: Moscow - st. Apatity - Kirovsk - Base PSS - per. Northern Lavochorr (n / c, 713) - trans. High (1A, 1125) - trans. Northern Rischorr (n / a, 875) - PSS base - lane. Southern Rischorr (n / c, 895) - trans. Nameless (1A, 925) - trans. Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093.8) - trans. Western Petrelius (n / c, 846) - trans. Eagle (1B, 1105) - Art. Khibiny - Apatity - Moscow.
Route length: 127.5 km.
Campaign dates: from July 14 to August 2, 2006.
Duration of the active part: 12 days.
Route book No. 177-04/3-216.

Tourist opportunities of the area
In the Khibiny, you can make hiking trips up to KS IV, mountain trips up to KS III.
Passes Alyavumchorr Vostochny, Alyavumchorr, Burevestnik, Krestovy, Polnochnoy, Treschela have a categorization of 2A in the summer and allow this.
Khibiny and mountaineering area. There are classified routes from 1B to 4B to the peaks of Takhtarvumchorr, Vudyavrchorr, Yumyechorr. The Murmansk publishing house "Sever" published a catalog describing these routes.
Khibiny is a very popular ski area. Here you can plan routes to CS III. However, beginner ski groups must be prepared for a categorized route, have experience in cold overnight stays, and be able to operate in an avalanche situation.
Khibiny is a developing ski area. Directly from the city of Kirovsk, you can take the lifts and go to ski slopes. There are hotels, developed private sector. The slopes are rolled down by snowcats.

Route entry and exit options
The main mode of transport for entry and exit is Railway, which passes through the city of Apatity and further along the western edge of the Khibiny (eastern shore of Lake Imandra). After the city of Apatity, within the Khibiny, there are stations: Khibiny, Nepheline Sands and Imandra.
We went to Apatity by train number 212. Departure from Moscow at 1.17. morning from the Leningradsky railway station, arrival in Apatity the next day at 10.16. The fare is 1047 rubles. Back on it, No. 211. Departs from Apatit at 21.25, arrival in Moscow at the Leningradsky railway station at 4.40 in the morning. The fare is 1140 rubles.
By prior arrangement from Moscow by phone at the railway station in Apatity, we were met by a ZIL 130 from the Kirov PSO and dropped into the travel area, to Lake Goltsovoe. It cost us 2,500 rubles for a group of 14 people.

The city of Apatity is connected bus service with Kirovsk (southern part of the Khibiny) and with the village of Koashva (eastern part of the Khibiny).
There is an airport in Apatity, which is able to receive planes from distant places. There are currently no regular passenger flights from Moscow.
Several bus numbers run from Apatity to Kirovsk. Of these, only one number (101) comes from the railway station. If you go by other numbers, then you need to transfer to route 101 or 8 in the center of Apatity (near the Sever store). The fare is 6 rubles.
It is not easy to get from Apatity to the Imandra station quickly. There are only two trains - Apatity-Olenegorsk (at 7 am) and Olenegorsk-Apatity (at 4 pm). Highway, as you know, there is not. That is why you have to leave more time for this section.

From Khibiny station to Apatity can be reached by bus, which runs every day at 15.00. and at 17.00. The bus journey takes 40 minutes, the fare is 34 rubles 80 kopecks. Also by a working train, which runs on weekdays at 17.00.
Other possibilities of railway travel: there are three trains from Moscow and back from Moscow to Murmansk. No. 15/16, 111/112, 181/182.

Information about the possibility of organizing drop-offs on the route
Of course, the main possibility of organizing the transfer is connected with the PSS base. Another possibility is the Moscow State University station, if the route passes there. You can always leave the cast just in the rocks, but for this it must be prepared accordingly. Those. in boxes and always in plastic bags in case of rain. Of course, we must not forget the place of the drop and better disguise it.
We planned to put three casts in three different places. But on the way to the base, the rescuer warned us that in this moment in those places a she-bear roams, it can ruin the cast. Therefore, we left only one throw in the stones (under the descent from the Bezymyanny pass), and the other two were taken to the Kuelpor base. We decided that it was better to run extra kilometers than to be left without food.
By prior arrangement from Moscow by phone at the railway station in Apatitih, we were met by a ZIL 130 from the Kirov PSO and dropped into the travel area, to Lake Goltsovoe. It cost us 2,500 rubles for a group of 14 people.

