Famous explorer of the bowels of the Khibiny mountains 7 letters. Scientists researchers Khibiny

Khibiny (kild. Umptek) - the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep with individual snowfields.

At the same time, not a single glacier was found in the Khibiny.

The highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).

In the center are the Kukisvumchorr and Chasnachorr plateaus.
At the foot are the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk.

At the foot of Mount Vudyavrchorr is the Polar Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute.

The Khibiny combines features of the regional and local mountain climate. The outer slopes of the mountains experience a significant softening effect of the climate of the surrounding plains, and the microclimate of the central part of the massif is much more severe. Snow in the mountains lies from October to June.

The polar night lasts 42 days. Frequent cyclones, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure. In the open spaces of the peaks, winds can blow at speeds up to 50 m/s. From August to mid-April, you can watch the northern lights.

Summer is short, in the mountains 60-80 days without frost. In the foothills, the period with an average daily temperature above 10 ° C lasts about 70 days. Summer also receives the maximum amount of precipitation. The polar day lasts 50 days.
In the Khibiny falls from 600-700 mm of precipitation in the valleys, up to 1600 mm of precipitation on the mountain plateaus. During the year, precipitation is distributed almost evenly, a little more in summer, a little less in winter. In summer, about 20% of the days are without precipitation, with an average precipitation of 2 mm / day, in winter, only 10%, with an average precipitation of 1.5 mm / day. Khibiny, Khibiny mountains

Flora and fauna
The Khibiny flora is very valuable. Grows in the massif a large number of species included in the "red books" of various ranks.
In the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates of the Khibiny mountain range, 27 species of mammals, 123 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles, 1 species of amphibians are represented. Almost all mammals of the Murmansk region are represented here. Some of them are classified as protected or on the verge of extinction.

Geology
The Khibiny alkaline massif is a large intrusive body of complex shape and composition. The age according to the helium-lead method is determined as carbonic and is 290 ± 10 million years. A characteristic feature of the Khibiny massif is a ring (in plan) structure, which has a number of analogies among some other alkaline massifs. The rock complexes that make up the massif form, as it were, arcs folded into each other, open to the east, which is explained by the intrusion of magma along alternating ring and cone faults.

About 500 minerals have been found on the territory of the Khibiny massif, dozens of which are of practical value, 110 are not found anywhere else. Such a concentration of a huge amount of minerals in a limited area has no analogues in any place. the globe. The peculiarity of the geochemistry of the Khibiny massif leads to the accumulation of rare minerals and creates deposits of completely new minerals. Khibiny, Khibiny mountains

Rock complexes that make up the Khibiny massif:
complex of khibinites and endocontact nepheline syenites,
complex of trachytoid khibinites,
rischorrite complex,
complex of ijolite-urtites, malignites and lujavrites,
complex of medium-grained nepheline syenites,
foyaite complex.
Within the Khibiny massif, unique [source not specified 558 days] mineral associations were found that are not characteristic of other alkaline rock massifs, including topaz and spinel. In the xenoliths of Mount Eveslogchorr, there is a manifestation of blue sapphire, a precious stone of the highest category.

Lake Long, Khibiny

Mining
Khibiny mountains.
The largest deposits of apatite-nepheline ores are located on the territory of the Khibiny massif.

Currently, the following mines are operating: Kirovsky (Kukisvumchorr and Yukspor deposits), Rasvumchorrsky (Apatite circus and Rasvumchorr plateau deposits), Central (Rasvumchorr plateau), Vostochny (Koashva and Nyorkpakhk deposits) and recently discovered Oleniy Ruchey (Koashva deposit). Mining is carried out both underground and open pit. The number of open-pit mining is decreasing and soon the development of deposits will be carried out only by the underground method.
The main minerals mined in the Khibiny are: apatite, nepheline, sphene, aegirine, feldspar, titanomagnetite. Previously mined lovchorrite.

Expeditions and travelers
1840 A. F. Middendorf.
1887-1892 V. Ramsay, A. Chilman, A. Petrelius and others.
1880 N. V. Kudryavtsev.
1907 M. M. Prishvin.

1914 construction of the Murmansk railway begins.
1920 Academician AE Fersman discovered rare alkaline minerals.
1925-1926 A. N. Labuntsov discovered large deposits of apatite.
1930 Construction of an apatite-nepheline processing plant (ANOF-1) began on the shores of Lake Bolshoi Vudyavr.
2012 in the eastern part of the Khibiny, on the shores of Lake Umbozero, the Oleniy Ruchey mine was opened.

Currently, the Khibiny are popular with mountain and ski tourists, as well as climbers. To overcome them, both in summer and in winter, a good physical training participants. However, most of the passes are non-categorical, or have 1-2 categories. All Khibiny passes can be divided into two types - saddle and gorges. Khibiny, Khibiny mountains
Highest Peaks:

Peaks
Height
Category
Yudychvumchorr 1200.6 m in winter 1A, in summer n / a -
Chasnachorr 1189 m -
Putelichorr 1111 m in winter 1A, in summer n/a -

An interesting fact is that until a certain time Mount Chasnachorr (1189 m) was considered the highest point of the Khibiny. Although even now there are often resources on the Internet in which Chasnachorr is listed as the highest point. No less interesting is this fact: according to various sources, the height of Mount Yudychvumchorr is from 1200 to 1206 meters.

Mount Yudychvumchorr

OBJECTS KHIBIN

Yudychvumchorr (Kild. “humming mountain”) is a mountain with steep walls and a flat top, located on the Kola Peninsula in the southwestern block of the Khibiny. Height 1200.6 meters. From the south and southeast, Yudychvumchorr is limited by the deep valley of the Malaya Belaya River, and from the west by the valley of the Fersman stream. It is the highest point of the European Arctic of Russia.
Yudychvumchorr is sometimes also called Mount Fersman, in honor of the explorer Khibiny, the famous Soviet geochemist and mineralogist Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.
Kukisvumchorr is a mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The largest of the Khibiny Mountains. The highest point is Mount Kukisvumchorr (1143 m above sea level). Located in the center of Khibiny. Composed of nepheline syenites. The slopes of the mountains are steep, covered with forest-tundra vegetation. The tops are flat and rocky. There are two glaciers in the northern part. The Vudyavryok River flows along the western side of the massif. The Tulyok and Kuniyok rivers originate on the massif. At the foot of the mountains are the lakes Big Vudyavr and Small Vudyavr. In the mountains is Akademicheskoe lake. In the foothills there is a remote area of ​​the same name in Kirovsk, where apatite-nepheline ores are being developed.

On the southern slope of Mount Kukisvumchorr there is a ski resort, which hosts annual freeride competitions.
On October 21, 2010, a man-made earthquake of magnitude 3.2 occurred in the Kukisvumchorr microdistrict. The tremors were also felt in Murmansk. The consequences of the earthquake were only minor damage at a nearby mine.

pass Kukisvumchorr

Chasnachorr (Sami - Woodpecker Mountain) is a mountain range located in the western part of the Khibiny. The second highest mountain is 1189 m.
The mountain limits the basins of the valleys of the Meridional Stream from the east (connects with the meridional ridge Poachvumchorr), the Kuniyok River and the Petrelius Stream from the west. From the north it is separated from Mount Indivichvumchorr by the South Chorgorr pass, and in the southwest it merges with the highest Yudychvumchorr plateau. On this jumper are the most difficult passes of the Khibiny mountains: Fersman and Krestovy. The Chasnayok River originates in the northern circus of the mountain. The highest point is a plateau. The mountain is bounded from the north, east and south by steep walls.

