Conducting an excursion. Walking Tour Business Plan How to Lead City Tours

I drink coffee and stick cloves in oranges - I'm getting ready for the tour ..

Aromas of citrus and cloves remind others of winter. People smile as they pass by my table. The orange-clove therapy works on me too: I joyfully run out into the street, and there is snow... the first one this year.

Hello Christmas Tour! No, today is my birthday. The kids are amazing and the parents are amazing!

I am often offered to lead excursions with children, considering this to be something rather complicated. In my opinion, a children's excursion is an amazing thing, simple and complex at the same time, but it is important that you immediately feel the return, appreciation and love from children.

What is the most important thing in a children's excursion?

A few tips for moms, dads, grandparents who walk around St. Petersburg with their children and want the children to listen and hear your historical stories:

1. Think in vivid images that are understandable to children.

First, you yourself must see the image of what you are talking about. The picture should be in color, detailed and evoke feelings for you personally.

For example, the gardener Eliseev grew strawberries in the greenhouse for Count Sheremetyev on Christmas Day. The guests are in amazement, the count exclaims in excitement: "Ask what you want!"

I imagine everything very vividly: the count's camisole, and the wicker basket, and snow outside the window, frost down to -40 and the aroma of wild strawberries. So it's easy to tell. And by themselves questions are born to the children: "What happened next, what do you think?" If the picture is bright, then the guys easily come up with and immerse themselves in the story. Where did the Eliseevs go when they became free? What did they start doing? Was it easy for them in Petersburg? And what would you do in their place, if you had 100 rubles? And here it would be good to move from words to deeds.

2. Find a thing, a detail that characterizes your hero, a story.

It is easier, of course, to use an illustration, a picture, a photograph. But it is best to find a thing that you can touch, smell, guess the riddle associated with it. For example, with the merchants Eliseevs, I give the guys an orange, the letters of the surname are laid out on it with a carnation. The letters are scattered and it is necessary to make a word out of them (Eliseev began to sell oranges on Nevsky Prospekt).

When talking about Peter I, I like to give children a map of the area of ​​St. Petersburg of the 18th century and suggest laying out a rough plan of the city (this is for older children, of course). When we go to the Photo Salon, I give a photo and offer to find the point from which it was taken. In the Summer Garden, I suggest that the children sculpt some of the sculptures on their own. Everything that the children touched, made efforts to unravel - they will remember for a long time.

It is not easy to find something that falls into the top ten, as they say, but the process itself is worth it! For me personally, this is the most interesting part of the excursion: the process of searching for that very historical detail.

3. Less is better, but better.

Children do not remember the date, especially when they are standing, they listen to even the most interesting stories from the strength of 5-7 minutes. Therefore, the entire historical story should be put in 15-20 minutes, and the entire excursion in 1.5 hours maximum.

And after such an immersion, leave the children with a desire to learn more, but on their own. Not so, "that I told you everything, but I also remembered, listen to me carefully." Not! Fill your communication with dialogue, searching, running, taking photos and discovering places.

4. Encouragement, prize, yummy at the end of the historical walk.

After the tour, we go for lunch, dinner or an afternoon snack. It's great if the food you offer the guys is related to today's walk. Let not all, but again, the detail will be remembered for a long time and will make the meal "historical" and exciting. And even if you feel that the children are tired of historical information, you can simply say that our hero loved this.

If you have boys and you have visited the Suvorov Museum, then eating buckwheat porridge and cabbage soup in bread is a must. And if emperors are your heroes, take a lace napkin and a couple of porcelain plates with you. Even in military campaigns, the emperors ate simply, but always with silver and porcelain. And this day will be special.

5. And lastly, my favorite: it's easy to forget everything that you are told and everything that is shown, but we will never forget the atmosphere when we feel good.

Be surprised, play, discover the story with the children! Love for the city is inside of us, and the child feels and understands everything, just talk about this love creatively. I have about the same approach to adult excursions. And although colleagues in the shop do not always understand this, it is very exciting to wake up the inner child in a serious adult!

