Volcanoes: characteristics and types. Mysterious volcanoes lesson plan on the world around us (preparatory group) on the topic What to tell about volcanoes to children 5 years old

A truly amazing sight is a volcanic eruption. But what is a volcano? How does a volcano erupt? Why do some of them spew out huge streams of lava at different intervals, while others sleep peacefully for centuries?

What is a volcano?

Externally, the volcano resembles a mountain. There is a geological fault inside it. In science, a volcano is a formation of geological rock located on the surface of the earth. Magma, which is very hot, erupts through it. It is magma that subsequently forms volcanic gases and rocks, as well as lava. Most of the volcanoes on earth were formed several centuries ago. Today, new volcanoes rarely appear on the planet. But this happens much less frequently than before.

How are volcanoes formed?

If we briefly explain the essence of the formation of a volcano, it will look like this. Under the earth's crust there is a special layer under strong pressure, consisting of molten rocks, it is called magma. If cracks suddenly begin to appear in the earth’s crust, then hills form on the surface of the earth. Through them, magma comes out under strong pressure. On the surface of the earth, it begins to disintegrate into hot lava, which then solidifies, causing volcanic mountain getting bigger and bigger. The emerging volcano becomes such a vulnerable spot on the surface that it spews volcanic gases onto the surface with great frequency.

What is a volcano made of?

In order to understand how magma erupts, you need to know what a volcano is made of. Its main components are: a volcanic chamber, a vent and craters. What is a volcanic source? This is the place where magma is formed. But not everyone knows what a volcano’s crater and crater are? A vent is a special channel that connects the hearth with the surface of the earth. A crater is a small bowl-shaped depression on the surface of a volcano. Its size can reach several kilometers.

What is a volcanic eruption?

Magma is constantly under intense pressure. Therefore, there is a cloud of gases above it at any time. Gradually they push hot magma to the surface of the earth through the crater of the volcano. This is what causes an eruption. However, just a short description of the eruption process is not enough. To see this spectacle, you can use the video, which you need to watch after you have learned what the volcano is made of. In the same way, in the video you can find out which volcanoes do not exist nowadays and what the volcanoes that are active today look like.

Why are volcanoes dangerous?

Active volcanoes pose a danger for a number of reasons. The dormant volcano itself is very dangerous. It can “wake up” at any time and begin to erupt streams of lava, spreading over many kilometers. Therefore, you should not settle near such volcanoes. If an erupting volcano is located on an island, a dangerous phenomenon such as a tsunami may occur.

Despite their danger, volcanoes can serve humanity well.

How are volcanoes useful?

• During the eruption appears a large number of metals that can be used in industry.
• The volcano produces the strongest rocks that can be used for construction.
• Pumice, which appears as a result of the eruption, is used for industrial purposes, as well as in the production of stationery erasers and toothpaste.

A report about volcanoes, geological formations on the surface of the crust in which magma comes to the surface and forms volcanic gases, lava, and stones.

Message about volcanoes

What is a volcano?

From Latin the word “volcano” means fire, flame. In the depths of the Earth under the influence high temperatures melting of rocks with magmatic formation occurs. During this process, large amounts of gaseous substances are released. The volume of melt and the pressure on solid rocks increases significantly. Magma begins to move towards areas of lower pressure up to the surface. Cracks in the earth's crust begin to fill with liquid rocks, and when they burst, they raise entire layers of the crust.

Magma may partially overtake, forming laccoliths and magma veins. During volcanic eruptions, the other part comes to the surface in the form of volcanic ash, lava, gases, rock fragments and lava ingots.

Types of volcanoes

These geological formations are of 2 types:

• Cracked

They do not rise high enough above the Earth's surface. Fissure volcanoes are cracks from which magma flows to the surface. But there are very few of them on the planet.

• Central

Represent a cone high altitude, from which magma and lava come out during eruptions. Such a volcano has a vent (magma flows through it) and craters (an opening from which magma comes to the surface).

Volcanoes are also divided into extinct, active and dormant. Dormant volcanoes on this moment do not erupt, although local earthquakes constantly occur beneath them. And extinct means that there is no volcanic activity.

How many volcanoes are there on Earth?

There are 1,500 volcanoes on the planet, both active and extinct. The most famous of them are Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Kamchatka), Elbrus (Caucasus), Kilimanjaro (Africa), Fuji (Japan).

Most of them are located along the perimeter Pacific Ocean. They form the so-called “ring of fire”. The most active volcanic zone is the Mediterranean-Indonesian belt. Volcanic eruptions occur according to a certain pattern - their location in seismic areas, moving areas.

• Most big volcano on the planet - Mauna Loa. It takes up almost the entire part Hawaiian island and is the most active.

