Where the highest mountains of Himalayas are located. Himalayas - the highest mountains on earth

Almost all of the northeast of India occupies an extensive mountain system of Himalayas and Hindukusch. There are many Buddhist monasteries and communities, many of which settled here not one millennium back. Himalayas are the most famous Indian natural attraction, and Jomolungma Peak, or Everest - the highest peak - claims one of the seven new wonders of the world. Not only climbers and other lovers of extreme rest are coming here, but also pilgrims are followers of Buddhism, Hinduism, esoterica.

Himalayas are part of the five countries at once. The mountain system is located in India, Pakistan, Nepal, China and Bhutan, and the Asian Indian Rivers, Ganges and Brahmaputra, around which the most important world cultures were created, feed from the Himalayan glaciers.

Despite the abundance of mountain slopes, the ski resorts in the Himalayas are extremely small, and those that are not strongly developed. It is connected not so much with the unwillingness of Indians to invest in sports tourism, but with the lack of good places for skiing. From the most popular Gulmarg in the Indian part of Kashmir, Auli in the state of Uttarakhand and Manali in Himachal Pradesh.

How to get to Himalayas

Indira Gandhi International Airport Next to Indian Himalayas is in Delhi. First you need to fly here, and then internal flights, by train or rented car to reach the destination.

There are no railways in the mountains, but the train can be reached before the foot. The only railway in Himalayas is rather entertainment than convenient transportation, Darjeling Himalayan Railway is called a "toy train" here. He departs from Siligiri Station and goes up to Ghum, located at an altitude of 2257 m, past tea plantations, valleys and other picturesque landscapes.

Gulmark's ski resort is easiest to reach the plane: in the city of Schrodagor, the capital Jammu and Kashmir, there is your airport. The resort of Auli is located next to a few airports, nearest in Dehradun.

The main means of movement between cities and towns in Himalayas is jeep minibuses (Shared Jeep), they run between all settlements. Indians are used to occupying at least space on the road, so to go comfortably, it makes sense to redeem 1-2 additional places.

Search for flights to Delhi (nearest a / n to Himalayam)

Weather in Himalayah

The weather in Himalayas depends on the height of the mountain arrays - the higher, the colder. At an altitude of 2000-2300 m above sea level in winter, the air temperature ranges from -4 to +8 ° C, in summer - on average +18 ... + 24 ° C, sometimes it is hot, to +23 ... + 30 ° С .

The most appropriate time to travel - from May to July and September-October. At this time there is dry, sunny, warm enough and comfortable weather for walking. In July and August, it is also warm, but at this time rains and fogs come here, high cloudy, so you admire the mountain landscapes, it is unlikely. In winter, in the Himalayas cold and windy, the snow removes all the roads, and travel becomes problematic.

Hotels in Himalayev

In the Himalayas there are hotels of various price categories. A large selection of hotels from 2 * to 5 * is in Darjeeling and in popular ski resorts. A small house without amenities, with a fan instead of the air conditioner will cost 1100 INR per day for two. "Tryshka" will cost about 3500-4200 INR per day per room for two, and hotels category 5 * - from 7000 INR per day. Prices on the page are shown in March 2019.

In the Himalayas, especially in his religious quarters, are popular ashrama. These are shelters for pilgrims, similar to very ascetic hostels. The conditions there are pretty Spartan, often in the room for several people there are only beds and one souls at all (if you are lucky, there will be a fan). Accommodation is very cheap, and sometimes you can live in Ashra for free for helping the housework or voluntary donation.

Skiing

In the Himalayas there are several ski resorts. In terms of service with European, they do not compare them, but the most important thing is the necessary minimum of services and gorgeous mountain landscapes - there are here. Equipment rental points are almost everywhere, the complete set will cost approximately 1400-1750 INR per day.

The most popular ski resort in Himalayas - Gulmarg. It is most of all the rest complies with European standards, and externally similar to the Swiss village of the middle of the last century. There are rental items, a few lifts, about 15 km of trails and excellent forest freeride.

Auli. - Another popular Himalayan ski resort. Local routes are considered the best in the region (only about 10 km). There are snow guns, ski schools for beginners and gentle roads for them. The resort is generally more oriented on novice athletes, experienced here will be quite boring.

Solang - Ski resort 22 km from Manali. There are tracks for both newcomers and extremals (one "black track"), tourists celebrate the high professionalism of the instructors.

Narkanda - A very picturesque resort surrounded by a coniferous forest, is located near Shimly, the only drawback is very little space.

Kufri. - The oldest ski resort in India. In winter, there is a center of skiing, in the summer - trekking and hayking, as there are integers of the National Park near Kufri: the Himalayan Nature Park and the Indiral Tourist Park.

Kitchen and restaurants of the Himalayas

Tibetan cuisine is distributed in the Himalayas. It is much less sharp than in the south of India, and there is more meat in it, although vegetarian dishes are also present. The most popular dishes, which can be found in almost every cafe and restaurant - Chowman (pasta with vegetables and meat), Momo (dumplings for a couple with different meat and vegetable fillings) and a tuck (soup on a ram broth with frozen, vegetables and meat). Here a lot is prepared in Tander - an earthen furnace without a lid. Basically, it is a simple peasant food: meat or bird is frying on a spit, and then hesitates in Tandoran in special breadpasters, which the tandon is blocked from the inside.

The season is important. In the Himalayas, this seasonality is special and related to religion and other ancient traditions. In the rainy season, there is no dishes with nuts, after a dense lunch you need to eat mango, and in the summer meat and fish are not eating. However, the latter is easily explained: the refrigerators still have far from every home, but the meat flies very quickly.

In the Himalayas, the cult of useful food. For example, it is believed that mango soup not only improves blood circulation, but also increases sexual desire, Halva is almost the blessing of the gods, and the drink from the flowers of Rodo (Himalayan Rhododendrons) introduces harmony into the body.

Guides in Himalayas

The best photos of Himalayav

Entertainment and attractions

In the Himalayas, primarily ancient temples and natural attractions are interesting. The most famous Ladakh, the city of Ashram Rishikesh and Haridwar, one of their seven sacred cities. The alpine temples of Shiva and Vishnu in Kedarnath and Badrindha, the valley of Kashmirov and, of course, Shambala with Tibetan monasteries are worthy of attention.

Excursions are also popular for the Golden Temple in Amritsar, surrounded by the "reservoir of immortality", a trip to the state of Sikkim to the foot of the Sacred Annapurna and to other Buddhist shrines.

Acquaintance with the Himalayas often begins with the capital of Khimal-Pradesh - Town Shimla. He is called "the most fashionable village in the Himalayas": here it is worth visiting the Palace of Vice-King Britain (today there is a museum), the central square with the Cathedral of Christ and the main shopping street, where you can buy scarves and shawls from fine wool, sari and other national clothes And sparkles for the decoration of forehead.

One of the most mysterious places in the Himalayas - Schrinar.. All his secrets are connected with the tomb of Roshbal - according to historical research (mostly doubtful), there is a body of Jesus, and many local things believe in it. In addition, the city is known for milk-boats on the lake, the proximity of the Gulmarg ski resort and very high-quality wool products in local stores and markets.