On the splash screen is a photo fragment jasoncedit/Flickr/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Introduction…………………………………………………..3

1. Subject and ides of the excursion methodology.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methodology ...... 5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions………………... 8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of teaching methods………….14

2.2 Methodological techniques of display……………….…...17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story………………….25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1. Receiving a demonstration of a visual aid………35

3.2Assimilation by the guide of methodological techniques………………………………………………………..39

4. Technique of conducting excursions.

4.1 Technique of conducting excursions………………………42

Conclusion……………………………………………………..51

Bibliographic list……………..……………….…52

Introduction.

Methodology in the broad sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out this or that work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense, it is a set of specific methodological methods for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and private.

A tour is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, a display based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he understands and perceives what he sees and hears.

The guide, with his explanations, brings the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of learning about the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects that are in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge on the basis of one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for excursions, as well as the sum of the methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The tour guide answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered on the tour (what is its content about)?

3. How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methods for developing a new topic for this bureau;

Methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion;

Excursion methods;

Methods after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion methods.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods.

The method of conducting an excursion is a set of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more than usual and, together with the effective merit of the goal of the excursion, to help the excursionists easier and more firmly to finally learn the content of the excursion.

Methodological methods of conducting excursions are divided into general, personal and individual. Imagine one fact that general receptions are, as usual, the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, composition, as usual, excursion group. It must be said that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain, as people are accustomed to express themselves to the excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's not a secret for anyone that personal methods, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and concretize more effective methods of conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many people say, 1 object or a story about it, for example, showing a building standing on the shore of a reservoir, which on a fine summer day is finally reflected on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and, finally, are used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, single techniques also include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, to a certain time of the year or day.

The excursion technique is considered in several aspects: as the basis of the professional skills of guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps the tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that reveals the same topic. This happens because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau; - methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting excursions; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skill of the guide, the mechanism for supplying material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion technique is associated with such concepts as storytelling and showing. To the question about the relationship between showing and telling in a guided tour, the methodology gives an unequivocal answer: from showing to telling. You should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce a story. The technique takes into account the ability of the object to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.

Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological methods of conducting excursions. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on tourists.

The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, clarification and practical application of the means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques, with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and offers such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and ensure the highest efficiency in the disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants works on one of the sections or one of the subtopic tours. The head of the creative team unites and edits the prepared material.

Preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e., the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on this topic), carried out by the creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;

Direct - drawing up an excursion route, processing of factual material.

In addition, work is underway on the structure of methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological conduct of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological methods of showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide portfolio" is formed, and an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology should be used to effectively conduct the excursion. Here the guide should find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell, what materials from the "guide's portfolio" and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is a mandatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.

An individual text is also a mandatory document, which gives the guide the right to conduct an excursion on this topic. Properly compiled methodological development helps the guide to more fully reveal the topic.

Photo: Official portal of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow

How to see among skyscrapers and cars ancient city? Where is the utopia house located? Who comes up with city tours and who goes on them? How to lay a route correctly and make a person listen carefully? Larisa Skrypnik, the leading guide of the City Excursion Bureau of the Museum of Moscow, spoke about the pros and cons of the work of a guide, about the mysteries of Moscow and the best sightseers.

- It seems that everything has already been said about Moscow, all the city labyrinths and nooks and crannies have been passed, and suddenly new route, a new excursion - how is this possible?

— The Museum of Moscow, where I work, is celebrating its 120th anniversary this year. And all these years, the museum staff has been studying the city, its history, following all the changes that are taking place in the metropolis. Our collection contains thousands of documents, books, photographs that are still being researched. This alone already gives many reasons for a new look even at the most trivial excursions.

There is, of course, a mandatory block of excursions. As a rule, this sightseeing tour Moscow, Red Square, historical center, which are designed specifically for the first acquaintance with the city - for those who want to learn about the city in which they live. There are quite a few of them - as experience shows, Muscovites often do not know the city well. It seems to a person: I'm here, I'll manage everything - and he passes by interesting places without paying attention to them. But, when interest is shown, a person, as a rule, becomes our regular client. That is, the one who came once, begins to walk all the time. It is very joyful to see how the popularity of walking and bus tours is growing from year to year: more and more citizens want to learn about the capital as much as possible.

