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Marine two-masted sailing rowing vessel. Types of two-masted ships

Currently, the phrase "sailing vessel" is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, however, from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses the wind energy converted by sails to move it.

The types of sailing ships were varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, with the involvement of a smaller number of crew. Until the middle of the 19th century, sailing ships were the main means of shipping and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure craft. In connection with the rise in fuel prices and the tightening of requirements for environmental protection in a number of countries, the development and construction of experimental sailing ships equipped with modern sailing equipment began. Sailing ships can take anywhere from one day to several months, but long sailing requires careful planning with port calls to replenish supplies.

There are different types of sailing ships, but they all share basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spars, rigging, and at least one sail.

Mast - a system of masts, yards, gaffes and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spar can be fixed (masts, topmills, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).

Rigging - of all rigging of a sailing vessel, is a stretched cable. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the mast in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing ropes on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. Running rigging is designed to control the sails - lifting them, cleaning them, etc.

The sail - the propeller of a sailing vessel - is a piece of fabric, on modern sailboats - synthetic, which is attached to the mast with the help of rigging, which allows transforming wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails are in the form of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails are in the form of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. The use of slanting sails allows the sailboat to move steeply towards the wind.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS

The most common classification of sailing vessels is by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. So, all sailing ships can carry different types of sails on their masts in different numbers, but they all fall into the following categories:

single-masted sailing ships

yal - light rakeless sailing boat (dinghy). The mast on the yala is one, often removable, and is called the foremast.

cat - a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast carried far ahead, that is, near the bow of the boat.

sloop - single-mast sea sailing vessel.

tender - a single-mast sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trisel and topsail.

cutter - a sailing vessel having one mast with an oblique, as a rule, gaff rigging with two staysails.

twin-masted sailing ships

yol - a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen-mast is located aft near the rudder head, and has oblique sailing equipment.

ketch - a two-masted sailing vessel, which differs from the yola by a slightly larger mizzen-mast. In addition, the sail area of \u200b\u200bthe stern mast is about 20 percent of the total sail area of \u200b\u200bthe sailboat. This feature provides an advantage in handling in strong winds.

schooner (Bermuda schooner) - sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

brigantine - a two-masted sailing vessel with combined sailing equipment, having a direct sailing rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.

brig - a two-masted sailing vessel with a direct sailing rig.

three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)

caravel - has three masts with straight and oblique sails.

schooner - a type of marine sailing vessel that has at least two masts with oblique sails. By the type of sailing equipment, the schooners are divided into: haffle, bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsel... A brahmselling schooner differs from a topsail by the presence of a topmast and another additional direct sail - a brahmseil. Moreover, in some cases, the Marseilles and Bramssel two-masted schooners, especially with a brief, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails - gaff or Bermuda, the schooner can be a topsail (brahmsel). Schooners have a shallow draft, which makes it possible to enter even in shallow waters.

barque - a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having a direct sail rig on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with oblique sails.

barkentina (schooner bark) - as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with mixed sailing equipment, and has a direct sailing rig only on the foremast, on the other masts there are oblique sails.

frigate - a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.

In addition to the above types of sailing ships in the history of navigation, there were a large number of other names, many of which have disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flutes, galleon, lugger, clipper, shebek, karakka, windjammer.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORT SAILING VESSELS

Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for sailing - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely related to professional sailing on small sailing vessels, where the advantage in speed allowed them to compete successfully, for example, in fishing or pilotage. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the sailing performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word "jagie" - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread occurrence of fun water sports has also led the classifiers to classify sport sailing yachts into types.

Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts) - this is the division of sailing, sports, ships into classes depending on the sizes and their ratios, which affect the running performance and seaworthiness of these sailing ships. There are four main classes of sailing, sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes and handicap classes.

The classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing and sports vessels involved in the Olympic regattas are called "Olympic". As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: finn class boats, class 470 boats, 49er class boats, boats of 49erFX class, boats of Laser-Standard class, laser-Radial class boats.