Darjeling Himalayan Railway is one of the most interesting attractions in the Himalayas. She is more famous here called "Toy Train." The road was built in 1881, and since then a narrow 60-centimeter rut at a height of 2000 m above sea level walks by a small train. The final station is Ghum (height of 2257 m), the path runs past tea plantations and other local beauties. A chic view of the neighborhood opens from the railway ring of the end station.

Road to Himalayam

Natural attractions

In Himalayas, very interesting national parks - Nanda-Devi and the valley of flowers in Western Himalayas, who are protected by UNESCO. These two fleets are located nearby and are considered one of the most picturesque in the Himalayas. Landscapes are really impressive here: glaciers on mountain peaks, alpine meadows, the source of the Gang River, which flows through the entire Nanda-Devi Reserve, and a varied vegetable and animal world. Rare animals live here, such as snow leopard and blue ram.

The most famous landmark of Natpark - Lake Rooclund, it is the lake of skeletons. It received his ominous name after a lot of human skeletons discovered at the bottom of the lake. It is believed that these people killed a hail during the rise to the top.

Himalayas and Roerich

Himalayas inspired and continue to inspire artists, directories, musicians and just creative people. The great Russian artist and mystic Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich in his expedition in the 30s of the 20th century. Not only visited Indian Himalayas and depicted seen in the pictures, but even founded the Institute of Himalayan Research in America. Moreover, the last years of the artist's life was held in the Culla Valley in Himachal Pradesh. Now there, in Nagar (suburb of the city of Manali) is a house-museum of painter. There was a situation in which the River's family lived 20 years old, Nikolai Konstantinovich's personal car and some of his paintings.

Valley Kulla is known not only by the estate of Roerich. This region is called Indian Switzerland: coniferous forests grow here, and the center of Tibetan medicine is located in Manali, where you can undergo diagnosis from the best local doctors and improve health.

Types of landscapes and the ability to conquer the mountains of eight-thousanders pulling climbers around the world. Myths and legends envelop this plot of land marked with the most striking spot (on the height scale) on the physical map of Eurasia. At the same time, the Himalayan elevation system is the youngest on the planet.

The highest mountain range of Himalayas is located in South Asia, it stretches from West to the East, its length is over 2400 km, the width is in the range of 180-350 km, the area is about 650 km 2.

Regarding geographic objects, the ridge borders:

• north - Tibetan Highlands;
• south - Indo-Gangskaya lowland;
• east - Valley of the River Brahmaputra;
• west is an Indus gorge.

The territory of the Himalayan Mountains was divided among themselves several Asian countries, the information is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

No. p / p	State	Capital	Location on the Himalayan Range
1.	Islamic Republic of Pakistan	Islamabad	Western part
2.	Republic of India.	New Delhi.	Western and Central Parts
3.	Tibetan Autonomous Area of \u200b\u200bthe People's Republic of China	Lhasa PRC - Beijing	Northwest
4.	Federal Democratic Republic Nepal	Kathmandu	central part
5.	Kingdom Bhutan	Thimphu	Eastern
6.	People's Republic of Bangladesh	Dakka	Eastern foothills

The origin of the Himalayas and Geology

Himalayan mountains on the map of geologists are noted as the youngest on Earth.

The age of the mountains is determined by their relief: acuity, amplitudes of heights, the steepness of the slopes certifies their youth - the type includes Himalayas. The beginning of the system formation is about 38 million years ago. And in our time, tectonic movements do not stop, they simply became less intense.

There is a historical and geological theory, which 200 million years ago on the globe was one single continent. Under the influence of changes within the Earth, he split into several continents.

Over time, they changed and faced each other. Thus faced lithospheric plates in Industan and Asian, from this edge of both continents were deformed with the formation of high mountain ranges.

When forming, the array was divided into 3 conditional steps, starting from the south:

1. Southern Pregimalai Step - Salyki Mountains. Its height does not exceed 1 km, width 10-50 km. The mountain structure has several ridges and a trapar plateau.
2. Small Himalayas. The width of the extensive highland is 80-100 km, the height of the average is 3.5-4 km, there are vertices, the highest is 6.5 km. The picturesque valleys of Kashmir and Kathmandu spread between the Border Range of Dauladar and the main Himalayan ridge.
3. Big Himalayas. Range ridges are divided into separate structures. The width reaches 90 km, the average height of the vertices is 5.5-6 km, has 10 mountain ranges with tops more than 8 km.

Mastering and interesting facts

The development of the mountains is connected with the desire to conquer the highest terrestrial tops.

In total, there are 14 arrays with vertices above 8 km, the main share is on the Himalayas.

Here are 10 mountain structures, whose heights of the vertices exceed this line. Each of them was conquered by climbers not once. But the most desirable target of the climber is to conquer the highest peak of the planet - Jomolungma.

Some facts of conquering vertices:

• The first vertex of Annapurna was submitted in 1950. The Frenchman M. Erzogu and L. Lashasha. It was the first world conquest of the eight-thousand vertex.
• The first ascent to Jomolungum in 1953 made New Zelandets E.Hillari with Sherp T. Anorgey. Sherpi - Nepal nationality, the best conductors in the mountains.
• Japanese Dzunko Tabay in 1976 the first of the women conquered Jomolungma. The first European in 1978 - Polka V. Rutkevich.
• The most elderly man who conquered Jomolungma - 76-year-old Nadalo M.B. Shirschan in 2008 the most young - 13-year-old California D. Romero in 2010
• A group of 11 Russians first conquered Jomolungum in 1982. The first Russian woman E. Ivanova conquered height in 1990
• The highest vertex was conquered 3700 times, 570 climbers died with rages.

Vershins

Separate mountain structures may have several vertices more than 8 km. A brief description is presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

No. p / p	Array name	Height, M.	Year of conquest	The country	Short description
1.	Jomolungma (Everest)	8848	1953	Nepal, Tibetan AR	It has 2 vertices above 8 km. Part of the Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal)
2.	Kanchenjanga	8586	1955	Nepal, India.	An array of 5 vertices, they are 4 - above 8 km. Part of the mountain in the National Park of Kanchenjang
3.	Lhotse	8516	1956	Nepal, Tibetan AR	Array of 3 vertices, all above 8 km
4.	Makalu	8463	1955	Nepal, Tibetan AR	Consists of 2 vertices, both above 8 km
5.	Cho-Oyu	8201	1954	Nepal, Tibetan AR	Included in the jomolungma massif. Part of the Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal)
6.	Dhaulaagiri.	8167	1960	Nepal	An array of 11 vertices, 10 of them - above 7 km
7.	Manaslo	8156	1956	Nepal	An array of 3 vertices, one above 7 km, the other is 6 km
8.	Nanga Parbat	8126	1953	Pakistan	Consists of 4 vertices, 2 - from 7 km, 1 - from 6 km
9.	Annapurna	8091	1950	Nepal	The ridge has a length of 55 km, 13 vertices are highlighted above 7 km, and 16 - 6 km
10.	Shishabangma	8027	1964	Tibetan AR.	It is part of the Langtang Range, has 3 vertices, the height of two - above 8 km

Weather

The Himalayan mountains on the map are indicative and are a barrier that shares the Southern Indian Nisin from the Northern Tibetan Highlands.

On the slopes from the northern side, the climate continental cold with rare precipitation per year is barely reach 100 mm. In the south, monsoon winds blow, bringing abundant precipitation. During the summer period, precipitation drops up to 4 m on the eastern part, in the West less - more than 1 m.

