Presentation "Lake Ladoga". Presentation on the theme of Lake Ladoga. Fauna of the shores and lake bottom of Lake Ladoga
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Navigation on Ladoga has been known since ancient times. In the 9th-12th centuries, a water trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed through it, connecting Northern Russia with Southern Russia, Scandinavia and the Baltic States with Byzantium. Ladoga acquired the most intensive transport significance in the time of Peter the Great. On the shores of the lake, shipyards began to be created, canals were built. channel system Ladoga lake at the beginning of the 18th century it was connected with the Upper Volga. But frequent unrest has long been a huge hindrance to navigation. At the mouth of the Volkhov, up to 500 ships sometimes gathered in anticipation of favorable weather. This was the reason for the construction of bypass canals along the southern coast of Ladoga. During the Great Patriotic War, transportation along Ladoga was the only link between the besieged Leningrad and the country. During navigation, transportation was carried out by the Ladoga flotilla, and in winter, a highway called "Road of Life". In total, during the blockade period, about 1 million people were evacuated to the rear through Lake Ladoga and 1.7 million tons of cargo were transported. Navigation on Ladoga has been known since ancient times. In the 9th-12th centuries, a water trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed through it, connecting Northern Russia with Southern Russia, Scandinavia and the Baltic States with Byzantium. Ladoga acquired the most intensive transport significance in the time of Peter the Great. On the shores of the lake, shipyards began to be created, canals were built. At the beginning of the 18th century, Lake Ladoga was connected with the Upper Volga by a system of canals. But frequent unrest has long been a huge hindrance to navigation. At the mouth of the Volkhov, up to 500 ships sometimes gathered in anticipation of favorable weather. This was the reason for the construction of bypass canals along the southern coast of Ladoga. During the Great Patriotic War, transportation along Ladoga was the only link between the besieged Leningrad and the country. During navigation, transportation was carried out by the Ladoga Flotilla, and in winter a motor road was laid on the ice of the lake, called the Road of Life. In total, during the blockade period, about 1 million people were evacuated to the rear through Lake Ladoga and 1.7 million tons of cargo were transported.
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Ladoga lake
Completed by: Nesterova Irina 21shk
Lake Ladoga is a unique natural system in the North-West of Russia.
Initially, the lake was called Nevo. But since this name characterized the main water artery of St. Petersburg, it was decided to rename it to Ladoga.
Features of Lake Ladoga
Ladoga lake- the largest in Europe. The Neva River flows out of it, flowing into the Gulf of Finland. Baltic Sea. The basin of the lake is of glacial origin. About 12 thousand years ago, she finally freed herself from ice. And now seals continue to live in the lake, which came to his liking natural conditions.
Features of Lake Ladoga
The area is more than 18 thousand square meters. km. The endless expanses of the lake resemble the sea. In its open part, no shores are visible, and strong winds often turn it into a raging element, more insidious than some of the seas.
The greatest length of Lake Ladoga is 219 km, and the average width is about 83 km. Average depth - 50 m.
Climate
The climate over Lake Ladoga is temperate, transitional from temperate continental to temperate maritime.
There are an average of 62 per year sunny days. Therefore, for most of the year, days with cloudy, overcast weather and diffused lighting prevail.
Lake Ladoga is a pantry of solar energy
It can be called without exaggeration. Solar energy penetrating into the water column sets the water masses of the lake in motion. Even in short periods of calm, when the surface of Ladoga is mirror-fixed, at depth there is a movement of water masses both horizontally and vertically.
This phenomenon contributes to the redistribution of heat in Ladoga, the gradual enrichment of ever deeper layers with it. The accumulation of solar heat and its distribution in water during the day, season, year determines the temperature regime of the lake.
Day length
It changes from 5 hours 51 minutes on the winter solstice to 18 hours 50 minutes on the summer solstice. The so-called "white nights" are observed over the lake, coming on May 25-26, when the sun drops below the horizon by no more than 9 °, and the evening twilight practically merges with the morning. The white nights end on July 16-17.
Rivers
35 rivers flow into Lake Ladoga the largest river, which flows into it, is the Svir River, which brings water into it from Lake Onega. Water also enters the lake through the Vuoksa River from Lake Saimaa, and through the Volkhov River from Lake Ilmen. The Morier, Avloga, Burnaya rivers also flow into it.
