Caucasus mountains. Presentation on the theme of mountains Mountains of different continents
Colored Mountains of China (Pink Cloud) Chinese province Gansu tourists come from all over the world. The main local attraction is the Denxia (Pink Cloud) landscape. It is under this name that the colored mountains of China are known all over the world. The formation of this beauty began many millions of years ago as a result of the accumulation a large number sandstone and other mineral deposits. Air and water contributed to the slow oxidation of rocks. This was the reason for such an unusual riot of colors.
Huangshan (Yellow Mountains) mountain range in eastern China. The area is known for its granite cliffs covered with pine trees, praised by Chinese artists and poets since ancient times. The height of seventy-seven peaks in this range exceeds 1000 m. The Huangshan area is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and is a national park of the PRC. Mountains formed 100 million years ago. Later, the landscape was transformed by the influence of glaciers that left rocks various shapes. Since often the cloud level is below the level mountain peaks, interesting lighting effects are observed in this area. Hot springs flow at the foot of one of the mountains.
Kailash This mountain is located in the west of Tibet. Millions of years ago, Mount Kailash rose along with the plateau from the bottom of the ocean, and then water and wind honed its edges, giving it a pyramidal shape. Four world religions consider Kailash a sacred place. Hindus believe that the powerful god Shiva lives on Kailash. From the point of view of Eastern cosmology, Mount Kailash is the center through which the axis of the universe passes. Kailash is distinguished by a pyramidal shape with a snow cap, and the edges are oriented almost exactly to the cardinal points, its slopes are crossed by intricately located cracks that form a swastika. The exact height of the peak has not been determined, since the mountain "breathes" - every year its height changes by several tens of meters. It is believed that it is on the peak of Kailash that the entrance to the mysterious country of Shambhala is located.
Mount Roraima This unusual, impregnable mountain with a flat top is located in Venezuela (South America). The landscapes that open from its top are impressive, since the channels of many streams are covered with quartz crystals of different colors for many kilometers. And the view of the mountain itself is breathtaking.
Grand Canyon In the northwest of Arizona is one of the most unique corners of the Earth - the Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon is neither the largest nor the deepest in the world - it is prized for its harmonious combination of size, depth, and multicolored rock outcrops. This is a whole complex of canyons, waterfalls, caves, towers, ledges and ravines. Each time the Grand Canyon looks different, and the sun and shadows from the passing clouds make the rocks constantly change shades of colors. Grand Canyon- one of the most unusual places of our planet, which represents the four geological eras of the Earth. Landslides, water and wind erosion created in the canyon the outlines of giant pagodas, pyramids, towers, fortifications, representing a unique sight.
Bryce Canyon This amazing canyon is part of the national park. It is located in southwestern Utah. These are thousands of geological structures formed by long-term erosion under the influence of wind, water and ice. Many rocks have bizarre shapes.
Devil's Tower Eta mysterious mountain located in northeastern Wyoming (USA). Its height is 386 m. The rock was formed 65 million years ago as a result of volcanic activity, and the unusual figured sides were the result of erosion of the surrounding soft rocks around the stronger internal ones. According to an Indian legend, the rock was created by an evil demon who beat a drum on its top, generating thunder and lightning. The Indians, who believed in the dark essence of the mountain and called it the Tower of the Bad God, preferred not to settle nearby and bypassed it. In the twentieth century, mystical theories of the origin of the rock were replaced by science fiction ones. So, according to one version, the top is a platform for UFO landings. This version was so popular that it was even embodied in Steven Spielberg's famous film Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsingy de Bemaraha - strange mountains resembling forests, a reserve located about 80 kilometers from west coast Madagascar. Most of these mountains are ridges of limestone battlements, in the Malagasy language they are called "scurvy" ("to walk on tiptoe"). Tsingy de Bemaraha is an almost impenetrable labyrinth. The mountains of Tsingy de Bemaraha were eroded by acid rain and water, which over the centuries had dissolved the chalk layers. Over time, this led to the formation of 30-meter limestone needles.