But there is another block of routes - those that we come up with on our own. These are always unusual walks on which we show the city from a new side. They can be thematic, timed to coincide with certain dates, events. So, we constantly have new routes through unexplored Moscow. We really want to show our beloved city from different angles; I want the participants of the walks to fall in love with Moscow just like we do. And such excursions are, as a rule, very much in demand.

— Can you tell us more about these routes?

- Was interesting story during the celebration of the anniversary of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. We were asked to come up with a walking tour of Gogol's places. Moreover, they asked to show not only the monuments to the writer, which are located at a distance of 400 meters from each other, not only the temple of Simeon the Stylite, whose parishioner was Gogol, but something else unusual. This is in a sense a challenge, I really love such things. It was necessary to make a walking tour and tell a lot about Gogol. As a result, with great interest for myself, I discovered more than 20 places associated with Nikolai Vasilyevich on the Arbat. Not in Moscow as a whole, but only on the Arbat. Exclusive excursions are born, for example, from such an offer - to help someone with a topic.

Or, for example, an excursion dedicated to 1612 in Moscow. She was not particularly in demand, no one ever asked to drive to these places. But when the request nevertheless appeared, it turned out that this was indeed a very interesting excursion. Of course, excursions are also born because you yourself really like something. I love architecture and of course I came up with the Art Nouveau walking tour. Routes may appear after you have read an interesting book. Now there are a lot of memoirs, all kinds of works by pre-revolutionary Muscovites, which we did not know before. You are reading and suddenly you see the area completely different, not the way you imagined it, and you have an idea to make a tour of this place and show Moscow from some, maybe unexpected side.

— And how does it happen? How is the tour prepared?

- First, the search for material begins: reading special literature, diaries, going to libraries and, of course, studying the area itself that you are going to talk about. Sometimes, when you walk the streets, you go into alleys, into courtyards, you discover absolutely incredible treasures that people have not seen. For example, Nikitsky Boulevard is such a facade street. But once, when I was preparing a tour there, I saw a metal gate with a door, behind which it was written that there was a repair of shoes or some kind of hardware. In general, a completely unpresentable door. But when I entered this gateway, I realized that this is a whole city with labyrinths. Who would have thought that this could be? People are always very interested in it. It is as if you are plunging into the past, and you can imagine how you would feel if you lived in this house and your windows overlooked this courtyard ....

- You said that you developed a tour of Art Nouveau, but this is not exactly the Moscow style, what are you showing?

— Since this is a walking tour, it takes place between Ostozhenka, Prechistenka and in the lanes. This is the profitable house of Isakov Kekushevsky, and the own house of the architect Kekushev. This is the profitable house of the peasant Loskov. We had such wonderful peasants who could invite the best architects and build houses in the northern modern style. There are really not enough of them in Moscow, mainly this style is common in St. Petersburg.

- It seems to me that the most difficult thing in your work is to make people listen, not all guides and not always succeed.

- You just need to know and understand: people cannot endlessly listen to a set of some facts, even if they are quite interesting, they still need some kind of detente. But it is important not just to giggle about something, but that it be tied to the topic. And by the way, on excursions sometimes the participants themselves help to find such relaxing moments. Once, on a tour of the Arbat and Arbat alleys, I had a wonderful girl of seven years old. On the Arbat, every building has a history, and I want to tell about everything. I started talking about the house with the knights across from Tetra Vakhtangov and said that, unfortunately, not all the knights survived, and this girl says to me: “But I can tell where this knight has gone.” I ask: where? She says: “The fact is that he fell in love with this princess - and there is a fountain “Princess Turandot” near the Vakhtangov Theater - he fell in love, went downstairs, bought her jewelry, but she did not accept the gift. So the knight got upset and left.” This is a charm! Now I always tell this, such a vivid perception of Moscow with its history by a child.

How long does it take to prepare a tour?

- It depends on the topic. There are those on which a huge amount of literature has been written, and here you just need to select what you are interested in. There are topics that require serious preparation, perhaps even inquiries, meetings with some people who have information on a particular area. Interesting things are told by the residents themselves. It's always a lot of work.