waterfalls under Marchenko peak

3. Organization of the trip
Route selection
The group made a mountain trip II KS. Khibiny was chosen as a travel area due to the presence in the group of three inexperienced participants who joined the school tour section "Edelweiss" in the 2005-2006 academic year. The rest of the participants have a pretty decent tourist experience: the mountain CS I in the Khibiny, the mountain CS II in the Sayan Mountains.
The main part of the participants in Khibiny is not the first time. Therefore, when constructing a route thread, passes were chosen that we had not yet been to. Many sections are planned to be traversed without a trail.
In 2004, while making a mountain hike of the 1st KS, we carried out a snow lesson under the Orliny pass (1B), but we could not go to the pass itself. Now, in the campaign of the II KS, we could pass the pass that we liked and was not typical for the Khibiny. Also, we could afford to visit other difficult passes.
In 2005 Gromov V.V. released a classifier of passes in the Khibiny, consisting of 93 passes. In it, the Eagle Pass has another name - the Baltic Passage, at the Cross Pass - Rocky, it is not entirely clear where the Krutoy Pass is located (or is it Orliny?). What pass is meant by the name High? We wanted to find answers to these and other questions.

Alternate and emergency route options
Alternatives were provided:
Instead of Vysokiy pass (1A), Nakhodka passes (1A) and Yuzh.Partomchorr (n / a).
Instead of the Krutoy (1B) and Fersman (1B) passes, the South Chorgorr (n / a, 850) and 60 years of October (1B) passes.
Fallback options allow you to save the declared category.
Emergency route options allow you to leave the area in the easiest way in the shortest time (see the overview map of the hiking area). In our case, this is from the area of the Northern and Southern Lyavochorr, Northern and Southern Rischorr passes, Orliny pass - to the PSS base. They can help with transport, take them to Kirovsk. From Vysoky - through North Portomchorr to the base. From the Bezymyanny pass - to Kirovsk. From the Orliny and Fersman passes to the Khibiny station. From the Khibiny station, you can take a bus or a working train to Apatity. Emergency exit can be done in a day.

Mount Rischorr Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains

5. Technical description route
Explanations to the technical description
In the text river banks and sides of valleys are meant orographic, unless otherwise specified. The transitions were made for 25 minutes, unless there is an additional explanation. MN - place to spend the night. On simple scree slopes with a steepness of up to 200, self-insurance with an ice ax or alpenstock was used everywhere.

First walking day.
Apatity station - Kirovsk - PSS base - Goltsovoye lake - approach to the Northern Lyavochorr pass (n / a, 713).

Overnight at an altitude of 400 m.
Climb -200 m.
Altitude reset - 0 m
Kilometer - 4.8 km.
FHW - 40 min.

On July 15, by train No. 212 Moscow - Murmansk, we arrived at the Apatity station at 10:00. We were met by 3IL 130 from the PSS base. We went to Kirovsk. In Kirovsk, we stopped at Lenin Square near the Mail stop. They gave 2 telegrams: to SUTur and to DDYUTE. We went to a pharmacy and bought tourist boots for a participant in a sports shop for 1,800 rubles. Bought bread for the first 3 days.
Then we went to the base of the PSS, along the way leaving the pickup No. 1 under the descent from the Bezymyanny pass. We arrived at the Kuelporr base, checked in with the rescuers, left two pickups No. 2 and 3. A total of 11 boxes.
We passed Lake Shchuchye, and stopped on the right bank of Lake Goltsovoe beyond the confluence of the river. Lyavoyok on the right on the way to the lake. The driver did not go further, because. There is no road along the lake. It is possible to move the car along the sandy shore of the lake. But also pretty close. Also, we were afraid to drive past the valley we needed. Therefore, they landed immediately after crossing the strait between two lakes. At 3:00 p.m. we got up for lunch.
At 17:00 we leave for lunch. We move along Lake Goltsovoe along the right bank without a path along the edge of the lake (photo No. 1). We have to cross the mouth of the river. Sev. Lyavoyok, which flows into the lake on the right along the way. The mouth consists of 4 branches, which we cross ford. The ford is simple, ankle-deep, the width of the sleeves is 2-3 meters. We cross them in walking shoes. We go to the Northern Lyavochorr pass not along the bed of the Sev River. Lavojok, because there is no trail there. Around the dense crooked forest. Therefore, we move further north along the lake for another 1 km to the road marked on the map. As a guide to this road, you can use the bay in Lake Goltsovoe on the left along the western side of the lake almost opposite the road. We get on the road and move along it one crossing (25 min.), We go out to the Sev River. Levoyok, we're making a halt. During this transition we meet three places for overnight stays. You can not get up anywhere, because. the river valley is narrow and rocky. Around the crooked forest, mixed forest, low birches, pines, deep moss litter, last year's berries (lingonberries). There are no lingonberries of this year yet. Shiksha has not yet ripened, but is just beginning. Blueberries are also just starting - we arrived early. We walk another 15 minutes and find a place to spend the night. These are rocky sites in the river valley, you can put up tents directly in the forest. We decide not to miss it, because there may not be any further places. And to the Northern Lyavochorr pass is about 3 km more. At 18.30. we are staying overnight. Water from the river. There is firewood in the forest.