Separately from the group stands out class of multihull sports vesselsnamed Nacra 17... And also competitions on surfboards (windsurfing) have their own class - RS: X.

In addition to the above, there is the concept of motor-sailing ships - these are ships with sailing equipment and an auxiliary diesel power plant used for the movement of the ship in calm weather, entering (leaving) ports, passing narrows (straits, channels), and the like. Most motor-sailing vessels are small fishing, training and recreational craft.

Papyrus boat

An ancient Egyptian papyrus ship, one of the oldest in the world.

At first it was just a papyrus raft, and by about 3500 BC. e. it was already a ship. They used it almost exclusively for sailing along the Nile. Its bow and stern have been specially raised to make it easier to drag across the shallows. But, having provided for the possibility of raising the bow and stern even higher with the help of cables, the Egyptians eventually began to go out to sea on these ships.

Egyptian sailboats were built by tying bundles of papyrus, with the thickest of them on the outside. The sail was square, linen or papyrus. He kept on two yards, linked into one long, which was attached to a two-legged mast. When moving down the Nile, the wind was always oncoming, and when moving up, it was necessary to overcome the current, so the sail was useful. Rafts and vessels of this type are used in East Africa, the Persian Gulf and South America to this day.

Expeditions of Thor Heyerdahl on papyrus boats "Ra" (1969) and "Ra-2" (1970) showed that papyrus can withstand two months of sailing at sea. True, the "Ra" sank earlier, but this was due to the great excitement at sea and the fact that the crew did not pull up the gear controlling the stern bend. On "Ra-2" the stern was pulled up high enough from the very beginning of the voyage. The Ra-2 sailed from Safi and two months later, crossing the Atlantic Ocean, reached Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados. Structurally, "Ra-2" was built from short packs of papyrus. Long strands absorb water much less. "Ra-2" was built by the Bolivian Aymara Indians living on Lake Titicaca. From ancient times they have been sailing on such reed vessels since ancient times, calling them tothoras.

Papyrus boat "Ra-II" (Kon-Tiki Museum, Oslo, Norway)

Solar Egyptian boats

Two full-size rowing ships sealed in caches at the foot of the Cheops pyramid more than 4.5 thousand years ago (about 2550 BC).

First rook

In May 1954, while cleaning the area from the fragments of stones, a hermetically sealed triangular underground chamber was discovered near the Cheops pyramid. Its ceiling was formed by 40 heavy limestone slabs. After the extreme northern slabs were raised, on which a cartouche of Pharaoh Djedefr, the son of Cheops, was depicted, a large wooden boat was found in the pit, disassembled into 1224 parts.

The royal boat was made of Lebanese cedar and was 43.3 m long and 5.6 m wide. The low draft (only 1.5 m) allowed her to float down the river. On the boat there were 2 cabins: in the middle of the hull, about 9 m, and on the bow. The rook moved with the help of 10 pairs of oars. A small number of parts were made from Egyptian acacia, which suggests repairing broken parts.

The assembly process lasted 10 years, only wooden stakes and edging were used, no nails and metal devices. The assembled boat in 1971 was placed in a special hangar - the Museum of the Solar Boat in Giza (English), not far from her burial place.

The boat has preserved traces of its operation (river silt on the ropes): it is possible that Khufu's body was transported on it from Memphis to Giza, or the pharaoh used the ship to visit temples along the Nile banks. "Solar boats" also had a symbolic meaning: in the afterlife, the pharaoh could swim in it on the heavenly surface together with the sun god Ra.

Second rook

The existence of a second chamber next to the first became known back in the 1950s. The Egyptian Society for the Study of Antiquities decided not to open it. In 1987, the camera was surveyed using an underground radar developed in conjunction with the National Geographic Society. It showed the presence of a second rook, of a smaller size and in significantly worse safety.

In 2008, Waseda University allocated $ 10 million to excavate a second disassembled boat. In 2011, the fragments of the ship began to be raised to the surface. It is assumed that after restoration the second boat will replace the first one in the museum near the pyramid, and the first one will take a place in the exposition of the Great Egyptian Museum.

