Famous travelers of ancient times. The most famous travelers and their discoveries Ancient travelers
They made conquests in the south and their travelers and merchants were familiar with the regions and countries from the pillars of Hercules in the west to the shores of distant China, in the north new peoples - the Scandinavians, or, as they called themselves, the Normans - "northern people" ... During that era, Norway was a poor but densely populated country. A significant part of its inhabitants were forced to seek their fortune in other countries that could provide them with more livelihood than their homeland.
Fa Xian and his travels
Fa Xian, having gone to worship the holy places where, according to legend, Buddha lived and preached, became interested in unseen countries and eventually became a professional traveler-explorer who visited many new countries and made a detailed description of his travels.
Ahmed Ibn Fadlan
Ibn Fadlan traveled in 921 together with the embassy of the Caliph Muktadir to the country of the Volga Bulgarians and made a detailed description of his journey in the form of a memorandum to the Caliph. In this note, Ibn Fadlan describes in some detail the life and customs of the Bulgarians, Khazars, Bashkirs and Russes.
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder was born in AD 23 and died in 79 AD while watching the eruption of Vesuvius. Pliny personally visited many provinces of the Roman Empire and, in his famous Natural History, devoted four books to geography. Here we meet the well-known in our time proof of the sphericity of the earth
Strabo
Strabo - the first of the scientists of antiquity made an attempt to create scientific geography and put it in line with other sciences of his time.
Strabo was born about 50 BC in Amasia, in Asia Minor. Having studied philosophy in his youth, he joined the school of the Stoics and was distinguished by his broad outlook, lofty thought and enlightenment.
Julius Caesar: Contribution to the Development of Geography
The campaigns of the Romans, especially those of Julius Caesar, contributed to the expansion of the geographical horizon and knowledge of the countries of the world. Before the Romans, all of Western and Central Europe was unknown, legendary countriesoutside the cultural influences of the time. The Romans, however, introduced Western Europe to world life and brought the light of knowledge and civilization to the semi-barbarian peoples of Europe.
Nearchus and his travels
The expansion of the geographical horizon of the ancient Greeks was greatly facilitated by the campaigns of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). Alexander's conquest of the Middle East, Persia and the countries adjacent to the Caspian Sea introduced the Greeks to the peoples of Near Asia, and Alexander's campaign in the Indus Valley opened the mysterious India to the Greek world. For the development of geographical knowledge, the sea expeditions that Alexander equipped to explore new countries were of great importance.
Each epoch has its own people, who are not limited to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world given to them. Their whole life is a search. It was thanks to such restless natures that America, Australia, New Zealand and many other points on the map were discovered. And the richest in travelers were in Europe 15-16 centuries - the time of colonization.
Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888)
The future traveler and ethnographer was born in St. Petersburg in the family of an engineer. He was quickly expelled from the university for participating in the student movement. So he finished his education in Germany. From there he went on his first trip to the Canary Islands, then to Madeira, Morocco, the Red Sea coast. I went there as a fauna researcher, and returned as an ethnographer. He was more interested not in animals and flowers, but in people.
Miklouho-Maclay studied the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. He lived for several years on the northwestern coast of New Guinea, visited the islands of Oceania. He made two expeditions to the Malacca Peninsula. Studying the indigenous inhabitants of these little-explored lands, the scientist came to the conclusion about the species unity and kinship of different races. He spent the last years of his life in Indonesia and Australia and even proposed a project for the Papuan Union in New Guinea. He, according to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher, had to resist the invaders-colonizers. One of his latest ideas - the Russian community-artels in New Guinea - an ideal version of the state structure.