KHIBIN PASSES

South Chorgorr, Lake Imandra

view from Mount Kukis, great moon

Malaya Belaya river, Northern Lights

Lake Imandra from the Aku-Aku pass

Fersman Pass - a pass in the Murmansk region, height - 974 m above sea level. Located in the western part of the Khibiny between the top of Fersman and the Yudychvumchorr plateau, it connects the valleys of the Meridional Stream and the Malaya White River. Named in honor of the Soviet geochemist and researcher Khibiny - Alexander Evgenievich Fersman.

river Risyok Khibiny, Khibiny mountains

REPORT ON THE HIKING AND MOUNTAIN HIKING TO THE KHIBINY
Mining Report tourist trip II class along the Khibiny
Date: July 14 - August 2, 2006
Route book №177-04/3-216
Head: Olkhovskaya I.G. (Moscow)

1. Background information about the trip
Organization: GOU DDYUTE YuOUO DO Moscow, GOU SOSH No. 1037 "Lingva".
District: South.
Hiking area: Kola Peninsula, Khibiny.
Type of tourism: mountain.
Hiking difficulty category: second.
Thread of the route: Moscow - st. Apatity - Kirovsk - Base PSS - per. Northern Lavochorr (n / c, 713) - trans. High (1A, 1125) - trans. Northern Rischorr (n / a, 875) - PSS base - lane. Southern Rischorr (n / c, 895) - trans. Nameless (1A, 925) - trans. Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093.8) - trans. Western Petrelius (n / c, 846) - trans. Eagle (1B, 1105) - Art. Khibiny - Apatity - Moscow.
Route length: 127.5 km.
Campaign dates: from July 14 to August 2, 2006.
Duration of the active part: 12 days.
Route book No. 177-04/3-216.

Tourist opportunities of the area
In the Khibiny, you can make hiking trips up to KS IV, mountain trips up to KS III.
Passes Alyavumchorr Vostochny, Alyavumchorr, Burevestnik, Krestovy, Polnochnoy, Treschela have a categorization of 2A in the summer and allow this.
Khibiny and mountaineering area. There are classified routes from 1B to 4B to the peaks of Takhtarvumchorr, Vudyavrchorr, Yumyechorr. The Murmansk publishing house "Sever" published a catalog describing these routes.
Khibiny is a very popular ski area. Here you can plan routes to CS III. However, beginner ski groups must be prepared for a categorized route, have experience in cold overnight stays, and be able to operate in an avalanche situation.
Khibiny is a developing ski area. Directly from the city of Kirovsk, you can take the lifts and go to ski slopes. There are hotels, developed private sector. The slopes are rolled down by snowcats.

Route entry and exit options
The main mode of transport for entry and exit is Railway, which passes through the city of Apatity and further along the western edge of the Khibiny (eastern shore of Lake Imandra). After the city of Apatity, within the Khibiny, there are stations: Khibiny, Nepheline Sands and Imandra.
We went to Apatity by train number 212. Departure from Moscow at 1.17. morning from the Leningradsky railway station, arrival in Apatity the next day at 10.16. The fare is 1047 rubles. Back on it, No. 211. Departs from Apatit at 21.25, arrival in Moscow at the Leningradsky railway station at 4.40 in the morning. The fare is 1140 rubles.
By prior arrangement from Moscow by phone at the railway station in Apatity, we were met by a ZIL 130 from the Kirov PSO and dropped into the travel area, to Lake Goltsovoe. It cost us 2,500 rubles for a group of 14 people.

The city of Apatity is connected by bus to Kirovsk (the southern part of the Khibiny) and to the village of Koashva (the eastern part of the Khibiny).
There is an airport in Apatity, which is able to receive planes from distant places. There are currently no regular passenger flights from Moscow.
Several bus numbers run from Apatity to Kirovsk. Of these, only one number (101) comes from the railway station. If you go by other numbers, then you need to transfer to route 101 or 8 in the center of Apatity (near the Sever store). The fare is 6 rubles.
It is not easy to get from Apatity to the Imandra station quickly. There are only two trains - Apatity-Olenegorsk (at 7 am) and Olenegorsk-Apatity (at 4 pm). As you know, there is no road there. That is why you have to leave more time for this section.

From Khibiny station to Apatity can be reached by bus, which runs every day at 15.00. and at 17.00. The bus journey takes 40 minutes, the fare is 34 rubles 80 kopecks. Also by a working train, which runs on weekdays at 17.00.
Other possibilities of railway travel: there are three trains from Moscow and back from Moscow to Murmansk. No. 15/16, 111/112, 181/182.

Information about the possibility of organizing drop-offs on the route
Of course, the main possibility of organizing the transfer is connected with the PSS base. Another possibility is the Moscow State University station, if the route passes there. You can always leave the cast just in the rocks, but for this it must be prepared accordingly. Those. in boxes and always in plastic bags in case of rain. Of course, we must not forget the place of the drop and better disguise it.
We planned to put three casts in three different places. But on the way to the base, the rescuer warned us that in this moment in those places a she-bear roams, it can ruin the cast. Therefore, we left only one throw in the stones (under the descent from the Bezymyanny pass), and the other two were taken to the Kuelpor base. We decided that it was better to run extra kilometers than to be left without food.
By prior arrangement from Moscow by phone at the railway station in Apatitih, we were met by a ZIL 130 from the Kirov PSO and dropped into the travel area, to Lake Goltsovoe. It cost us 2,500 rubles for a group of 14 people.

waterfalls under Marchenko peak

3. Organization of the trip
Route selection
The group made a mountain trip II KS. Khibiny was chosen as a travel area due to the presence in the group of three inexperienced participants who joined the school tour section "Edelweiss" in the 2005-2006 academic year. The rest of the participants have a pretty decent tourist experience: the mountain CS I in the Khibiny, the mountain CS II in the Sayan Mountains.
The main part of the participants in Khibiny is not the first time. Therefore, when constructing a route thread, passes were chosen that we had not yet been to. Many sections are planned to be traversed without a trail.
In 2004, while making a mountain hike of the 1st KS, we carried out a snow lesson under the Orliny pass (1B), but we could not go to the pass itself. Now, in the campaign of the II KS, we could pass the pass that we liked and was not typical for the Khibiny. Also, we could afford to visit other difficult passes.
In 2005 Gromov V.V. released a classifier of passes in the Khibiny, consisting of 93 passes. In it, the Eagle Pass has another name - the Baltic Passage, at the Cross Pass - Rocky, it is not entirely clear where the Krutoy Pass is located (or is it Orliny?). What pass is meant by the name High? We wanted to find answers to these and other questions.

Alternate and emergency route options
Alternatives were provided:
Instead of Vysokiy pass (1A), Nakhodka passes (1A) and Yuzh.Partomchorr (n / a).
Instead of the Krutoy (1B) and Fersman (1B) passes, the South Chorgorr (n / a, 850) and 60 years of October (1B) passes.
Fallback options allow you to save the declared category.
Emergency route options allow you to leave the area in the easiest way in the shortest time (see the overview map of the hiking area). In our case, this is from the area of ​​the Northern and Southern Lyavochorr, Northern and Southern Rischorr passes, Orliny pass - to the PSS base. They can help with transport, take them to Kirovsk. From Vysoky - through North Portomchorr to the base. From the Bezymyanny pass - to Kirovsk. From the Orliny and Fersman passes to the Khibiny station. From the Khibiny station, you can take a bus or a working train to Apatity. Emergency exit can be done in a day.

Mount Rischorr Khibiny, Khibiny Mountains

5. Technical description route
Explanations to the technical description
In the text river banks and sides of valleys are meant orographic, unless otherwise specified. The transitions were made for 25 minutes, unless there is an additional explanation. MN - place to spend the night. On simple scree slopes with a steepness of up to 200, self-insurance with an ice ax or alpenstock was used everywhere.

First walking day.
Apatity station - Kirovsk - PSS base - Goltsovoye lake - approach to the Northern Lyavochorr pass (n / a, 713).

Overnight at an altitude of 400 m.
Climb -200 m.
Altitude reset - 0 m
Kilometer - 4.8 km.
FHW - 40 min.

