Presentation on "sights of south america". South America Presentation Download South America Presentation
Slide 1
South America
Slide 2
The mainland is almost completely isolated from other continents. The connection with North America through the Isthmus of Panama was formed only in the middle of the Cenozoic era. Most of South America is located between the equator and the southern tropic.
Slide 3
Extreme points: northern - Cape Galinas, southern - m. Froward, eastern - Cape Cabo Branco (translated from Portuguese - "white cape"), western - Cape Parignas. The coastline of the mainland is poorly indented. The banks are mostly flat and straight. Only the southwestern coast of the mainland is cut by fjords (narrow, long bays), there are many small bays, islands, and straits.
Slide 5
Indian settlement
Slide 6
Slide 7
The discovery of America by H. Columbus belongs to the greatest events of the era of the great geographical discoveries. However, there are a number of hypotheses, legends and documents about the voyages to the shores of America by inhabitants of Africa and Europe long before Columbus. The great event of 1492, when Spanish ships under the command of H. Columbus reached the shores of the New World, was prepared by the entire course of history - the development of science (Columbus believed that the Earth had the shape of a sphere), navigation, the interests of trade, the search for new ways from Europe to Asia. H. Columbus made four voyages to the shores of America (1492-1504), but never realized that he had discovered the New World. He was not interested in the scientific side of his discoveries, but pursued the selfish goals of discovering and seizing new territories, strove to turn open land in the colony of Spain. The idea that the open lands are not the western shores of India, as Columbus believed until the end of his life, but a new part of the world, was first expressed by the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the continent was named (1507).
Slide 8
In 1519, ships of the Portuguese round-the-world expedition of F. Magellan sailed off the coast of South America, who rightly assumed that, having rounded South America, one could go to the Pacific Ocean. F. Magellan discovered the Atlantic coast of South America and the strait between the two oceans, later named after him. Following the sailors, the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors rushed to America, turning the mainland into their colonial possessions. Many discoveries and explorations of the continent are associated with the period of colonial conquests. They were attracted by legends about the fabulous riches of the new lands. So the Italian navigator, who was in the Spanish service, S. Cabot, in search of the "silver kingdom" in 1527, opened the mouth of the Parana River, sailed far up the river. The Spanish conquistador F. Orellana with his detachment in 1542 was the first of the Europeans to cross the continent, sailed along the Amazon from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean.
Slide 9
During the period of colonization, the nature and population of the continent were studied unsystematically. The Spanish and Portuguese authorities tried not to admit the expedition of scientists to their possessions. Only at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the study of the nature of the continent was carried out by the remarkable German scientist A. Humboldt. A. Humboldt's journey together with the French botanist E. Bonplan was the greatest in terms of scientific results. During his travels, A. Humboldt visited the Orinoco River, climbed some peaks of the Andes. He described the nature and population of the countries through which his path passed, established many connections between geographical phenomena, substantiated the idea of \u200b\u200baltitudinal zonation using the example of the Andes, and also explained the role of the cold Peruvian current for the climate of coastal regions.
Slide 10
The famous naturalist Charles Darwin, during his voyage around the world on the ship "Beagle", visited the Galapagos Islands in the 30s of the XIX century. Observations of the unusual nature of the archipelago, where representatives of the organic world of the south and north meet (lianas and mosses, pingguins and parrots, sea lizards, iguanas and seals), and each island has its own subspecies and species of the same birds, according to the scientist could substantiate the theory of the origin of species.
Slide 11
The nature and peoples of South America were also studied by Russian researchers. In the first half of the XIX century. the Russian expedition of GI Langsdorf and NG Rubtsov worked in the interior regions of Brazil. The materials collected by the expedition, stored in museums in Brazil, are still being studied by scientists. The climate of South America was studied by the Russian climatologist A.I. Voeikov. Biologist N.I. Vavilov in the 30s of the XX century. during expeditions to the mainland, he established the geographical centers of ancient centers of agriculture and the origin of a number of cultivated plants, including potatoes.
Slide 12
Here is the largest low-lying plain in the world - the Amazonian lowland and the longest mountain range of the Earth - the Andes. The Andes is home to the highest mountain of the world's largest lakes - Titicaca. The highest waterfall in the world is Angel. The Amazon has the largest river system.
Slide 13
The relief of South America is characterized by a clear division into two parts: flat in the east and in the center and mountainous in the west.
Slide 14
Guiana Highlands. Waterfall.