The selection of material is one of the most exciting moments, and here it is important to control yourself. You search, read, and it is so captivating that by three o'clock in the morning you can find yourself somewhere on the other side of Moscow. Because when you are preparing material, one fact clings to another: but the surname slipped through, and not to clarify whether ... It is very difficult, but it is even more difficult to choose something when you have collected a huge amount of material and understand that it is impossible to tell everything , - it is always a pity to remove some of the information.

Then comes another very important point: you have to connect all the objects... It is clear that if the tour is thematic, for example, our "Moscow Embassy", then everything is more or less clear. And if this is a tour along the street and there are absolutely heterogeneous buildings, absolutely different stories, but you have to somehow connect them together, you should get a story.

I had a wonderful tour, I led it along Volkhonka, and one of the excursionists, as an intelligent person, warned me in advance that she needed to pick up her child from kindergarten, so she would leave quietly in 50 minutes in English. And I'm leading a tour and I understand that 50 minutes have passed, an hour has passed, and the woman is still with us. And I say to her: “Excuse me, please, but it seems to you that the child needs to be taken away from the kindergarten.” She says: “You understand, I can’t leave. You finish the story and are so catchy with the next one that we will now see further that I can’t leave in any way. ” That was the right excursion, since it happened.

There are also purely technical points, special ones that also need to be taken into account: how to stand up correctly so that everyone can hear you, so that you can respond to facial expressions, eyes, so that you can see the sightseers and at the same time not prevent them from seeing objects; how to stand up to show the object as much as possible; how to stand up so that you can talk about several objects without leaving your seat. When preparing a tour, it takes extra time. For example, I walk down the street and start, to the surprise of passers-by, running from one place to another, crossing the street, coming back in order to understand where it is better for me to put the group. And here you need to show imagination.

There are many other nuances. For example, you need to take into account the location of pedestrian crossings: where are they located, is it convenient for you to cross from this side to the opposite one, so that later you do not return to this crossing through another crossing, somehow go further along the route, because people are not interested in the same place to go back and forth. All in all, this is a really big job.

- Let's try to name the pros and cons of your profession.

- I was asked this question on excursions ... But it turns out that the minuses turn into pluses. Of course, this is a job that requires great physical exertion, because you need to move a lot both in the process of preparation and during the excursion. And they last sometimes two or three hours, and sometimes six or seven.

The weather that we do not choose, and our Moscow weather does not please, let's say, most of the year. The next thing is that you always work, because you have to be in the topic of modern Moscow, to know everything new that appears, new books about Moscow, new information, new objects. There is so much material that you will never be able to master it completely, but you always strive for it. As a result, you constantly train your memory, your mind, you are always on the move and constantly in the fresh air.

And yet people are different, and you make a lot of effort in order to keep attention. When this happens, I feel a tremendous moral upsurge, because I give my energy to people, and in return they give theirs. I always feel emotionally charged after the tour. Everything is interconnected here, and if you like it, then you enjoy it more.

Today, the city excursion bureau has developed more than 80 topics dedicated to the history and modernity of Moscow and its famous citizens.

Creating a new interesting excursion is not an easy task. It is necessary to break the planned event into two equivalent stages - this is the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

To develop a new excursion route it is necessary to decide on the purpose of the excursion, the type (in terms of content - overview, thematic; in terms of the method of movement - pedestrian, bus) and display objects. The text of the excursion, its duration and saturation with facts will depend on this. This should not be done by one person, but by a creative group, which should include from three to seven people.

First steps to planning an excursion

When the objects are selected, we start collecting information on each of them and compose the most convenient route transitions (moving, etc.). Now, from a large amount of information on objects, you need to make an excursion text for each of them and a card for the object. Such a card is an indispensable part of the tour guide's portfolio, it contains brief information about the object and possibly a photograph of it.

After the excursion texts for the objects are written, it is easier to create an interesting and concise excursion text, to connect the parts with competent transitions.

After preparing the materials, a methodological development of the excursion is made - this is a document describing the excursion, its main parameters. The manual includes a topic, a route map, its length, type of excursion, safety rules, purpose, tasks and time. It also includes a table - a plan for the tour:

• route;
• display object;
• stop;
• time in minutes;
• enumeration of the main issues, names of subtopics;
• organizational guidelines;
• methodical instructions (logical transitions).