The scientist died in his native Petersburg in a hospital bed, numerous expeditions by the age of 42 completely "worn out" the body. Miklouho-Maclay's collections and papers - sixteen notebooks, six thick notebooks, plans, maps, own drawings, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, diaries of different years - were transferred to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and placed in the museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506)
Christopher Columbus became a real navigator thanks to his father-in-law, the owner of one of the islands in Portugal. Studying geography, Columbus decided that the cherished India can be reached across the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, in those days, a strong Turkey blocked the path to the East, and Europe needed new road to this land of spices. Only the Spanish crown agreed to sponsor Columbus, and in 1492 three caravels "Santa Maria", "Niña" and "Pinta" took to the open water. First, the ships headed for the Canary Islands, then westward. Several times the crew demanded a return, but Columbus insisted on his own. As a result, they moored to the island of San Salvador (Guanahani). Then the islands of Juana (present-day Cuba) and Hispaniola (Haiti) were discovered. True, the traveler was sure - they are on the coast, washed by Indian Ocean... He returned to Spain in triumph, and the squadron set off on a new journey already consisting of 14 caravels and three merchant ships.
But Columbus was not a scientist, but pursued completely selfish goals: to provide for his family and himself. And this affected his further fate: the indigenous population rebelled. In the colonies, where the main principle was money-grubbing and greed, even the colonialists themselves wrote complaints about Columbus and his brother to Spain. But he did his job - he opened for Europe the archipelago of the Greater Antilles, the mouth of the Orinoco River, Central America. True, until the end of his life he was sure that all this is adjacent to India.
Among the measures, Columbus, in illness and poverty, and even after death, did not find rest. His remains were moved from city to city several times.
Vasco da Gama (1460 - 1524)
Phe was the first to cross the ocean from Portugal to the East. The future discoverer grew up in a noble family in Portugal. He ended up on an expedition to the East instead of his traveling father, who died suddenly. In 1497, his ships left the port. Few believed in the success of the Portuguese. But he did it. Da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and headed for India. Sailors died of scurvy and clashes with Muslim merchants that flooded Africa. They saw the traveler as a competitor. And for good reason. Two years later, the Portuguese brought back ships of spices - one of the most expensive goods at the time.
The second expedition was also successful. At the disposal of Da Gama were already warships to protect themselves from ill-wishers.
The third expedition was the last for Vasco da Gama. He was appointed representative of the royal family in India. But he did not stay in this position for so long. In 1954, he died of a serious illness.
Fernand Magellan (1480-1521)
Born in 1480 in northern Portugal. The first time he went to sea in the fleet of Admiral Francisco Almeda. He participated in several expeditions before setting out on his own to look for new routes to the Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Supported Magellan Spain - she sponsored a trip across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1519, five ships reached South America. The expedition made its way south along the coast of America with sweat and blood. But in 1520, the strait into the Pacific Ocean was found - later it would be called Magellanic. A year later, the traveler has already arrived at his destination - to the Moluccas. But in the Philippine Islands, the traveler was dragged into the local war of the leaders, and he was killed. Returning the rest of the crew to their homeland was not easy. Only one ship out of five and 18 out of 200 got there.
James Cook (1728-1779)
Cook was born into the family of an English farm laborer. But he made a career from a simple cabin boy to an expedition leader. Skill, intelligence and ingenuity were quickly appreciated. The first expedition of James Cook began in 1767 on the ship "Endeavor". The official version is the observation of the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. But in fact, colonial England needed new lands. In addition, among the tasks was the study of the east coast of Australia. During the voyage, Cook did not stop studying cartography and navigation. The result of the expedition was the information that New Zealand is two independent islands, and not part of an unknown continent. The scientist also drew a map of the east coast of Australia, discovered the strait between Australia and New Guinea.
The results of the second expedition (1772 - 1775) became even more impressive. New Caledonia, South Georgia, Easter Island, Marquesas Islands, Friendship Island were mapped. Cook's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle.
The third voyage took 4 years. Several others have been investigated. It was on the Hawaiian Islands during one of the conflicts between the natives and the British that James Cook died - a spear was pierced in the back of his head. But evidence that the aborigines ate Cook has not been found.
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Almost every corner of the Earth has now been explored. There is no longer a place where a person's foot would not go. Even the Arctic ice gave way under his onslaught.
But it was not always so. For our ancestors, our planet was unknown and mysterious world, and beyond the horizon hid new countries, outlandish customs and tribes.
A great contribution to the study of the Earth was made by the most famous travelers, whose names have forever remained in our memory, because it was they who made the world discoveries that turned the idea of \u200b\u200bpeople about our planet upside down.
