Even a year, Admiral opened America. Opening of America Christofore Columbus

Expeditions of Christopher Columbus

1st Expedition

The first expedition of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) consisting of 91 people on the courts "Santa Maria", "Pint", "Ninya" came out of Palos on August 3, 1492, from Canary Islands Turn to the West (September 9), crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the subtropical belt and reached the Island of San Salvador in the Bahamas archipelago, where Christopher Columbus landed on October 12, 1492 (the official date of opening of America). October 14-24, Christopher Columbus visited a number of others Bahamas Islands, and on October 28, December 5, he opened and examined the site of the northeastern coast of Cuba. December 6, Columbus reached about. Haiti and moved along his northern shore. On the night of December 25, the flagship ship "Santa Maria" sat down on the reef, but people were saved. Columbus on the ship "Ninya" January 4-16, 1493 completed the survey of the North Coast of Haiti and was returned to Castile on March 15.

2nd expedition

The 2nd Expedition (1493-1496), which Christopher Columbus was already headed by Admiral, and as the vice-king of newly open lands, consisted of 17 vessels with a crew of over 1.5 thousand people. On November 3, 1493 Columbus opened the island of Dominica and Guadeloupe, turning to the northwest, - about 20 small Antille Islands, including Antigua and Virginsky, and on November 19, Puerto Rico Island and approached the North Bank of Haiti. On March 12-29, 1494 Columbus in search of gold committed a conquering campaign inside Haiti, and crossed the Ridge Cordillera Sentral. April 29-May 3, Columbus with 3 courts passed along the southeast coast of Cuba, turned from Cruz to South and on May 5, he opened about. Jamaica. Returning on May 15 to the Cruz cassue, Columbus passed along the southern coast of Cuba to 84 ° West longitude, discovered the Hardines-de-La La Reina archipelago, the Sapat Peninsula and Pinos Island. On June 24, Christopher Columbus turned to the East and examined on August 19-15, the whole south coast Haiti. In 1495 Christopher Columbus continued to conquer Haiti; On March 10, 1496 left the island and returned to Castile on June 11.

3rd expedition

The 3rd expedition (1498-1500) consisted of 6 vessels, 3 of which Christopher Columbus himself led across the Atlantic Ocean near 10 ° Northern latitude. On July 31, 1498, he opened Trinidad Island, entered the south of the Paria Bay, found the mouth of the Western Sleeve Delta of the Orinoco River and the Paria Peninsula, putting the beginning of the opening of South America. Going out to the Caribbean Sea, Christopher Columbus approached the Araha peninsula, opened on August 15 Margarita Island and 31 August arrived in the city of Santo Domingo (on the island of Haiti). In 1500 Christopher Columbus was arrested on denunciation and sent to Castile, where he was released.

4th expedition

4th expedition (1502-1504). Having achieved permission to continue the search for the Western way to India, Columbus with 4 courts reached on June 15, 1502 of Martinique Islands, July 30 - the Honduran Bay and opened from August 1, 150 to May 1, 1503 Caribbean coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama to the Bay of Harba. Turning then to the north, June 25, 1503 suffered a crash at Jamaica Island; Help from Santo Domingo came only in a year. In Castillia, Christopher Columbus returned on November 7, 1504.

Facts

Hypothesis

In addition, hypotheses were put forward on visiting America and contact with its civilization by navigators to Columbus, which presented various civilizations of the old light (see Contacts with America to Columbus). Here are just some of these hypothetical contacts:

• in the V century - Hui Shen (Taiwanese monk)
• in the VI century - St. Brendan (Irish Monk)
• there are versions according to which at least XIII century America was known to the Order of the Templars
• oK. G. - Henry Sinclair (de Saint-Claire), Count Orkney (approx. 1345 - approx. 1400)
• in Zheng He (Chinese Researcher)
• in Zhuan Kisterial (Portuguese)

Notes

Literature

• Magidovich I. P. History of opening and research North America. - M.: Geographiciz, 1962.
• Magidovich I. P. The history of opening and research of Central and South America. - m .: Thought, 1963.
• John Lloyd and John Mitchinson. The book of universal delusions. - Phantom press, 2009.