July 16.
Second walking day.
Northern Lyavochorr pass (n / a, 713) - the valley of the Kaljok river.
Overnight at an altitude of 700 m.
Climb -313m to the pass + 100m through the ridge + 100m to MN =513m
Altitude drop - 200 m.
Kilometer - 8.4 km
FHV -2h 05 min.

Exit at 10.00. From MN we continue along the road. In fact, this road leads under the Central Lyavochorr pass (1A, 909), but before the confluence of streams under the Northern and Central Lyavochorr passes, you can use it to approach the Northern Lyavochorr pass. Photo No. 2 shows how the spur of the Lyavoyok peak (1047.1) divides the valley: to the left - to the Northern Lyavochorr, to the right - to the Central. From MN this is one transition, i.e. 25 minutes.

After another 15 minutes, we approach the foot of the spur of the Lyavoyok peak. The road goes to the right along the way, to the Central Lavochorr (f. No. 3) and its pass take-off is visible. And we leave the road to the left, moving along a barely noticeable path along the middle and small scree along the bottom of the valley for 10 minutes. From here, a view of the pass saddle opens (photo No. 4). After one more transition, we are at the pass (photo No. 5). Pass take-off 200 m long, steepness 200 - 250, small scree. The saddle is wide, the tour is in the central part. From the pass, a view opens up to the valley of the Kaljok River. We traverse the slope, covered with small and medium scree, steepness of 200. In two transitions we reach a decrease in the ridge between the top of Lyavoyok on the right along the way and the top of 905 m on the left. Thus, we climbed the spur from the top of Lavoyok. It is 100 meters higher than the Sev.Lyavochorr pass. It can be seen from it that from the top of 905.0 m there is a road leading to the valley of the Kaljok River.

We, traversing the slopes of Mount Lyavoyok, descend to the upper reaches of the Kaljok River. From the slopes of Lavojok, a view opens up to the upper reaches of the Kaljok valley, to Mount Lavochorr and to the passes of the Southern and Central Lavochorr.

Below is an abandoned drilling rig. Not far from it, closer to the water, we will camp for the night.
Going straight down is steep. The slope is covered with small scree, length 200 m, steepness 500-550. Therefore, we traverse a little to the left and go out to the road going from the top of 905.0m. We pass along it to the first water (this is Kaljok), we have a snack. From the pass to this place 4 transitions of 25 minutes.
We climb the left (orographically) bank of the Kaljok River along a dirt road leading to the tower. We pass one passage, during which the boys, by accidental hitting a stone, get a partridge for food. We have to stand for the night at the tower, as next to it there is firewood for cooking. As the next day showed, there was nowhere to rise above such a large group. But under one or two tents you can find a place for another transition. We get up for the night at 17.00. Water from the river, firewood can be collected around an abandoned tower. Quite a large rocky flat area.

July 17th.
Third walking day.
High pass (1A, 1125) - approach to the Northern Rischorr pass (n / c, 875.)
Overnight at an altitude of 440 m.
Climb - 425 m to the pass + 200 m to the ridge = 625 m.
Height drop - 625 m in dollars. R. Maivaltajoka + 260 m in the valley R. Sev. Kaskasnyunyok=885 m.
Kilometer -14.4 km.
CHF - 2h20 min for ascent + 2h 30 min for descent.