After that, the training manual must be certified by the management, it serves as a confirmation of the quality of the excursion.

Tour guide portfolio

Before you conduct a tour, you need to collect a "guide portfolio". This is the professional name for a set of visual aids to simplify the conduct of the tour. These can be reproductions of paintings, photographs of people who are related to this topic, maps depicting enterprises or military operations, geographic Maps, geological samples, product samples, tape recordings and other materials to help saturate the tour.

Material requirements

The criteria for selecting visual material are low: safety, unusualness, expressiveness, the need for display and cognitive value. These are the main qualities of these criteria. It is very important to have good materials on objects that have not survived to this day or have changed a lot. This will make the material easier to understand. It should be borne in mind that reproductions, maps and photographs must be on a cardboard base, the image must be clear with a size of at least 18 * 24, preferably 24 * 30 cm.

Now that all the material is ready, let's figure out how to properly conduct a tour. Usually each guide has his own technique for conducting an excursion, based on personal experience and observations. But the method of conducting an excursion is a whole system of requirements and tasks, methods of telling and showing. All this is necessary to achieve maximum digestibility of the material. A well-developed methodology is a kind of list of rules for the guide when conducting a specific excursion. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the methods of conducting an excursion should differ slightly depending on the age characteristics of the group and the interest of the tourists.

For school-age children, it is better not to overload the text with facts, it will be more interesting for them to see visual material and hear interesting legend or history. It is also worth preparing for questions, there are a lot of them from children. It is important to be able to keep the attention of sightseers-schoolchildren. To do this, you need to ask questions: “Do you know?”; “Have you heard about…?”; “Do you like…?” etc. In this case, the guide has a dialogue with the sightseers, and so you can keep your attention quite long time.

Tourists of the older generation, as a rule, behave quietly and calmly, and it is quite difficult to understand whether the story is interesting to them or not. In the event that these are not professors and scientists, it is advisable not to overload the text of the excursion with a large number of dates and numbers. Always allow time for photography, just five to seven minutes will be enough.

Tour guide receptions

There are generally accepted methods of conducting an excursion, they include storytelling and demonstration techniques. Display techniques allow you to draw the attention of tourists to the most important details, evaluate the general view of the object and its combination with environment. Narrative techniques, in turn, help to recreate a more accurate picture of events in the imagination of the tourists. Key words: “Imagine…”, “It was… a year…”, etc.

Safety regulations

But besides interesting material and a pleasant guide, the event should be safe.

Safety during excursions, especially walking tours, is very important. The basic rules of safety and behavior on the route can be found in methodological development tours. But the guide is obliged to notify the group about safety measures immediately before the tour. Tell about all the nuances of the route. The most banal phrases about not sticking your head out the bus window and jumping out on the go should definitely be heard. Since the guide takes responsibility for the group during the excursion, it is his task to tell about the safety rules.

What to warn tourists about

Particular attention should be paid to road crossings and crossings (cable bridges, caves, tunnels, etc.). If the excursion is conducted in nature, then fire safety rules should be warned. It is also necessary to talk about the fact that you can not try mushrooms, touch various insects and animals with your hands, drink water from open reservoirs and walk barefoot.

Take care of household items local population and the surrounding nature at the place of the excursion. In addition, excursions should be allowed to persons who have undergone preliminary briefing and medical examination, as well as people who do not have health-related contraindications.

Introduction.

Hello dear friends. My name is Anna. And today I am your guide. We have gathered today in order to listen to a very interesting excursion. The theme of our tour is "Malakhov Kurgan monument - two defenses". The route of our excursion passes through the territory of the Malakhov Kurgan, here you will see many monuments, guns, a defensive tower, places of fatal wounds of Nakhimov and Kornilov, the only tree that survived the Second World War. I will ask you to keep up with the group, during the tour I will answer your questions.