On the vertices of the system, the temperature in winter to -40 ° C, and in the summer not higher than -25 ° C. Due to the constant winds, weather conditions can change dramatically. Hurricane winds often blow, sometimes reaching speeds up to 150 km / h.

On the southern slope the weather has 4 seasons:

• April-June is a cool spring with the brown growth of herbs and colors.
• July-August - Summer season of rains with fogans, Flora develops especially violently.
• September-October - Warm autumn comes comfortable warm days.
• November-March - Frosty Winter with snowfall and clear days.

Himalayan water system

The water system of Himalayas is associated with glacier and snowy hats of mountain peaks. The South South Border begins from the east at an altitude of 4.5 and from the west - 5.1-5.3 km.

On the northern side, the border is higher - up to 1 km. At all high-mountain vertices, glaciers were formed, in the West have a valley character (the language of the glacier is located in the valley), in the east - dendritic (valley, formed from several languages).

Glaciers give rise to numerous rivers and full-flowed rivers that pass through the following 2 followers of the Himalayas and flow onto the lowland. Information about the most famous rivers are shown in Table 3.

Table 3.

Name of the river	Length, km	Source	Mouth	Through which countries proceeds
Ind	3180	Tibetan highlands	Arabian Sea	PRC (TAR), India, Pakistan
Sutling	1536	Tibetan highlands	River Ind	PRC (TAR), India, Pakistan
Brahmaputra	2896	Mergery of the Dzhangtsi and Che YUNDUNG Rivers	Bengal Strait.	PRC (TAR), India, Bangladesh
Ganges	2700	Merge of the Bhagiratha and Alaknanda rivers	Bengal Strait.	India, Bangladesh

The reservoirs for the lakes serve the pitted, which appeared in the process of movement of ice mass. Another condition for the creation of lakes is the dams of mud masses when moving ice avalanches on rivers. The famous system lakes are usually sacred and are symbols of religious worships. Table 4 presents brief information about some lakes.

Table 4.

Name of Lake	Location in countries	Height above sea level, m
Ansen	North Pakistan, Valley Kaghan	5027
Pangong-Tso.	North India, South-West Tibetan AR	4334
Manasarovar.	Tibetan AR, Southwest District	4557
State Academy	Nepal, north of the central part, Rusawa district	4380
Mebarszo.	Bhutan, Central District, on the river Tang region Boomtang	3000

Flora and fauna

On the mountain ranges of the Himalayas, a high-rise explanancy of climatic conditions, the world of flora and fauna is formed. Eastern and Western tiers are different, information is presented in Table 5.

Table 5.

No. p / p	Belt height, km	Description of belt	Representatives of Flora	Representatives of fauna
Eastern zone
1.	Up to 0.8-0.9	Theractions - Wetlands Jungle	Khayr, Sissu, Bamboo, Orchids, Liana, Rotan palm	Rhinder, deer, Lani Barasing, Crocodiles
2.	Up to 1-1,2	Forests tropical evergreen	Liana, Epiphyts, Tree Salovaya, Shorea
3.	Up to 2.	Tropical, subtropical forests	Oaks, Maples, Magnolia, Chestnuts, Olha Nepalese
4.	Up to 2.5	Evergreen and deciduous forests	Oaks, long-screw pines, epiphytes	Wild boars, soleu, Himalayan packaging, small panda, Pheasants, Pheasants, Dafe, Deer, Bears
5.	Up to 3.2.	Evergreen forests with admixture of deciduous	Himalayan spruce, Naapolskaya cherry, Simone, Maple, Tsuga, Rhododendrons
6.	Up to 4.	Evergreen forests	Fir Himalayan, Birch Useful, Rodoldrons, Juniper
7.	Up to 4.2.		Rodoldrons, Juniper, Honeysuckle	Himalayan Surki, Snow Bars, Ular, Food, Snow Partridge, Gorikhvostsky, Musky Deer, Wild Yaki, Lama
8.	Up to 5,2		Alpine herbalists, flower beds, lichens, moss
Western zone
1.	Up to 1.5	Rainforests	Chestnuts and oaks, Liana, long-screw pine	Gaures, buffalo, tigers, leopards, deer
2.	Until 3	Subtropical forests Evergreen	Cedars, Himalayan cedars, spruce, oaks, fir, cedar, nym, banyan tree	Kabana, Sereu, Bears, Small Panda, Pheasants, Mount
3.	Up to 4.3.	Subalpian, alpine stripes	Rarely birch, pines, Rhodendons, mostly shrubs, died souries, mosses, lichens	Surbs, deer, Yaki, Lama, Barca, Snow Partridge, Gorikhvostka, Dyatla, Mountain Pheasants

The inhabitant of the northern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains is a snow leopard.

The northern slopes are characterized by a harsh climate, where even in summer, a plus temperature rarely happens at noon, at night falls into a minus zone. Therefore, vegetation, animal world is very scarce.

Parks and valleys

Himalayan mountains (on the map you can see the presence of numerous national parks, reserves) have protective zones that are designed to protect the unique wildlife.

They can be used for the purposes of scientific geographical and biological research. Some fleets have become the domains of UNESCO lists. Attending them better in spring or autumn, the rest of the time is strong precipitation.

The most famous parks and valleys:

• India. "Flower Valley" Located at an altitude of 4 km, in the north-west of the country. Picturesque alpine meadow with Flora inherent only in this area. It is forbidden to accommodate here, you can only move on foot. It is adjacent to High-mountain Park Nanda Devi (the highest peak - 7816 m). In India, 2 more parks with the status of UNESCO: "Large Himalayas" and "Kanchenzhanga".

• Nepal. "Valley Kathmandu" Located in the north of the central part of the country. It has many historical and cultural international monuments. This is a sacred land on it several pilgrimage centers. In the valley of 7 objects are in the list of UNESCO. Another park "Sagramatha" is designed to protect the peak of Jomolungma.

• Butane. "Royal Park Manas" Located in the south of the country, merged with "biological corridors" of several reserves and national parks. The height of the park reaches ice fields. Therefore, all the climatic belts of Himalayas are involved in it with many different types of plants, animals, birds, insects. Another 2 reserves under the protection of UNESCO: "Boomdanking" and "Sacken".

In Pakistan, the Tibetan Autonomous Region of the PRC, Bangladesh also has many national parks that have no status of the property of UNESCO.

Buddhist temples

Buddhism - ancient world religion. From a long time, Buddhist temples and monasteries were built, the oldest temple complexes did not spare time. Preserved mostly medieval temples. These holy places come numerous adherents of Esoteric, Buddhism and Hinduism.

Temples:

• Pakistan. Taht-and-Bahi - The complex is built in I century. BC. Near Mardan in the north of the country. It was built in the 4 stages, between the stages took place to several centuries, the last extension was taken in the VI-VII centuries. AD During the Gunnian invasion, he was destroyed. Located in UNESCO Heritage Lists.
• India. Monastery Tabo Gompa In the north of India is at an altitude of 3.2 km. Founded in 996 AD. Rinchen Japo. The monastery has 8 temples and 24 stupas (a cult monolithic structure of a hemispherical abis).