We left the tower with MH at 10.00. We move along the road, but during the first 10-15 minutes. she ended. There is a river, but from time to time it goes under the rocks. Now on one side, then on the other, there are snowfields. In one passage we reach the descent from the Central Lavochorr pass. On the moraine, under the pass, you can put up 1-2 tents - in some places there are small pebbles, water comes to the surface in some places. The moraine is composed of medium and large stones.
We pass one more crossing, ahead opens the confluence of the streams, giving rise to the Kaljok River. It is clear that you need to go either to the left or to the right. To the left - to the top of Lyavochorr (1188.6), to the right - to the High Pass (1A, 1125), that is, the South Lyavochorr Pass. Orographically, this name is more logical. We are going to the High Pass, so we went to the right. From below, the pass take-off seemed low, but long and gentle (200m, steepness 200). But after climbing it, a huge plateau of the Lavochorr peak opens up ahead (photo No. 11), along which we walked 2 transitions until a view into another valley opened up. This is the valley of a stream that flows into the river. Mayvaltayok. At the pass at 13.10. Filmed 2 notes: 2003, 2005. In one of them it is written that this is the Southern Lavochorr, and in the other - High.
Thus, the ascent to the pass is easy. 1And he is behind the other side, along which we go down. On the descent, the slope is 300 m long, with a steepness of 30-350, it is composed of medium and large scree. The stones are sharp. We go down, observing the rules of movement on rock-fall hazardous areas, self-insurance with an ice ax, in helmets. The general direction of descent is left-down. There are no trails. The entire slope is littered with parts of a crashed plane. According to the spare parts that we took, we concluded that this happened in 1985-1986. The descent took 25 minutes.

Under the pass, during the descent, there are two lakes. One, the far one, can be seen immediately from the pass. Another - approximately from the middle of the pass take-off. One is marked on the map. At the second, distant lake, at 1400 we have a snack.

We left with a snack at 1530. Our next pass is the Northern Rischorr. The slopes of the valley are quite gentle, up to 200, covered with small scree. Therefore, we do not go down to the Mayvaltajoka valley, but traverse the eastern slopes of Portomchorr (1081), leaving the mountain on the right. We move without a path. For two transitions we reach the stream flowing from under the Northern Portomchorr. We cross it over the stones. From here you can clearly see its saddle.
Continuing to traverse the slope, we go around the city of Portomchorr from the south for two crossings. We move along a simple scree slope with a steepness of up to 200. Thus, we rounded the mountain from the south.
We come out to a steep descent into the valley of a stream flowing from under the South Portomchorr pass. This is the left tributary of the river. Kaskasnuyok. The steepness of the slope is about 300 - 350, the length of the section is 200 m, the height difference is 120 m, it is covered with small scree. Using self-insurance with an ice ax, in helmets, serpentine we go down the slope to the stream, cross the stream on stones and on the right bank in 1900 we stop for the night on a flat stony-grass area. No firewood, water from a stream.

18 July.
Fourth walking day.
Northern Rischorr Pass (n / a, 875) - the base of the PSS.
Overnight at an altitude of 280 m.
Height gain - 435 m.
Height drop - 595 m.
Kilometer -10.8 km.
FHW - 4 h 10 min.

From MN we rise to the spur from the top of 1083m in one transition (25min) and descend to the river flowing from the Umbozersky pass (n/k, 527). It is a left tributary of the North Kaskasnujok. We cross it over the stones. In two crossings we cross the spur of the Rischorr peak (1017.9 m), traversing its slopes. The slopes are covered with small scree, in some places overgrown with mosses and lichens. We traverse to the gorge of the Northern Rischorr pass. From the right along the side of the gorge, the pass saddle of the Northern Rischorr is visible. In 10 minutes we approach the pass takeoff. In the lower part it is a scree slope with a steepness of 200-300, a small mobile scree. We move first along it to the snowfield, then we go out to the snowfield. It is more convenient to walk on it than on a moving scree. The snowfield is 200 m long, with a steepness of 200 - 300. When moving along the snowfield, the first one hits steps. The ascent to the pass from under the pass takes 20 minutes. We rise to the pass at 12.50. We go straight to the tour. The tour is made of large stones, a ski pole sticks out of it. We take a note from a group of teachers led by Ustinov S.V. from DDYUTE South Administrative District of Moscow. They were here on July 15 of this year (that is, three days ago) and passed it in the other direction - to Umbozero.