10. Francis Drake
The strait located between Antarctica and Tierra del Fuego was named after him. California has Drake Bay.
From the age of 12, Francis, the son of an ordinary farmer, became a cabin boy on the ship of his distant relative. From the age of 18 he was already a captain.
In 1567, his ship took part in an expedition. These ships were attacked by the Spaniards, most of whom they sank. Only 2 ships survived, one of which belonged to Francis Drake... The British demanded to compensate them for all losses, but the Spaniards refused.
Then the young captain vowed that he would take everything from the king of Spain himself. In 1577 he was sent to the coast of America. According to the official version, he was supposed to discover new lands, but in reality the goal was more prosaic - gold. Due to the storm, Drake discovered the strait that received his name.
9. Afanasy Nikitin
The famous Russian traveler became famous for being one of the first Europeans who could get to. He had been there earlier than the Portuguese travelers.
Afanasy Nikitin was born into the family of an ordinary peasant. He became a merchant, but was remembered by his descendants as a man who not only reached India and Persia, but also described it in his book "Walking the Three Seas"... Prior to that, in Russian literature they wrote only about pilgrimage, and this was a description of a commercial trip, where he talked about the culture and economy of these countries, about their political structure.
8. Roald Amundsen
Norwegian traveler, famous for his polar expeditions. He was the first person to reach the South Pole, as well as the very first traveler to visit both poles of the planet.
The expedition, which was organized in 1926, is the first to claim that they have reached the North Pole. He was the owner of many state and public awards.
Roald Amundsen at the insistence of his mother, he entered the medical faculty, but as soon as she died, he left him with relief. Fateful in his life was the acquaintance with the fate of Rear Admiral John Franklin, a description of his hardships. He began to prepare for this feat from the age of 16, living a Spartan life: diet, sleeping outdoors and in winter, exercise, constant skiing, etc.
His first voyage was on the Morgenen, a hunting ship, where he wanted to prepare for the rank of navigator. An interesting life full of adventures and discoveries awaited the young polar explorer.
Most of his life was spent on expeditions, he never married, he had no children. The famous traveler died at the age of 55, while searching for the expedition of Umberto Nobile.
7. Amerigo Vespucci
Florentine traveler, after whom it got its name. He was an ordinary financier, helping to supply Christopher Columbus 2 and 3 expeditions.
In 1499, at the age of 45, he decides to go on a long journey himself. Amerigo Vespucci believed that sailing is a profitable business, so he was ready to conquer the world at his own expense.
Vespucci became one of the discoverers of the territory where Brazil later settled. Former financier he was the first to guess that the shores of Brazil are not islands, but new lands, which he called the New World. In 1507, a map appeared in France with the outlines of a new continent, which was named "The land of Amerigo", and later became known as America.
6. David Livingston
He was not a researcher, but a Scottish missionary. But, fulfilling his difficult mission, at the same time he studied and told the whole world about it.
David Livingston was born into a poor family and at the age of 10 he began to work at a weaving factory. But this did not prevent the boy from studying independently, he studied mathematics, Latin and Greek, entered the university and became a doctor.
In 1840, Livingstone became a missionary and for the next 15 years he constantly traveled to Central and South Africa, became an ardent fighter against the slave trade, and built himself a reputation as a convinced Christian.
His life was difficult, but interesting, full of adventures, Africans called him "The Great Lion".
David was the first of the Europeans to cross the Kalahari Desert, after which he discovered and explored Lake Ngami. He also discovered Lake Dilolo.
Livingstone and his companions were the first to find the waterfall, which the traveler named after Queen Victoria. Now near this waterfall there is a monument to the great explorer. He spent most of his life in Africa.
5. Fernand Magellan
He was a navigator with the title "adelantado", which meant "leader of the conquistadors (conquerors)" who explored and conquered lands outside the Spanish domain.
Fernand Magellan made the first trip around the world... He became the first European who was able to cross the sea from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, while opening the strait named after him. Magellan belonged to a noble family.
In 1498, the Portuguese opened the road to India. They began to equip ships to conquer the east. On one of them was Magellan, who, along with everyone, participated in the battles. Soon he has a plan for a trip, which later glorified him.