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Watch what is "Opening of America" \u200b\u200bin other dictionaries:

Opening of America by the expedition of Christopher Columbus - The expedition of Columbus began on August 3, 1492, when Santa's ships Maria, Pint and Nigna came out of the bay spanish city Palos de la Frontera (Palos de La Frontera). On September 16, 1492, letters of green began to appear on the path of the expedition ... Encyclopedia Newsmakers

Salvador gave the opening of America to Sleep Sleep Christopher Columbus, 1958 1959 canvas, butter. 410 × 284 cm Muz ... Wikipedia

Opening of America and Spanish conquest - In the spring of 1492, the Spaniards took Granada's last stronghold of the Maurines on the Pyrenean Peninsula, and on August 3, three caravels of Christopher Columbus were departed from the Spanish port of Christopher in the Spanish Port of Christophore. The World History. Encyclopedia

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Invention, find. The opening of America, the invention of the powder. Observing ... Dictionary of Russian Synonyms and similar expressions in the meaning of expression. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. Opening of the invention, find, know how, patent; acquiring; Start … Synonym dictionary

Opening - Opening ♦ Découverte to make a discovery means to make an obvious thing that already existed (in contrast to the invention), but it was unknown. These are the discovery of America Christopher Columbus and the opening of the law of World Newton. Concept ... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville

OPENING - - identification of natural things, phenomena, patterns, etc., actually existing in nature, but not previously known (the discovery of America, the frequency of elements, mineral deposits, etc.), which is based on the internal ... ... Philosophy of Science and Technology: Thematic Dictionary

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This term has other values, see Opening (Values). Opening Mass Effect: Revelation The Cover of the Russian-language Edition of the Book Author ... Wikipedia

Books

• Christopher Columbus and the discovery of America, D. Winor. Illustrated historical and critical study, translation from English F. I. Bulgakov. The book contains information about the sources, about the ancestors and the birth of Columbus, his life in Portugal and ...

The question of who discovered America is probably the most difficult thing in the sense that it is difficult to place all the points above I. You will say: "Christopher Columbus", and in response: "Then why America is not called Colombia?" And you will be lost in the instant. And I could not give such a question yet on the exam - and in general trouble! We will analyze this question: who was actually the first to opel this incredible continent?

All versions

When we talk about the opening of Northern and South America, we must not forget that the arrival of European navigators to the continent was a discovery. The discovery was for Europeans who kept more than a thousand years in their Europe: at first they had an Allenian civilization (Greece and), then there was a gloomy Middle Ages. They were busy burning witches at the fire, and far from searching for new lands.

After all, long before Europeans (and to Columbus) America (for himself) opened:

• 15000 (fifteen thousand) years ago, even in the Ice period, enterprising guys from Asia were most likely looking for warm places. According to the glacier, connecting Eurasia now and North America Berengov Strait, they came to the continent. And became a local, autochthonous population. And Columbus called Local Aboriginal Indians, because I thought it would be discovered by India!
• In the VI century, Irish was sailed to North America, headed by the Holy Brand. Why suddenly the Irish to look for a new light is incomprehensible, and there was no accurate confirmation of this fact. While in 1976, the desperate researcher Tim Sivorin did not build an accurate copy of the ship of the Irish and did not sail here from Ireland with his own move!
• In the twentieth century, Vikings were sailed here, which were avid navigators and most likely were looking for prey. So the search for prey has been raised far to the southwest of Greenland, and they were here. Perhaps the first Vikings founded here the first settlements of Europeans! So in 1960, the archaeologist Helge Ingstad discovered traces of such a settlement in Canada!
• In the 20th century, the Chinese before Columbus discovered South America. So argued by the British Naval Officer Gavin Menzis. The Chinese also searched for India to swallow and on the theory of British columns South America.

I think now you have become clear to whom Columbus (if it was really he) opened America for Europeans.

Discovery of America

The reasons who pushed Europeans to search for new lands were prosaic: the European market was filled with goods, they needed a colony for their sales. Europe actively moved to colonial capitalism. Other reasons you can find in our article.

Spain is the strongest state of the medieval Europe - there was no exception. The crown actively sponsored all the expeditions of different Prokhindev, who promised to open new lands for her. Since the name of the navigator who opened America, Christopher Columbus, consider his personality steadily.

Christopher Columbus, famous navigator (1451 - 1506)

Christor was actually from Genoa. In his youth, I studied at the University of Pavia. Approximately in 1474, the famous geographer and astronomer Paolo Toskanuelley launched the Columbus in a letter that the path to India is actually shorter than all sorts of court prudence believes. Since that time, Christopher became interested in this event - find a way to legendary India. Next, Christopher traveled throughout Europe, collecting information about finding this indian itself. As a result, in the mid-1980s, the 15th century, he compiled his project - the path to there.

All discussions of this project have not led to anything. Even the meeting with the king and the queen did not give anything. Columbus intends in the early 1990s to move to France and there is a happiness. But Queen Isabella still realized that he could lose Spain. As a result, the expedition is still equipped.

America was opened for Europeans during the first expedition of 1492 - 1493. It consisted of three ships: Santa Maria, Ninia and Pinta. Just 1492 and is considered the year of the opening of America.

Amerigo Vespucci (1454 - 1512)

The remaining three expeditions were research: Europeans studied a new locality. Columbus himself was confident that he opened India. So why New World became called America? Who opened it: Columbus or Vespucci?

The fact is that in 1499, a cheerful Starika Amerigan Vespucci went to one of the expeditions to the new Light. The old man was driving to appreciate the financial capabilities of the new light, was notes and most importantly - was a serious map of the new continent.

