The main advantages of air transport for tourists. Transport infrastructure in tourism

Transportis one of the most important parts of the economy of any country.

Many years ago, a person used various means to transport people, as well as goods. With the advent of the wheel and other means of transportation, such types of transport as carriages, carriages, steam locomotives began to appear. The person began to travel faster over long distances.

Currently, transport, which has a highly developed economic and social base, is one of the mechanisms of the state economy.

Transport is the engine for the development of tourism around the world. It ensures the normal functioning of the economy, allows the development of such industries as agriculture, trade, etc.

The role of transport services in tourism is manifested in the organization of tourist and cultural trips, cultural exchange, and solving social problems.

With the development of tourism and an increase in the demand for travel, transport routes are constantly expanding, which, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the development of transport infrastructure.

Transport serviceare among the most important in the tourism business. They account for most of the tour cost. Tourists use various types of transport to travel.

The bulk of the transport services sector belongs to aviation... Long-distance tourists use the services of airlines. Air transport is not very common among tourists traveling for resort or entertainment purposes.

Road transport ranks second among the modes of transport used for travel. This type of transport is also called universal transport. It is used from transfers and excursions to intra-route transportation, and is also rented by tourists for personal use. Sightseeing buses are especially popular. During the excursion program on the bus, tourists get to know new cities and countries. But sometimes difficulties arise with parking both in Russia and in Europe.

The main rival of bus transportation is the railway. Within our country, it is widespread in comparison with air or road transport. The advantage of the railway is lower tariffs, as well as the widespread use of travel tickets, a system of discounts, which allows you to travel around the country, saving your own money.

Water, river and sea transport provides services of a cruise type. Water travel has both advantages and disadvantages. To the merits water transport include an environment that meets any client's needs, the ability to accommodate a large number of people at the same time, the implementation of various types and purposes of tourism, good rest, a full range of life support The disadvantages of water transport are the low speed of movement of vehicles, high tariffs, and limited mobility.

Water transport.The first means of transportation on water appeared in ancient times. The period of the birth of water transport can be considered the transition to the Neolithic - the new Stone Age, when man already knew stone tools and knew how to work wood. Proof of this can be found in the boats made of oak about 40 centuries ago, which were found by archaeologists. Scientists estimate the age of the boat found on the shore at 4 thousand years Lake Ladoga... More than 2 thousand years old there is an oak boat found during the excavations of the town of Izium in Ukraine.

The oldest large ocean-going ships were the Chinese imperial ships, which, judging by the available archaeological data, were quite capable of going on long voyages for many months.

Since ancient times, the design and equipment of sea and river vessels have been improved. With the advent of advanced sailing equipment, navigation aids, equipping the ship with ancient weapons, ships became not only a means of delivering goods, but also one of the main methods of warfare, as well as a way of expansion of ancient states. Well known are such outstanding examples of ancient shipbuilding as Greek triremes and Roman triremes (from lat. triremis, from tres, tria- "three" and remus- "paddle") - combat rowing boats with three rows of oars, staggered one above the other, and a displacement of over 200 tons.

The next and most important revolution in water transport after the invention of the sail was the creation of a steamer.

The first steamer was created by Robert Fulton. In 1807 he built the Claremont, a ship equipped with a steam engine and a paddle wheel. Subsequently, he cruised the Hudson River from New York to Albany. The speed of the first steamer was approximately 5 knots (or 9 km / h).

In Russia, the first steamer was built in 1815. It made voyages between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

Modern water transport is a strategically important industry for the economy. Possessing undeniable advantages of reliability and safety, high level of comfort, this type of transport forms the basis for a whole sub-sector in the hospitality industry - water tourism.

The share of water transport in domestic and international transport is small. This is primarily due to the high cost of sea tours and cruises, as well as the displacement of this type of transport by other, cheaper and faster means of delivering tourists.

In Russia, according to Rosstat, the share of water transport (inland waterway, sea, international) in 2007 was only about 0.1% of all passenger traffic. Nevertheless, water and mainly cruise tourism remains an elite form of recreation.

Water transport can be classified according to different indicators:

3) the purpose of the vessel.

Depending on the level of comfort and service on board, the technical equipment of the ship, the following vessels are distinguished:

1) river;

2) marine;

3) ocean.

Cruises, along with sightseeing and pleasure cruises, are the main types of tourism based on the use of water transport.

Cruise is a complex of services including accommodation, three meals a day, service and entertainment programs on the ship. The cost of such a tour may include excursions and other activities in port cities.