Hanging Rock Hanging Rock is the unofficial name of Mount Diogenes in the center of the Australian state of Victoria, near Melbourne. The height of the mountain is meters above sea level and 105 meters above the level of the surrounding terrain. Hanging Rock gained notoriety and popularity among tourists after the release of Peter Weir's mystical detective "Picnic at Hanging Rock" in 1975.
Stone Wave An amazing rock formation in Western Australia is located 340 km from the city of Perth. Granite block resembles a stone tsunami. The visible part of the rock rises above the ground to a height of about 15 meters, and its length is 110 meters. According to the hypotheses of scientists, the rock-wave appeared more than 27 million years ago. Australian Aborigines noted the similarity stone wave with real water and believed that it was in this place that the forces of spirits and the forces of nature intertwined. To protect this unique mountain a dam was built from natural destruction.
Ennedi Mountain range in the Republic of Chad. This is a sandstone plateau with heights up to 1450 m, surrounded by the sands of the Sahara. Numerous rock paintings left here by ancient tribes were found on the rocks of Ennedi. Ennedi is nature reserve in the middle of the desert, where unique species of animals have been preserved: the pygmy Nile, oryx, Saharan lions.
Ben Balben This beautiful unusual mountain located in County Sligo, on the extreme northwest Ireland. Ben Bulben has a height of 527 meters and is the symbol of the county. Initially, the mountain had a high "hump", which was cut off by a creeping glacier. Ben Balben is made up of limestone rocks and is over 320 million years old. According to Irish legends, a huge boar lived on this mountain, which was killed by the hero Diarmuid and buried on the hill of Lech-on-muik.
Cappadocia The scenery of the Cappadocia plateau in Turkey looks like a setting for a science fiction movie. An unusually beautiful landscape, located at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, resembles the moon. Such bizarre-shaped hills formed ancient volcanoes. From the 4th to the 13th century AD, people cut tunnels and lived in these rocks. Today, tourists from all over the world flock to Cappadocia to see this ancient world with my own eyes.
Preikestolen This is a gigantic flat-topped cliff of approximately 25 meters by 25 meters located opposite the Kjerag Plateau in Norway. Preikestolen literally translates as "pulpit". The cliff rises 604 meters above the fjords, formed by the action of glaciers about years ago.
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mountains Geography Week Prepared by geography teacher O.V. M OLODKINA
What are mountains? Mountains are heavily dissected parts of land, significantly, by 500 meters or more, elevated above the adjacent plains. The mountains are separated from the plains either directly by the foot of the slope or by foothills. Mountains can be linearly elongated or arcuate with a parallel, lattice, radial, feathery, echelon or branched dissection pattern. Distinguish between high, medium and low mountains.
Shape of mountains Mountains form in tectonically active areas; By origin, mountains are divided into: tectonic, erosional, volcanic. Depending on the nature of the deformations of the earth's crust, tectonic mountains are divided into folded, blocky and folded-blocky.
Place of mountains on planet earth. Mountain systems occupy 64% of the surface of Asia, 36% - North America, 25% - Europe, 22% - South America, 17% - Australia and 3% - Africa. Overall 24% earth's surface belongs to the mountains. 10% of all people live in the mountains. Most of the world's rivers originate in mountains.
Forms mountainous terrain Depending on the area occupied by the mountains, their structure and age, they distinguish: isolated uplifts of small extent, the so-called island mountains (for example, the Khibiny); mountain groups; mountain ranges- large linearly elongated elevations of the relief, isolated or constituent elements of mountainous countries (systems); the intersection or junction of two or more mountain ranges are called mountain nodes; a mountain junction may also represent the center of several radially diverging ranges; mountain ranges- sections of mountainous countries, located more or less isolated and having approximately the same length in length and width (for example, Mont Blanc in the Alps); they are distinguished by relatively weak dissection, separated from the neighboring ridges of the mountainous country by wide and deep valleys; mountain systems - mountains united territorially, having a common cause of origin and possessing morphological unity;
mountain belts of the earth mountain belts - the largest unit in the classification of mountainous relief, represents several mountain systems, elongated into a single (solid or intermittent) strip; this includes, for example, the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt (stretches from Western Europe to the southeastern tip of Asia) and the Andes-Cordillera mountain belt, stretched along the western outskirts of North and South America.