Therefore, in 1507, Cartographer Martin Waldzemueller proposed to call new continents in honor of this cheerful old man. That's why America is so called.

Sincerely, Andrei Puchkov

The most important event in the history of great geographical discoveries, and the world history in general was opening by Columbus America - Event, as a result of which residents of Europe found two continents, called new light, or America.

The confusion began with the name of the continents. There are good proofs of the version that the lands of the new world were named by the name of the Italian patron of Richard America from Bristol, who financed the transatlantic expedition of John Cabot in 1497. Florentine traveler Amerigo Vespucci, who visited the new world only in 1500, and by whose behalf, America was named, took himself a nickname in honor of the already named continent.

In May 1497, Cabot reached the shores of Labrador, becoming the first officially registered European, who had vested on American land, two years before Amerigo Vespucci. Cabot made a map of North America's coast - from New England to Newfoundland. In the calendar of Bristol, in this year we read: "... on the day of St. John the Baptist found the Earth America merchants from Bristol, who arrived on the ship with the name "Matthew".

Christopher Columbus - Opening of America

The official discoverer of the continents of the New World is Christopher Columbus. He came from Italy, in Spain arrived from Portugal. Founding in the monastery near Palos's city of a familiar monk, Columbus told him that he decided to swim into Asia with the new sea - according to the Atlantic Ocean. He was admitted to the audience to the Queen Isabelle, who after his report appointed the Scientist Council to discuss the project. Council members were mainly spiritual faces. Columbus hotly defended his project. He referred to the evidence of ancient scientists about the shag-likeness of the Earth, on a copy of the map of the famous Italian astronomer Tuscanjelli, on which the many islands were depicted in the Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern shores of Asia. He urged the scientists of the monks in the legends they said about the land behind the ocean, from the shores of which sea currents sometimes bring trunks of trees with traces of treatment with people.Columbus was an educated person: i knew how to make cards, drive ships, knew four languages. He managed to convince the Scientific Council at the validity of his expectations.

Spanish rulers believed the traveler and decided to conclude a treaty with Columbus, according to which he, if success, received the title of admiral and the vice-king of the land open to them, and also a significant part of the commerce from the trade with countries where he would succeed. So the era of geographical research and discoveries began, the beginning of which Christopher Columbus launched the discovery of America.

Opening of America Columbus: Year 1492

On August 3, 1492, three Santa Maria ships, Pinta and Nigni with 90 participants came out of the port of Palen in swimming. Crews of ships consisted mainly of convicted criminals. It was already 33 days from the moment the expedition left the Canary Islands, and everything was not visible. The team began to rap. To calm her, Columbus recorded the distances in the ship's journal, deliberately understood them.

On October 12, 1492, the sailors saw the dark strip of the earth on the horizon. It was a small island with lush tropical vegetation. High people lived here with dark skin. Natives called their Guanahani Island. Columbus called him San Salvador and announced the possession of Spain. This name has so fasted at one of the Bahamas. Columbus was in complete confidence that Asia reached. Having been on other islands, he asked local residents everywhere, is Asia. But I did not hear anything consonant with this word. Columbus left a part of people on the island of Espanyol, and he himself went to Spain. In proof that he opened the way to Asia, Columbus took with him several Indians, the feathers of unprecedented birds, some plants, among them maize, potatoes and tobacco. March 15, 1493 in Palos, he was greeted as a hero.

This happened the first visit to the European Islands of Central America, as a result of which the basis for the further discovery of unknown land, their conquest and colonization was laid.

In the 20th century, scientists drew attention to the information that gave assuming that the contacts of the old light with the new took place long before the famous opening of America Columbus.

In addition to the hypotheses about the settlement of America, "ten knees of Israel", as well as atlas, there are a number of significant scientific evidence that America was visited long before Columbus. Some researchers even argue that the culture of the Indians was brought from the outside, from the old world. In academic science, more supporters have the theory that the civilizations of America developed almost completely independently until 1492.

Unconfirmed while hypotheses are about visiting America by the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese and Celts, however, there are quite reliable data on the visit to America by Polynesians, which remained in their legends; In addition, it is known that Chukchi has established the exchange of fur and whale with the ancient population of the North-West American coast, but it is impossible to establish the exact date of the beginning of these contacts. Europeans visited the American continent in the Viking Epoch. The contacts of Scandinavians with the new light began about 1000 years of our era and continued approximately until the XIV century.

With the opening of America, the name of the Scandinavian navigator and the ruler of Greenland Leif I Ericsson is happy. This European committee made the opening of North America in five centuries to Columbus. It is known about Icelandic sagas stored in such manuscripts as "Saga about Eric Redhead" and "Saga about Greenlanders". Their accuracy was confirmed by the archaeological discoveries of the XX century.