Drakkar

(Norse Drakkar, from the Old Norse Drage - "dragon" and Kar - "ship", literally - "dragon ship") - this is how a wooden Viking ship is called today, long and narrow, with a high bow and stern. Hence another name for such a vessel - "long ship" (Langskip). It is generally accepted that the Drakkar is a "big long ship". In Europe it is also called Draka / Dreka. The spelling of a word may vary depending on the language.

Oseberg ship, bow (Drakkar Museum, Oslo).

"Overseas Guests", Nicholas Roerich, 1901, Tretyakov Gallery.

Ship

Large warships, or all ships in general, have historically been called ships.

At present, the division is widespread: the ship is military, the ship is civil.

Ships of 1, 2, 3 and 4 ranks

In the days of the sailing fleet, ships were divided into ranks according to the number of guns installed on them and / or according to their displacement.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, the ships were wooden sailing ships and carried about 40-100 different guns.

Battleship

In the days of the sailing fleet, the largest and most armed ships were called linear, which were created specifically for linear combat and capable of resisting any enemy ships in a firefight.

They often had more than a hundred guns.

Frigate

Initially, a frigate was a sailing ship, usually a three-masted ship.

It differed from battleships in smaller size and fewer guns on board (about 20-45).

The frigates could operate both as part of the line fleets and independently.

A rank 5 frigate with one deck and an open battery behind the bulwark. XVII-XVIII centuries

"Nadezhda" is a training three-masted ship (a ship with full sailing armament, listed as a frigate in the register).

At present it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "Rosmorport". IMO 8811986, callsign UABA.

The fifth training sailing ship of the "Druzhba" class.

Karakka

(Italian Carassa, Spanish Carraca) - a large sailing vessel of the XV-XVI centuries, widespread throughout Europe. It was distinguished by its exceptionally good seaworthiness for those times, which is the reason for the active use of the karakk for sailing in the oceans during the era of the great geographical discoveries.

Karakka. Fragment of the painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder "The Fall of Icarus". 1558 g.

A modern copy of the Magellanic Caracka "Victoria"

Corvette

Historically, a three-masted sailing ship was called a corvette, which was inferior in size and armament to frigates, and carried about 15-30 guns.

Usually used for intelligence or courier service.

French steam corvette Dupleix (1856-1887)

Shnyava

Shnyavs are relatively small two-masted ships carrying 10-20 guns. They had straight sails and bowsprit, staysail and jib. They were widespread in northern countries in the 17th-19th centuries.

Schnau-Takelage, "Architectura Navalis Mercatoria", 1768

Brig

Two-masted vessel with straight sailing foremast and mainmast and one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail

Brig Endymion

Brigantine (schooner brig)

(Italian brigantino - brig schooner, brigantina - mizzen) - two-masted sailing vessel with mixed sailing equipment - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with oblique sails on the rear (mainmast). Initially, the brigantines were equipped with oars.

Chestplate Asgard II (Ireland)

Barkentina (schooner bark)

Three to five mast (sometimes six mast) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts, except for the bow (foremast), carrying straight sails.

Barkentina "Mercator"

Barkentina "Sirius", after decommissioning, converted into the restaurant "Kronverk", Leningrad, Kronverksky Strait, 1984.

Galleon

(Spanish galeón, also galion, from the French galion) - a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with a fairly strong artillery weapon, used as a military and commercial. The main impetus for its creation was the emergence of constant traffic between Europe and the American colonies. Galleons are best known as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Invincible Armada, which took place in 1588.

Dutch galleon early 17th century

Galleon "Neptune" in Genoa

Sloop

A rather vague term, initially denoting a sailing ship, inferior in size and armament to frigates.

Also, the word "sloop" currently denotes the type of sailing equipment for ships with one mast.

The Beagle (center) in Owen Stanley's 1841 watercolor during his third voyage off the coast of Australia.

USS Constellation (USA)

Sloop "Vostok" - a sailing sloop, a ship of the 1st Russian Antarctic round-the-world expedition of 1819-1821 under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen, who discovered Antarctica (the expedition also included the sloop "Mirny").