Equipped for sea voyages, the ships of the highest categories (deluxe and deluxe) are the real "floating cities" with five to six decks, dozens of shops, bars, restaurants, several swimming pools, sports and health centers. So, on one of the most expensive liners in the world "The World" of the American company "Residence", sailing around the world route, there are swimming pools, tennis courts and even golf courses. The living part of the ship includes 110 apartments ranging from 70 to 300 m2 for permanent residence and 88 cabins, which can be rented for a period of three days.

The world's largest liner, Queen Mary 2, is a 21-storey building owned by Cunard Lines. Even a 10-point storm does not interrupt casinos and entertainment centers. On board there is a winter garden and an auction, where paintings are put up for auction, among which were works by Pablo Picasso and other famous masters, including Russian artists.

According to the duration, experts distinguish round-the-world (over 14 days) voyages, sea \u200b\u200btravel (10-14 days) and weekly cruises. Weekly cruises are the most popular with customers, accounting for about half of all cruise trips. There are two types of cruises: travel with a call to seaports (the so-called European system, which provides for excursions and other events in seaport cities) and the American system, which allows tourists to rest on the beaches when the liner enters the port along the route.

Recently, short-term cruises without calling into ports are gaining popularity. The duration of such trips usually does not exceed several days.

The main regions of sea tourism are the Caribbean islands (winter season), the Mediterranean Sea (summer, autumn) and cruises around Europe and Scandinavia (summer, autumn).

Cruise companies are classified into four categories:

1) standard, or three stars (companies "Norwegian Cruise Line", "Costa Cruises", "Royal Caribbean International", "Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises", etc.);

2) premium, or four stars (Azamara Cruises, Holland America Line, Celebrity Cruises, P & O Cruises, Oceania Cruises, etc.);

3) luxury, or five stars ("Crystal Cruises", "Regent Seven Seas Cruises", "Cunard Line", etc.);

4) deluxe suite ("SilverSea Cruises" and "Seabourn").

River cruises are more accessible, independent of weather conditions and a richer program of onshore tourist activities. These are excursion programs, discos, rest on beaches, etc. The routes of such travels are rivers, their tributaries, river channels, and lakes. The most popular cruises in Europe are on the Rhine, Danube, Elbe and Seine rivers. Popular and widely used for the organization of river travel and Russian rivers - the Volga and Don. Popular cruising rivers include the Nile, Amazon and Yangtze. For river cruises, as a rule, relatively small single- and double-deck motor ships with low draft and folding masts are used. This is due to the need to overcome low fixed bridges and shallow rivers.

A distinctive characteristic of pleasure and excursion trips on water vessels is their short duration. It does not exceed 24 hours and can be performed not only on motor ships, but also on small river vessels, such as boats, sailing yachts, passenger skiffs, hydrofoils (such as "Raketa", "Meteor"), etc. Tourists are not provided with the service of accommodation in separate cabins, and guests are accommodated on the open decks of the ship, which combine the functions of a cafe-restaurant.

In our country, sea and river transportation of passengers and cargo is controlled by the Ministry of Transport and the Federal Agency for Maritime and river transport... The main regulatory legal acts regulating sea and river transportation are the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation (KTM RF) and the Code of Inland Water Transport of the Russian Federation (KVVT RF).

Air Transport.It is generally accepted that the first aircraft was invented by the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright and took off in 1903 by A.F. Mozhaisky developed a project for an aircraft heavier than air and in 1881 received a patent for it. Having hardly raised money for a prototype, A.F. Mozhaisky built an airplane with two small steam engines ordered in England (gasoline engines at that time were low-powered). During the first test, the plane took off from the runway and, having flown several tens of meters, banked and hit the ground with its wing. The inventor was not given money to restore the aircraft and refine the prototype. Only ten years later, a more primitive American airplane took off and flew 37 meters in 12 seconds.

After more than a century of development, aviation has become the most efficient means of delivering passengers and goods over long distances.

Using the services of airlines is the optimal solution for traveling long distances. At the same time, air transport has a number of disadvantages, such as a low level of comfort and a high ticket price. Currently, the leading airlines offer quite acceptable levels of comfort and service. Thanks to its rapid development, the promotion of aviation services, the means of the latest booking and sales systems electronic tickets, increasing the comfort of servicing and equipping airliners, aviation maintains its position, gradually increasing its share in the transport services market, effectively competing with other modes of transport.

Modern passenger aircraft can be divided according to various parameters.

Depending on the flight range:

1) long-distance trunk lines (A-380, A-340, A-350, B-787, etc.);

2) medium trunk lines (V-737, A-320, Tu-154, Il-86, Yak-42, etc.);

3) short-haul (Tu-134, An-24, etc.).