Leif Ericsson was born in Iceland in the family of Erica Redhead, expelled from Norway with all the way. Erica's family in 982 was forced to leave Iceland, fearing blood revenge, and settle in new colonies in Greenland. Leif Ericsson had two brothers, Torvald and Torstain, and one sister, Freudis. Leif was married to a woman named Torgunna. They had one son - Torkell Leifsson.

Before his campaign to America, Leif made a trade expedition to Norway. Here he accepted the baptism of the King of Norway Olaf Triuggwason, the ally of Kiev Prince Vladimir. Leif brought Christian Bishop to Greenland and baptized her inhabitants. His mother and many Greenlandians accepted Christianity, but his father, Eric Redhead, remained a pagan. On the way back, Leif saved the wreck of Icelandets Torira, for which he got a nickname happiness. Upon his return, he met in Greenland Norwegian named Baryni Herulfsson, who told that he saw in the West far into the sea of \u200b\u200bthe outline of the Earth. Leif became interested in this story and decided to explore new lands.

At about 1000, Leif Ericsson with a team of 35 people sailed to the West on the ship purchased from Baryni. They were open three regions of the American coast: Hellouland (probably Labrador Peninsula), Markland (possibly, Buffhin Earth) and Winland, who received its name for a large number of grape vines. Presumably it was the coast of Newfoundland. There were also founded several settlements where Vikings remained for the winter.

Upon returning to Greenland, Leif gave the ship to his brother Torvald, who was going to explore Wields instead. Thorvald's expedition was unsuccessful: Scandinavians were collided with scrals - North American Indians, and in this collision Torvald died. If you believe Icelandic legends, according to which Eric and Leif have made their hiking not at random, but based on the stories of such eyewitnesses, like Baryni, who saw unknown land on the horizon, then in a sense, America was discovered even earlier than 1000 years. However, it was Leif to the first to commit a full-fledged expedition along the shores of Wilan, gave him a name, landed ashore and even tried to colonize him. According to the stories of the Leif and his people, laid back by the Scandinavian "saga about Eric Ryzhhem" and "Sagi about Greenlanders", the first Major Maps were compiled.

This information preserved by Icelandic sagas, found a confirmation in 1960, when an archaeological confirmation of the early settlement of Vikings was found in the town of L "Ans-O-Hercuz on the island of Newfoundland. The opening of the Columbus of America at that time was indeed a discovery, because they about new light nothing They did not know. But the discoverer was not in the full sense of the word Columbus. Currently, the Vikings study of North America long before the travels of Columbus is considered to be finally proven fact. Scientists have reached an agreement that Vikings among Europeans really were the first to opened North America, but the exact place Their settlements are still unknown. At first, Vikings did not distinguish between their settlement in Greenland and Winland, on the one hand, and Iceland - on the other. Sensation of different worlds They appeared in them only after meeting with local tribes, very different from the Irish monks in Iceland. "Saga about Eric Ryzhhem" and "Saga about Greenlanders" were written in about 250 years after the colonization of Greenland and say that there were several attempts to establish a settlement in Wilan, but none of them lasted for more than two years. There are several reasons why Vikings left settlements, among which you can call disagreements among men's colonists regarding several women who accompanied the journey, and armed clashes with local residentswhom Vikings are called Scrals. Both of these factors are indicated in written sources.

Until the XIX century, historians considered the idea of \u200b\u200bViking settlements in North America solely in the context of the National Folklore of the Scandinavian peoples. The first scientific theory appeared in 1837 due to the Danish historian and Antikvar Karl Christian Rafna. In his book, "American antiquities" Rafn held a comprehensive examination of Saga and explored the possible places of parking on the American coast, as a result of which concluded that the country of Wellands opened by Vikings really existed. The story continues to discover the veil of its secrets. Scientists still have to check the likelihood and time of an even earlier discovery of America and contact with this continent of immigrants from old light.

The history of the opening of America is quite amazing. These events occurred at the end of the 15th century due to the fact that in Europe the walling and shipping is growing rapidly. In many ways, it can be said that the opening of the American continent occurred at all randomly and the motives were very banal - the search for gold, wealth, large shopping cities.

In the 15th century, an ancient tribes lived in modern America, which were very good-natured and hospitable. In Europe, in those days, then the states were rather developed and modern. Each country tried to expand its sphere of influence, find new sources of replenishment of the state treasury. At the end of the 15th century, trading flourished, mastering new colonies.

Who discovered America?

In the 15th century, an ancient tribes lived in modern America, which were very good-natured and hospitable. In Europe, then the states were rather developed and modern. Each country tried to expand its sphere of influence, find new sources of replenishment of the state treasury.

When any adult and child ask, who opened America, we will hear about Columbus. It was Christopher Columbus that gave impetus to the active search and development of new lands.