Schooner

Ships with oblique sails are called schooners.

French Navy two-masted topside schooner Étoile

Three-masted gaff schooner Linden, Mariehamn, Aland Islands.

Barque

(Dutch. bark) - a large sailing vessel with straight sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen-mast), carrying an oblique sailing rig.

In other words, all the masts of the bark, with the exception of the last, from the transverse spars have only yards, while the last mast has no yards.

The number of masts of the bark is three or more (two-masted sailboats of such weapons are called brigantines).

"Pallada" is a training three-masted ship (a ship with full sailing armament), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).

Built in Poland at the Gdansk Shipyard in 1989. The flag was raised on July 4, 1989.

Named after the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855, under the command of Captain I. S. Unkovsky, sailed from Kronstadt across the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific oceans to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E. V. Putyatin ... The writer I.A.Goncharov took part in this voyage.

Barque "Gorch Fock" (1948-2003 "Comrade"), built in 1933.

"Kruzenshtern" is a four-masted bark, a Russian training sailing vessel. Built in 1925-1926 at the J. Tecklenborg shipyard in Gestemuende near Bremerhaven (Germany), when descending it was named Padua, in 1946 it became the property of the USSR for reparations and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. The home port of the vessel is Kaliningrad. The vessel made repeated transatlantic and round-the-world expeditions.

"Cobenhavn" (Dan. København, Copenhagen) - the last five-masted barque, built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard "Ramage and Ferguson" by order of the Danish East Asian company after the First World War in Copenhagen.

Clipper

Sailing or sailing propeller-driven ship with high speed.

"Cutty Sark" (scots. Cutty Sark) - one of the most famous and the only surviving tea clipper until the XXI century. It was built in 1869. Since the middle of the 20th century, it has been a museum ship and is in dry dock in Greenwich (Great Britain).

The vessel was seriously damaged in a fire on May 21, 2007. It was reopened after restoration in April 2012.

Caravel

A type of sailing vessel common in Europe, especially in Portugal and Spain, in the second half of the 15th - early 17th century. One of the first and most famous type of ships from which the era of the great geographical discoveries began.

The image of a caravel is usually represented by a two- or three-masted vessel with a slanting Latin sailing rig (caravel-latina). Although on caravels, direct sailing weapons (caravel-redonda) were often used.

Thanks to its poetic name, Caravel is associated with all medieval ocean voyages and discoveries of new lands, thereby unfairly replacing the more suitable for sea voyages and more common at that time karakki. Although the caravels took part in the ocean campaigns, this was at the beginning of the Age of Discovery, during the first campaigns of the Portuguese along the west African coast. Later, the caravels played a secondary role in the squadrons of carakkas, including in the campaigns of Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Fernand Magellan.

Two-masted caravel latina

Luger

Lugers are small three-masted ships of the first half of the 19th century, armed with 8-14 cannons and designed for messenger service.

Three-masted luger "Corentin" with folding bowsprit and boom

A mast is a structure that stands vertically on the ship and is supported by shrouds. It is a component of the sailing equipment of yachts and ships (sailboats). There are ships with straight and oblique sails. There are the following vessels with oblique sails 3 letters:

Iol is a relatively small, two-masted vessel with oblique sails.
Brigantine is a two-masted vessel with an oblique sail.
Kech is a sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

Types of two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails

Iol is an oblique type of sailing rig. Thus, a two-masted vessel is equipped with a mainmast located in the front of the vessel and a mizzen-mast located in the rear of it. The mizzen area of \u200b\u200bthe total sailing equipment of the ship is equal to 8-10%. Until a certain time, this type of ship was used in the North Sea, while it was not necessarily equipped with yol.
Kech is a kind of two-masted sailing ship. This type of vessel also has a mainmast and a mizzen mast. To the question of how to distinguish iol from ketch, the answer is easy enough. At the ketch, the rudder stock head is located behind the mizzen mast. If the vessel is equipped with ketch, the area of \u200b\u200bthe rear mast should be at least 15% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe ship. The same name is given to a sailing ship, which from the 19th century began to arm itself with ketch. According to certain criteria, a characteristic is added to the name, for example, Baltic ketch.
Brigantine is a two-masted ship, which is armed with mixed sailing equipment, that is, straight sails are located on the former part of the ship, and oblique sails on the back. Interestingly, from the very beginning, the brigantines were set in motion with the help of oars. In the 16-19 centuries, two-masted sailing ships were used by pirates and robbers, hence the name - brigantine, translated from Italian, means "pirate". The brigantine was armed with no less than twenty cannons.