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Absolute height - the vertical distance from sea level to a given point - is not always the most important thing in the characterization of mountains. Often the relative height is more important, showing how much the top of the mountain rises above its foot, and not above the level of the distant sea. Closely related to this is such a concept as the depth of dismemberment. It is determined by the average values of relative heights. Many mountains are partially flooded by the sea, and then their relative height actually becomes greater than the absolute one. Many islands in the ocean are such mountains with peaks barely protruding above the water. For example, the Scandinavian mountains abruptly break off to the ocean in the North of Europe. They are low: their peaks rise no more than 1000-2000 meters above sea level.
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Mountains are not just the plural of the word "mountain", not just individual peaks rising in the middle of a flat area. The stone giants have grown together - “knee-deep”, “waist-deep”, “chest-deep”. As you move deeper into the mountains, the terrain rises noticeably; peaks are located as if on a powerful pedestal. During the ascent, you can make several interesting discoveries for yourself. First, the earth seemed to lean, turn, become sideways. Secondly, the panorama of the mountains becomes like the scenery of a gigantic performance, changing hourly, every minute as you rise to a height. Thirdly, on a mountain slope you can come into contact with the material that makes up the earth's crust and on the plain is usually hidden by soil, vegetation, and asphalt.
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The peaks are not arranged randomly, but lined up in the form of mountain ridges, the jagged outlines of which here and there flicker on the horizon. Ridges stretching for tens of kilometers form mountain ranges. From the highest ridges, spurs go in different directions - lower ridges. Ridges often diverge - this is a mountain junction. Several ridges following one after another, one peak dominates the surrounding ones, and from it in one direction, form a mountain range, the length of which can reach several hundred kilometers. The mountainous countries, in turn, unite into even more grandiose "structures" - mountain belts. The most significant are the Alpine-Himalayan and Andean-Cordillera.
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There are mountainous countries that have a special name - highlands. It is used when both the ridges and the depressions separating them are located on a pedestal. Often the highlands are fenced off from the surrounding plains and seas by even higher mountain ranges. All together it resembles a city on a hill, fortified with fortress walls. The highland is a closed, isolated world, where life flows according to its own laws.
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Mountains from absolute altitudes peaks of 500-1500 m are classified as low, and the massifs, ridges and chains they form are called low mountains. Often they are scattered singly or in scattered groups within the vast plains. Often low mountains form the lower step of the "mountain ladder", which is located at the foot of more high array. These can be low ridges or flat-topped counters, or huge ramparts with gentle slopes - adyrs.
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High mountains are usually difficult to access. If the peaks rise to 4000-6000 m or more, such relative heights are called highlands. The natural belts in the high mountains do not correspond exactly to the nature of the northern territories. Not forests, not meadows, not ice dominate this world, but rocks and stone ruins. Life huddles in crevices among rocks, on slopes and on rare flat areas in river valleys. Glaciers in long narrow tongues slide down the valleys 1000, 2000, sometimes 3000 m below the eternal snows.
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The relief of the planet in essence consists of many slopes. Mountain slopes differ in their steepness, height and length. Which one is steep, which one is gentle? This question can be answered in different ways. Climbing a mountain slope, the steepness of which is more than 10 °, is impossible for a heavily loaded car; if the slope is steeper than 25 ° - the loaded horse stops. A person has to climb a slope steeper than 35 ° with the help of hands; an unprepared person should not climb a slope steeper than 45 ° at all. To understand the characteristic features of the slopes of the mountains, it is necessary to consider their profile. If the steepness gradually increases from the foot to the top, the profile forms a concave arc - this is a concave slope. At a convex slope, the steepness to the top decreases accordingly. If flat areas on a slope alternate with steep ledges, it is called stepped.