Christopher Columbus is a great Spanish navigator. Information about where was born and spent a little childhood and they are contradictory. It is known that being young, Christopher was fond of cartography. He was married to the daughter of the navigator. In 1470, the geographer and astronomer Toskanlyli told Columbus about his assumptions that the way to India is shorter if saved to the west. Apparently, then Columbus began to enter his idea about a short path to India, while on his calculations, it was necessary to sail through the Canary Islands, and the Japan will already be close.
Since 1475, Columbus has attempts to implement an idea and make an expedition. The purpose of the expedition is to find a new trading path to India across the Atlantic Ocean. For this, he turned to the Government and merchants of Genoa, but he was not supported. The second attempt to find funding for the expedition is the Portuguese king ZhuaoN II, however, after a long study of the project, it was waiting for a refusal.

For the last time with his project, he came to the Spanish king. At the beginning, his project was considered for a long time, even made several meetings, commissions, it lasted for several years. His idea was supported by bishops and catholic kings. But the final support to its project Columbus received after the victory of Spain in the city of Granada, who was freed from the Arab presence.

The expedition was organized provided that the Columbus, if successful, will receive not only the gifts and wealth of new lands, but also will receive, except for the status of the nobleman, the title: Admiral of the Sea Ocean and the Vice-King of all lands, which will open. For Spain, a successful expedition was thrown not only the development of new lands, but also the opportunity to trade with India directly, as according to the contract concluded with Portugal, the Spanish ships were forbidden to enter the watertic coast of Africa.

When and how does Columbus opened America?

The year of the opening of America historians consider 1942, although it is quite approximate. Opening new lands and islands, Columbus and did not assume that this is another mainland, which will then be called "new light." Traveler took 4 expeditions. He arrived on new and new lands, believing that it was the lands of "Western India". For quite a long time, everything was thought in Europe. However, the other traveler Vasco da Gama declared Columbus to a deceiver, since it was Gamma who found a direct path to India and brought out the gift and spices from there.

What kind of America did Christopher Columbus opened? We can say that thanks to its expeditions from 1492, Columbus opened both North and South America. To be more accurate, then the islands were open, which are now considered or southern or North America.

Who opened America first?

Although historically it is believed that it was Columbus opened America, but in fact it's not quite so.

There is evidence that the "new light" was previously visited Scandinavians (Leif Ericsson in 1000, Torrefin Karlsefney in 1008), about this journey became known from the manuscripts "Saga about Eric Ryzhhem" and "Saga about Greenlandse". There are other "America's discovers", but the scientific community does not perceive them seriously, since there are no reliable data. For example, America previously visited the African traveler from Mali - Abu Bakr II, Scottish nobleman Henry Sinclair, Chinese traveler Zheng He.

Why did America named America?

The first widespread and fixed fact is to visit this part of the "New World" by the traveler and the navigator Amerigo Vespucci. It is noteworthy that it was he who put forward the assumption that this is not India or China, but a completely new unknown mainland. It is believed that therefore the name of America was consolidated for the new land, and not its discoverer - Columbus.

Columbus discovered America

The year when this Spanish navigator opened a new land, in history is indicated as the 1492th. And by the beginning of the eighteenth century, all other areas of North America, for example, Alaska and regions of the Pacific coast were already open and investigated. It must be said that the continued contributions from Russia made an important contribution to the mainland research.

Learning

The opening history of North America is quite interesting: it can even be called random. At the end of the fifteenth century, the Spanish navigator with his expedition reached the shores of North America. At the same time, he mistakenly believed that it was in India. From that moment on, the era is begins, when they opened America and began to master and research. But some researchers consider this date inaccurate, arguing that the opening of the new continent has happened much earlier.

The year of opening America Columbus - 1492th is not the exact date. It turns out that the Spanish navigator had predecessors, and not one. In the middle of the tenth century, Normans traveled here, after they opened Greenland. True, it was not possible to colonize these new lands, because they were repelled by the rigid weather conditions of the North of this continent. In addition, Normanov also frightened the remoteness from Europe new mainland.

According to other data, this continent was opened by antique navigators - Phoenicians. Some sources of time when they opened America, call the middle of the first millennium of our era, and the pioneers are Chinese. However, this version also does not have clear evidence.

The most reliable information about the time when Vikings was opened by America. At the end of the tenth century, the Normans of Baryni Herilfson and Leif Ericsson were found Helluland - "Stone", Marcland - "Forest" and Winland - "Vineyards" of the Earth, which contemporaries are identified with the Labrador peninsula.

There is evidence that even before Columbus in the fifteenth century of the northern continent reached Bristol and Biscay Fishermen, who called it Brazil Island. However, temporary periods of these expeditions cannot be called that milestone in history when they opened America to truly, i.e. they identified it as a new continent.