Depending on the speed at which the flight is carried out:

1) subsonic;

2) supersonic aircraft.

Passenger aircraft can be distinguished by engine types:

1) with piston motors;

2) turboprop engines;

3) jet motors, etc.

There are many other systems of classifications of passenger airliners, adopted in manufacturing firms, depending on the level of comfort, the placement of seats in the cabin and other indicators.

The largest airline in the world by the number of passengers carried is the American Delta Air Lines (118.9 million passengers in 2005). Other major global airlines are American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, US Airways, United Airlines, French Air France-KLM ”, German“ Lufthansa ”, Japanese“ Japan Airlines ”, British“ British Airways ”. The largest russian airlines are Aeroflot, Air Union, Domodedovo Airlines. More than 1300 airlines operate in the world. Their activities are regulated by both national laws and executive bodies, and international organizations and agreements. The main executive bodies of the Russian Federation supervising the activities of airlines and compliance with the rules for passenger transportation are the Ministry of Transport and the subordinate Federal Air Navigation Service (Rosaeronavigatsia). The procedure for the provision of air transport services is governed by the following regulatory legal acts:

1) the Air Code of the Russian Federation (VK RF);

2) General rules for the carriage of passengers, baggage, cargo by air and the requirements for servicing passengers, consignors, consignees, approved by order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated June 28, 2007 No. 82.

Bilateral agreements are concluded between two states that already cooperate within the framework of broader treaties (such as the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.).

Global agreements include a large number of states that have developed and signed international rules governing air traffic. The first important document in the field of civil air transportation was the "Agreement for the unification of the basic rules for international air transportation" of October 12, 1929, as amended in 1955 and 1975, also known as the Warsaw Agreement. The rules applied to all air travel on a commercial basis and preferential service options (free use of air carrier services). The 1955 Hague Protocol, the 1971 Guatemalan Protocol and the 1975 Montreal Protocol supplemented the Warsaw Agreement.

For the first time, the Warsaw Agreement established the carrier's financial liability for damage to the life or property of passengers, however, according to this document, the airline's liability was almost always limited to the amount of 10 thousand US dollars. For the loss of luggage, the company was obliged to pay only $ 20 for 1 kg of missing luggage and for carry-on baggage - $ 400.

Another important international agreement on air passenger transportation was the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Air Carriage, which entered into force on November 4, 2003. The Convention, concluded in 1999, thanks to the efforts of ICAO, abolished the fines for airlines established by the Warsaw Convention for damage to life and health and property of passengers during the flight, establishing new rules.

The new bilateral liability scheme for the carrier provided for payments of $ 135,000 to each passenger if the airline was not at fault. In the event of an admission of guilt by the airline, the amount of compensation was not limited at all.

“Convention on the International civil aviation"(Chicago, 1944) along with the" Agreement on International Air Transport "(Chicago, 1944)," Agreement on Transit on International Air Lines "(Chicago, 1944), Tokyo" Convention on Offenses and some others actions taken on board an aircraft ”(Tokyo, 1963) standardized international rules for the carriage of passengers and provided the countries participating in the agreement with equal rights (overflight without landing, boarding with unloading and loading of baggage and passengers, etc.). It was decided to leave a number of issues for regulation by the national air transportation rules of the participating states (for example, regulation of charter flights).

The oldest international organization regulating air travel, which has existed since 1947, is the ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization. The USSR joined it in 1970. ICAO is a member of the United Nations, establishes international rules for the functioning of civil aviation and controls its development in order to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation. It was established by the "Convention on International Civil Aviation". The International Civil Aviation Organization is based on the provisions of the second part of the 1944 Chicago Convention. air space was divided into flight information zones, in accordance with the boundaries of which navigation equipment and air traffic control devices are installed. ICAO is responsible for assigning four-letter codes to airports used for the exchange of navigational and meteorological information.

Another major international organization related to civil aviation is IATA (International Association of Air Transportation). IATA, the coordinator of all major airlines, regulates the tariff scale of aviation services, establishes uniform rules and procedures for international passenger traffic. Members of the organization are also travel agents and tour operators who work with it through a special division of ITAN (International Travel Agents Network) - associations of airline agents that establish uniform rules for booking air tickets. Within the framework of the organization, the rules for partnership between a travel agent and an air carrier have been established, including, for example, the possibility of redeeming blocks of seats on scheduled aircraft, ordering a charter flight, etc. the latter credits a commission to the agent's account. This type of cooperation must be secured by the Agency Agreement on the sale of transportation between the travel agency and the airline.