• Tibetan AR. The most ancient monastery of Tibet - Tolin Located in the western part, built in 996 in the territory of several halls, a group of 108 pagodas along the Sainchuan River. In the halls, excellent frescoes are preserved, the statue of Sakamuni, the paintings of the Atish king.
• Nepal. Stupa Skyambunath Located in the suburbs of Kathmandu, erected in 460, by the XIII century. became the largest center of Buddhism. In the whole history, she was destroyed, restored, re-equipped, in 2015 he was partially wrapped because of the earthquake. Stupa is placed on the mountain to climb it to overcome 365 steps, there are several monasteries around it.

• Butane. Tamshing Lakhang - Temple complex near the city of Jakar in the Valley Boomtang. The complex has the main temple and monastic hostels. Here once a year, festivals are held in honor of PEMA Lingla, the founder of the monastery, he erected him in 1501. The culture of temple dances, reflecting the era of the founder of the monastery, has been preserved. The property of UNESCO.

Resorts of Himalayev

Himalayan hills are the natural heritage of all countries in which they are located. The highest peaks of the planet Earth focused here, so this mountain system is Mecca for climbers and hunters of extreme tourism.

Most popular places:

• In Indian Himalayas the most popular resort is Gulmarg, located on the slopes of Mountain Pie Pandagger in Jammu and Kashmir. In the resort from December to March, winter entertainment is developed: Sunny Sports, Mountain Ski, Snowboard, Freeride (skating outside the furnished area). The area of \u200b\u200briding in height above sea level is 4-2 km. In summer, engage in mountain biking and golf game. Nearby are 40 hotels with various living conditions.

• Tibetan AR, the city of Purang in the Ngar region. This is an ancient trading center and a transshipment point of pilgrims on the way to Sacred Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar. For tourists, the city is open only in the summer from July to October, in the winter roads overlap with snow. Tourists can admire local attractions. You can stay at the hotel, but they are a bit.
• In Nepal, ride skiing equipment from tourists appeared quite recently in the resort - the Mount Annapurna in the way Heli-Ski (landing on the base helicopter). Catania is made from different heights from 3.4 to 5.5 km, descend to heights of 3.2-3.5 km. Accommodation or overnight stays are organized in nearby villages, where guesthouses are equipped (private household).

• In Bhutan, tourism has the character sightseeing and pilgrim. Hiking expeditions are performed to religious complexes, or mining long trips to 1 month. In the temples, it is possible to improve their body and soul with unconventional methods, also help to achieve harmony peace and peace, which reign in the country. You can stay not only in the capital, but also in the city of Paro in hotels from 2-5 stars.

Historical and cultural attractions

Himalayan attractions in all countries are mainly associated with religious republics of countries. The religion of the subwayless countries imposed certain rules, and they are closely related to the mountain peaks. In the territories of countries there are many holies, there are fortification and cultural buildings, decent research of tourists.

It is enough to look at the card with historical values \u200b\u200band see that there are a lot of interesting places in this area of \u200b\u200bthe land:

• In Pakistan, one of the ancient monuments is Fort Altitis in the Hunza Valley. The fortress is built on the rock, from where the valley is visible. The old Tower of Shikary Fort reached the age of 1100 years. In the fortress, small rooms with wooden exquisite carving portals.

• In India, this is the summer residence of the Vice-King of England in Shimle, Pradesh State, Northeast. The residence was built in 1888 with a British Shikovo, in which local motives are present. The museum has many exhibits.

• In Tibetan AR, the PRC can offer a tour to the city of Burang. Over the city on the mountain range was built by the Simbiling Monastery and the Grand Fort Tegla Kar - currently the ruins were left from the fort, the monastery was restored. Under them is a 9-storey destroyed monastery of Religion Bon - TsEGU GOMPA. Through the burang runs the path to the sacred lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash.

• In Nepal, it is worth staying in Kathmandu, He himself ancient city, which preserved many ancient buildings, there are palace complexes, museums and religious temples. About 50 monuments of the history and culture of the country are about 50 monuments of the history and culture of the country, the Khanuman-Dhoka complex is especially interesting.

• Butane. Among the attractions of the country allocated the National Library, established in 1967 to preserve the historical heritage of the people. It is located in a beautiful octagonal building. In addition to books, old letters and historical documentation are stored there. There are other historical buildings around.

A visit to Himalayas tourists

Tourists visit the Himalayas mining system with different goals:

• mountaineering;
• skiing;
• pilgrimage;
• body and spiritual rehabilitation.

Tourists flock here with thousands, every year the flow grows. The most suitable period of May-July and September-October. Summer and winter are rainy and snowy seasons. Himalayas are in the territories of 5 states, so how to get here, get a visa, which fees will be addressed to the journey to find out in advance of your operator, or find information on the Internet.

The scale of the Himalayan vertex system attracts not only tourists, but also scientists. Due to the long political isolation of mountain countries and the inaccessibility of their territories, this region of land has not yet been studied sufficiently by biologists, geographers, geologists, historians.

Although the study is gaining momentum, but there is still an abundance of white spots on all the thematic high elevations.

Article clearance: Svetlana Ovsynikov

Video on the topic: Riddles of the Himalayan Mountains

Himalayas - the most mysterious place on Earth:

Translated into Russian, the word "Himalayas" means "the kingdom of snow". This highest mountain system of the world rises at the border between the Central and South Asia and separates the Tibetan highlands from the lowland Ind and Ganges (see the map of the physico-geographical zoning of Eurasia with reference to the photographs of the nature of this region). It was formed during the Cenozoa within the part of the part of an ancient Tetto, where the rapprochement of the regional zones of Eurasia and the Industan boulder, separated from the Gondwana, occurred.

Relief. Himalayas - the most important geomorphological, climatic and floral frontier. Physico-geographical and geomorphological boundaries of the mountain range itself are clearly pronounced. In the north, this is the longitudinal intermore valleys of Indus and Brahmaputra, in the south - the region of Indo-Ganga Plain, in the North-West and Southeast - the transverse valleys of Indus and Brahmaputra. In the north-west, Himalayas borders with Gindukish, in the south-east - with Sino-Tibetan mountains. The total length of the mining system is more than 2400 km, width - 200-350 km. Himalayas are part of China, India, Nepal, Pakistan.

Tens of vertices in the Himalayas reach 7000 m, 11 vertices exceed 8000 m, the passes are on average at an altitude of 5000 m, which exceeds the maximum height of the Alps (Fig. 50).

Fig. 50. Comparative profile Alps and Himalayas

The highest peak of the Himalayas and the whole world - Jomolungma (Everest), (8848 m) - was conquered only in 1953. The Himalayas raising was not over and now, as evidenced by the frequent earthquakes and the high position of early-consuming sediments above sea level.

Geological structure. In the structure of the mountains, crystalline, metamorphic, sedimentary and volcanic rocks of different ages are involved, from the Archean to Quaternary, crumpled in intensive folds, complicated in central parts with powerful sugges and split.

Features of the geological structure - the predominance of Precambrian rocks similar to the complexes of the Indian Platform, the very limited distribution of sea sedimentary thickness and the presence of continental sediments close to Gondwan - give reason to consider Himalayas as a mountain system that has arisen on the place of the outskirts of the Indian platform, who has undergone tectonic activation in Neogen - Courted time in connection with the hareage of the Industan Plate to the rest of Eurasia and the closure of Tetis.

Himalayas do not form ridges elongated over long distances, and disintegrate into separate arrays separated by one from the other deep transverse valleys of rivers. This is due to the fact that the valleys of the largest rivers - Indea, Sutlanda, Brahmaputra - laid before the beginning of the overall grand lift of the mountains. Raising was accompanied by embedding rivers and the formation of epigenetic valleys of the Himalayas.