Islands of Lake Ladoga
There are about 660 islands on Lake Ladoga with total area 435 km², most of them are concentrated in the northern part of the lake, in the so-called skerry region, as well as in the Valaam (about 50 islands), Western archipelagos and the Mantsinsari group of islands (about 40 islands). Most major islands- Riekkalansari, Mantsinsari, Kilpola, Tulolansari, Valaam, Konevets.
Putsaari - almost desert island Lake Ladoga.
Lighthouse on Sukho Island in Lake Ladoga.
The most famous on Lake Ladoga are the Valaam Islands - an archipelago of about 50 islands with an area of \u200b\u200babout 36 km², due to the location of the Valaam Monastery on the main island of the archipelago. Also known is the island of Konevets, on which the monastery is also located.
Island in Lake Ladoga.
Animal world shores and lake bottom of Lake Ladoga
AT last years Ladoga ringed seal cubs are often found on the shores of Lake Ladoga. The species is listed in the Red Book.
At the bottom of Lake Ladoga there are 385 species of invertebrates, therefore, this fauna is quite diverse. Most species are in the littoral zone (about 290).
Much less - in the deep part (about 80).
The benthic fauna is dominated by insect larvae (52% of all species of benthic fauna), worms (17%) are in second place, hydracarines or water mites are in third (14%), mollusks are in fourth (9.3%), fifth place belongs to crustaceans (4.5%); other groups of animals - 4.3%.
Fish of Lake Ladoga
About 60 species of fish live in Lake Ladoga, of which 30 are of commercial importance. Most of the species live in the lake permanently, and only some of them, such as the Baltic sturgeon, Baltic salmon, Neva lamprey, sea eel, sometimes enter Ladoga from the Baltic and Gulf of Finland. In recent years, new fish have appeared in the lake - carp and peled.
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Contents 1. Why did I choose this topic? 2. Features of Lake Ladoga. 3. Rivers. 4. Islands. 5. Animal world. 6. Curious situations associated with Lake Ladoga. 7. Conclusion.
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Why did I choose this topic? I am interested in this topic, due to the fact that Lake Ladoga is located in Leningrad region and is the most large lake Europe. By this lake interesting story associated with the Patriotic War, and it is also very beautiful. The lake is rich in its flora and fauna.
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Features of Lake Ladoga. Lake Ladoga is the largest in Europe. The Neva River flows from it, flowing into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. The basin of the lake is of glacial origin. About 12 thousand years ago, she finally freed herself from ice. And now seals continue to live in the lake, who liked its natural conditions. The area of Ladoga with the islands is more than 18 thousand square meters. km. The endless expanses of the lake resemble the sea. In its open part, no shores are visible, and strong winds often turn it into a raging element, more insidious than some of the seas. The greatest length of Lake Ladoga is 219 km, and the average width is about 83 km. Average depth - 50 m.
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The lake is distinguished by low mineralization and the water of Ladoga is quite transparent. in winter in warm years the lake does not freeze completely, and the open central part of the lake remains free of ice. The thickness of the ice on the lake, depending on the severity of the winter, ranges from 50 to 110 cm. The ice reaches its greatest thickness in late March - early April. The lake begins to open up in April near the southern shore and in the skerries of the northern part. If the strong blow northern winds, then the mass of ice is driven into the Shlisselburg Bay, and from there into the Neva River. Then the second - Ladoga - ice drift passes through it. Ladoga is characterized by a stormy temper, but it is not always completely covered by a storm wind. Often, an increase in wind in one part of the lake is combined with almost calm weather in another. Calms here are observed most often in June, but for a very short time. In July and August, in calm weather, there are mirages. Looking into the distance, you suddenly discover islands where they never were. Sometimes, instead of an island, the contours of a ship are outlined on the horizon, or real island before our eyes rises and soars above the water.
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Navigation on Ladoga has been known since ancient times. In the 9th-12th centuries, a water trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed through it, connecting Northern Russia with Southern Russia, Scandinavia and the Baltic States with Byzantium. Ladoga acquired the most intensive transport significance in the time of Peter the Great. On the shores of the lake, shipyards began to be created, canals were built. At the beginning of the 18th century, Lake Ladoga was connected with the Upper Volga by a system of canals. But frequent unrest has long been a huge hindrance to navigation. At the mouth of the Volkhov, up to 500 ships sometimes gathered in anticipation of favorable weather. This was the reason for the construction of bypass canals along the southern coast of Ladoga. During the Great Patriotic War, transportation along Ladoga was the only link between the besieged Leningrad and the country. During navigation, transportation was carried out by the Ladoga Flotilla, and in winter a motor road was laid on the ice of the lake, called the Road of Life. In total, during the blockade period, about 1 million people were evacuated to the rear through Lake Ladoga and 1.7 million tons of cargo were transported.