Automobile transport.The prototype of modern cars were carts equipped with steam engines as engines. In Europe in the 1780s. The first invention of this kind was the three-wheeled artillery tractor by J. Cunyu, and in Russia, at about the same time, the first self-propelled vehicle was invented by I.P. Kulibin.

Ideas and diagrams of self-propelled wheeled vehicles on a spring drive were found among the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. However, the creation and production of cars had to be preceded by the development of a powerful, efficient and safe gasoline engine. Only in 1885-1886. German inventors G. Daimler and K. Benz built and received a patent for their first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895 K. Benz also built the first bus. In Russia, the first bus with an internal combustion engine was designed in 1903 in St. Petersburg.

Despite the achievements of the modern global automotive industry, road transport is considered the least comfortable and cheapest among the main modes of transport.

According to statistical data, in Russia, domestic and foreign road transport accounts for 54% of the total number of transportations by all types of passenger transport.

According to the Russian classification, a bus is a vehicle used to transport passengers with a capacity of more than eight seats. In the class of minibuses

vehicles with a length of less than 5.5 m are singled out separately. There are several classification systems for buses, depending on their size, number of seats, level of comfort in the cabin and purpose. A bus, like any vehicle built in Russia or imported from abroad, must undergo a mandatory certification procedure in accordance with the UNECE rules. By type and layout, buses are distinguished:

1) front-engine;

2) rear-motor;

3) central motor;

4) bonnet layout;

5) cabover layout;

6) low-floor;

7) high-floor (high-deck);

8) single;

9) articulated;

10) one and a half storey;

11) double-deckers (“Doubledeckers”, for example, “Routemaster” buses, which have become the symbol of London);

12) shuttle;

13) terminal;

14) semi-trailers;

15) trailers.

The quality and comfort of tourist buses is determined by the IRU - International Road Transport Union, which has classification committees in 18 countries. Together with member organizations, the IRU practices certificates that give a bus from one to four stars, depending on the level of comfort. The certificates are renewed annually after checking the quality of the equipment and comfort of the tourist buses.

The class is determined by the number of stars (from one to five) printed on the body of the bus at the front door, serving as indicators of the level of comfort (similar to a hotel star system).

The most important difference between tourist types of buses from other classes is the equipment and comfort of the cabin. The main indicator of the level of cabin comfort is the seats for passengers. The main parameters are: the distance between the seats (68, 72, 77, 83, 90 cm by class, respectively), the height of the seat back (50 × 70 cm each), the obligatory presence, starting from the third class, two armrests for each chair, as well as dry closet, refrigerator and kitchenette. In the fourth and fifth class of comfort, it is necessary to have an air conditioner, a wardrobe and other means of ensuring a comfortable journey in the bus. Tourist buses differ from each other not only in the special level of comfort and equipment (for example, audio and video systems with monitors, microphone for the guide, personal information panels, etc.), but also in the layout. Tourist buses are usually one and a half and double decker. This is due not only to the mandatory provision of 0.5 m2 of space for each tourist's luggage, but also to improve visibility for passengers. Proven manufacturing countries and well-known brands of tourist buses "MAN", "Mercedes", "Neoplan", "Setra" (Germany); Alexander, Autobus, Caetano, SCC, Cannon (Great Britain); "Carrier", "Durisotti" (France), etc.

International carriage of passengers by road is regulated by national laws, bilateral interstate treaties and global agreements. The most important agreements facilitating international road transport:

1) Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road, CVR, including a protocol and an additional protocol to the Convention (Geneva, March 1, 1973);

3) The Hague Declaration of the 1989 Interparliamentary Conference on Tourism

The conclusion within the framework of the European Union of the Schengen Agreement, which was signed on June 14, 1985 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and Germany, became important for international tourism (in particular, for international road transport). The agreement abolished passport customs control within the zone and introduced a single visa for all tourists from third countries for free movement within the territory of the countries participating in the agreement. It entered into force on March 26, 1995. In 2007, the treaty was signed by 30 states, but with the abolition of border controls, it was in effect only in 24 countries. By mid-2008, the Schengen zone included such states as Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia , Finland, France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia. Switzerland has announced its intention to join the Schengen Agreement by the end of 2008.

The basis for the regulation of international road transport of passengers in the CIS countries is the Convention on the International Road Transport of Passengers and Luggage of October 9, 1997, signed by all the member states of the Commonwealth, except for Georgia and Turkmenistan. The document defines the procedure for organizing international transportation of passengers and baggage, as well as the responsibility of the carrier. The practical rule for organizing transportation is the annex to the Convention - Rules for the carriage of passengers and baggage by road in international traffic of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

International tourist bus travel uses uniform travel checklists. According to the rules approved by the decision of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated February 7, 1997 No. LSH-6/60 "On the use of a unified set of travel sheets", they must be on board the buses.