The relief of the eastern part was formed on an ancient platform. The vast Brazilian and Guiana Highlands formed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe shields (the outcropping of the platform basement to the surface). The flat Amazonian and La Plata lowlands are located in the troughs of the platform, where the crystalline basement of the platform is overlain by a layer of sedimentary rocks.
Slide 15
Slide 16
The Andes are one of the most majestic mountainous countries on Earth. They stretch in two and sometimes three parallel ridges along the entire western edge of the mainland. Mountain ranges are separated by intermontane depressions, troughs, and cut by deep gorges. The Andes peaks rise above 6000 m, many of them are volcanic cones.
Slide 17
The highest point - Mount Aconcagua reaches 6960 m. The tops of the mountains are covered with snow and glaciers. Seven glaciers descend from Aconcagua. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur in the Andes. The most disastrous happened in the Andes in 1960, 1970 and 1985. They claimed the lives of tens of thousands of residents
Slide 18
Andes ridges
Slide 19
GENERAL INFORMATION
Square - 17 819 000 square kilometers
Population of South America - 331 000 000 man
Highest mountains:
- Aconcagua ( Argentina ): 6 960 m .
- Ojos del Salado (Argentina- Chile ): 6,908 m .
Largest cities:
- Sao Paulo,
- Rio de Janeiro,
- Buenos Aires.
South America is the fourth largest continent on the planet.
It is washed by the Pacific Ocean from the west, and the Atlantic Ocean from the east. The entire continent is located in the western hemisphere and is crossed by the equator in its northern part. The mainland is separated from Antarctica only by the Drake Passage.
Geography of South America
These are mountains and plains, forests and deserts. But the main feature is the giant, in scale, the Amazon River basin and the long chain of the Andes mountains.
South America climate
South America's climate varies with distance from the equator. In the north, near the equator, there is a sultry equatorial zone, with some very cold places in the highlands of the Andes. And in the south there is a frosty polar zone, due to its proximity to Antarctica.
Because of the heavy rainfall in South America, there are a lot of rivers that carry their waters into the Atlantic Ocean. The main rivers of the mainland: Amazon, Parana, Madeira, San Francisco.
There are almost no large lakes on the continent. Lake Titicaca in the Andes is the largest of the high mountain lakes.
Slide 1
BRAZILIA
Savior statue in Rio de Janeiro
Machu Picchu Cartagena Potosi Nazca Cusco Tiahuanaco San Luis Oliamtaitambo Urumamba Colca South America
Slide 2
MACCHU - PIKCHU
It is located at an altitude of 2,430 meters above sea level, on a mountain of extraordinary beauty, in the middle of a mountainous tropical forest. Machu Picchu is perhaps the most amazing urban structure of the Inca Empire. This city was discovered by archaeologists in the summer of 1911. Its area is approximately 5 square km. Inside it are warehouses, churches, an observatory and the residence of the legendary Inca ruler Pachacuti. It is estimated that at least a thousand people lived in the city.
Slide 3
CITY OF CARTAGENA
This settlement of Colombia is famous for the fact that in 1586 it was plundered by the English flotilla, which was ruled by a pirate who later became an English lord - Sir Francis Drake. Port fortifications were completely destroyed. Later, the inhabitants rebuilt them again, mixing bull's blood into the solution for the fortress. Today, the old quarters of Cartagena are a single historical monument from the time of the colonial conquest of the mainland by the Spaniards.
Slide 4
In the center of the city there is a bastion, in the prison of which captured pirates languished. On the square of artillery there is a 17th century church, the tower of which is curved. There is also the Palace of the Inquisition and the monument to Christopher Columbus. The Alley of Martyrs reminds of those townspeople who died in the war to liberate the country from colonialism.
Slide 6
The city flourished in the first half of the 17th century, when more people lived in it than in London itself! During these half a century, the Spaniards exported 16 thousand tons of silver to Europe from this settlement! The phrase "Rich as Potosi" has become a proverb. When the reserves of the precious metal in the mines dried up, the city fell into decay.
Slide 7
Today it has become an open-air museum. Tourists are attracted by a visit to the Mint, where shiny doubloons with portraits of Spanish kings were minted, and Mount Sierro Rico, from the top of which, according to legend, the great South American revolutionary Simon Bolivar proclaimed the independence of these places from the Spanish crown.