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The shores of the lake are sparsely populated. The cities on the coast are ancient, but small - Priozersk, Sortavala, Novaya Ladoga, Shlisselburg. Rest settlements(about 90) are small, these are the villages of lumberjacks, fishermen and water workers.
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There are about 660 islands on Lake Ladoga with a total area of 435 km², most of them are concentrated in the northern part of the lake, in the so-called skerry region, as well as in the Valaam (about 50 islands), Western archipelagos and the Mantsinsari group of islands (about 40 islands) . The largest islands are Riekkalansari, Mantsinsari, Kilpola, Tulolansari, Valaam, Konevets. Rocky shore of the island in Lake Ladoga.
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Lighthouse on Sukho Island in Lake Ladoga. Putsaari is an almost uninhabited island in Lake Ladoga. Island in Lake Ladoga. The most famous on Lake Ladoga are the Valaam Islands - an archipelago of about 50 islands with an area of \u200b\u200babout 36 km², due to the location of the Valaam Monastery on the main island of the archipelago. Also known is the island of Konevets, on which the monastery is also located.
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The lake is fed through the Svir River from Lake Onega, and through the Volkhov River - from Lake Ilmen. The rivers Vuoksa, Syas, Naziya and others also flow into it. The Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga. northern part The area is occupied by the Svir depression - a narrow strip between the Ladoga and Onega lakes, which is a terraced plain of lacustrine-glacial origin, consisting of a number of steps descending to Lake Ladoga. In the middle of the Svir depression, the Svir River flows to the west. Almost the entire population in the eastern part of the Svir depression is concentrated directly in the valley of the Svir River. A significant area is occupied by the Neva lowland, covering the valley of the Neva and its tributaries - Tosna and Izhora. It is mostly treeless, only in the east separate forests have been preserved. The flat relief and proximity to the surface of water-resistant rocks led to a large swampiness. The space to the south to Lake Ilmen is occupied by the swampy wooded Volkhov lowland, which is crossed by the Volkhov River from the north. On the shore of Lake Ladoga beyond the Morie River.
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In recent years, cubs of the Ladoga ringed seal have often been found on the shores of Lake Ladoga. The species is listed in the Red Book. At the bottom of Lake Ladoga there are 385 species of invertebrates, therefore, this fauna is quite diverse. Most species are in the littoral zone (about 290). Much less - in the deep part (about 80). The benthic fauna is dominated by insect larvae (52% of all species of benthic fauna), worms (17%) are in second place, hydracarines or water mites are in third (14%), mollusks are in fourth (9.3%), fifth place belongs to crustaceans (4.5%); other groups of animals - 4.3%.
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About 60 species of fish live in Lake Ladoga, of which 30 are of commercial importance. Ladoga is a predominantly salmon reservoir. Salmonids include almost all valuable commercial fish: salmon, trout, char, vendace. Other valuable fish include whitefish, grayling and smelt. About one third of the species living in the lake are cyprinids - roach, ide, bream, syrt. Most of the species live in the lake permanently, and only some of them, such as the Baltic sturgeon, Baltic salmon, Neva lamprey, sea eel, sometimes enter Ladoga from the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland. In the past, sterlet was found in Lake Ladoga, now it is gone. In recent years, new fish have appeared in the lake - carp and peled. Carp came from Lake Ilmen, where it was released in 1952-1953, and peled came from the lakes of the Karelian Isthmus, where it has been bred since 1958. Local lake salmon is an exceptionally valuable fish. Its weight reaches 10 kg. Best Places salmon fisheries are located in the northern part of the lake. However, fishing has been banned since 1960, as the salmon herd is recovering very slowly. The reason for the slow resumption is a sharp deterioration in spawning conditions; rivers are littered with timber rafting, Vuoksa is polluted, poachers cause great damage on Stormy, Svir is blocked by hydroelectric dams.