When planning bus and car tours, it is important to keep the following factors in mind:

1) speed limits on the territory of different states;

2) the obligatory presence of a working tachograph on board the bus (a device that monitors the mileage, the driver's condition, recording the speed of movement, etc.);

3) obligatory availability and correct filling of waybills;

4) if tourists have foreign passports with a visa.

When organizing a car tour to European countries, it is necessary to obtain medical and special insurance - "Green Card". During his stay in Europe, the "Green Card" of the tourist helps to solve various problems arising from road accidents. Insurance is provided in the event of harm to life and health and damage to property of third parties through the operation of the insured vehicle.

Car and bus tours are among the least expensive travel, so they are extremely popular with middle-income clients. Of the features, except for the price and transport, one can note a less pronounced seasonality in comparison with others.

Railway transport.The railway, having passed a long way of development, is today a strategically important transport industry for any national economy.

The railway track appeared before steam locomotives. Back in the middle of the 18th century. In the mines of Altai, a regular track and horse-drawn carts were used, and the first railway (also for industrial purposes) appeared at the Aleksandrovsky plant in Petrovsk in 1788. Later, a horse-drawn passenger railway was developed. The first railroad between different settlements was built in England in 1801.

The first steam locomotive appeared in 1804. It was designed by R. Trevithick on the basis of J. Watt's steam engine. The most successful in the following years was the invention of the steam locomotive, which later became the first locomotive of the passenger railway.

In 1812-1829 J. Stephenson proposed several successful schemes of a steam locomotive, which began to be used on mine railway tracks. Subsequently, it was Stephenson's Raketa steam locomotive that became the main locomotive of the Manchester-Liverpool route.

At present, the length of railway tracks is hundreds of thousands of kilometers, and the designs of modern express trains allow them to reach high speeds (the speed record of 581 km / h belongs to the Japanese train "Maglev"), trains have become one of the fastest and most comfortable means of travel.

Different countries use different classifications of passenger trains and wagons. In Russia, depending on the speed of movement, the level of comfort, the equipment of the cars and the route, there are fast, long-distance, local and suburban passenger trains of regular service. As a rule, tourist and charter trains, formed by preliminary orders, are referred to the trains of the irregular (non-permanent) service.

Classification of passenger cars by types and their designation adopted in Russia:

1) L - double soft, SV (nine double compartments);

2) M - soft (luxury car);

3) K - compartment (several types, for example, for 36 seats with a two-seater compartment of the conductor);

4) P - reserved seat (54 berths);

5) O - general (81 seats);

6) C - seating position. Depending on the model, 56, 60, 62 or 64 seats.

Luxury carriages in terms of the range of services provided:

1) E - economic;

2) B - business.

Branded trains and exclusive luxury tourist passenger trains are very popular among tourists. Traveling on trains with a high level of comfort is sometimes even called cruises. These are real hotels on wheels. They have everything from air conditioners to marble baths. The passengers are provided with dining cars with a menu from several European cuisines, bar cars, club cars, etc. Excursions and other events are arranged during train stops. Such tourist trains have their own names, the most famous of which belong to the Orient-Express company (one of its trains crosses Europe from Paris to Istanbul, another runs along the southern coast of Australia, the third - in Thailand and Malaysia.) The Blue train Train ”takes tourists to the African savannas and to Victoria Falls. The famous Edinburgh tourist train The Royal Scotsman regularly takes tourists through the green valleys and mountains of Scotland.

Several branded trains run between Moscow and St. Petersburg, in particular, "Aurora", "Krasnaya Arrow", "Nikolaev Express", "Grand Express", "Megapolis".

The world famous Orient Express train (owned by the Orient-Express company) was designed in 1883 by the Belgian engineer J. Nagelmakers. The passengers of this fashionable train at one time were Emperor Franz Joseph, Elizabeth II, Charles de Gaulle, N.S. Khrushchev, Agatha Christie and others. Initially, the train ran on the route Paris - Istanbul. Since 1993, after the transfer of part of its carriages to Russia, it functioned as a tourist train between Moscow and Beijing.

In 2004, after restoration, the train returned to the route. The interiors of the early 20th century were restored in the carriages, combining the historical setting and modern technical equipment.

Currently, national and international transportation in the Russian Federation is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:

1) Federal Law of January 10, 2003 No. 18-FZ "Charter of the railway transport of the Russian Federation";

2) Rules for the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo luggage on federal railway transport, approved by order of the Ministry of Railways of Russia dated July 26, 2002 No. 30;

3) Agreement on International Passenger Traffic (SMPS) (effective from November 1, 1951), etc.