Slide 8
STATUE OF THE SAVIOR IN RIO DE JANEIRO
This grandiose stone sculpture, raised to almost a kilometer in height, stands in Rio de Janeiro on the steep Corcovado hill. It appeared as a result of an all-Brazilian open competition for the best monument that would express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the nation. It was won by the common man Hector da Silva Costa, who proposed to sculpt the figure of Christ the Savior. On October 12, 1931, the grand opening of the monument took place, the author of which was the French sculptor Paul Landovsky
Slide 9
TIAHUANACO CITY
It is located in Bolivia - on lands that once belonged to the Incas. But it is believed that this settlement was founded long before them. The city walls are made of huge boulders, as if it were the handiwork of giants. This is also hinted at by the majestic statues of people made of stone, towering next to the fortress.
Slide 10
DESERT NAZCA
This plateau in Peru is located between the valleys of the Nazca and Ingenio rivers, 450 km from the city of Lima. There is a majestic historical monument, the purpose of which has not yet been figured out. The territory of 500 square kilometers is covered with giant, up to 300 meters in length, images of people and animals, lines, spirals and geometric shapes. Some of them are several tens of meters in size. And to appreciate the work of an unknown artist is possible only from a bird's eye view.
Slide 11
Slide 12
SALVADOR
It is the oldest city in Brazil. It was founded on November 1, 1501 famous traveler Amerigo Vespucci. It is not only an important economic center of the country, but also the heart of Brazilian culture. The most famous temples are located on Praça de Se. In the 17th century, a large Catholic cathedral was erected here, the altar of which is decorated with gold leaf. Next to the temple there is another church - San Francisco, the material for which was exported from Portugal. Especially in Salvador, the Church of La Consei-san de Praia is also revered, dedicated to Our Lady, whom the locals consider their patroness.
Slide 13
CITY BRAZILIA
It is the third largest capital of the Brazilian state. The city was founded on April 1, 1960 on the Serrado plateau. It is considered an architectural wonder of Latin America. The author of the houses located in the central quarters of the capital was the most famous architect of the second half of the 20th century, Oscar Niemeyer.
Slide 14
The general plan of the city was developed by another brilliant architect - Luisio Costa. From above, Brasilia resembles an airplane figure. The buildings of the Government, the National Congress and the Supreme Court were built on its "nose". The most impressive temple in this city is the Catholic Cathedral, which Niemeyer gave the unusual shape of a crown of thorns.
Slide 15
Another feature of Brazil is the lack of sidewalks and the limited number of pedestrian crossings. Half a century ago, it was believed that this settlement is the prototype of the cities of the XXI century, strictly subordinated to one architectural idea. Now, however, this orderliness seems somewhat monotonous to modern people.
Slide 16
SAN LUIS HISTORIC CENTER
The city center, which was built by the French in the 17th century, then was occupied by the Dutch, and was ruled by the Portuguese, was built according to the straight-perpendicular structure of the streets. Thanks to a period of economic stagnation at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the buildings of interest as historical monuments have survived to this day. They are a prime example of colonial architecture.
Slide 17
OLIAMTAITAMBO
It is the only Inca city that is still inhabited. Opposite the giant staircase in the rocks, you can see the face of the supreme creator god Viracochu carved by nature. According to one of the legends, it was here in the caves that the first Incas woke up (according to another, it happened on the island of the Sun of Lake Titicaca). At the top of the Olyamtaitambo pyramid there is a huge array of 7 stone monoliths, carefully polished and fitted to each other. Judging by the stone processing technique, it can be assumed that craftsmen from another great empire, Tiahuanaco (present-day Bolivia), worked here. The side valley, extending from Ollantaytambo into the mountains, is very rich in various kinds of ruins and Inca objects. Later, the Spaniards turned the city into a fortification fort.
Slide 18
URUMAMBA
At 28 km from Cusco, at the foot of the majestic snow-covered peak of Chicon, the Urubamba Valley stretches. It is protected from all sides by mountains and has a warm mild climate, which has a beneficial effect on both human health and the yield of fruits and vegetables.
Slide 19
CITY OF LIMA
This city of 7 million people is located at the foot of the Andes on the Pacific Ocean. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1535. The main historical sights of Lima are associated with the colonial period. Tourists are invited to visit the main square - Plaza de Armas (Plaza de Armas), the San Francisco monastery and its underground catacombs, the Acho bullring, the Descalsos monastery, the Rimac quarter, the Cathedral with the tomb of the conqueror of Peru Francisco Pizarro and the Government Palace.