The foothills of the Himalayas are folded by young sediments collected in the folds in the middle of the Quaternary period. They are known under the general name of the Salyki mountains; The height of them in the territory of Nepal is about 1000 m. In some places, they are closely pressed against the ridges of the Nimalayas actually, in the others there are a strip of broad tectonic valleys. The Salystik mountains are cool open to the north and south.

The next highest level of Himalayas - Small Himalayas; They are composed of crystalline-colored rocks, as well as sedimentary strong metamorphic deposits of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogen. For this band, intense folds, faults and volcanism are characteristic. The height of the ridges reaches an average of 3500-4500 m, and separate vertices rise to 6000 m. In the North-West, the ridge of PID-Pandan height is stretched by a height of more than 6000 m, then in the south-east, it is replaced by small Himalayas, which are closed with large Himalayas (the main Himalayan ridge) high-altitude powerful array of dhaulaagiri (8221 m). Next to the east, the whole system of Himalayas is narrowed, the zone of small Himalayas is pressed against the main ridge, forming the medieval Mahabharat mountains, and even east - high and highly dissected Mountains Duara.

Between small and large hymals, a strip of tectonic kitelin is stretched, which in the recent past were engaged in lakes and treated with glaciers. The most famous in the west of Kashmir Klabin at an altitude of 1600 m, with the main city of Kashmir Srinagar. On the existence of a lake, before which filled the hollow, they testify to the terraces, well-pronounced on the slopes. On the surface of the flat bottom, several residual lakes are preserved. The second large basin of the central part of Himalayas - Kathmandu in Nepal - is located at an altitude of about 1400 m; It concentrates most of the population of this alpine country.

The north of Kotlovin rises large Himalayas, reaching the middle height of 6000 m. This is a well-pronounced alpine comb, over which the highest peaks of the world are rising. The western end of the main ridge is a grand array of Nangarbat (8126 m), then there are a number of vertices exceeding 6000 and 7000 m, then the eight thousand giants covered with snow and ice are rising: Dhaulaagiri (8167), Kutang (8,126 m), State Aintan (8013 m) ) and others. Among them, the highest peak of the world of Jomolungma is not even especially highlighted. 8848 m high. Gorgeous and majestic only a little inferior to her Kanchenjanga (8598 m).

The northern slope of large Himalayads is position and more affordable than southern. Ladakh racks up to 7728 m ridges stretch along its slopes, many rivers crossing the main ridge on its slopes. To the north of Ladakh, behind the wide longitudinal valleys of India and Brahmaputras, the abyll ridges of Tibetan Highlands (Transhimalaya) rise.

Useful Fossils. Himalayas are rich in minerals. In the axial crystal zone there is deposits of copper ore, marginal gold, arsenic and chrome ore. In the foothills and interguric basins, oil, combustible gases, brown coal, potash and stone salts are locked.

Climatic terms. Himalayas - the largest climeturn for Asia. To the north of them, the continental air of moderate latitudes prevails, to the south - tropical air masses. Up to the southern slope of Himalayas penetrates the summer equatorial monsoon. The winds achieve such strength there, which make it difficult to climb the highest peaks. Therefore, you can only rise in the jomolungum in the spring, in a short period of the loud before the beginning of the summer monsoon. On the northern slope throughout the year the winds of the Northern or Western Rumbers are blowing, going with the continent in winter or heavily heated in the summer, but always dry. From the North-West to the south-east of Himalayas, approximately between 35 and 28 ° C.Sh., and in the north-western sector of the mining system, the summer monsoon almost does not penetrate. All this creates large climatic differences within the limits of Himalayas. The most precipitation falls in the eastern part of the southern slope (from 2000 to 3000 mm). In the West, annual sums do not exceed 1000 mm. Less than 1000 mm falls in the lane in the internal tectonic kitelin and in the inner river valleys. On the northern slope, especially in the valleys, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply. Some of the annual sums are less than 100 mm. Above 1800 m, winter preciputes fall out in the form of snow, and above 4500 m, the snow is throughout the year.

On the southern slopes to the height of 2000 m, the average January temperature is 6 ... 7 ° C, July 18 ... 19 ° C; To the height of 3000 m, the average temperature of the winter months does not fall below 0 ° C, and only above 4500 m Middle July becomes negative. The snow border in the eastern part of the Himalayas is located at an altitude of 4500 m, in Western, less moisturized, - 5100-5300 m. On the northern slopes, the height of the nival belt is 700-1000 m higher than on the southern one.

Natural water. A large height and abundant precipitation contribute to the formation of powerful glaciers and a thick river network. Glaciers and snow cover all the high peaks of the Himalayas, but the ends of the glacial languages \u200b\u200bhave a significant absolute height. Most of the Himalayan glaciers belong to the valley type and reaches no more than 5 km in length. But the farther to the east and more precipitation, the topics are longer and lower down on the slopes. On Jomolungma and Kanchenzhang, the most powerful glaciation, the largest Himalayan glaciers are formed. These are dendritic type glaciers with several nutrition areas and one main barrel. The glacier Zem on Kanchenzhang reaches 25 km in length and ends at an altitude of about 4000 m. With jomolungma, the Rongbuque glacier 19 km long, which ends at an altitude of 5000 m. Gangotri Glacier in Kuman Himalayas reaches 26 km; From it begins one of the sources of Ganges.

Especially many rivers flow from the southern slope of the mountains. They begin in the glaciers of large Himalayas and, crossing small Himalayas and the foothill zone, go to the plain. Some major rivers start starting from the northern slope and, heading towards Indo-Ganga's plain, cut the Himalayas in deep through valleys. This is ind, his influx of Sutland and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo).

Nutrition of the Himalayan rivers rain, glacial and snow, so the main maximum flow rate is summer. In the eastern part in the nutrition, the role of monsoon rains, in the west - snow and ice zones and ice areas. Narrow gorges or canyon-shaped valleys of the Himalayas are replete with waterfalls and spoiled areas. Since May, when the most stormy melting of the snow begins, until October, when the action of the summer monsoon ends, the rivers with rapid flows will be lowered from the mountains, caring the masses of the debris material, which they deposit when leaving the Himalayan foothills. Often, monsoon rains are the cause of strong floods on mountain rivers, during which bridges wash off, roads are destroyed and collaps occur.

In the Himalayas there are many lakes, but among them there are no such that in size and beauty could be compared with alpine. Some lakes, for example, in the Kashmir Basin, are only part of those tectonic depressions that were previously filled with entirely. The Pie Parzaz Ridge is known for numerous glacial lakes formed in the ancient robust funnels or in the river valleys as a result of binding them by Morane.

Vegetation. At a richly moisturous southern slope of Himalayas, high-rise belts from rainforests to high-mountain tundras are exceptionally pronounced. At the same time, for the southern slope, significant differences in the vegetable cover are wet and hot or the dry and cold western part. Along the foot of the mountains from their oriental tip before the flow of the Jamna River, a peculiar wetlands with black or strong soils, called thera, is stretched. For the terrays, the jungle is characterized - thick wood-shrubs thickets, almost impassable due to lian and consisting of soap wood, mimos, bananas, low palm trees, bamboo. Among the terrays there are cleared and drained areas that are used to cultivate various tropical crops.