The main executive body responsible for the regulation and development of railway transportation in the Russian Federation is the Ministry of Railways of Russia.

On regular scheduled trains, tourists travel as ordinary passengers. As a rule, they are used to deliver pre-formed tourist groups to and from the holiday destination. Travel agencies must reserve seats 45 days before train departure.

For more than ten years Russia has been using the Express 2 automated seat reservation system. It makes it easier for travel agencies to reserve seats on regular passenger routes. To form a separate tourist train (rental of a passenger train), the travel agency concludes an agreement with the railway department, which indicates the route of the trip, travel dates, places and duration of stops, the number and type of cars in the train, the cost of renting cars and other conditions. After the conclusion of the contract and payment of the lease of the train, the cancellation of the trip is possible no later than 20 days before the departure of the train.

Similar documents

Analysis of the factors influencing the choice of transport in order to ensure optimal transportation. Advantages and disadvantages of road, rail, water and air transport. Peculiarities of cargo transportation by water and air transport.

test, added 05/02/2011


In aviation, the weight and dimensions of baggage are limited depending on the type of aircraft and class of service. Baggage transportation rules. Collisions with passengers' luggage. Luggage delivery and transportation. Items prohibited for carriage by air.

abstract, added 04/04/2008


The history of air transport in Russia from its origins to the present day. The development of the air traffic control system, the main stages in the formation of ATC. Ensuring the safety of civil aviation flights. Air navigation services for aircraft flights.

test, added 01/04/2015


The history of the development of taxi services. Bus transport as a type of passenger transport. General rules and licensing for the carriage of passengers and baggage by road. Organization of dispatching control of the movement of buses on the route.

thesis, added 05/29/2015


term paper, added 05/22/2010


The movement of people from country to country. Relationship with transport companies. Transportation of air passengers, free and paid baggage. Air transportation in Russia. Services provided by airlines. Transportation of tourists by charter flights.

abstract, added on 04/07/2011


The contract for the carriage of passengers and baggage. Conclusion and termination of the contract for the carriage of a passenger. Refusal of the passenger from the contract of carriage. Contents of the contract for the carriage of passengers and baggage by rail. Obligations and responsibilities of the parties.

term paper, added 03/11/2009


Classification dangerous goods; their packaging and labeling. Requirements for the organization of transportation of explosive materials, poisonous and corrosive substances by rail, road, air and water transport. Transport and accompanying documents.

term paper, added 09/30/2014


Causes of the systemic crisis in the aviation industry. The history, state and problems of the development of aircraft construction, freight and passenger transportation by air, the prospects for the development of the infrastructure of the industry, taking into account world experience and modern requirements.

test, added 11/24/2009


The history of the development of taxis and taxi services. The type of rolling stock for the carriage of passengers. Rules for the carriage of baggage by road. Requirements for city routes, fare. Hazardous production factors in the "machine" subsystem.

According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than that of motor transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing steady trend towards reducing travel times in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular form of transportation in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

• - firstly, aviation is the fastest and comfortable view transport when moving long distances;
• - secondly, the service on flights currently looks attractive for tourists;
• - thirdly, aviation companies, directly and through international booking and reservation networks, pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the most rapidly and dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system.

There are more than 1,300 airlines in the world now. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them make international regular flights. More than 1,000 airports of the world take part in servicing international air communications, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air services.

The largest airlines in the world in terms of traffic are American Delta Air Lines, Pan Amerikan, United, French Air France, German Lufthansa, British British Airways, and others. Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

However, the system of international air transport is made up not only of international air carriers and airports, but also states connected by international air lines and providing these services, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.

The international transport network currently covers all geographic regions and more than 150 countries of the world.

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

• 1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating both on domestic and international routes;
• 2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
• 3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for members of airlines) on the basis of mutual agreements between the participating airlines through the mediation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party.

Travel agencies participate in IATA's activities through its dedicated branch, the International Travel Agents Network (IATAN), the International Organization of Airline Agents, and through international civil airport organizations.

As part of the organization of tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

Ё seat reservation and redemption of air tickets through the airline's agencies;

Ё seat reservation and redemption of air tickets through the reservation system;

Ё an agreement with an airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

Ё agency agreement and work as an agency for the sale of air tickets for their tourists;

Ё organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.

In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable section of tourist transportation, as well as correctly conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of one or another type of interaction with the airline.

The travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, fares and discounts provided by airlines.