Rischorra Gorge is narrow and long, filled with snow. The height of the walls - the rocks of the gorge is 7m, the length is 300m.
We pass the pass saddle and exit the pass gap. It's starting to rain. We descend into the Rischorra valley. Almost immediately, a trail begins from the pass, along which we walk. The descent to the Risjok valley passes along a simple scree slope with a steepness of 200. We descend two transitions of 25 minutes each. and we go to the dirt road. This is where the forest zone begins. On the way we go down. On the right bank of the river Risjok 1 hour, from 14.00 to 15.00, and we go to the intersection with the road leading to the PSS base. We turn right, walk 300-400m, 10 minutes, go to the PSS base.
At the base we are located in a house with a stove. Accommodation in the rescue houses costs 120 rubles per person for one day. You can order a bath. 1 hour - 300 rubles.
The hotel "Ramsay" was built and operates on the territory of the PSO. But the prices are much higher.

July 20.
Fifth walking day.
PSS base - Southern Rischorr pass (n / a, 895) - Akademichesky lake - approach to the Bezymyanny pass (1A, 925).
Overnight at an altitude of 420 m.
Climb -615 m.
Height drop - 475 m.

FHW - 4 hours 35 minutes.

Because of the rain, we postpone the exit until 1200. Because of the fog, only the nearest mountains are visible. We go to the Southern Rischorr pass (n / a, 895) along the road familiar to us from the descent from the Northern Rischorr pass. It runs along the right bank of the river. In one hour (light backpacks - we took food for three days, until the next drop) we reach the crossing point over the Risjok River, where the road forks. Left to North Rischorr, right to South Rischorr. Us to the right.
In one more transition (up to 1400) we approach the pass take-off (200-300, length 250m, rock-scree) of the Southern Rischorr (photo No. 21). There is a trail leading to the pass. We climb the pass in 40 minutes. Tour in the central part of the pass, there is a bench, two commemorative plaques. It's snowing, windy. Therefore, we quickly take pictures and go down.

Our next pass is Bezymyanny (1A, 925). Therefore, we do not go down to the river valley. Kaskasnyunyok, and by traverse we go to Akademicheskoe Lake, then we traverse the eastern and southern slopes at 905m and get into the valley of the Tulyok River.
In the declared route, it was planned to climb a plateau above the lake. However, the weather and its forecast are bad. Visibility is limited (500 m). Therefore, we decided not to climb the plateau.
We descended into the river valley and immediately came across a path leading towards the Bezymyanny Pass. We got up above the border of the forest on grassy areas next to the trail. Below 400 m you can see crooked forests. Going down to it is pointless, because. this is a loss of height and from the grass and shrubs you will only get even more wet. Because the rain did not stop, then everything around was wet. And possible firewood too. Dinner is cooked on burners, water from the river. We set up tents in tandem, we cook between them, because rain and wind. The pass is covered in fog from time to time.

21 July.
Sixth walking day.
Tulyok River Valley - Bezymyanny Pass (1A, 925 m) - Maly Vudyavr Lake.
Overnight at an altitude of 360 m.
Climb -505 m.
Height drop - 565 m.
Kilometer -12 km.
CHV -5 hours.

Rain and strong wind in the morning. The attendants get up at 9:00. Cooking in a vestibule under an awning. The food is delivered to the tents by the attendants.

22 July.
Seventh running day. Half day.
Excursion to PABS - 23 km of Kirovsk - approach to the pass Takhtarvumchorr.
Overnight at an altitude of 500 m.
Climb -40 m (from PABS to MN) + 140 m (approach to the pass).
Altitude drop - 40 m (from MN to PABS).
Kilometer -18 km, 14.4 km in offset.
FHV -3 hours 20 minutes.