On July 15, by train No. 212 Moscow - Murmansk, we arrived at the Apatity station at 10:00. We were met by 3IL 130 from the PSS base. We went to Kirovsk. In Kirovsk, we stopped at Lenin Square near the Mail stop. They gave 2 telegrams: to SUTur and to DDYUTE. We went to a pharmacy and bought tourist boots for a participant in a sports shop for 1,800 rubles. Bought bread for the first 3 days.
Then we went to the base of the PSS, along the way leaving the pickup No. 1 under the descent from the Bezymyanny pass. We arrived at the Kuelporr base, checked in with the rescuers, left two pickups No. 2 and 3. A total of 11 boxes.
We passed Lake Shchuchye, and stopped on the right bank of Lake Goltsovoe beyond the confluence of the river. Lyavoyok on the right on the way to the lake. The driver did not go further, because. There is no road along the lake. It is possible to move the car along the sandy shore of the lake. But also pretty close. Also, we were afraid to drive past the valley we needed. Therefore, they landed immediately after crossing the strait between two lakes. At 3:00 p.m. we got up for lunch.
At 17:00 we leave for lunch. We move along Lake Goltsovoe along the right bank without a path along the edge of the lake (photo No. 1). We have to cross the mouth of the river. Sev. Lyavoyok, which flows into the lake on the right along the way. The mouth consists of 4 branches, which we cross ford. The ford is simple, ankle-deep, the width of the sleeves is 2-3 meters. We cross them in walking shoes. We go to the Northern Lyavochorr pass not along the bed of the Sev River. Lavojok, because there is no trail there. Around the dense crooked forest. Therefore, we move further north along the lake for another 1 km to the road marked on the map. As a guide to this road, you can use the bay in Lake Goltsovoe on the left along the western side of the lake almost opposite the road. We get on the road and move along it one crossing (25 min.), We go out to the Sev River. Levoyok, we're making a halt. During this transition we meet three places for overnight stays. You can not get up anywhere, because. the river valley is narrow and rocky. Around the crooked forest, mixed forest, low birches, pines, deep moss litter, last year's berries (lingonberries). There are no lingonberries of this year yet. Shiksha has not yet ripened, but is just beginning. Blueberries are also just starting - we arrived early. We walk another 15 minutes and find a place to spend the night. These are rocky sites in the river valley, you can put up tents directly in the forest. We decide not to miss it, because there may not be any further places. And to the Northern Lyavochorr pass is about 3 km more. At 18.30. we are staying overnight. Water from the river. There is firewood in the forest.

July 16.
Second walking day.
Northern Lyavochorr pass (n / a, 713) - the valley of the Kaljok river.
Overnight at an altitude of 700 m.
Climb -313m to the pass + 100m through the ridge + 100m to MN =513m
Altitude drop - 200 m.
Kilometer - 8.4 km
FHV -2h 05 min.

Exit at 10.00. From MN we continue along the road. In fact, this road leads under the Central Lyavochorr pass (1A, 909), but before the confluence of streams under the Northern and Central Lyavochorr passes, you can use it to approach the Northern Lyavochorr pass. Photo No. 2 shows how the spur of the Lyavoyok peak (1047.1) divides the valley: to the left - to the Northern Lyavochorr, to the right - to the Central. From MN this is one transition, i.e. 25 minutes.

After another 15 minutes, we approach the foot of the spur of the Lyavoyok peak. The road goes to the right along the way, to the Central Lavochorr (f. No. 3) and its pass take-off is visible. And we leave the road to the left, moving along a barely noticeable path along the middle and small scree along the bottom of the valley for 10 minutes. From here, a view of the pass saddle opens (photo No. 4). After one more transition, we are at the pass (photo No. 5). Pass take-off 200 m long, steepness 200 - 250, small scree. The saddle is wide, the tour is in the central part. From the pass you can see the valley of the river Kaljok. We traverse the slope covered with small and medium scree, steepness 200. In two transitions we reach a drop in the ridge between the top of Lyavoyok on the right along the way and the top of 905 m on the left. Thus, we climbed the spur from the top of Lavoyok. It is 100 meters higher than the Sev.Lyavochorr pass. It can be seen from it that from the top of 905.0 m there is a road leading to the valley of the Kaljok River.

We, traversing the slopes of Mount Lyavoyok, descend to the upper reaches of the Kaljok River. From the slopes of Lavojok, a view opens up to the upper reaches of the Kaljok valley, to Mount Lavochorr and to the passes of the Southern and Central Lavochorr.

Below is an abandoned drilling rig. Not far from it, closer to the water, we will camp for the night.
Going straight down is steep. The slope is covered with small scree, length 200 m, steepness 500-550. Therefore, we traverse a little to the left and go out to the road going from the top of 905.0m. We pass along it to the first water (this is Kaljok), we have a snack. From the pass to this place 4 transitions of 25 minutes.
We climb the left (orographically) bank of the Kaljok River along a dirt road leading to the tower. We pass one passage, during which the boys, by an accidental hit of a stone, get a partridge for food. We have to stand for the night at the tower, as next to it there is firewood for cooking. As the next day showed, there was nowhere to rise above such a large group. But under one or two tents you can find a place for another transition. We get up for the night at 17.00. Water from the river, firewood can be collected around an abandoned tower. Quite a large rocky flat area.

July 17th.
Third walking day.
High pass (1A, 1125) - approach to the Northern Rischorr pass (n / c, 875.)
Overnight at an altitude of 440 m.
Climb - 425 m to the pass + 200 m to the ridge = 625 m.
Height drop - 625 m in dollars. R. Maivaltajoka + 260 m in the valley R. Sev. Kaskasnyunyok=885 m.
Kilometer -14.4 km.
CHF - 2h20 min for ascent + 2h 30 min for descent.

We left the tower with MH at 10.00. We move along the road, but during the first 10-15 minutes. she ended. There is a river, but from time to time it goes under the rocks. Now on one side, then on the other, there are snowfields. In one passage we reach the descent from the Central Lavochorr pass. On the moraine, under the pass, you can put up 1-2 tents - in some places there are small pebbles, water comes to the surface in some places. The moraine is composed of medium and large stones.
We pass one more crossing, ahead opens the confluence of the streams, giving rise to the Kaljok River. It is clear that you need to go either to the left or to the right. To the left - to the top of Lyavochorr (1188.6), to the right - to the High Pass (1A, 1125), that is, the South Lyavochorr Pass. Orographically, this name is more logical. We are going to the High Pass, so we went to the right. From below, the pass take-off seemed low, but long and gentle (200m, steepness 200). But after climbing it, a huge plateau of the Lavochorr peak opens up ahead (photo No. 11), along which we walked 2 transitions until a view into another valley opened up. This is the valley of a stream that flows into the river. Mayvaltayok. At the pass at 13.10. Filmed 2 notes: 2003, 2005. In one of them it is written that this is the Southern Lavochorr, and in the other - High.
Thus, the ascent to the pass is easy. 1And he is behind the other side, along which we go down. On the descent, the slope is 300 m long, with a steepness of 30-350, it is composed of medium and large scree. The stones are sharp. We go down, observing the rules of movement on rock-fall hazardous areas, self-insurance with an ice ax, in helmets. The general direction of descent is left-down. There are no trails. The entire slope is littered with parts of a crashed plane. According to the spare parts that we took, we concluded that this happened in 1985-1986. The descent took 25 minutes.

Under the pass, during the descent, there are two lakes. One, the far one, can be seen immediately from the pass. Another - approximately from the middle of the pass take-off. One is marked on the map. At the second, distant lake, at 1400 we have a snack.

We left with a snack at 1530. Our next pass is the Northern Rischorr. The slopes of the valley are quite gentle, up to 200, covered with small scree. Therefore, we do not go down to the Mayvaltajoka valley, but traverse the eastern slopes of Portomchorr (1081), leaving the mountain on the right. We move without a path. For two transitions we reach the stream flowing from under the Northern Portomchorr. We cross it over the stones. From here you can clearly see its saddle.
Continuing to traverse the slope, we go around the city of Portomchorr from the south for two crossings. We move along a simple scree slope with a steepness of up to 200. Thus, we rounded the mountain from the south.
We come out to a steep descent into the valley of a stream flowing from under the South Portomchorr pass. This is the left tributary of the river. Kaskasnuyok. The steepness of the slope is about 300 - 350, the length of the section is 200 m, the height difference is 120 m, it is covered with small scree. Using self-insurance with an ice ax, in helmets, serpentine we go down the slope to the stream, cross the stream on stones and on the right bank in 1900 we stop for the night on a flat stony-grass area. No firewood, water from a stream.

18 July.
Fourth walking day.
Northern Rischorr Pass (n / a, 875) - the base of the PSS.
Overnight at an altitude of 280 m.
Height gain - 435 m.
Height drop - 595 m.
Kilometer -10.8 km.
FHW - 4 h 10 min.