Above theraev on the wet slopes of the mountains and on the valleys of rivers to a height of 1000-1200 m, evergreen rainforests are growing from high-wheel palm trees, laurels, tree-like ferns and gigan bamboo, with a lot of lian (including palga palga) and epiphytes. In more dry places, less thick forests from the salted tree are dominant, losing the foliage on a dry period, with a rich undergrowth and herbal cover.

At the heights of more than 1000 m to the thermal-loving forms of the rainforest, subtropical species of evergreen and leaf fall trees begin: pines, evergreen oaks, magnolias, maples, chestnuts. At an altitude of 2000 m, subtropical forests replace the forests of a moderate type of leaf fall and coniferous trees, among which only occasionally come across representatives of subtropical flora, for example, magnificently blooming magnolias. The upper border of the forest dominates conifers, including silver fir, larch, juniper. The undergrowths form thick thickets of tree rhododendrons. Many moss and lichens covering the soil and tree trunks. The subalpic belt replacing the forest is highly harvested meadows and thickets of shrubs whose vegetation gradually becomes lower and rarelined when moving to the Alpine belt. The high-mountain meadow vegetation of Himalayas is extremely rich in species, among them Primulus, anemones, poppies and other bright flowering perennial herbs. The upper border of the Alpine belt in the East reaches a height of about 5000 m, but individual plants are much higher. When climbing jomolungma, the plants were found at an altitude of 6218 m.

In the western part of the southern slope of Himalayas due to less humidity there is no such wealth and diversity of vegetation, Flora is much poorer than in the east. There is absolutely no lapse of the terrays, the lower parts of the mountains are covered with rare-resistant xerophyte forests and shrubs, there are some subtropical Mediterranean species like evergreen oak and gold oil, the coniferous forests of pines and a magnificent Himalayan cedar predominate (CEDRUS DEODARA). Shrub undergrowth in these forests is poorer than in the east, but the meadow alpine vegetation is more diverse.

Landscapes of the northern ridges of Himalayas, facing Tibet, approach the desert mountain landscapes of Central Asia. The change in vegetation with a height is expressed less bright than on the southern slopes. From the bottoms of large river valleys up to snow-covered vertices, rare thickets of dry herbs and xerophytic bushes are distributed. Wood vegetation occurs only in some river valleys in the form of thickets of low-speed poplars.

Animal peace. Landscape differences of the Himalayas are reflected on the composition of the wild fauna. A diverse and rich animal world of southern slopes has a pronounced tropical character. In the forests of the lower parts of the slopes and in theractions, many large mammals, reptiles, insects are common. There are still elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, wild boars, antelopes. Jungle literally sissed by various monkeys. Especially characteristic macaques and thin-tales. From predators, the most dangerous for the population of Tigers and Leopards - spotted and black (black panthers). Among the birds are distinguished by the beauty and brightness of peacock plumage, pheasants, parrots, wild chickens.

In the upper belt of the mountains and on the northern slopes of the fauna approaching the composition to Tibetan. A black Himalayan Bear, wild goats and rams, Yaki live there. Especially a lot of rodents.

Population and environmental problems. Most of the population focuses in the middle strip of the southern slope and in intricate tectonic basins. There are many treated lands. On irrigated flat bottoms, the kitrooms sow rice, a tea bush, citrus, grape vines grows on terraced slopes. Alpine pastures are used for grazing sheep, yaks and other livestock.

Due to the high height of passages in the Himalayas, the message between the countries of the northern and southern slopes is significantly complicated. Through some passes are ground roads or caravan trails, highways in the Himalayas are very small. Pass are available only in the summer. In winter, they are littered with snow and completely impassable.

The inaccessibility of the territory played a favorable role in the preservation of the unique mountain landscapes of Himalayas. Despite the significant agricultural development of lowland and Kotlovin, the intensive grazing of cattle on the mountain slopes and the ever-increasing influx of climbers from different countries of the world, Himalayas remain a refuge of valuable plant and animal species. These treasures are included in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage National Parks of India and Nepal - Nan-Dadiev, Sagarmatha and Chitan.

Himalayas are the highest and powerful mountain system on the whole globe. It is assumed that tens of millions of years ago, the breeds from which the Himalayan mountains are established, formed the bottom of the ancient theth of the Pochyean. The vertices began to gradually rise above the water as a result of the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Asian mainland. The growth process of Himalayad took many millions of years, and no mining system of the world can be compared with them in the number of vertices - "seven thousandths" and "eight-thousandths".

History

The researchers who studied the history of origin in many respects of the unusual mining system, concluded that the formation of the Himalayas took place in several stages, in accordance with which the areas of the mountains of Slivik (Pregimalayev), small Himalayas and Large Himalayas allocate. The first water surface broke through large Himalayas whose hypothetical age is approximately 38 million years. After about 12 million years, the gradual formation of small Himalayas began. Finally, relatively recently, "only" seven million years ago, sow saw the "younger" mountains of Slivik.

Interestingly, people rose to Himalayas in ancient times. First of all, because these mountains have long been made by magical properties. According to the ancient Buddhist and Hindu legends, many mythological creatures lived here. In classic Hinduism it is believed that Shiva and his spouse once lived in the Himalayas. Shiva God of conventional destruction, one of the three most revered gods in Hinduism. If Shiva is a kind of reformer, speaking in modern language, the Buddha - reached enlightenment (Bodhi) - was born, according to legend, at the southern foothills of Himalayas.
Already in the 7th century, the first trading paths connecting China and India appeared in difficult Himalayas. Some of these paths still play an important role in the trade of these two countries (of course, in our days, we are not talking about multi-day hiking transitions, but about road transport). In the 30s of the XX century. The idea of \u200b\u200bmaking a transport connection is more convenient, for which it is necessary to pave the railway through Himalayas, but the project has not been incarnated.
Nevertheless, a serious study of the Himalayan Mountains began only in the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The work was extremely difficult, with the results left much to be better: for a long time, the topographs were not able to determine the height of the main vertices, nor make accurate topographic maps. But heavy tests only heated the interest and enthusiasm of European scientists and researchers.
In the mid-19th century, attempts began to conquer the highest peak of the world - (Jomolungma). But the Great Mountain, towering over the Earth at 8848 m, could only give victory to the strongest. After the countless number of unsuccessful expeditions on May 29, 1953, a man finally managed to reach the tops of Everest: the first to overcome the most difficult route was lucky to New Zealandc Edmund Hillary, accompanied by Sherpi Norgay Tolding.

Himalayas are one of the pilgrimage centers in the world, especially for adherents of Buddhism and Hinduism. In most cases, temples in the glory of the deities are located in the Holy Himalayan places, with whose acts a matter of one or another. So, God Shiwa is dedicated to the temple of Sri Kedarnath Mandir, and in the south of Himalayas, at the source of the Jamuna River, in the XIX century. A temple was built in honor of the goddess Yamuna (Jamuna).