July 23
Eighth running day.
Per. Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093) - the valley of the Malaya Belaya River.
Overnight at an altitude of 400 m.
Climb -593 m.
Altitude drop -693 m.
Kilometer -12 km.
FHV -6 hours 15 minutes

Exit from the MN from the border of the forest at the crossing over the stream at 10.00. We go above the stream on the right side of the valley along the middle scree, in some places we come across large boulders. We traverse the slope. For 2 transitions, by 11.30, we approach the pass takeoff. This is a rocky-scree slope with a steepness of 300, a length of 250 m. The total length of the pass take-off is 500-550 m. In the lower part it is a rocky-scree slope with a steepness of 300, a length of 250 m. First, we move along a small and medium scree 1 transition. We approached a snowfield 100 m long, with a steepness of 300-450. Snezhnik occupies almost the entire pass take-off in width. As long as it is possible to go to his right on the rocks, we go.
The depth of the snowfield to the waist and above. And to the right of it is no longer scree, but rocks, moreover, wet. Therefore, we continue to move along the snowfield, hanging one vertical railing 40m long. Participants wear harnesses. They are attached to the railing with a grasping knot. Work in helmets and gloves. Sticks on a lanyard on a hand, ice axes are secured. On the railing, one person at a time. The steepness of the snowfield in some places reaches 450. The rope was fixed to a large stone. Deputy the leader climbs the rocky area and fastens the rope behind a large stone for the group to move along the snowfield. The leader, when moving on a snowfield, beats steps. Competitors climb the stairs using a self-insurance handrail with a grappling knot.

After leaving the first snowfield, a scree area appears on the right, along which movement is possible. We move along it for 15 m, bypassing the snowfield and go out to the rocky-scree area. Here the group gathers, because. the scree is quite mobile, the slope is dangerous for rocks. It is likely that stones hit the lower participants, who climb the snowfield. Therefore, we collect a group over the first snowfield. We continue to move up the small and medium scree. The length of this section is 200 m, the steepness is 300. Traces of a downhill path are visible on a shallow scree, but it is inconvenient to climb along it.
We go to the second snowfield. It also occupies the entire pass take-off from the rocks on the left to the rocks on the right. Moving along it is easier than along the rocks, so we go out again to the snowfield. Its steepness is 300, length is 100m. We pass the second snowfield without railings, the first beats the steps. Self-insurance is carried out with an alpenstock or an ice ax. The second snowfield leads to the pass saddle. It is long, as you can see from the map. This pass is also called the Dragon's Gap. The pass saddle is a rather long gap 400 m long. The pass saddle is sometimes clogged with snow.

From the pass we descend straight down. The pass take-off from this side is a rocky-scree slope, covered with medium, in places small scree. In its middle part there is a snowfield, which is easily bypassed on the right along the way. The length of the slope is 300-350m, the steepness is 300. The descent takes one transition (25min). Already from the descent we saw the lake below, where we plan to stop for a snack. For 2 transitions we go down to it at 16.20. It's starting to rain. We stretch the awning. During the passage of the pass, the rain started and ended several times. After a snack, we move 3 crossings along the moraine along the right bank of the stream. The moraine is composed of medium stones. There are no trails. We leave to the border of the forest and the valley of the M. Belaya river.
The descent to the river passes through the crooked forest, which we cross in 10 minutes. We wade across the river. The ford is not difficult, the depth is 20-30 cm. By the river we are greeted by a huge number of mosquitoes. After the crossing, we go deep into the forest for 100 meters and go out onto a very crowded path leading to the circus of the Western, Eastern Petrilius and Ramsay passes. Immediately we meet a children's group, cheerfully going to Ramsay at 21.00. evenings. On the trail we go up 200m, we find very a good place overnight and set up camp. There is enough firewood in the forest, because it's no longer a hoax. Water from M. Belaya. Rain again. Time 21.00.

waterfall on the Tulyok river

July 24th.
Ninth walking day.
The valley of the Malaya Belaya River - the Western Petrelius Pass (n / a, 846) - the valley of the Petrelius River. Radial access to the base.
Overnight at an altitude of 600m.
Climb -446 m.
Height drop - 246 m.
Kilometer - 21.6 km, 10.8 km included (to the lake).
CHKV -3 h 15 min (to the lake).

July 25th.
Daytime. Return from the PSS base.
Part of the group returns from the base along the path already known to it, brings food.

Days of imprisonment in the camp near the Orliny Pass due to bad weather conditions. Visibility from 50 to 150 m.

July 28th.
Tenth running day.
The upper reaches of the Petrelius River - the approach to the Orliny Pass (1B, 1105).
Overnight at the height - was not.
Climb -100 m.
Height reset - 0 m.
Kilometer -1.5 km.
CHV - 1 hour.