Today the brigantines are equipped with a foremast mainmast with oblique sails.

What are the masts of a sailing two-masted vessel

In the old days, masts were made of solid wood, which was installed as a pole and attached to the deck nest. The mast was supported by stretchers - stays and cables.

Naturally, as the number of sails increases, the mast should be more difficult. So, at the time of the invention of the heat engine, its shape began to resemble a tripod, an openwork or hollow metal tower. It is important to know that the top of the mast is called the top and the bottom is called the spur. The part connecting the mast to the base of the ship was called the lower mast. Since ancient masts were made from a whole tree trunk, they were called single-tree masts.

Fir, pine, and other resinous woods were often used to build the mast. Preference was given to these particular breeds due to their lightness.

Of course, today on sailing ships (including sailing yachts) wood is no longer used to build a mast. The same lightweight but artificial materials are used. For example, plastics, hollow structure metals, etc.

Starting to engage in shipping, you should pay attention to a number of factors. Initially, you need to refer to the nautical dictionary, because even if you go with the captain, you will want to understand the commands that he gives. So, in the early stages, this will be enough. If you are renting a yacht for a party or a romantic trip, remember that in case of a disaster, navigational knowledge will also come in handy.

Here is a list of names of ships from the nautical directory that fit the definition of "sea sailing vessel":

Barque - a sea sailing vessel having from 3 to 5 masts, with oblique sails on the stern mast (mizzen mast) and straight on the rest.

Barkas - 12- and 22-oar ship's boat with sailing equipment, used to transport people, cargo and deliver anchors.

Barquentine (schooner-barque) - a sea sailing vessel having at least 3 masts with oblique sail rigging and a forward mast (foremast) carrying straight sails.

The bot - a small sailing single-mast vessel, often with an engine.

Brig - marine sailing two-masted vessel with direct armament on both masts.

Brig "Mercury"

Brigantine - sea sailing two-masted vessel with direct armament on the front mast (foremast) and oblique on the rear (mainmast).

Galion - this is the name of the large sailing warship of Portugal and Spain in the Middle Ages.

galleon "Golden Hind" - the legendary galleon of Francis Drake

Galliot - the name of the type of cargo sailing vessel from the Middle Ages.

galiot "Eagle"

Clipper - a fast sailing ship of the 19th century, with sharp hull contours and developed sailing capacity.

clipper "Thermopylae"

Corvette - 1. The smallest three-masted vessel in the sailing navy, with full direct armament, carrying up to 30 cannons, located only on the upper deck. Since the 40s of the last century, in addition to sails, they began to have steam engines; 2. Modern patrol ship carrying escort service for the protection of merchant ships.

Battleship (Battleship) - 1. A large sea sailing ship intended for conducting artillery combat in a wake formation, that is, stretched out in a line; 2. Modern warship carrying large-caliber guns and protected by powerful armor (battleship).

Battleship "Twelve Apostles"

Packet boat - this is the name of a sea sailing or sailing propeller-driven vessel designed for the transportation of passengers and urgent mail between the ports of Europe and America.

Package boats "Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul"

Gusto (shmak) is a small seaworthy sailing fishing vessel.

Frigate - a three-masted naval vessel of the military sailing fleet, armed with cannons (up to 60), located in two rows in height in one closed and on the upper decks.

Sloop - 1. Three-masted warship with direct armament, similar to a corvette; 2. Sailing marine single-mast vessel with two sails (mainly sports); 3. A slow-moving patrol ship for the protection of transport caravans in some modern foreign fleets.