Professional ethics requirements when booking air tickets. To avoid additional inconvenience for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the quality of passenger service, travel agents should follow these simple rules:

• - Follow the standard airline-specific booking procedures.
• - Never book a double booking for a passenger if they can't decide which flight to fly. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will be able to use only one of them.
• - Regardless of the passenger's itinerary, be sure to try, as far as possible, to provide the airline with emergency contact telephone numbers along the way.
• - If the passenger changes the route, immediately cancel the corresponding reservation with the airline, as well as refuse all other related services that are not required
• - Strictly adhere to the terms and procedure for ticketing required by air carriers. Never issue tickets with a guaranteed seat until this guarantee has been validated by the airline concerned.
• - All seats booked with airlines must be accurately registered and properly documented. The documents to be drawn up and the copies remaining with the agent must contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of the flight, status (guaranteed / non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, surnames and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Report immediately in the prescribed form on the receipt of all deposits.

Always remember that the convenience of passengers and the normal operation of other agents and airlines depend on your efficiency, accuracy and consideration.

Charter (aircraft rental). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer determines the route with the airline, the obligations of the parties are negotiated with him, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is determined, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Ё type (brand) of the aircraft;

Ё number of places for sale;

Ё the cost of renting an aircraft;

Ё route indicating the airports of departure and arrival;

Ё the term of the contract (season, year, etc.);

Ё regularity of flights;

Ё the possibility and deadlines for cancellation (cancellation) of the flight and the corresponding sanctions.

The peculiarity of charters is such that one full flight (the second and penultimate flights - the first return after the first delivery and the last there before the last export) is performed without tourists: last flight the plane picks up recent tourists, but does not bring new ones, since he will not return for them (that is, there are 11 flights for 10 tourist arrivals). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of the air charter program reduces the cost of the “drop-out” flight, which means it also reduces the transportation tariff.

It should be noted that it is realistic to organize 20 races per season (with weekly flights). However, a charter can also be launched with a frequency of 2 times a week - then the number of flights per season increases to 40. This significantly reduces the tariff, but is not available for loading by the absolute majority of travel companies. This explains the emergence of "intermediate" entrepreneurs on the tourist transportation market - wholesalers, who consolidate large charters in their hands and distribute them in the future among smaller companies in the form of block charters (that is, 10-30 seats ). The wholesale tour operator, as a rule, conducts the sale of blocks of seats on its charter according to three worked out options: hard, soft and combined blocks of seats.

A soft block, in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to fully or partially abandon his seats within a predetermined time frame, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs later than the deadline, the customer will have to pay a fine. Usually soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

The hard block provides for strict contractual obligations regarding the timing of the sale and payment. The customer makes a prepayment, the amount of which usually includes the cost of two paired flights. At the same time, the tariffs for the implementation of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the implementation of a soft block. In addition, with an agreement for a rigid block, the operator and the agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives a good opportunity for sellers to vary prices during the "high" period of the season and at the end of it.

The most common sale of seats for charter flights is the so-called combined method, which combines elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the block being implemented is divided in a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is realized according to the "hard" system, and the other - according to the "soft" system.

Often, not one, but several tour operators act as the initiator of the charter program. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when renting an aircraft provide for payment according to a contract with the obligatory summing up of the balance after each flight.

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian aviation business. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines is the national flag carrier of Russia. And in Belarus, the national airline Belavia is the leader in passenger traffic. The airline's operations are based on the principle of creating a positive image, which is formed on the basis of safety, regularity and accuracy of flights, and improving the quality of passenger service.

Belavia is a modern, dynamic company that meets the latest innovations in the field of civil aviation, strives for constant development and improvement, as well as attracting a new number of passengers. The priority tasks are the modernization of the air fleet, the efficient use of resources, the introduction of new information technologies and the constant improvement of the quality of service, both on board and on the ground.

The main emphasis in its work of the airline is on providing customers with the opportunity to fly both by direct flights and without delay to continue their journey to anywhere in the world, trying to take into account all the wishes of the passenger.

The attitude to the work of Belavia employees and the Belarusian cordiality can be appreciated every time you travel by airlines on official business or on vacation. Thanks to a close-knit team of high-class professionals who love their work and are proud of it, Belavia has established itself as a reliable and competitive air carrier in a short period of time.

The Belavia company also provides such services as:

Ё Transportation of goods;

Ё Transportation of animals;

3.5. The role of transport in the development of the tourism industry

Tourism involves the movement of people from one place to another, both within the country and abroad. The legislation of a number of European countries (for example, France and Italy) classifies transport services as one of the main services provided to the traveler, along with accommodation services. Within the framework of tourism statistics, transport refers to the means that a visitor uses to travel from his permanent place residence in the place visited. However, many transport companies and companies not only transport tourists, but also provide transportation of ordinary passengers, mail and cargo not related to tourism. Therefore, the seasonal nature of tourism creates serious problems for transport companies.