From MN we rise to the spur from the top of 1083m in one transition (25min) and descend to the river flowing from the Umbozersky pass (n/k, 527). It is a left tributary of the North Kaskasnujok. We cross it over the stones. In two crossings we cross the spur of the Rischorr peak (1017.9 m), traversing its slopes. The slopes are covered with small scree, in some places overgrown with mosses and lichens. We traverse to the gorge of the Northern Rischorr pass. From the right along the side of the gorge, the pass saddle of the Northern Rischorr is visible. In 10 minutes we approach the pass takeoff. In the lower part it is a scree slope with a steepness of 200-300, a small mobile scree. We move first along it to the snowfield, then we go out to the snowfield. It is more convenient to walk on it than on a moving scree. The snowfield is 200 m long, with a steepness of 200 - 300. When moving along the snowfield, the first one hits the steps. The ascent to the pass from under the pass takes 20 minutes. We rise to the pass at 12.50. We go straight to the tour. The tour is made of large stones, a ski pole sticks out of it. We take a note from a group of teachers led by Ustinov S.V. from DDYUTE South Administrative District of Moscow. They were here on July 15 of this year (that is, three days ago) and passed it in the other direction - to Umbozero.

Rischorra Gorge is narrow and long, filled with snow. The height of the walls - the rocks of the gorge is 7m, the length is 300m.
We pass the pass saddle and exit the pass gap. It's starting to rain. We descend into the Rischorra valley. Almost immediately, a trail begins from the pass, along which we walk. The descent to the Risjok valley passes along a simple scree slope with a steepness of 200. We descend two transitions of 25 minutes each. and we go to the dirt road. This is where the forest zone begins. On the way we go down. On the right bank of the river Risjok 1 hour, from 14.00 to 15.00, and we go to the intersection with the road leading to the PSS base. We turn right, walk 300-400m, 10 minutes, go to the PSS base.
At the base we are located in a house with a stove. Accommodation in the rescue houses costs 120 rubles per person for one day. You can order a bath. 1 hour - 300 rubles.
The hotel "Ramsay" was built and operates on the territory of the PSO. But the prices are much higher.

July 20.
Fifth walking day.
PSS base - Southern Rischorr pass (n / a, 895) - Akademichesky lake - approach to the Bezymyanny pass (1A, 925).
Overnight at an altitude of 420 m.
Climb -615 m.
Height drop - 475 m.

FHW - 4 hours 35 minutes.

Because of the rain, we postpone the exit until 1200. Because of the fog, only the nearest mountains are visible. We go to the Southern Rischorr pass (n / a, 895) along the road familiar to us from the descent from the Northern Rischorr pass. It runs along the right bank of the river. In one hour (light backpacks - we took food for three days, until the next drop) we reach the crossing point over the Risjok River, where the road forks. Left to North Rischorr, right to South Rischorr. Us to the right.
In one more transition (up to 1400) we approach the pass take-off (200-300, length 250m, rock-scree) of the Southern Rischorr (photo No. 21). There is a trail leading to the pass. We climb the pass in 40 minutes. Tour in the central part of the pass, there is a bench, two commemorative plaques. It's snowing, windy. Therefore, we quickly take pictures and go down.

Our next pass is Bezymyanny (1A, 925). Therefore, we do not go down to the river valley. Kaskasnyunyok, and by traverse we go to Akademicheskoe Lake, then we traverse the eastern and southern slopes at 905m and get into the valley of the Tulyok River.
In the declared route, it was planned to climb a plateau above the lake. However, the weather and its forecast are bad. Visibility is limited (500 m). Therefore, we decided not to climb the plateau.
We descended into the river valley and immediately came across a path leading towards the Bezymyanny Pass. We got up above the border of the forest on grassy areas next to the trail. Below 400 m you can see crooked forests. Going down to it is pointless, because. this is a loss of height and from the grass and shrubs you will only get even more wet. Because the rain did not stop, then everything around was wet. And possible firewood too. Dinner is cooked on burners, water from the river. We set up tents in tandem, we cook between them, because rain and wind. The pass is covered in fog from time to time.

21 July.
Sixth walking day.
Tulyok River Valley - Bezymyanny Pass (1A, 925 m) - Maly Vudyavr Lake.
Overnight at an altitude of 360 m.
Climb -505 m.
Height drop - 565 m.
Kilometer -12 km.
CHV -5 hours.

Rain and strong wind in the morning. The attendants get up at 9:00. Cooking in a vestibule under an awning. The food is delivered to the tents by the attendants.

22 July.
Seventh running day. Half day.
Excursion to PABS - 23 km of Kirovsk - approach to the pass Takhtarvumchorr.
Overnight at an altitude of 500 m.
Climb -40 m (from PABS to MN) + 140 m (approach to the pass).
Altitude drop - 40 m (from MN to PABS).
Kilometer -18 km, 14.4 km in offset.
FHV -3 hours 20 minutes.

July 23
Eighth running day.
Per. Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093) - the valley of the Malaya Belaya River.
Overnight at an altitude of 400 m.
Climb -593 m.
Altitude drop -693 m.
Kilometer -12 km.
FHV -6 hours 15 minutes

Exit from the MN from the border of the forest at the crossing over the stream at 10.00. We go above the stream on the right side of the valley along the middle scree, in some places we come across large boulders. We traverse the slope. For 2 transitions, by 11.30, we approach the pass takeoff. This is a rocky-scree slope with a steepness of 300, a length of 250 m. The total length of the pass take-off is 500-550 m. In the lower part it is a rocky-scree slope with a steepness of 300, a length of 250 m. First, we move along a small and medium scree 1 transition. We approached a snowfield 100 m long, with a steepness of 300-450. Snezhnik occupies almost the entire pass take-off in width. As long as it is possible to go to his right on the rocks, we go.
The depth of the snowfield to the waist and above. And to the right of it is no longer scree, but rocks, moreover, wet. Therefore, we continue to move along the snowfield, hanging one vertical railing 40m long. Participants wear harnesses. They are attached to the railing with a grasping knot. Work in helmets and gloves. Sticks on a lanyard on a hand, ice axes are secured. On the railing, one person at a time. The steepness of the snowfield in some places reaches 450. The rope was fixed to a large stone. Deputy the leader climbs the rocky area and fastens the rope behind a large stone for the group to move along the snowfield. The leader, when moving on a snowfield, beats steps. Competitors climb the stairs using a self-insurance handrail with a grappling knot.

After leaving the first snowfield, a scree area appears on the right, along which movement is possible. We move along it for 15 m, bypassing the snowfield and go out to the rocky-scree area. Here the group gathers, because. the scree is quite mobile, the slope is dangerous for rocks. It is likely that stones hit the lower participants, who climb the snowfield. Therefore, we collect a group over the first snowfield. We continue to move up the small and medium scree. The length of this section is 200 m, the steepness is 300. Traces of a downhill path are visible on a shallow scree, but it is inconvenient to climb along it.
We go to the second snowfield. It also occupies the entire pass take-off from the rocks on the left to the rocks on the right. Moving along it is easier than along the rocks, so we go out again to the snowfield. Its steepness is 300, length is 100m. We pass the second snowfield without railings, the first beats the steps. Self-insurance is carried out with an alpenstock or an ice ax. The second snowfield leads to the pass saddle. It is long, as you can see from the map. This pass is also called the Dragon's Gap. The pass saddle is a rather long gap 400 m long. The pass saddle is sometimes clogged with snow.

From the pass we descend straight down. The pass take-off from this side is a rocky-scree slope, covered with medium, in places small scree. In its middle part there is a snowfield, which is easily bypassed on the right along the way. The length of the slope is 300-350m, the steepness is 300. The descent takes one transition (25min). Already from the descent we saw the lake below, where we plan to stop for a snack. For 2 transitions we go down to it at 16.20. It's starting to rain. We stretch the awning. During the passage of the pass, the rain started and ended several times. After a snack, we move 3 crossings along the moraine along the right bank of the stream. The moraine is composed of medium stones. There are no trails. We leave to the border of the forest and the valley of the M. Belaya river.
The descent to the river passes through the crooked forest, which we cross in 10 minutes. We wade across the river. The ford is not difficult, the depth is 20-30 cm. By the river we are greeted by a huge number of mosquitoes. After the crossing, we go deep into the forest for 100 meters and go out onto a very crowded path leading to the circus of the Western, Eastern Petrilius and Ramsay passes. Immediately we meet a children's group, cheerfully going to Ramsay at 21.00. evenings. We go up the trail for 200m, find a very good place to spend the night and set up camp. There is enough firewood in the forest, because it's no longer a hoax. Water from M. Belaya. Rain again. Time 21.00.

waterfall on the Tulyok river

July 24th.
Ninth walking day.
The valley of the Malaya Belaya River - the Western Petrelius Pass (n / a, 846) - the valley of the Petrelius River. Radial access to the base.
Overnight at an altitude of 600m.
Climb -446 m.
Height drop - 246 m.
Kilometer - 21.6 km, 10.8 km included (to the lake).
CHKV -3 h 15 min (to the lake).