He asks the king to send him sailing, but he refuses. Then the traveler decides to move to, where he was able to create his own expedition of 5 ships. The journey was difficult, but as a result, they found a strait, moving along which they were able to enter the ocean after 38 days.
The expedition was the first to reach the Philippine Islands, which Magellan called the archipelago of Saint Lazarus. The brave navigator died early, at the age of 40, participating in a military expedition against the Lapu-Lapu tribe of the island of Mactan, whose leader did not want to submit to Spain. He never lived to see the end of the world's first circumnavigation.
4. Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay
Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay was not only a traveler, but also a biologist, anthropologist, devoted his life to studying the population of Australia, Oceania and Asia. He was an ardent opponent of the slave trade, was against the theory popular at that time that the black races are a transitional species from monkey to man.
He is our compatriot, was born in the Novgorod province, studied at the St. Petersburg University. In 1870 he went to New Guinea, where he lived among the Papuans, studying their way of life and rituals, and later continued his observations in neighboring regions.
3. Vasco da Gama
The famous Portuguese navigator who was the first to sail from Europe to India. Born into a family, in his youth he joined the Order of Santiago, from a young age he participated in naval battles.
In those years, the search for a sea route to India was the task of the century, since this would be of great benefit. AND Vasco da Gama was able to do this, after which he became a representative of the nobility, and over time he was awarded the title of "Admiral of the Indian Ocean".
2. James Cook
The famous seafarer was born into the family of a poor Scottish farm laborer, after 5 years of school he worked on a farm.
At 18, he hired a cabin boy on his first ship. Thus began his career as a sailor, which made James Cook famous.
He was at the head of 3 expeditions that explored the oceans. He paid a lot of attention to cartography, the maps he compiled were used until the second half of the 19th century. I learned how to deal with such a common disease at that time as scurvy.
He was known for his friendly attitude towards the indigenous people of the territories he explored, but died at the age of 50, killed by the aborigines of the Hawaiian Islands.
1. Christopher Columbus
Much has been said about the life of this famous navigator. He was the first to cross the Atlantic Ocean and visited the Caribbean, Sargasso Sea. He was the discoverer of Central and South America.
Coming from a poor Genoese family, he received a good education. Dreaming of reaching India by a short sea route, Christopher Columbus makes a lot of efforts to implement their projects, but they all turn out to be ineffectual.
Queen Isabella helped to make his dream come true, who agreed to pawn her jewelry for the sake of a great idea.
4 expeditions were organized. Columbus died at the age of 55, the enormous significance of his discoveries was recognized much later, and during his lifetime the monopoly on the discovery of new lands was canceled, moreover, he was arrested and sent to Spain in shackles.
3. Updating knowledge
Conclusion: to travel - to learn the world, expand knowledge, explore the oceans, continents, planet Earth
Working with banner words
Phoenicians
Mediterranean Sea
Herodotus
Pytheas
North Sea
Atlantic Ocean
strait of Gibraltar
British islands
Find out if Libya is great?
interactively
- Working with a map of Africa
- Working with the map of Herodotus
"Travelers of Antiquity"
Questions
Travelers
Phoenicians
Herodotus
Pytheas
Who were you?
Scientist, navigator
When did you travel?
Purpose of Travel?
Is Libya's camp great?
Knowledge of the world
Travel result
Around Africa
Explored Scythia, Egypt
6. Primary anchoring:
1) Test execution
7. Homework
8. Lesson summary
9. Reflection
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"Summary of the lesson" Travelers of Antiquity ""
Lesson summary "Travelers of Antiquity"
Goal: create conditions for the formation of ideas among students about the role of travelers in the study of the Earth
Planned results (tasks):
Personal:
1) formation of understanding of the role of travel in the accumulation of knowledge about the Earth;
2) respect for history, the way of life of other peoples;
3) ability to work with the map
Metasubject:
1) the ability to work with various sources of information, highlight the main thing in the text, structure the material;
2) convert text to tabular form;
Subject:
1) explain the results of outstanding geographical discoveries, the impact of travel on the development of geographical knowledge;
2) define and show travel routes on the map;
3) formulate conclusions about the role of ancient travelers in the exploration of the Earth
Teaching methods: partial search, research
Forms of organizing the cognitive activity of students: collective, steam room, group, individual
Means of education: world map, map of northeastern Europe; map of Libya, Africa (according to Herodotus); textbook, atlas, workbook with a printed base, training presentation
1. Organizational moment of the lesson
“The bell rang - the lesson begins!