Columbus - Real Disproof

And yet, when answering a question, in which year the America opened, the specialists most often call the fifteenth century, or more precisely to his end. And the first one who did it, Columbus consider. The time when America was opened, coincided in history with the period when Europeans began to extend the ideas about the round form of the Earth and the possibility of reaching India or China along the Western way, that is, through the Atlantic Ocean. It believed that this path is much shorter than Eastern. Therefore, taking into account the monopoly of Portuguese to control the South Atlantic, obtained by the Alkazovsky Agreement of 1479, Spain, always seeking to receive direct contacts with the eastern countries, hotly supported the expedition of the Genoese navigator Columbus in the Western direction.

Honor discovery

Christopher Columbus from an early age was interested in geography, geometry and astronomy. From the youngest years he participated in maritime expeditions, visited in almost all the oceans known then. Columbus was married to the daughter of the Portuguese Sailor, from which he got a lot geographic maps And the notes of the times of Heinrich Seavwater. The future discoverer studied them carefully. Its plans to find the sea route to India, but not bypassing Africa, but directly through the Atlantic. Like some scientists - his contemporaries, Columbus believed that by going to the West from Europe, it would be possible to achieve Asian eastern shores - those places where India with China is located. At the same time, he did not even suspect that the whole mainland will meet on the way, until the Europeans not known. But it happened. And from that time, the history of the opening of America has been maintained.

First expedition

For the first time, Columbus ships were despair from Paloscian Harbor of the third August 1492. There were three of them. The expedition proceeds quite calmly to the Canary Islands: this segment of the path was already known to sailors. But very soon they found themselves in the vast ocean. Gradually, the sailors began to fall into the despondency and raise the ropot. But Columbus managed to pacify the recalcitrant, supporting hope in them. Sightly there were signs - forerunners of the proximity of the sushi: unknown birds flew, the branches of trees were saved. Finally, after six weeks of swimming, the lights appeared at night, and when the green picturesque island opened in front of the sailors, all covered with vegetation. Columbus, landing on the shore, declared this land possessions of the Spanish crown. The island was named San Salvador, that is, the Savior. It was one of the small pieces of sushi belonging to the Bahamas or Lucai archipelago.

Land where there is gold

Natives - peaceful and good-natured savages. Having noticed greediness to the greedy decorations that hung in the nose in the nose and in the ears, signs were told by the fact that in the south there is a land literally abundant gold. And Columbus went on. In the same year, he opened Cuba, which he accepted for the mainland, more precisely, for the East Coast of Asia, also declared the Spanish colony. Hence the expedition, turning to the east, stuck to Haiti. At the same time, on the entire path, the Spaniards met savages, who not only ready their gold jewelry on simple glass beads and other trinkets, but also constantly pointed to southern directionWhen they were asked about this precious metal. To which Columbus called the Spaniard, or Small Spain, he built a small fortress.

Return

When the ships stuck in the Palo harbor, all the inhabitants went ashore to meet them with honors. A very graciously accepted Columbus and Ferdinand with Isabella. The news of the opening of the new world spread very quickly, as quickly gathered and wishing to go there along with the discoverer. Then the Europeans did not imagine what America was discovered Christopher Columbus.

Second journey

The history of the opening of North America, the start of which was given in 1492, continued. From September 1493 to June 1496, the second expedition of the Genoese navigator was held. As a result, Virgin and windward islands were opened, including Antigua, Dominica, Nevis, Montserrat, Saint Christopher, as well as Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Spaniards firmly settled on the lands of Haiti, making them their base and building the fortress of San Domingo in the southeastern part. In 1497, the British joined the rivalry with them, trying to find the North-Western ways to Asia. For example, the Genoese Cabot under the English flag found the island of Newfoundland and, according to some reports, it went very close to the North American coast: to the Peninsula Labrador and New Scotland. So the British began to lay the foundation for their domination in the region of North America.

Third and fourth expeditions

She began in May 1498 and ended in November 1500. As a result, the island of Trinidad and the mouth of Orinoco were opened. In August 1498, Columbus landed on the coast already on the Paria Peninsula, and in 1499, the Spaniards reached the shores of Guiana and Venezuela, after which - Brazil and Amazon's mouths. And during the last - the fourth - travel from May 1502 to November 1504, Central America was opened by the Columbus. His ships passed along the coast of Honduras and Nicaragua, reached the Costa Rica and Panama until the Darya Gulf.

New mainland

In the same year, another navigator - the expedition of which was held under the Portuguese flag, also examined the Brazilian coast. Having reached the Cape Canana, he put forward a hypothesis that the land that Columbus opened is not China, and not even India, but a completely new mainland. This thought received confirmation after the first around the world travelcommitted by F. Magellan. However, contrary to logic, the name of America was enshrined for the new mainland - on behalf of Vespucci.

True, there are some reason to assume that the new continent was named after the Bristol Metsenite of Richard America from England, who financed the second transatlantic journey in 1497, and Amerigo Vespucci had already taken a nickname in honor of the continent named so. In the proof of this theory, researchers lead the facts that Cabot reached the shores of Labrador for two years earlier, therefore, became the officially registered first European, which stepped on American land.