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Pike perch is one of the main objects of fishing on Ladoga. He lives in the lake everywhere, but especially willingly in the southern shallow part. Here, in the south, and its largest commercial accumulations. Individual specimens of zander weigh 8 kg. The bream, despite its good food and taste qualities, is not of great importance in the Ladoga fishery. It lives mainly in the southern region of the lake and in its southern bays. In the northern deep-water part of Ladoga, palia is kept. Due to the insignificant catches, the fishing of char is almost stopped. Whitefish in Lake Ladoga are represented by 7 different forms. Four of them are lake (Ludoga, Lake Ladoga, Valaam and Black) and three are lake-river (Volkhov, Svir and Vuoksinsky). Vendace and ripus differ from each other in size. The small form is called vendace and is ubiquitous in the lake. The large form is called ripus, and it is found mainly in the southern part of the lake, and spawns here in autumn.
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In the fishing industry, the matter is not limited to the extraction of only the best species of fish, since the mass fishing of less valuable ones can give no less economic effect than the extraction of a small amount of more valuable ones. And the modest smelt occupies the first place in catches on Lake Ladoga (Arkhiptseva, 1968). It is distributed throughout the lake everywhere, but its larger form lives in the southern part, and a smaller one, similar to a smelt, lives in the northern part. Pike, which prefers thickets of aquatic vegetation in shallow water areas for its life, are caught in small quantities.
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Curious situations related to Lake Ladoga 1. Rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations removed 21 fishermen from a detached ice floe on Lake Ladoga Publication time: January 20, 2003, 17:44 Last update: January 20, 2003, 20:44 2. Graduation ceremony at the Leningrad Zoo . Seal Ira will get freedom today. She was the last of 11 seals rescued this spring to remain in her cage. Recall that for the first time this year the fate of the pinnipeds came to grips with the employees of the Leningrad Zoo and foreign volunteers. Due to global warming, the ice in the bay is melting earlier and the seals do not have time to feed their pups. Babies are dying by the hundreds. Now found seals are brought to the zoo, treated and released. True, each time parting becomes a small tragedy, if not for the animal, then for those who cared for it. The Ira seal was found on April 9, she was dying of hunger. For 3 months, the baby has grown fat about four times. And instead of fish porridge, she eats herring with pleasure. True, on the day of departure she was so worried that she refused food, she gnawed only the microphone of the Petersburg Vesti. Ira will be released today into the native waves of Ladoga on one of the islands of the Valaam archipelago. 03-07-2008
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Conclusion Having such a unique miracle of nature as Lake Ladoga, it is necessary that attitudes towards it change for the better: treat the flora and fauna of the lake more carefully, preserve rare and valuable fish species, fight poaching, and help preserve the Ladoga seal. It is necessary to strictly monitor the pollution of the waters of the lake and rivers, industrial enterprises and individual citizens.
- Lake Ladoga is the largest in Europe freshwater lake, the length of which is 219 km with the greatest width - 138 km. The northern and eastern parts of the reservoir belong to Karelia. Western, Southeastern and South coast Lake Ladoga is located in the Leningrad region. The lake holds 908 km³ of water. Replenishment water resources occurs mainly due to 35 inflowing rivers. Only one river flows out of Ladoga - the Neva.
- For Russia, Ladoga has always been of strategic importance: an important part of the waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed through its open spaces in the 9th century. A documentary mention of the “great Lake Nevo” (as Lake Ladoga was called in the old days) is first found in the Old Russian chronicle dated 1228. The first capital before Kievan Rus was located near the confluence of the Volkhov River into Lake Ladoga.
- The bottom of Ladoga to this day keeps numerous interesting and valuable artifacts belonging to different time periods. The ancient Vikings, soldiers of the Northern and Great Patriotic Wars, left their mark. Of course, first of all, Lake Ladoga hides traces of the Second World War. A vivid example of this is "Death Bay". In this place in August 1941 there was an urgent evacuation of rifle and motorized Soviet divisions. For two weeks, under fierce artillery and mortar fire, the ships were removed from the shore of the fighters. The small bay was literally bombarded with shells. Until now, the entire bottom of the lake is covered with a layer of shells, shell fragments and iron.
- Many sites near Lake Ladoga have been preserved in their original beauty. In the picturesque faults of harsh rocks, peeps ancient history this edge. Islands, rocky shoals, mountain slopes covered with pine forests were once covered by the waters of a prehistoric sea that stretched north to the ocean.