Nature

Many attracts the manifold to the Himalayas and the uniqueness of their natural features. With the exception of sullen and cold northern slopes, the Himalayan mountains are covered with dense forests. Especially rich in the vegetation of the southern part of Himalayas, where the level of moisture is extremely high and the average precipitation can reach 5500 mm per year. Here, like the layers of the cake, the zones of wetlands are replaced by each other (the so-called teraev), tropical thickets, strip of evergreen and coniferous plants.
Many sites on the territory of the Himalayan Mountains are under state security. One of the most important and at the same time is the most difficulty - the Sagarmatha National Park. Everest is located on its territory. In the western region of Himalayas, the possessions of Nanda-Devi reserve are extended, from 2005 including the valley of colors, which is a natural palette of paints and shades. It is stored by extensive meadows, full of delicate alpine colors. Among this magnificence, far from human eye, rare types of predators live, including snow leopards (in the wild there are no more than 7,500 individuals of these animals), Himalayan and brown bears.

Tourism

Western Himalayas are known for Indian high-grade mineklimatic resorts (Shimla, Darjeling, Shillong). Here in the atmosphere of full rest and abandonment from the fuss you can not only enjoy breathtaking mountain views and air, but also to play golf or ride on skiing (although most of the Himalayan routes refer to the category "for experts", there are tracks on Western slopes for Newbies).
In the Himalayas, not only lovers of relaxing in nature and exotic, but also seekers of real, non-prominent adventures are arrived. Since the world has become aware of the first in the history of successful climbing on the slopes of Everest, thousands of climbers of all ages and levels of preparation began to come annually in Himalayas to experience their strength and skill here. Of course, not everyone reaches a cherished goal, some travelers pay for their courage to life. Even with an experienced guide and good equipment, a journey to the top of Jomolungma may be a difficult test: in some areas the temperature drops to -60 ° C, and the ice wind speed can reach 200 m / s. Distributed on such a complex transition has to tolerate the whims of mountain weather and deprivation are far from one week: guests of Jomolungma have every chance to spend about two months in the mountains.

general information

The highest mountain system in the world. Located between Tibetan Highlands and Indo-Ganga Plain.

Countries: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan.
Largest cities: , Patan (Nepal), (Tibet), Tchimphu, Punakha (Bhutan), Srinagar (India).
The largest rivers: Ind, Brahmaputra, Gang.

The largest airport: Kathmandu International Airport.

Numbers

Extension: more than 2400 km.
Width: 180-350 km.

Area: about 650,000 km 2.

Average height: 6000 m.

The highest point: Mount Everest (Jomolungma), 8848 m.

Economy

Agriculture: Tea and rice plantations, cultivation of corn, grain; Livestock.

Field of services: tourism (mountaineering, climatic resorts).
Minerals: Gold, copper, chrome, sapphires.

Climate and weather

Greatly varies.

Average summer temperature: In the East (in the valleys) + 35ºС, in the West + 18ºС.

The average temperature of winter: Up to -28ºС (above 5000-6000 m. The temperatures are negative all year round, can reach -60 ° C).
Average precipitation:1000-5500 mm.

sights

Kathmandu

Temple complexes of Budanilkantha, Bodnath and Polyambunath

National Museum of Nepal

Lhasa

Potala Palace

Among the conquers of Everest there are "originals". On May 25, 2008, the path to the top overcame the most elderly climber in the history of climbing - the native of Nepal Min Bahadur Shirschan, who was 76 years old at that time. There were cases when completely young travelers took part in the expeditions. The last record broke Jordan Romero from California, which made the climbing in May 2010 at the age of thirteen (to him the most young guest Jomolungma was considered a fifteen-year-old Sherpace Tsery.

The development of tourism does not benefit the nature of the Himalayas: even there is no salvation from the garbage left by people. Moreover, in the future, severe pollution of rivers, originating here, is possible. The main trouble is that it is these rivers that provide millions of people with drinking water.

Shambala is a mythical country in Tibet, which is narrated by many ancient texts. In its existence, followers of Buddha believe unconditionally. She fascinates the minds of not only lovers of all kinds of secret knowledge, but also serious scientists and philosophers. In reality, Shambhala did not doubt, in particular, the most prominent Russian ethnologist L.N. Gumilev. However, there is still no irrefutable evidence of its existence. Or they are irretrievably lost. The sake of objectivity should be said: many believe that Shambala is not at all in Himalayas. But in the most interesting people to legends, proof was concluded about it that we all really need a faith in the fact that somewhere there is a key to the evolution of mankind who own the strength of light and wise. Even if this key is not a guide, how to become happy, but just an idea. Not open ...

Solarshakti / Flickr.com View on Snow-covered Himalayas (Saurabh Kumar_ / Flickr.com) Great Himalayas - View on the way to Lehe from Delhi (Karunakar Rayker / Flickr.com) You will have to cross this bridge if you are going to the Basic Camp of Everest (Ilker Ender / Flickr.com) Great Himalayas (Christopher Michel / Flickr.com) Christopher Michel / Flickr.com Christopher Michel / Flickr.com Sunset on Everest (旅者 / Flickr.com) Himalayas - from Samaleta (Partha S. Sahana / Flickr.com) Lukla Airport, Patan, Kathmandu. (Chris Marquard / Flickr.com) Valley of Flowers, Himalayas (Alosh Bennett / Flickr.com) Himalayan Landscape (Jan / Flickr.com) Bridge over Ganges (Asis K. Chatterjee / Flickr.com) Kanchenjanga, Indian Himalayas (A.OSTROVSKY / Flickr.com) Mountaineer at sunset, Nepal Himalayas (Dmitry Sumin / Flickr.com) Manaslu - 26,758 feet (David Wilkinson / Flickr.com) Animal World Himalayav (Chris Walker / Flickr.com) Annapurna (Mike Behnken / Flickr.com ) On the border of India and Tibet in Kinnur Himachal Pradesh (Partha Chowdhury / Flickr.com) Beautiful place in Kashmir (Kashmir Pictures / Flickr.com) Abhishek SHIRALI / Flickr.com Parfen Rogozhin / Flickr.com Koshy Koshy / Flickr.com Valcker / Flickr.com Annapurna Basic Camp, Nepal (Matt Zimmerman / Flickr.com) Annapurna Basic Camp, Nepal (Matt Zimmerman / Flickr.com)

Where are the Mountains of Himalayas, whose photos are so amazed? Most people have this question hardly cause difficulty, at least they will definitely answer, on which mainland these mountains stretched.

If you look at the geographical map, you can see that they are located in the northern hemisphere, in South Asia, between the Indo-Ganga Plain (in the south) and Tibetan Highlands (in the north).

In the West, they go to the Karakorum and Hindukush mountain systems.

The peculiarity of the geographical situation of Himalayas is that they are located on the territory of the five countries: India, Nepal, China (Tibetan Autonomous District), Bhutan and Pakistan. The foothills also intersect the northern outskirts of Bangladesh. The name of the mining system can be translated from Sanskrit as the "abode of snow".

Height of Himalaya

In the Himalayas are 9 out of 10 highest peaks on our planet, including the highest point in the world - Jomolungma, the height of which reaches 8848 m above sea level. Its geographic coordinates: 27 ° 59'17 "Northern latitude of 86 ° 55'31" Eastern longitude. The average height of the entire mining system exceeds 6000 meters.

Highest peaks of Himalayans

Geographical description: 3 main steps

Himalayas form three main steps: Range Sillar, Small Himalayas and Large Himalayas, each of which is higher than the previous one.