July 25th.
Daytime. Return from the PSS base.
Part of the group returns from the base along the path already known to it, brings food.

Days of imprisonment in the camp near the Orliny Pass due to bad weather conditions. Visibility from 50 to 150 m.

July 28th.
Tenth running day.
The upper reaches of the Petrelius River - the approach to the Orliny Pass (1B, 1105).
Overnight at the height - was not.
Climb -100 m.
Height reset - 0 m.
Kilometer -1.5 km.
CHV - 1 hour.

July 29.
Eleventh running day.
Eagle Pass (1B, 1105) - the valley of the Malaya Belaya River.
Overnight at an altitude of 300 m.
Climb - 405m.
Height drop - 480 m.
Kilometer -9.6 km.
CHHV - ascent to the pass 3 hours 40 minutes + descent to the sites 1 hour + descent to the valley. Malaya Belaya 1 h 20 min = 6 h.
We put on systems, prepare ropes that grab knots, carabiners, dress crampons. There are only three pairs of cats, so they are dressed by the deputy. the leader who will go first and hang the railing, and two participants. The leader goes second along the railing and beats the steps, where with boots, where he moonlights with an ice ax. Participants climb the railings with self-insurance with a grasping knot, in mittens, with a helmet on their heads.
Pass take-off 400 m long, steepness 300-45?, snowy, sometimes rocky and scree. The whole bottom is not visible.
On the middle scree we approach under the snowfield. The scree, as it were, wedged into the snowfield with its tongue. Its dyne is 100m, the steepness is 30?.
Our ropes - two of 40 m, two of 30 m. The first is the deputy. leader. This is the strongest and most experienced participant. He walks in crampons, with self-insurance with an ice ax, self-release along the railing. They are mounted at the station on an ice ax.
We fasten the first rope on the rock by the loop, on the right along the way. By the way, there is already someone's loop on it. But we hang ours.
We leave the snowfield to the right along the course to a rocky-scree section with a steepness of 35? - 40?, and collect a group. Since everyone fits one at a time, this process takes about 30 minutes. Fog rolls in from time to time. Strong wind, drizzle. There is a small snow-free patch on which you can plant a group. In order not to freeze, we cover ourselves with an awning. While we wait, we hang the third rope at 30 m. Again on the ice ax. We do not immediately hang the fourth one, since it will be necessary for everyone to gather in that place in anticipation of the ropes from below. Until the last of the 14 people pass the previous railings and bring them back. And in that place on the snowfield there is nowhere to sit. There is no shelter from the piercing wind with rocks. In addition, almost everyone's feet are already wet from the snow. Therefore, we collect the group here, after the second pitch, and not after the fourth.
After the approach of the last participants with ropes and ice axes, we begin to move up again. We pass along the already prepared 3 railings of 30 m, then 2 ropes of 40 m each and another 30 m. We fasten everything on ice axes, they go up to the head.
We find ourselves in width, in the middle part of the snowfield. All equipment is involved. On the rocks on the right, you can see a place where you can reassemble the group. We direct horizontal railings to the rocks to the right from a loop of 10 m and exit to the rocky-scree section ().
We pass along the rocks (steepness 30?) 70 m to a small open area and collect a group. We cover with an awning. We don’t go up further until all the participants come, so as not to fill the lower participants with stones. Since the rocks are wet, the stones do not stick to them. If not for this circumstance, it would be possible to climb even higher by 100 m. There is a grotto in the rock, a shelter in which you can gather a group. From the place of the second gathering of the group of ropes, we no longer hang. We pass along the rocks, along the border of the snowfield, 100 m past this grotto and again go out to the snowfield with a steepness of 20?. The first beats the steps. We pass like this for 70 m with self-insurance with an ice ax and go out to the pass saddle.

July 30th.
Twelfth running day.
Valley of the Malaya Belaya River - st. Khibiny - Art. Apatity.
Overnight at an altitude of 160 m.
Climb - 0 m.
Height drop - 140 m
Kilometer - 7.2 km.
CHV - 2 hours.

Rise at 10.00. In this place, where the road crosses the river from the right bank to the left, the river spills into two branches, skirting the island. The Malaya Belaya River in this place is quite possible to ford. First one sleeve, then the other. But part of the group does not want to wet the "fermenting" shoes, so we decide to build a crossing across the river. In addition, one participant is sick. It is undesirable to wet his feet in cold water. Almost everything from the backpack was taken from the patient.
We start organizing the crossing at 11.20. From the island to the other side. There are trees here and there.
We cross ourselves, backpacks separately (). At 12.10 the whole group is on the other side. It takes 10 minutes to collect equipment, and at 12.20 we leave along the road to the west, to the Khibiny station.
The road goes through a mixed forest. We go three transitions for 40 minutes and reach the first country houses of the village near the Khibiny station. Since today is Sunday, we meet mushroom pickers, from whom we learn that today it is better to leave for the bus at 17.00. in Apatity. In general, he goes on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, Sundays at 15.00 and 17.00. The fare is 34r 80.kop. The working train runs on weekdays, in Imandra it happens at 17.00. But it often happens to him that he is late, he can travel from Imandra to Apatity for 3 or 4 hours.

8. Conclusions and recommendations
Choice of area and route
When choosing the area and route of the hike, we were guided by the following considerations. The area should not be very remote and not very complex, because There are three inexperienced members in the group. At the same time, the route should have interesting passes for more experienced participants. Since the area is not new for us, we had to look for difficult passes, where the main part of the group was not. Lay them on the route thread, taking into account the organization of drop-offs. As a result, little-visited passes in the Khibiny passed. These are Southern Lavochorr (High (1A, 1125)), Takhtarvumchorr (1B, 1093), Eagle (1B, 1105).
We set ourselves the goal of clarifying the name and location of some of the passes. On the hike, we found out that the High Pass (1A, 1125) is the South Lavochorr Pass. It is located in the southern part of the Lavochorr massif.
The supposed location of the Krutoy pass (1B, 1030) was photographed from two sides () and marked on the Orliny pass passage map (1B, 1105).
Due to bad weather conditions, we lost time in prison under the Orliny pass and did not visit the Fersman pass.
The passage of the Orliny pass was the culmination of the entire campaign. It turned out to be the most difficult weather conditions and from a technical point of view, but also the most interesting and memorable. The passage time can be reduced if you pass it in bundles and if each participant has crampons. But in Khibiny, few people take cats with them for each participant, because. snowy passes are not typical for this region.