July 29.
Eleventh running day.
Eagle Pass (1B, 1105) - the valley of the Malaya Belaya River.
Overnight at an altitude of 300 m.
Climb - 405m.
Height drop - 480 m.
Kilometer -9.6 km.
CHHV - ascent to the pass 3 hours 40 minutes + descent to the sites 1 hour + descent to the valley. Malaya Belaya 1 h 20 min = 6 h.
We put on systems, prepare ropes that grab knots, carabiners, dress crampons. There are only three pairs of cats, so they are dressed by the deputy. the leader who will go first and hang the railing, and two participants. The leader goes second along the railing and beats the steps, where with boots, where he moonlights with an ice ax. Participants climb the railings with self-insurance with a grasping knot, in mittens, with a helmet on their heads.
Pass take-off 400 m long, steepness 300-45?, snowy, sometimes rocky and scree. The whole bottom is not visible.
On the middle scree we approach under the snowfield. The scree, as it were, wedged into the snowfield with its tongue. Its dyne is 100m, the steepness is 30?.
Our ropes - two of 40 m, two of 30 m. The first is the deputy. leader. This is the strongest and most experienced participant. He walks in crampons, with self-insurance with an ice ax, self-release along the railing. They are mounted at the station on an ice ax.
We fasten the first rope on the rock by the loop, on the right along the way. By the way, there is already someone's loop on it. But we hang ours.
We leave the snowfield to the right along the course to a rocky-scree section with a steepness of 35? - 40?, and collect a group. Since everyone fits one at a time, this process takes about 30 minutes. Fog rolls in from time to time. Strong wind, drizzle. There is a small snow-free patch on which you can plant a group. In order not to freeze, we cover ourselves with an awning. While we wait, we hang the third rope at 30 m. Again on the ice ax. We do not immediately hang the fourth one, since it will be necessary for everyone to gather in that place in anticipation of the ropes from below. Until the last of the 14 people pass the previous railings and bring them back. And in that place on the snowfield there is nowhere to sit. There is no shelter from the piercing wind with rocks. In addition, almost everyone's feet are already wet from the snow. Therefore, we collect the group here, after the second pitch, and not after the fourth.
After the approach of the last participants with ropes and ice axes, we begin to move up again. We pass along the already prepared 3 railings of 30 m, then 2 ropes of 40 m each and another 30 m. We fasten everything on ice axes, they go up to the head.
We find ourselves in width, in the middle part of the snowfield. All equipment is involved. On the rocks on the right, you can see a place where you can reassemble the group. We direct horizontal railings to the rocks to the right from a loop of 10 m and exit to the rocky-scree section ().
We pass along the rocks (steepness 30?) 70 m to a small open area and collect a group. We cover with an awning. We don’t go up further until all the participants come, so as not to fill the lower participants with stones. Since the rocks are wet, the stones do not stick to them. If not for this circumstance, it would be possible to climb even higher by 100 m. There is a grotto in the rock, a shelter in which you can gather a group. From the place of the second gathering of the group of ropes, we no longer hang. We pass along the rocks, along the border of the snowfield, 100 m past this grotto and again go out to the snowfield with a steepness of 20?. The first beats the steps. We pass like this for 70 m with self-insurance with an ice ax and go out to the pass saddle.

July 30th.
Twelfth running day.
Valley of the Malaya Belaya River - st. Khibiny - Art. Apatity.
Overnight at an altitude of 160 m.
Climb - 0 m.
Height drop - 140 m
Kilometer - 7.2 km.
CHV - 2 hours.

Rise at 10.00. In this place, where the road crosses the river from the right bank to the left, the river spills into two branches, skirting the island. The Malaya Belaya River in this place is quite possible to ford. First one sleeve, then the other. But part of the group does not want to wet the "fermenting" shoes, so we decide to build a crossing across the river. In addition, one participant is sick. It is undesirable to wet his feet in cold water. Almost everything from the backpack was taken from the patient.
We start organizing the crossing at 11.20. From the island to the other side. There are trees here and there.
We cross ourselves, backpacks separately (). At 12.10 the whole group is on the other side. It takes 10 minutes to collect equipment, and at 12.20 we leave along the road to the west, to the Khibiny station.
The road goes through a mixed forest. We go three transitions for 40 minutes and reach the first country houses of the village near the Khibiny station. Since today is Sunday, we meet mushroom pickers, from whom we learn that today it is better to leave for the bus at 17.00. in Apatity. In general, he goes on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, Sundays at 15.00 and 17.00. The fare is 34r 80.kop. The working train runs on weekdays, in Imandra it happens at 17.00. But it often happens to him that he is late, he can travel from Imandra to Apatity for 3 or 4 hours.