1. Ridge Silovik - The southernmost, the lowest and most geologically young stage. It stretched from about 1,700 km from Indus's valley to Brahmaputra Valley with 10 to 50 km width. The height of the ridge does not exceed 2000 m. Silk is located mainly on the territory of Nepal, as well as in the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
2. Next Step - Small HimalayasShe goes north of the ridge for a silicle, parallel to him. The average height of the ridge is about 2500 m, and in the western part reaches 4000 m.hrebet, the silent and small Himalayas are strongly cut by river valleys, decaying separate arrays.
3. Large Himalayas - The northernmost and highest level. The height of individual vertices here exceeds 8000 m, and the height of the passage is more than 4000 m.shiroko the glaciers are developed. Their total area exceeds 33,000 square kilometers, and the total reserves of fresh water in them make up about 12,000 cubic kilometers. One of the largest and most famous glaciers - Gangotri, is the source of the Gang River.

Rivers and Lakes Himalayas

In the Himalayas begins the three largest rivers of South Asia - Ind, Gang and Brahmaputra. The rivers of the Western Taste of Himalayas belong to the Indus basin, and almost all the rest of the rivers - to the Ganges-Brahmaputra pool. The most eastern outskirts of the mining system belongs to the Iravadi pool.

In the Himalayas there are many lakes. The largest of them are Lake Bandong-Tso (700 km²) and Yumjo Yumzo (621 km²). Lake Tilio is located at an absolute mark of 4919 m, which makes it one of the most highly mountainous in the world.

Climate

The climate in the Himalayas is quite diverse. Moussenes have a strong influence on the southern slopes. The amount of precipitation increases here in the direction from west to east from less than 1000 mm to more than 4000 mm.

On the border of India and Tibet in Kinnur Himacharty Pradesh (Partha Chowdhury / Flickr.com)

Northern slopes, on the contrary, are in the rain shadow. The climate is dry and cold here.

In highlands there are severe frosts and winds. In winter, the temperature may drop to minus 40 ° C and even lower.

Himalayas have a strong influence on the climate of the entire region. They are a barrier for cold dry winds, which breathe from the north, which makes the climate of the Indian subcontinent much more warm compared to neighboring regions of Asia, located on the same latitudes. In addition, Himalayas are a barrier for monsoons, which breathe from the south and bringing a huge amount of precipitation.

High mountains do not miss these wet air masses on north, which makes the Tibet climate is very dry.

It is believed that Himalayas played a considerable role in the formation of the deserts of Central Asia, such as Takla Maka and Gobi, which is also explained by the effect of the rain shadow.

Origin and geology

In geological terms, Himalayas is one of the most young mining systems of the world; Refers to alpine folds. It is composed mainly by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, crumpled in the fold and raised to a significant height.

Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian lithospheric plates, which began approximately 50-55 million years ago. During this clash, the ancient ocean Tetis was closed and an orogine belt was formed.

Flora and fauna

The vegetable world of Himalayas is subordinate to the altitude explanation. At the foot of the ridge Silovka, vegetation is represented by marshy forests and thickets known here as "Terai".

Himalayan Landscape (Jan / Flickr.com)

Above they are replaced by evergreen tropical, deciduous and coniferous forests, and even higher - alpine meadows.

Deciduous forests begin to prevail at absolute marks more than 2000 m, and coniferous - above 2600 m.

At an altitude of more than 3,500 m, shrub vegetation prevails.

On the northern slopes, where the climate is much more arid, the vegetation is much poorer. Mountain deserts and steppes are common here. The height of the snow line varies from 4500 (southern slopes) to 6000 m (northern slopes).

Animal World of Himalayav (Chris Walker / Flickr.com)

Local fauna is quite diverse, and as well as vegetation depends mainly from height above sea level. The animal world of tropical forests of the southern slopes is characteristic of the tropics. Here, there are still found in the wilderness of elephants, rhinos, tigers, leopards, antelopes; Numerous monkeys.

The above is the Himalayan bears, mountain goats and rams, yaks, etc. In the highlands, such a rare animal is still found as a snow leopard.

In the Himalayas there are many different environmental territories. Among them are to celebrate the Sagarmatha National Park, within which Everest is partially located.

Population

Most of the people of Himalayas live in the southern foothills and in the intergoregous basins. The largest basins are Kashmir and Kathmandu; These regions are very thickly populated, and almost all the lands are cultivated here.

Bridge over Gang (ASIS K. Chatterjee / Flickr.com)

Like many other mountain regions, Himalayas are distinguished by a large ethnic and linguistic diversity.

This is due to the inaccessibility of these places, due to which the population is hardly every valley or the basin lived very apart.

Contacts Even with neighboring areas were minimal, so as to get to them, it is necessary to overcome alpine passages, which in winter often brings snow, and they become completely impassable. In this case, some intergurnaya basin could be fully isolated until the next summer.

Almost all population of the region speaks either in Indoary languages, which relate to the Indo-European family, or on Tibeto Burmese, attributable to the Sino-Tibetan family. Most of the population professes Buddhism or Hinduism.

The most famous people of Himalayev - Sherpi, who live in the Almost Nepal Nepal, including in the Everest area. They often work by conductors and porters in the expeditions on jomolungma and other vertices.

Annapurna Basic Camp, Nepal (Matt Zimmerman / Flickr.com)

Sherpi has hereditary high-altitude adaptation, thanks to which, even at very large altitudes, they do not suffer from mining disease and do not need additional oxygen.

Most of the population of Himalayas are busy in agriculture. In the presence of a fairly smooth surface and water, people cultivate rice, barley, oats, potatoes, peas, etc.

In the foothills and in some intergranty basins, more thermal-loving cultures are grown - citrus, apricots, grapes, tea, etc. In the highlands, the breeding of goats, sheep and yaks are common. The latter are used as a fabric animal, as well as for meat, milk and wool.

Attractions Himalayav

In the Himalayas there are many varied attractions. In this region there is a huge number of Buddhist monasteries and Hindu temples, as well as just places that are considered sacred in Buddhism and Hinduism.

Color Valley, Himalayas (Alosh Bennett / Flickr.com)

In the foothills of Himalayev, the Indian city of Rishikesh is located, which is sacred for Hindus, as well as widely known as the world capital of yoga.

Another sacred Hindu city is Hardwar, located in a place where Gang descends from Himalayas to the plain. From Hindi, his name can be translated as "gate to God."

From natural attractions it is worth mentioning the Flower Valley National Park, located in Western Himalayas, in the Indian state of Utarkhand.

The valley fully justifies its name: it is a solid flower carpet, quite unlike the usual alpine meadows. Together with Nanda-Devi National Park, it is a UNESCO Heritage Object.

Tourism

Himalayas are popular mountaineering and pedestrian tourism in the mountains. From hiking routes, the track is most famous around Annapurna, passing along the slopes of the same name mountain massif, in the north of the central part of Nepal.

Climber at sunset, Nepal Himalaya (Dmitry Sumin / Flickr.com)

The length of the route is 211 km, and its height varies 800 to 5416 m.

Sometimes tourists combine this track with a campaign to Lake Tilicho, located at an absolute mark of 4919 m.

Another popular route is a track around Manasla, passing around the mountain range Mansiri-Himal and partly coinciding with the route around Annapurna.

How much time will take passing these routes, depends on the physical training of a person, the time of year, weather conditions and other factors. At high-mountainous sites, it should not be too quickly gaining the height to avoid the symptoms of the mountain sickness.

The conquest of the Himalayan vertices is quite complicated and dangerous. It requires good preparation, equipment and implies the presence of climbing experience.