Interesting objects
The hiking area is known as one of the largest apatite and other minerals in the world, from which you can make a lot of useful things and items. For example, facing tiles, glasses, cups and much more that surrounds us in everyday life. And the extraction of ore in open pits is technologically interesting. All this can be found in the Mineralogical Museum in Kirovsk.
The history of the development of the area is connected with exploration work, which is reflected in the names of the passes in honor of the geologists who worked in the area. For example: Ramsay, Petrelius, Arseniev. There is a memorial plaque at Ramsay Pass. On the way to Lake Maly Vudyavr there is a brick masonry monument at the site of the first research station for studying the Khibiny at Moscow State University under the leadership of Academician A.E. Fersman. She continued to work even during the Great Patriotic War.
The Polar Alpine Botanical Garden in the area of ​​23 km is unique. This is one of the highest botanical gardens in the world. We recommend everyone to visit there. The Botanical Garden offers visitors a number of excursions: to the Tropical Greenhouse, "Introduction of Plants and Greening of the Cities of the Arctic", "Ecological Path, Geographers", which introduces the altitudinal zonality of the vegetation cover of the Khibiny Mountains.
The most favorable time for visiting this area is the end of July - the beginning of August. At this time, blueberries, blueberries, and a lot of mushrooms ripen. And already mosquitoes and midges have begun to decline.
We caught the beginning of the ripening of the berries, although, if we had gone later, we would have been able to eat them only at the beginning and end of the trip, because. the rest of the time they were above the forest line.
Everyone had a mosquito net and a mosquito spray with them. It should be noted that there are much fewer mosquitoes above the forest line.
Completed by Olkhovskaya I.G.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE OF MATERIAL AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://www.khibiny.net
http://skazmurman.narod.ru/
http://www.hibiny.com
M. M. Prishvin "Khibiny Mountains"
Fersman A.E. Traveling behind the stone. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960.
Petition to the minister natural resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation S.E. Donskoy: To prevent the resumption of the conflict in the Khibiny
Features of passing the Khibiny passes in winter
Classifier of sports tourism obstacles. Khibiny Tundras of the Kola Peninsula. Pass list. Arsenin pass.
"Tourist travels around the Kola Peninsula", O. Slavinsky, V. Tsarenkov, FiS Publishing House, 1965
Mysteries of the Kola Peninsula
Wikipedia site
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://www.skitalets.ru/mountain/2007/khibiny_olkhovskaya06/

(European Russia)

In the very north of the Russian Platform, beyond the Arctic Circle, among the taiga plains of the Kola Peninsula, mighty stone bastions rise, separated by picturesque lakes and gorges of fast rapids rivers.

This relatively small mountainous country is called the Khibiny. Their height is not high (from eight hundred to one thousand two hundred meters above sea level), but still they are real mountains, with glaciers and snow avalanches, talus of stone blocks and difficult steep passes, rapids and waterfalls on swift rivers and streams and spectacular glacial cirques at watersheds. .

Khibiny - a kind of mountains. They are a cluster of rocky massifs separated from each other by tectonic faults.

The flat peaks of the Khibiny are covered with sparse tundra vegetation, while the lower parts of the slopes and valleys are occupied by taiga. Actually, the word "tundra" itself means in the language of the Sami people living here - "a rocky hill rising above the forest." This word also passed into the Russian language, while changing its original meaning. And on the Kola Peninsula, treeless mountain ranges are still called "tundra", giving each of them its own special name. The Khibiny tundras are very different, and each of them is beautiful in its own way.

The largest in area and the highest elevation is the Khibiny tundra located in the center of the peninsula. From the vast plateau that once existed here, little has remained to our time: the basins of the Bolshoi and Maly Vudyavr lakes and the valley of the Kuniyok River, cut into it by six hundred or seven hundred meters, cut the ancient massif from north to south, and the gorges of the Malaya Belaya and Tulyoka rivers lay deep scarred from west to east. Together with the less extended valleys of Vuonemijoka, Goltsovka, Kaskasnyunjok and Umbolka, they divided the Khibiny tundra into a dozen and a half ridges, ridges, plateaus and individual peaks, creating a kind of miniature mountainous country, a kind of “mini-Altai” beyond the Arctic Circle.

Khibiny tundra - true paradise for winter tourism, and in summer - for beginner climbers and climbers. There is expanse for skiers and space for fishing enthusiasts. More than twenty passes of the most varying degrees of difficulty await mountain tourists here, and beautiful wooded islands on the large lakes surrounding the massif: Imandra and Umbozero are always at the service of supporters of solitary recreation.

The Lovozero tundra located behind Umbozero has a completely different look. This high, flat plateau looks like a giant horseshoe, with its ends facing the long and stormy Lovozero, and inside the plateau, in a steep-walled stone bowl, there is the most picturesque Seydozero, which has no equal even in this "land of a thousand lakes".

The Saami reindeer herders, or, as they used to be called, the Lapps, who inhabit these places, considered this lake sacred in the old days. Every year they came here to make sacrifices to powerful mountain deities - seids and beg for good luck in hunting.

Surrounded by high walls of steep banks, a secluded lake seemed to the Lapps to be the home of formidable spirits. The gloomy impression of the lake of seids was aggravated by the ominous appearance of dark gray and green rocks, crossed by blood-red veins of the eudialyte mineral, which hunters ignorant of mineralogy called simply - "Lopar blood".

Despite a somewhat gloomy look, the Lovozero tundras are beautiful in their own way, and the "zest" of Seydozero makes them especially tempting for the traveler. Attract tourists and the rocks towering on the plateau, the remnants of the most bizarre outlines. Once upon a time, they probably also excited the imagination of the Lapps, who drove deer through the Lovozero passes with such unusual and melodic names for our ears: Chivruai, Koftuai, Tavayok, Elmorayok ...

The western massifs of the Khibiny, located behind Lake Imandra, look absolutely different: Chuna-tundra, Monche-tundra, Volchiy and Greasy tundras. They are lower than their eastern neighbors, not so large and elongated, they can rather be called small ridges, towering among the endless sea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe taiga, like oblong stone islands.

And if the main decoration of the Khibiny and Lovozero tundras are the amazingly beautiful large and small lakes, then in the west rivers are the first to strike. Dozens of turbulent watercourses running north to the high-water Tuloma, or breaking down the steep slopes to Imandra, abound in such a number of rapids and waterfalls that a traveler who sets sail on them loses count already on the second day.

The cheerful, melodious waterfalls of Vaikis, the menacingly roaring Padun on the Ulita River, the boiling cascades of Nyavka and the Furnace - all of them are beautiful in their own way, and the fact that mass tourism has not yet reached the Wolf and Greasy tundras gives them a special charm. Desert, silence, fearless animals and untouched nature - these are the signs of this fertile land, and many rivers of the western part of the Khibiny are still waiting for their discoverers.

And in the south, almost by the White Sea, the huge dome of the Kolvitsky tundra rises apart. It is not difficult to climb, and mountain tourists do not favor it with their attention. But how picturesque is the view from the top of Mount Baranya Iolga, an almost eight-hundred-meter gentle cone of which rises in the very center of a huge array. In the south, the endless gray-blue expanse of the White Sea stretches, lined with white lambs of the waves. In the east - the blue expanse of Kolvitsky Lake, indented by capes and islands. And in the north, barely visible in a blue haze, the distant Imandra is getting dark, surrounded by green taiga...

Traveling through the Khibiny, one never ceases to be surprised at the imagination of natural forces that created such a variety of mountain landscapes on such a small “patch”. After all, the size of the Khibiny is only one and a half hundred by fifty kilometers, and you can wander through their diverse arrays for a month or two. And you can go to water travel, swim in a kayak, for example, from Lovozero along the rapids of Pan, and then, after the portage, find yourself in the upper reaches of the swift mighty Varzuga, rushing through rocky gorges and rapids of rapids to the distant White Sea. Even Novgorodians mastered this region six centuries ago, which is evidenced by a wooden temple in the ancient Pomeranian village of Varzuga. The basins of Varzuga and neighboring Chapoma are famous for their powerful high waterfalls, the most beautiful on the peninsula.

The riches of the bowels of these northern mountains surprise and delight. Entire ridges are built here by the "fertility stone" - green apatite, and iron, nickel, and copper ore are mined here. And the Khibiny is a unique pantry of gems, richer than which in Russia only the Urals and Transbaikalia.

What you can’t find in the local tundras, especially in the Khibiny and Lovozero Blue sapphires, which are not inferior to the unique stones of the Ilmen mountains of the Urals, golden astrophyllite, cherry eudialyte, spinel and lamprophyllite, garnets and topazes - in a word, “the box is full and full” ...

The Khibiny are not so rich in rare animals: after all, the Arctic is not the Caucasus, not Altai, and not the Ussuri Territory. But still, the only herd of wild reindeer in Europe lives not just anywhere, but in Monchetundra and its environs, and bird colonies of the Seven Islands or Kandalaksha Bay can be reached from Khibiny in just a few hours. In the world's only Polar botanical garden in the Khibiny tundra you can see all the richness of the northern flora - both taiga and tundra.

And the fishermen will never agree that the fauna of the Khibiny is not rich. Such fishing, as on the Kola rivers and lakes, does not happen even in Kamchatka. And the local salmon is in no way inferior to the Far Eastern pink salmon or chinook salmon.