8. Conclusions and recommendations
Choice of area and route
When choosing the area and route of the hike, we were guided by the following considerations. The area should not be very remote and not very complex, because There are three inexperienced members in the group. At the same time, the route should have interesting passes for more experienced participants. Since the area is not new for us, we had to look for difficult passes, where the main part of the group was not. Lay them on the route thread, taking into account the organization of drop-offs. As a result, little-visited passes in the Khibiny passed. These are Southern Lavochorr (High (1A, 1125)), Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093), Eagle (1B, 1105).
We set ourselves the goal of clarifying the name and location of some of the passes. On the hike, we found out that the High Pass (1A, 1125) is the South Lavochorr Pass. It is located in the southern part of the Lavochorr massif.
The proposed location of the Krutoy pass (1B, 1030) was photographed from two sides () and marked on the Orliny pass passage map (1B, 1105).
Due to bad weather conditions, we lost time in prison under the Orliny pass and did not visit the Fersman pass.
The passage of the Orliny pass was the culmination of the entire campaign. It turned out to be the most difficult weather conditions and from a technical point of view, but also the most interesting and memorable. The passage time can be reduced if you pass it in bundles and if each participant has crampons. But in Khibiny, few people take cats with them for each participant, because. snowy passes are not typical for this region.

Interesting objects
The hiking area is known as one of the largest apatite and other minerals in the world, from which you can make a lot of useful things and items. For example, facing tiles, glasses, cups and much more that surrounds us in everyday life. And the extraction of ore in open pits is technologically interesting. All this can be found in the Mineralogical Museum in Kirovsk.
The history of the development of the area is connected with exploration work, which is reflected in the names of the passes in honor of the geologists who worked in the area. For example: Ramsay, Petrelius, Arseniev. There is a memorial plaque at Ramsay Pass. On the way to Lake Maly Vudyavr, there is a brick masonry monument at the site of the first research station for studying the Khibiny at Moscow State University under the leadership of Academician A.E. Fersman. She continued to work even during the Great Patriotic War.
The Polar Alpine Botanical Garden in the area of 23 km is unique. This is one of the highest botanical gardens in the world. We recommend everyone to visit there. Botanical Garden offers visitors a number of excursions: to the Tropical Greenhouse, "Introduction of plants and landscaping of cities in the Arctic", "Ecological trail, geographers", which introduces the altitudinal zoning of the vegetation cover of the Khibiny Mountains.
The most favorable time for visiting this area is the end of July - the beginning of August. At this time, blueberries, blueberries, and a lot of mushrooms ripen. And already mosquitoes and midges have begun to decline.
We caught the beginning of the ripening of the berries, although, if we had gone later, we would have been able to eat them only at the beginning and end of the trip, because. the rest of the time they were above the forest line.
Everyone had a mosquito net and a mosquito spray with them. It should be noted that there are much fewer mosquitoes above the forest line.
Completed by Olkhovskaya I.G.

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SOURCE OF MATERIAL AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://www.khibiny.net
http://skazmurman.narod.ru/
http://www.hibiny.com
M. M. Prishvin "Khibiny Mountains"
Fersman A.E. Traveling behind the stone. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960.
Petition to the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation S.E. Donskoy: To prevent the resumption of the conflict in the Khibiny
Features of passing the Khibiny passes in winter
Classifier of sports tourism obstacles. Khibiny Tundras of the Kola Peninsula. Pass list. Arsenin pass.
"Tourist travels around the Kola Peninsula", O. Slavinsky, V. Tsarenkov, FiS Publishing House, 1965
Mysteries of the Kola Peninsula
Wikipedia site
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://www.skitalets.ru/mountain/2007/khibiny_olkhovskaya06/

Khibiny Mountains: general information, geographic location, photo. Khibiny - etymology Famous explorer of the bowels of the Khibiny mountains 7 letters

Location and relief

Geological structure

Climate

Flora

Toponymy of names

Climate

Flora and fauna

Mining