Air transport includes: air flights carried out according to the schedule of air passenger traffic on established routes; unscheduled flights (mainly charter and others that do not comply with the schedule of air passenger traffic), as well as rental of aircraft with a crew. In this case, a charter is understood as any passenger vehicle (aviation, sea, river, automobile) fully leased from a carrier by a travel agency for the transport of tourists.

Water transport includes sea and coastal as well as inland waterway transport.

Cruise ships are of particular interest in maritime transport. The main emphasis when organizing cruises is on getting positive emotions from the stay of tourists on board the ship, and not on the speed of the tourist's arrival at the destination. In some cases, to attract tourists, ferry ships are also used, transporting not only the tourists themselves, but also their personal cars (vehicles). Land transport is subdivided into railway, bus and road transport (with a capacity of up to 8 people). The movement of land transport must obey the schedule of regular transportation, but transportation can also be carried out outside the schedule (special tourist trips, long-distance charter or sightseeing bus trips). There is also a specialized road transport transporting tourists along the routes airport - city, railway station - city (transfer). Car rental is widespread in the host country.

Tourism is completely dependent on transport, its safety, speed and convenience provided to the tourist during his travels. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules for interacting with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits in sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is constrained by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects, in particular, the construction of new airports, roads and railways, require huge investments and time for their implementation.

1 More details about the importance of transport services in the development of tourism can be found in the work: "Service activities in tourism and hotel business". - Tomsk: Publishing house of Vol. University, 2004.

The following types of transport are used in the tourism industry:

air, land and water.

The main means of transport are:

a) air - planes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes,

paragliders, balloons;

b) ground - trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;

c) aquatic - marine and river vessels, boats, yachts, motor boats,

Each of the listed types and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristic features (Table 1). The following criteria are traditionally used to compare modes of transport: speed, comfort, safety and efficiency.

The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distance, transcontinental travel, the benefits of air travel are clear.

Railway transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the movement of the passenger is not limited within the compartment or carriage, and at the same time any position preferable for a person is possible (sitting, lying, etc.).

Even at the dawn of the development of railway transport, studies were carried out on the influence of train movement on the condition of the passenger.

Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper "Friend of Health", which substantiated the beneficial effect on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system of travel railroad... Thus, with the beginning of the operation of railways, doctors began to prescribe not only sea and river walks, but also travel by train for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

Traveling by river and sea transport is also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range of modern services: superior accommodation, gourmet food, lots of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-motion sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes they do not allow the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to the coast, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river vessels are inferior to modern comfortable trains.

According to many years of statistical research, road transport is the most dangerous. This is primarily due to the frequency of its use all over the world and the special operating conditions: the great dependence of safety on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all participants. road traffic, technical condition of vehicles, road surface, meteorological conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is the most accessible for everyone and the least controlled.

Efficiency when choosing a transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, at distances of up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of travel by rail, while the gain in time can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for passing formalities at the airport, the time to travel to the airport and back, the gain in time may be minimal. Over long distances, the advantages of air travel in speed are obvious, because no comfort will brighten up a multi-day trip in an enclosed space.

For a complete description of air transport, the listed advantages should include its disadvantages: the constantly growing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special control of flight safety, the presence of transits, and inconvenience.

Air transport, namely, aircraft, is most often and traditionally used for long-distance travel, when delivered to a destination. Helicopters - demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (panoramic sightseeing tours, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. Small aircraft and helicopters are used to deliver divers, off-piste skiers (free riders) to the dive site, and start, which may be difficult to reach. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer season and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are those who wish to travel in this way.

Automobile transport, yielding in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stopover, does not require special stations, tracks, practically does not depend on weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental travel. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed, dependence on weather conditions.

Automobile transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.

Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to their destination. In addition, there are the concepts of "tourist trains" and "railroad tours". For example, in domestic tourism: health trains, for mushroom pickers and fishermen; in the exit: "Glassir-Express" (Switzerland), "Emperor" (Vienna-Salzburg); at the entrance: "Golden Eagle" (Russia).

Thus, there is no single criterion for choosing a vehicle for a tourist trip, because each trip has its own parameters, and each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to our destination. And if - in St.

Petersburg, then the choice between plane, train, or car

carried out by the passenger based on personal preference or circumstances.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of different types of transport