But, of course, the momentary joys of the taiga region are sooner or later forgotten. And not the taste and aroma of triple fish soup or fish kebabs will remain in the memory of a traveler who has visited this region. The harsh gorges of the Yumyegorr pass or the Ramsay gorge, the Vaikis waterfalls and the expanses of Imandra, the incessant din of bird colonies and the silvery salmon jumping over the threshold will remain ... The snowy paths of Kukisvumchorr and Yuksporyoka, illuminated by the lights of the aurora, and the crackling of logs in the hot fireplace of the hunting winter quarters will not be forgotten Seydozero, the whistling rustle of an avalanche and the kind frosty muzzles of deer - in a word, all that amazing and diverse symphony of landscapes, sounds, colors and impressions that the traveler is given by the slightly harsh at first glance, but kind, many-sided and fabulously beautiful mountains - Khibiny.

This text is an introductory piece.

Khibiny is not just a large mountain range of the Kola Peninsula, located in the Murmansk region of Russia, it is also a well-known ski resort for tourist ski trips of various levels of difficulty. He is already over 350 million years old. The peaks of the Khibiny are plateau-like. Some of the slopes are quite steep, with occasional snowfields. The highest point of the Khibiny is Mount Yudychvumchorr, more than 1200 meters high, although until recently Chasnachorr, a mountain 1189 meters high above sea level, was considered the highest.

At the foot of the mountains are Kirovsk and Apatity. Not far from Mount Vudyavrchorr is one of the eleven institutes of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the Polar Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, which studies the flora of the Khibiny. The fauna of the Khibiny is represented by 27 species of mammals, more than 120 species of birds and 2 species of reptiles are found in this territory. A large number of animals and plants are listed in the Red Book. On the slopes of the Khibiny there are the rarest specimens of elements and minerals. Khibiny is a real pantry of valuable rocks of minerals; in terms of their diversity, it occupies an honorable second place in the world.

The Khibiny Mountains are beautiful photos.

In the Khibiny, the regional and local mountain climate is combined - the outer slopes have a milder climate than the central part of the massif. It is snowy in the mountains from October to June. Summer is short, only 60 to 80 days, but there are no frosts during this time. The duration of the polar night is 42 days, and the duration of the polar day is 50. From the end of summer to the beginning of spring, you can watch the polar (northern) lights.

Khibiny are popular with skiers and climbers. To conquer the Khibiny, you need appropriate physical preparation, since the Khibiny passes are not so much steep as dangerous. Although, as a ski resort, Khibiny is suitable for both experienced skiers and those who have just started to practice this sport. You just need to know which track is for whom.

As for the origin of the name of the mountains, there is no one version yet. There are suggestions that the name "Khibiny" comes from the Russian colloquial "Khiben" - a plateau. Prior to this, the Khibiny were called the Sami Umptek, which translates as "a place where deer come to die or" closed mountains "

There are many in Russia beautiful mountains. One of them is the Khibiny. Once here, you will see stunning snowy peaks, clear lakes, noisy waterfalls, mountain t...

By Masterweb

11.06.2018 02:00

There are many beautiful mountains in Russia. One of them is the Khibiny. Once here, you will see stunning snowy peaks, clear lakes, noisy waterfalls, mountain tundra and even the northern lights. Let's find out where the Khibiny mountains are located and why they are interesting.

Geographical position

To get into it unique place, you need to go to Murmansk region. The Khibiny Mountains are located on the Kola Peninsula, in its very center. On both sides they are limited by lakes - Imandra and Umbozero. There is always snow on the steep slopes, because the massif is located beyond the Arctic Circle (67th parallel). Adjacent forest-tundra.

Initially, the mountains were called Umptek. Translated from the language of the locals, the Sami, it means "a place where deer come to die." However, later another name took root - Khibiny ("plateau"). The array is shaped like two horseshoes, one nested inside the other. From space, it is very similar to a huge stone flower.

Formation

The Khibiny are the oldest mountains in Russia. It is believed that they are about 390 million years old. The array was formed in several stages. Initially, where the Khibiny Mountains are located now, powerful flows of hot magma flowed. Giant volcanoes gradually cooled, laying the main forms of the plateau.

The second stage was glaciation. It began 1 million years ago. Glaciers were advancing from Scandinavia, and this happened repeatedly. They smoothed crystalline ledges, cut wide valleys and narrow winding cracks that later became rivers.

The last glaciation (Valdai) occurred about 100 thousand years ago. The mountains turned out to be completely filled with ice, as evidenced by huge boulders on rocky peaks. The apogee was observed 20 thousand years ago, and then gradual melting began.

The third stage of the formation of the Khibiny has not yet been completed. It is characterized by tectonic uplift. It is known that 20 million years ago the mountains towered 500 m above the earth's surface. After 15 million years, this height doubled. Over the past 10 thousand years, the massif has grown by 20 m. Every year, the mountains rise by 0.3-1.2 mm. Sometimes this process is accompanied by earthquakes, mostly weak ones.

Relief

The Khibiny mountains rise above the surrounding hilly plain by an average of 800-1100 m. The massif has an annular structure. The plateau is dissected by deep faults in the earth's crust, which diverge radially from the Poachvumchorr ridge. Valleys divide the mountains into separate, fairly large blocks. They, in turn, are divided into smaller sections by less significant gorges. Steep ledges decrease towards Lake Imandra.

There are no pointed peaks in the Khibiny. All of them are paid. The slopes are steep, without ledges, many of them are covered with glaciers and snowfields. Through valleys have a U-shape, smoothed out during glaciations (the so-called troughs). Huge boulders remained on the surface of the plateau. It is also worth noting a large number of ancient glacial kars and circuses (steep bowl-shaped depressions on the slopes). The youngest gorges are almost sheer, going several tens of meters deep. The sun's rays never reach their bottom.

Peaks

The height of the Khibiny mountains does not exceed 1206 m. The highest point is the top of Yudychvumchorr ("humming mountain"). According to other sources, it is slightly lower - 1200.6 m. Yudychvumchorr got its name because of the strong winds that constantly blow over its flat top, as if cut with a knife. Climbing here, you can see almost all the plateaus and mountain ranges.

For a long time, the highest point of the Khibiny was considered another peak - Chasnachorr ("woodpecker mountain"). She soars up to 1189 m. Today she holds an honorable second place. The third highest mountain is Putelichorr ("an array of newcomers"). It rises into the sky at 1111 m.

But for local residents - Samaams, the relatively low mountain Aikuaivenchorr (1075 m.) is sacred. Its name translates as "the head of the Mother of God". If you look at her from a great distance, you can see a woman's face turned to heaven.

Geology

The Khibiny Mountains are composed mainly of nepheline syenites, a crystalline alkaline rock of igneous origin. Associated minerals are apatites containing phosphorus. The Khibiny apatite deposit is considered the largest in the world.

The array has a ring structure. The rock complexes form arcs nested into each other and open on the eastern side. This is explained by the introduction of magma between alternating faults.

The mountains are called the natural museum of minerals. There are about 500 of them in total. It is interesting that 110 minerals are not found anywhere else. Some of them are not characteristic of massifs composed of alkaline rocks. Examples include topaz and spinel. Besides apatite and nepheline, micas, ores of copper, iron, nickel, and some other metals are of practical value. On Mount Eveslogchorr, outcrops of rare minerals, in particular, blue sapphire, used in the jewelry industry, were discovered.

Climatic conditions

The Khibiny Mountains are located beyond the Arctic Circle, so the average annual temperature here is minus 0.1 °C. The polar night begins on December 10th and ends on January 3rd. The polar day lasts from May 31 to July 13. Summer and spring are cool and rather late. The snow begins to melt at the end of April when the temperature rises above 0°C. The frost-free period in the mountains lasts no longer than 60-80 days.

The average summer temperature is +12 °C. On the hottest days, it can rise to +30 ° C and above. Usually this weather is accompanied by thunderstorms. However, after the sun, a sharp cooling down to minus 1-4 degrees and sleet can come.

From September to April, locals admire the northern lights. The snow cover finally falls in early November. Winters in the Khibiny are warm, which is explained by the proximity to the Barents Sea. Its waters are warmed by the Gulf Stream. average temperature is -11 °C, but it is usually 10-15 degrees colder at the tops. Mountain avalanches come down quite often, presenting a serious danger to tourists.