Well, now back to the topic of our Excursion !! Malakhov Kurgan - not just historical monument, this is a sacred land for every Sevastopol citizen, the fate of the first defense of Sevastopol was decided here. The name of the mound, as one of the versions explains, is associated with the name of a retired military sailor Mikhail Malakhov, who was a highly respected person on the Ship side, one of the first to settle at the foot of the mound. His house was on the slope of this mound. Malakhov often came for advice, help, for the court: he was an honest and fair man. So they said: "Let's go to the barrow, to Malakhov." The mound gradually began to be called by his name.

Outwardly, the mound may not be very impressive - a hill is like a hill. Its height is only 97 meters above sea level, but the glory of the mound is great. Within one hundred years, the mound twice became the scene of fierce battles.

During the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 Malakhov Kurgan, dominating the surrounding area, was the key position of the left flank of the defense. There was also the main bastion of the Ship side, which, after the death of Vice Admiral V.A. Kornilov began to be called Kornilovsky.

Here the French troops waged the most furious assaults. However, the enemy managed to capture the mound only after eleven months of fighting, when the defensive structures were demolished and the strength of its defenders was exhausted by many days of artillery bombardment. The loss of the Malakhov Kurgan predetermined the outcome of the 11-month defense of the city.

During the defense period, there were nine batteries on Malakhov Kurgan, two of them were reproduced in 1958. They are equipped with authentic ship cannons from the Crimean War. The guns are cast iron and weigh from two to seven tons. A lot of effort had to be made by the sailors to drag them to the bastions. The guns fired solid and explosive (bomb) cores. Despite the imperfection of weapons and the need of the defenders in literally everything, two powerful imperial powers could not take Sevastopol for almost a year.

The enemy managed to make the first assault on the city only nine months after the start of the siege, on June 6, 1855. This assault was heroically repulsed by the defenders of Sevastopol. Tells about the events of the day Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol, located on the former fourth bastion.

Many outstanding defense heroes fought on Malakhov Hill: Admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin, Sister of Mercy Dasha Sevastopolskaya, sailor Koshka, a participant in many sorties into the camp of the enemy. At night, brave hunters (as they were called) captured trophies, prisoners, destroyed enemy fortifications, and most importantly, it was a very powerful psychological weapon. After the Crimean War, the name "Malakhov Kurgan" became known throughout the world. In 1856, the French Marshal Pélissier, who in 1855-1856 commanded the French army in the Crimea, was awarded the title "Duke of Malakhov". In Germany there is a fort Malakhov, a small town near Paris began to be called "Malakof".

The mound became famous during second defense of Sevastopol. Therefore, Malakhov Kurgan - memorial complex of monuments of two wars: Crimean and Great Patriotic.

Main part

Now we are at the Main entrance to Malakhov Kurgan. Arch adorns a massive Doric portico with dates on the frieze: 1854-1855. Wide main staircase leads to the top of the mound. The staircase bifurcates and joins again, forming a large lawn with a manicured lawn. From here you can see the entire Sevastopol: the central part of the city; Vladimirsky Cathedral - the tomb of admirals, three of whom died here, on Malakhov Hill; the open sea; Konstantinovskaya battery at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay; The northern side of Sevastopol, crowned with a pyramid of the church of St. Nicholas at the Fraternal Cemetery. Now we will climb this staircase

Now we are on the first wide horizontal platform, on which there are two monuments. The one on the left - during the Crimean War, on the right - the Great Patriotic War. Let's go to the monument which is located to the right. This is monument to the pilots of the 8th air army, which in May 1944 liberated Sevastopol from the Nazis. It was commanded by Major General Khryukin. As part of the army, a female night bomber regiment fought under the command of Evdokia Bershanskaya. The girls flew on airplanes with PO-2 percale wings, they flew out only at night, since the planes were imperfect, in the event of a projectile hit, they burned like matches. On these planes, the pilots terrified the enemy, the Nazis called them night witches. More than forty female pilots of the regiment
were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The monument is a granite rock from which a fighter plane "takes off". One of the best WWII fighters Yak-3 was used as a prototype for the memorial aircraft. The monument was erected by military builders in July 1944, restored in 1994. Next to the monument, granite boards are installed, which list the flight formations and units that participated in the liberation of Sevastopol.