If you want to know a lot - work hard!
Everything will turn out to be "5", if you wish! "
Good day! It is very pleasant to see at today's lesson dear fifth-graders, dear colleagues, everyone who loves to learn new things! I really want to continue the conversation started in the last lesson about distant countries, ancient seafarers, unexplored islands, their fabulous riches, about everything that excites the imagination of people, arouses the desire to learn something unknown, go to the world of travel and discoveries.
Now, I want to introduce you to anthem of geographers, biologists, and environmentalists, people who love travel. Listen!
We will also mark travel places on the world map.
So let's start the lesson?
2. Setting the goal and objectives of the lesson
1) reading the words - banners on the chalkboard
Libya, Tuamotu, Herodotus, Norway, British Isles, Strait of Gibraltar, Pytheas, amber, Egypt, Scythia, Red Sea, South America, Africa, Pacific Ocean, Kon-Tiki, Thor Heyerdahl, Eratosthenes, Balsa, Phoenicians
What can you say about these words?
What do all these words have in common?
What kind of travel did people make in ancient times?
Could people in antiquity travel around the world?
Would you like to know more about the voyages of the ancient seafarers?
2) determining the topic of the lesson, writing the topic "Travelers of Antiquity" in a notebook
3. Updating knowledge
1) organization of knowledge testing on the topic "In the footsteps of travelers of the Stone Age"
Working with words, banners at the blackboard. Choose words to compose the story of Thor Heyerdahl's journey.
Thor Heyerdahl's team has proven the possibility of Stone Age settlement on the islands by their journey across the Pacific on a balsa raft.
2) Have a wall card show South America, Pacific Ocean, Norway
3) Frontal work with the class
The name of the traveler who proved the possibility of settling the islands of the Pacific Ocean?
What was the name of the travelers' floating facility?
Why couldn't the explorers complete their journey? (page 38, 1 paragraph below)
Why are some islands in the Pacific not inhabited to this day?
4) listening to the story about T. Heyerdahl, showing on the map
Conclusion: to travel - to learn the world, expand knowledge, explore the oceans, continents, planet Earth
4. Primary assimilation of new knowledge
Could people in antiquity travel around the world?
1) Organization of work on the study of a new topic
Working with words - banners
| Phoenicians Mediterranean Sea | Herodotus | Pytheas North Sea Atlantic Ocean strait of Gibraltar British islands |
| Find out if Libya is great? |
2) the formation of ideas about the earth's surface, about the research of ancient travelers
3) practical work "Drawing geographic objects on a contour map" interactively
Working with a map of Africa
Working with the map of Herodotus
Working with the map of North-West Europe (independently)
5. Initial check of understanding of new material
1) filling in the table when using the tutorial
"Travelers of Antiquity"
| Questions | Travelers |
||
| Phoenicians | Herodotus | Pytheas |
|
| Who were you? | Scientist, navigator |
||
| When did you travel? | |||
| Purpose of Travel? | Is Libya's camp great? | Knowledge of the world | Find the trade route to the sunstone |
| Travel result | Around Africa | Explored Scythia, Egypt | Found a way out Mediterranean Sea to the North |
Conclusion: in ancient times, people could make long journeys; technical capabilities (sailing ships, ships at oars) differed from the technical capabilities of people of the Stone Age
6. Primary anchoring:
1) Test execution
2) mutual verification, marking the criteria
7. Homework
§ 8; compose a crossword puzzle "Ancient travelers"
Participate in the All-Russian Geographical Dictation
8. Lesson summary
Working with words with banners
Can words be combined into groups?
Can you make sentences with words?
9. Reflection
Reflection of the activity "Ladder of success"