The average annual rainfall in the valleys is 600-700 mm. On the mountain peaks this number increases to 1600 mm. The winds are very strong and gusty. Their average speed exceeds 5 m/s. Instantaneous gusts can reach 60-80 m/s. They are able to blow away a person standing on the edge of a plateau.

Flora and fauna

The Khibiny Mountains in the photo look very picturesque. Their slopes are covered with evergreen forests, moss and reindeer moss. Vegetation changes with increasing altitude. The foothills of 300-400 meters are dressed in coniferous forests with a predominance of spruce and pine. Then the birch crooked forest rises up about 100 m. After it begins the tundra zone. It is represented by lichens and small shrubs: crowberry, lingonberry, bearberry, blueberry. After the first frost, the leaves of the plants acquire a bright color, creating an amazing multi-colored carpet.

With increasing height, the plants thin out, they are replaced by stony mounds. In some places you can see patterns of green, gray or yellow lichens. The flora of the mountains is valuable, many plants are listed in the Red Book. The fauna is represented by 27 mammals. There are only 3 species of reptiles, 1 species of amphibians. Most of all, birds are found in the mountains - 123 species.

Mountain exploration

For a long time, the Khibiny remained unexplored. For the first time, academician Lepekhin writes about them, who in 1772 visited the Kola Peninsula and studied its central part. He notes that the steep gorges can hide minerals. In the summer of 1834, the mining engineer Shirokin began to explore the Western slope of the Khibiny.

In 1891-1892, an expedition led by geologist V. Ramsay arrived on the peninsula. She studied the area in detail in two seasons, collected a lot of geological information and compiled a map of the mountains. Further exploration of the region was prevented first by the world war, and then by the revolution.

Only in 1920 did the next scientific and fishing expedition headed by A. Fersman arrive on the Kola Peninsula. They discovered previously unknown minerals. Already in 1921, the development of apatite ores near Mount Kukisvumchorr began. A year later, it became clear that the Khibiny deposits are much richer than originally thought.

Industrial development

1926 is considered the official date of the discovery of large deposits on the Rasvumchorra plateau. Since that time, miners began to come to the Kola Peninsula. In 1929 the "Apatity" trust was created. A year later, the construction of an enrichment plant began. In 1931, the city of Khibinogorsk was founded, later renamed Kirovsk.

In the Khibiny mountains, ore mining was put on stream. In 1966, a New Town appeared near Kirovsk, now bearing the name of Apatity. Settlements were actively created. In 2012, the North-West Phosphorous Company built on the banks of the lake. Umbozero GOK "Deer Stream". Construction of another mine was planned, which caused outrage local population. The environmental movement has started. People demanded to ban further development and recognize the Khibiny as a national park. This was done in 2018.

Rest in Khibiny

Many climbers flock to the Kola Peninsula in summer. There are routes of varying difficulty, up to category 5B. But most of the passes have 1-2 categories. In the rocks there are almost always shelves for spending the night, the rock danger is small. The slopes are simple and picturesque. Many easy routes have been developed for hikers, allowing you to fully enjoy the beauties of northern nature.

open in winter ski slopes on the Aikuaivenchorr and Kukissvumchorr mountains. Sports enthusiasts can go skiing, snowboarding or brightly colored buns. Thrill-seekers choose off-piste descents along virgin fields, the steepness of which can reach up to 55 °, or along avalanche flows. Of course, such entertainment is associated with great risk. As well as winter hiking in the Khibiny mountains. Instead, tourists are offered exciting excursions on snowmobiles.

We hope that now you will not be at a loss looking at the atlas. The Khibiny mountains seem small on the map, but in fact this is a harsh region, fraught with a lot of dangers. Despite this, it attracts people with its beauty and an unusual combination of rocks, marshy massifs and clear northern lakes.

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The Khibiny is a mountain system that has attracted researchers and nature lovers since ancient times. They are not as inaccessible as other areas. You can reach the mountains by car. Or another option is to get to Murmansk by plane or train.

Location and relief

The Khibiny Mountains are located between and Umbozero. They are an array consisting of plateau-like peaks. highest point- 1201 m. This is Mount Yudychvumchorr, which is part of the Khibiny massif. The height of the mountains is on average 1000 meters.

There are many traces of ancient glacial activity. People like circuses and cars talk about it. And also troughs - valleys plowed by a glacier, similar to troughs.

There are results of permafrost activity - kurums, the so-called stone rivers. And on the plateau there are whole stone seas.

Geological structure

The Khibiny Mountains are a crystalline structure - an intrusion. This is an integral geological body composed of rocks of igneous origin. There are only 8 such intrusions in the world. This massif, shaped like a horseshoe, is mostly composed of rocks - nepheline syenites. In ancient times, there were huge volcanoes that cooled down, and the magma crystallized. Therefore, about 800 different minerals have been found here. Some of them are specific to this area.

Names of modern settlements correspond to the minerals found here: Nepheline sands, Apatites, Titanium. After the descent from these mountains of a heavy glacial shell, this territory experienced tectonic uplift. It occurred unevenly, as evidenced by the nature of geological structures. They look like funnels, the edges of which are composed of older rocks than the center. For about 20 million years, the Khibiny rose 500 meters above the surrounding plains. Then there was a long break of 15 million years. Then again the mountains began to grow, this time their height doubled.

Climate

Climatic conditions, depending on the geographical location, have the Khibiny mountains. On the map of the North-West in the European part of Russia, you can see that most of the peninsula is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Despite this fact, the climate here is much warmer than in others. The severity of the local weather is smoothed out by the close location of the Barents Sea, since the North Cape warm current enters this part of the ocean. Therefore, the climate here is quite mild, and severe frosts are relatively rare.

Due to the location of the Khibiny in the Arctic, twilight reigns here for half a year. In winter daylight is very small and lasts 2-3 hours. The polar night lasts for about four months - the period when the sun does not rise from the horizon. And because of the proximity to the magnetic pole of the planet, you can observe a very impressive phenomenon - the northern lights.

Summer lasts two and a half months. The highest positive temperatures are +20 in July. The average for the month is +13 degrees. The coldest period lasts during January. The average temperature of the month is -11 degrees. And the Khibiny mountains have the most negative mark in winter -35 0 С. Photos of these places show that there are often fogs and high clouds. This indicates the influence of cyclones on the territory. Precipitation falls mostly in the form of snow.

Flora

Vegetation cover consists of several belts. The zone of coniferous and mixed forests is located mainly at the foot of the mountains and in river valleys at low altitudes. This belt ends at a height of 470 meters and occupies a third of the massif. It is dominated by spruce and birch. In the forest you can find mountain ash, aspen and bird cherry.

Above begins the zone of subalpine birch forests. It stretches in a narrow strip between the forest and tundra belts. Here grows a bathing suit, geraniums, and thistle.

Next comes the mountain-tundra zone. It occupies about half of the entire area of ​​the Khibiny Mountains. Below, dwarf shrub vegetation is common. In early August, the berry season continues. Blueberries, blueberries, cloudberries ripen. At the beginning of autumn, it's time for lingonberries. Above is the moss-lichen tundra. Mosses here are dominated by green and sphagnum mosses. Lichens cover large boulders of stone rivers. Many plants included in the Red Book grow here.

Toponymy of names

The indigenous people in the Khibiny region are the Saami. On the map of these mountains there are entirely names in the language of this people. However, their meanings are different. Since there are several dialects in the Kola Peninsula.

One of the versions of the origin of the name of the mountains from the word "Khiben" is a flat hill. The Saami conditionally divided the Khibiny mountains into two parts: Umbozersky and Lavozersky. The first in their language sounded like Umptek, the second - Luyavrurt.

The Saami first came up with the name of the river, and then the valley was named from it. And then the ridges were indicated. The first part of the word is a sign of an object (high, rocky). The second meant geographical feature(mountain, river, lake). For example, Lake Woodyavr. Wood - a hill covered with shrubs. The root of the javr is a lake. Thus, the Saami gave simple descriptions of objects. Among them, Vudyavr is a lake on a hill with shrubs.

The Khibiny Mountains are a wonderful land that you really want to visit. This is a unique place where mountains, tundra, many lakes with clear water and northern lights are combined. Khibiny is rightly called a treasury of minerals.