In the middle of the sixteenth century Jacques Cartier, the French navigator, reached the shores of Canada, giving this territory its modern name.

Other applicants

The development of the continent North America continued such naval people like John Davis, Alexander Malezi, Henry Hudson and William Buffin. It is due to their research and the continent was studied until the Pacific coast.

However, the story knows and a lot of other names of the navigators who moored to American land before Columbus. This Hui Shen is a Thai monk, who visited this region in the fifth century, Abubakar - Sultan Mali, who sailed to the American coast in the fourteenth century, Count Orkney de Saint-Claire, Chinese researcher Zheie He, Portuguese Zhuan Kisterial, etc.

But, in spite of everything, Christopher Columbus is that man whose discoveries had an unconditional influence on the entire history of mankind.

Fifteen years later, after that time, the ships of this navigator were opened, the very first geographical map of the mainland was drawn up. Her author became Martin Waldseemyuller. Today she, being the property of the United States, is stored in Washington.

The lands were the most common: the foundation of cities, the detection of gold and wealth deposits. In the XV century, navigation is actively developing, and expeditions are equipped in search of the unknown continent. What was on the mainland before the arrival of the Europeans, when Columbus opened America, and under what circumstances did it happen?

History of the Great Opening

By the XV century, European states were distinguished by a high level of development. Each country tried to expand the sphere of his influence, studying the search for additional sources of profits to replenish the treasury. Formed new colonies.

Before the opening, the tribes lived on the continent. The aborigines were distinguished by a friendly character, which favored the rapid development of the territory.

Christopher Columbus, still as a teenager, discovered such a hobby as a cartography. The Spanish navigator once recognized from astronomer and geographer Tuscannelly, which, if sailing in the west direction, it is possible to achieve India much faster. It was 1470. And the idea fell just in time because Columbus was looking for another path that would allow to get to India in a short time. He assumed that the route should be paved through the Canary Islands.

In 1475, the Spaniard organizes an expedition, the purpose of which is to search for a quick path by sea to India through the Atlantic Ocean. He reported this to the government asking him to support his idea, but did not receive aid. The second time Columbus wrote to the king of Portugal Zhuan II, however, he followed the refusal. Then he again turned to the Government of Spain. On this occasion, several meetings of the Commission, the last year. A completely positive decision on financing was made after the victory of the Spanish troops in the city of Granada, freed from the occupation of Arabs.

In case of detection of the new way to India, Columbus was thrown not only wealth, but also the noble rank: the admiral of the sea-ocean and the Vice-King of the Lands, which he will open. Since the ships of Spain were forbidden to enter the water on west coast Africa, the government was beneficial to the government to conclude a direct trading contract with India.

In which year, Columbus opened America?

Officially, the year of the opening of America in history was recognized 1942. Finding undeveloped land, Columbus did not assume that he opened the continent, which will be called "new light." In which year, the Spaniards opened America, it is possible to say conditionally, since four campaigns have been made. Each time the navigator found all new lands, believing that it was the territory of Western India.

Columbus thought about what was not the route, after the commission of the Vasco de Gama expedition. The traveler arrived in India and returned in a short time with rich goods, accusing Christopher in deception.

Later it turned out that Columbus opened the island and the continental part of Northern and South America.

Which travelers opened America earlier?

It is not entirely true to say that Columbus is not entirely true. Prior to that, Scandinavians were planted on the ground: in 1000, Leif Ericsson and in 1008 - Torrefin Karlsefney. This is evidenced by historical records "Saga about Greenlanders" and "Saga about Eric Redhead". There are other information about traveling to the "New Light". Abu Bakr II traveler arrived from Mali to America, a resident of the Crown Zheng He and the nobleman from Scotland Henry Sinclair.

There are historical evidence that testify that in the X century the new light was visited by Normans after the opening of Greenland. However, they failed to master the territory due to heavy weather conditionsunusable for agriculture. In addition, the path from Europe was very long.

Visit the mainland by the Navigator Amerigo Vespucci, in honor of which the continent was named.

Wake out anyone in the middle of the night with the question: "Who opened America first?", And you, without thinking, will immediately give the right answer, calling the name of Christopher Columbus. This is all famous fact which seemingly no one disputes. But was Columbus the first European, who pulled into a new land? By no means. The question is one: "So who?". But Columbus is not profitable distributor.

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How Columbus became the discoverer

In which age there are so significant changes for the world? The official date of opening of the new continent called America - 1499, 15th century. At that time, the residents of Europe began to appear speculation that the earth is round. They began to believe the possibility of navigation on the Atlantic Ocean and the opening of the Western way straight to the shores of Asia.

The story of how Columbus opened America is very funny. It happened that he is random stumbled upon a new lightHolding the way to distant India.