Now let's proceed to the left side of the site. Here is - a small white marble monument , established in 1892 abovemass grave of Russian and French soldiers . The soldiers who died in the last battle on Malakhov Kurgan on August 27, 1855 are buried in it.

When, on the last day of the first defense, the French broke into Malakhov Kurgan, the Russians launched several counterattacks, fought selflessly, as a result, the losses were very large on both sides. Those who died in this battle were buried in one grave. Buried by the French, who highly appreciated the courage of their opponents.

A black stele with a black cross rises above the white pedestal. The symbolism of flowers explains the inscription on French, embossed on the back of the monument: "They were inspired by victory and united by death. Such is the glory of the brave, such is the lot of a soldier." On the front side of the monument are the words: "Monument to the Russian and French soldiers who fell on the Malakhov Kurgan during the defense and attack on August 27, 1855."

During the Great Patriotic War, the monument was badly damaged, restored in 1960.

The main alley of Malakhov Kurgan begins from this site, which the French soldiers called “devilish”, its age is already approaching fifty years. The trees on this alley were planted by party, state and public figures of the USSR and foreign countries, Heroes of the Soviet Union, cosmonauts (including Yuri Gagarin). Previously, there were signs near the trees, on which the names were written. This alley was called Alley of Friendship.

Now let's go down the alley. So on the left you see a powerful ship's gun . This is a genuine ship's cannon from World War II. Gun caliber - 130 mm, firing range - 20 km. At this place stood the second gun (in front of the trees - the first). In October 1941, the destroyer "Perfect" was blown up by a Nazi mine. They removed the guns from it, installed it on land. That's how it was created Battery "Malakhov Kurgan" The guns were served by the sailors of the destroyer (60 people), the battery was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Matyukhin. So they called the batteries - "Matyukhins". The battery provided support to our units on the Mekenziev mountains (16 km to the north), on the northern side of the city.

Matyuhintsy fought until last days defense. On June 30, 1942, the Nazis captured Malakhov Kurgan. The forces were unequal. The survivors went to the south-west of Sevastopol and continued to fight there. Many suffered the fate of other defenders of the city: they were taken prisoner. The guns that you see are taken from the destroyer Boyky. They are exactly the same as they were on the destroyer "Perfect", and stand here as a monument to the sailors who defended Sevastopol.

Going a little further we see unusual monument. This ismonument tree - old almond , he survived the Great Patriotic War. When Sevastopol was liberated, even the ground was burned on the Malakhov Kurgan, of course, all the greenery died, and only a small burnt almond tree survived and bloomed. Only one living branch remained on it. But every spring it is covered with white flowers, symbolizing the triumph of life over death.

Now pay attention to the center of the alley, it has bronze relief map of the Malakhov Kurgan bastion ( architect A. Sheffer). The map shows batteries, powder magazines, shelters - everything that was here during the defense of 1854-1855. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe angle directed towards the enemy, the so-called outgoing, is indicated defensive tower , which is now located branch of the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol.

Let's go to the Defense Tower. This donjon tower is the only stone defensive structure on the bastion. It was built in the summer of 1854 at the expense of the inhabitants of Sevastopol according to the project of the military engineer F.A. Starchenko. The tower was built of Inkerman stone. The thickness of the walls of the lower tier is 152 cm, the upper one is 88 cm. The tower on two tiers had 52 loopholes, five eighteen-pound cannons were installed on the upper platform. A memorial plaque with the names of the regiments and units that defended Malakhov Kurgan during the first defense was fixed on the tower.

On October 5, 1854, during the first bombing of Sevastopol, the upper tier of the tower was demolished by enemy shells, while the lower one served as a shelter. It housed a dressing station, a powder warehouse, a camp church and the headquarters of Rear Admiral V.I. Istomin, who commanded the fourth distance of the defensive line (which included Malakhov Kurgan). March 7, 1855 Istomin inspected the remote fortification of Malakhov Kurgan, the so-called Kamchatka lunette (ahead of defensive tower), where he was killed on the spot by an enemy core that hit him in the head. It was a big loss for the defenders of Sevastopol.