Slide 20
The main historical sights of Lima are associated with the colonial period. Tourists are invited to visit the main square - Plaza de Armas (Plaza de Armas), the San Francisco monastery and its underground catacombs, the Acho bullring, the Descalsos monastery, the Rimac quarter, the Cathedral with the tomb of the conqueror of Peru Francisco Pizarro and the Government Palace.
Slide 21
In the north of Arequipa, in the upper reaches of the Kolca River, famous for its rapids, among deep canyons is the Kolca Valley. The local population has been engaged in agriculture for many centuries and, thanks to the mild climate, reaps rich harvests. To preserve the harvest, unique ancient prototypes of refrigerators - "colcas" are used, which gave the name to this valley.
Slide 22
CITY OF CUSCO
Translated from the language of the Quechua Indians, Cuzco means "the navel of the earth". Until now, 500 years after the arrival of the Spaniards, the city of Cuzco remains a crossroads of two cultures. Cusco has a rich colonial past with many churches, such as La Company and La Merced Monastery. The area around San Vlas, which is home to many artists and artisans, has not changed for hundreds of years. The foundations of the houses, skillfully finished by the famous Inca stonecutters, have survived to this day. Red tiled roofs and cobbled streets give this ancient city a unique flavor.
Slide 23
Cusco has a rich colonial past with many churches, such as La Company and La Merced Monastery. The area around San Vlas, which is home to many artists and craftsmen, has not changed for hundreds of years. The foundations of some houses, skillfully finished by the famous Inca stonecutters, have survived to this day in the city itself and outside it on the surrounding ruins. Red tiled roofs and cobbled streets give this ancient city a unique flavor.
South America is a continent crossed by the equator with an area of \u200b\u200b18.13 million km², most of which is located in the Southern Hemisphere. South America is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. The fauna of South America is distinguished by exceptional richness and variety of forms. About 1/4 of the world's bird species live in South America, which is 2.5 times more than in the Palaearctic. The variety of modern natural conditions is the first prerequisite for the richness of the fauna of South America. Uakari are small monkeys. Their body length is 45-48 cm, and their fluffy tail is a third of the whole body. These are the only short-tailed monkeys in South America. They live in the forests of the Amazon, in the crowns of tall trees. They hardly descend to the ground. Their coat is soft, long, silky. Ocelot is a feline predator. A very rare animal, listed in the Red Book. It is 1 meter in size and 40 cm in tail. It lives on the forest slopes of the Andes, at an altitude of 4 km. Found at the very edge of the snow Capybara - the largest rodent in the world. His body is covered with Stiff bristles. On the fingers - swimming membranes: the capybara swims and dives perfectly. Lives along the banks of rivers, where there is tall grass. Eats aquatic plants. Chinchilla is a rodent with soft, thick and durable hair. This is a small animal with the habits of a rabbit. Lives on the border of Peru and Chile, at an altitude of 3-6 km, in the crevices of the rocks The maned wolf is a relative of the dog. Lives in the pampas and on the outskirts of swamps, among the tall grass. It hunts birds, small animals, insects. Eats fruits and other vegetation. The Andean condor is a huge bird: its wingspan is slightly less than 3 m. It lives in the mountains, at an altitude of up to 5 thousand m, and sometimes even higher. Condors keep in flocks, but when it comes time to have chicks, they unite in pairs. Manatee is an aquatic animal of the tropics and subtropics. He has flat toenails on his flippers. With their help, the manatee crawls along the bottom and turns over from side to side. He can squeeze aquatic plants between fins and bring them to his mouth. The mother is very attached to her cub: she hugs him with her fins and does not leave, even if she herself is in danger. Rainforest rainforests - selva a unique ecosystem in South America The climate in the rainforest is the most even on the planet and does not change at different times of the year. Up to 150 species of woody plants can be found on two or three hectares of jungle. Unfortunately, forests are being cut down intensively in the Amazon basin. Priceless milky juice of Brazilian hevea The priceless milky juice of Brazilian hevea is the main source of natural rubber. Without it, scientists would have been looking for ways to manufacture such an irreplaceable material today as rubber for a long time. The bottle tree is typical of tropical woodlands in the north-east. Brazilian highlands. Some of them have trunks several meters across. The leaf of the amazing Amazon Victoria regia flower can support a child weighing up to 35 kg. Russian botanist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1923-1933) during his expeditions to the mainland found that the origin of plants such as beans, tomatoes, peanuts, pineapple and potatoes is South America. Equatorial forests are replaced by tall-grass palm savannas. On the plowed lands of the savannah, not only the above-mentioned plants are grown, but also bananas (2/3 of the world harvest), whose homeland is India).