Christopher was ajoyed navigator, I have time to visit all the most famous at that time. Thoroughly studying a huge number of geographical cards, Columbus planned to flow to India across the Atlantic, without afraid.

He, like many scientists of that time, naively believed that, having traveled straight from Western Europe to the east, he would reach the shores of such asian countrieslike China and India. No one even thought that he had suddenly on his way new lands will appear.

That day when Columbus reached the shores of the new mainland and is considered the beginning of the history of America.

The main students who opened Columbus

Christopher is considered those who opened North America. But in parallel with him, after the new world has spread to all countries, in the struggle for the development of northern territories entered the British.

In total, the navigator committed four expeditions. The continents who opened Columbus: the island of Haiti or, as the traveler himself called him, Small Spain, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Antigua and many other territories of North America. From 1498 to 1504 during their last expeditions, the navigator has already mastered land of South Americawhere he reached the shores not only Venezuela, but also Brazil. A little later, the expedition reached Central Americawhere they were mastered coast lines Nicaragua and Honduras, right up to Panama.

Who else mastered America

Formally opened America for the world many navigators in different ways. History has many namesrelated to the development of lands of new light. The case of Columbus continued:

• Alexander Mankiei;
• William Buffin;
• Henry Hudson;
• John Devis.

Thanks to these seafarers, the entire continent was studied and mastered, including the coast of the Pacific Ocean.

Also, another primary retainer of America consider no less well-known personality - Amerigo Vespucci. The Portuguese navigator walked on the expedition and examined the coast of Brazil.

It was he who first suggested that Christopher Columbus fell far away from China and India, and before unknown earlier. His speculation confirmed Fernanda Magellan, after the first round trip.

It is believed that the mainland called in honor of Vespucci, contrary to the whole logic of what is happening. And today, the new light is known to everyone called America, and not somehow otherwise. So who actually opened America?

Prechaumbov's expeditions to America

In the legends and believe in the Scandinavian peoples, you can often stumble upon mention of distant land called WINLANDlocated not far from Greenland. Historians believe that it was the Vikings that opened America and became the first Europeans who have stepped on the lands of the new light, and in their legends Winland is nothing but Newfoundland.

How Columbus opened America, everyone knows, but in fact Christopher was far not the first navigatorwho visited this mainland. It is impossible to call the discoverer and Leif Erikson, called Winland one of the parts of the new continent.

Who is considered first? Historians dared to believe that they had a trader from distant Scandinavia - Bjarni Herulifsonwhich is mentioned in "Saga about Greenlanders". According to this literary work, in 985. He put forward in the direction of Greenland, meet with his father, but got off the way because of a strong storm.

Before the discovery of America, the merchant had to sail at random, since earlier Greenland lands he did not see and did not know a specific course. Soon he got to the smooth shores of an unknown islandcovered with forests. Such a description was completely not suitable for Greenland, which he was strong and surprised. Bjarni. i decided not to land ashore, and turn back.

Soon he fell to Greenland, where he told this story Leaf Erickson, the son of the lapper of Greenland. Exactly he became the first of the Vikingswho tried good luck to join on America's land to Columbus, which he nicknamed Winland.

Forced search for new lands

Important!Greenland is not the most enjoyable country. She is poor for resources, with a harsh climate. The possibility of resettlement at that time seemed like a non-free dream for Vikings.

Stories about fertile lands covered with dense forests, only spurred them into motion. Erickson gathered a small team and went on a trip to the search for new territories. Leif became those who opened North America.

The first uncharted places they came across were stony and mountain. In their description today, historians see nothing but Baffin Earth. Subsequent coasts turned out to be lowlands, with green forests and long sandy beaches. This historians have a very reminded description. coast Peninsula Labrador in Canada.

New lands were mined wood, which in Greenland is so hard to find. Subsequently, the Vikings were founded first two settlements in the new worldAnd all these territories were called Winlands.

Scientist who was called "second Columbus"

The famous German geographer, natural resource and traveler - all this is one great man who is called Alexander Humboldt.

This greatest scientist opened america to others From the scientific side, spending for research for many years, and he was not alone. What kind of partner he needed, Gumbaldt did not attend a long time and immediately made his choice in favor of Bonplan.

Humboldt and French Botany in 1799. They went scientific expedition by South America and Mexico, which has launched whole five years. This journey brought the world glory to scientists, and Humboldt himself began to call the "second Columbus".

It's believed that in 1796. The scientist set itself the following tasks:

• explore the poorly studied areas of the globe;
• systematize all the information obtained;
• given the results of research of other scientists, it is comprehensive to describe the structure of the universe.

All tasks, of course, were successfully completed. After the opening of America, like the continent, no one dared to Humbaldt conduct similar research. Therefore, he decides to go to the most poorly learned area - West India, which allows him to achieve colossal results. Humboldt created the first geographical maps opened America almost simultaneouslyBut in world history the name of Christopher Columbus will always be the first in the list of those who mastered the territories of the New World.