To the left of the tower you can see the Anti-Assault Battery. At this place during the war, there was a naval gun of the 1803 model. Now let's go up the road behind the tower. Here you see the Battery on the glacis, also here is a marble slab, marking the place of the mortal wound of Admiral Nakhimov

On June 28, 1855, Nakhimov stood on the glacis and watched the positions of the French. As always, the admiral was in uniform with golden epaulettes, presenting a good target for the French rifles (a rifle with a rifled barrel). The commander of the fourth distance, which included Malakhov Kurgan, captain of the first rank F.S. Kern (a relative of Anna Kern) asked him to go down to the shelter, Nakhimov quite sharply refused. Several bullets hit the parapet nearby, he managed to say: “They shoot quite accurately today,” as one of the bullets hit him in the left temple. No efforts of doctors could save the admiral, and two days later, without regaining consciousness, Nakhimov died.

On this day, the whole of Sevastopol mourned. An eyewitness wrote that there was not a person in the city who would not gladly give his life for the life of the admiral. On July 1, Pavel Stepanovich was buried next to his unforgettable teacher Lazarev and his comrades-in-arms, Kornilov and Istomin, who died on Malakhov Hill. Nakhimov’s obituary says: “Peace be upon your ashes, smart, skillful and experienced, passionately loving his art and his subordinates, equally loved by them, always cold-blooded and courageous, kind at heart, great in mind and courage, an honest, generous person!”. admiral Nakhimov wrote: "totally devoted to the service, he did not know outside of it and had no interests." He devoted himself to the naval service, did not start a family. His fellow sailors were his family, all his ambition consisted in the strict execution of his "Everything here is so clearly and strongly inspired by the soul and strength of Nakhimov that it is impossible not to realize that he really personifies the present era, and it is impossible to imagine what would have happened without him ..." He spent the night where he had to, slept without undressing, because he took his own apartment under the infirmary for the wounded, and the personal money of the admiral went to help the families of sailors. Legends circulated about his courage and contempt for death. expected loud enthusiastic "Hurrah!". With Nakhimov, the soul of the Sevastopol defense died.

Going further, you see the batteries of Senyavin, Emelyanov. To the right of the batteries is a monument to Kornilov., Installed at the site of Kornilov's injury (architect A. Bilderling, sculptor academician I. Schroeder). On the pedestal, the top of which displays a part of the fortification, there is a figure of a mortally wounded admiral. With his right hand, he points to the city, his words, spoken before his death, are inscribed below, they sound like a call or even an order: “Defend Sevastopol!” On the right is the figure of a sailor-artilleryman, who is given a resemblance to the famous sailor hero P. Koshka. At the foot of the monument is a cross laid out by order of Nakhimov by the Sevastopol cabin boys from enemy nuclei.

Admiral Kornilov was wounded on the day of the first bombardment of Sevastopol, October 5, 1854, at about 11 o'clock. Kornilov arrived at Malakhov Kurgan, inspected the tower, fortifications and went to the horse to continue the inspection, but then the enemy core crushed his left leg at the groin. On the same day, at half past three, Vice Admiral Kornilov died. When the defense began, Kornilov was the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. He led the defense, being an excellent organizer, did a lot for the construction of defensive fortifications, for the organization of defense in general. Despite the fact that Kornilov died at the very beginning of the defense, his merits were great, and the loss for Sevastopol was very great.

The words of the dying Kornilov inscribed on the pedestal infuriated the fascist invaders, who paid a terrible price for the capture of Sevastopol. Therefore, they destroyed the monument: the bronze was taken out, and the pedestal was blown up. The monument to the 200th anniversary of Sevastopol has been restored. The initial version of the monument was taken as a basis, the model of which is stored in the Naval Museum of St. Petersburg. Malakhov Kurgan is the place of heroism of hundreds, thousands of defenders of the city. Note that among those who fought on the Malakhov Kurgan was the father of the "red lieutenant" Peter Schmidt - P.P. Schmidt, who commanded the anti-assault battery, and together with the famous N.I. Pirogov and professor of Kiev University X.Ya. Gubbenet fought for the lives of the wounded and Schmidt's mother E.Ya. Wagner.

Conclusion

So our tour has come to an end. Thank you all for your attention. You are very good listeners. I am ready to answer your questions.