Famous volcanic eruptions in history: interesting facts

• (Italy). The eruption occurred on August 24, 79. It destroyed the city of Pompeii, covering it with a layer of dust up to 8 m, as well as Herculaneum and Stabiae. The ashes of Vesuvius flew to Syria and Egypt. Today it is the only active volcano in Europe. In total, more than 80 eruptions were recorded. The last of them was in 1944.
• Tambora (Sumbawa Island). The eruption occurred on April 5, 1815. IN modern history This is the largest eruption in terms of volume of material ejected and death toll. He completely destroyed the Tambora culture, which Europeans had discovered shortly before. The volcano erupted for 10 days and decreased in height by 1400 m. It covered an area of ​​500 km with ash, and the sun did not shine through it for 3 days.
• Volcano Taupo (New Zealand). The eruption occurred 27 thousand years ago, and scientists consider it the most powerful in the entire history of the planet. As a result of his active work, Lake Taupo was formed. The last time the volcano erupted was in 180 AD. e. Its blast wave and ashes destroyed half North Island. 100 km 3 of tectonic matter was released into the atmosphere.
• Volcano Krakatoa (Indonesia). The eruption occurred on August 27, 1883. It caused a 30-meter tsunami that washed away 295 towns and villages. Pieces of lava flew to a height of 55 km. The ash covered an area of ​​5330 km. The blast wave circled the planet up to 11 times. The Krakatoa explosion was 200,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima explosion. Scientists suggest that he previously woke up in 535 and the islands of Sumatra and Java may have been formed from his activities. After the 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa volcano collapsed. And in its place in 1927 a new active volcano appeared - Anak Krakatoa.
• Volcano Santorini (Greece). The eruption occurred 1.5 thousand years BC. And it destroyed the Cretan civilization, and also contributed to the sinking of the island of Thera. This is not his only eruption. In 1886, for a whole year it spewed pieces of lava directly from the sea to a height of 500 meters.
• Volcano Montagne-Pelée (Martinique). The eruption began in April 1902. Already on May 8, it covered the city located in an 8-kilometer zone from it with dust. Near Martinique, the seabed dropped a couple of hundred meters.
• Volcano Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia). The eruption began on November 13, 1985, and within just 10 minutes, the city of Armero with a population of 29,000 people was destroyed.
• Volcano Pinatubo (Philippines). For 622 long years it was considered extinct. But on June 12, 1991, it destroyed 18 km of territory along itself. The consequence of such a disaster is a decrease in temperature and a decrease in the ozone layer, which contributed to the formation of a large ozone hole.
• Katmai Volcano (Alaska). Its eruption on June 6, 1912 was the largest in the history of the 20th century.

We hope that the report on volcanoes for children helped you prepare for the lesson. You can leave your message about volcanoes using the comment form below.

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Target: Expand children's knowledge about the world around them, introduce them to the phenomenon of inanimate nature - a volcanic eruption. In the process of experimentation, develop the desire to learn new things, evoke positive emotions from studying the world around us, show parents the importance of the “Window to Nature” club activities.

Tasks:

Educational:

1. introduce children to the concept of “volcano”, give an idea of ​​the origin and structure of volcanoes;
2. form children’s ideas about natural phenomenon– volcanic eruption;
3. develop the ability to properly handle chemicals (vinegar).
4. show the positive and negative meaning of volcanoes for people.
5. show the interconnection and interaction of all living and nonliving things on Earth.

Educational:

1. stimulate children’s desire to experiment;
2. develop an emotionally positive attitude towards learning about the world around us;
3. develop thinking, imagination, attention, observation.
4. develop communication and physical skills in play activities.

Educational:

1. cultivate a caring attitude towards nature;
2. contribute to the child’s sustainable emotional and positive well-being and activity through joint experimentation activities.
3. develop the ability to listen, respond emotionally to the actions of children from other groups, and the ability to socialize in a large team.

Integration of educational areas: cognition, communication, health, safety.

Technologies: gaming, experimentation, health-saving (physical education, relay race), multimedia (presentations, video materials.

Dictionary: volcano, earth's crust, lava, crater, crater, pumice, tuff

Materials and equipment: Globe, magnetic board with calendar pictures, model of a mountain of volcanic origin located on a deep tray, computer, multimedia projector, presentation “Volcanoes”, presentation “Photos from different classes of the circle”, video “Shishkina School” - natural history lesson “Volcanoes” 6 min ., documentary video “Trip to Tolbachik Volcano in Kamchatka” 2 min, red cones with paper flames, soft toys for the “Rescuers” relay game, music.

Equipment for experimentation:

• model of a mountain of volcanic origin, water, red gouache, dishwashing detergent, soda, vinegar, dessert, teaspoon and tablespoon;
• a transparent vase with water, pieces of pumice, pebbles, paper towels.

Preliminary work.

Making a model of a mountain of volcanic origin.

To make and form a mountain model you needed: a tray, a plastic bottle, cardboard, tape, plasticine.

Leisure activities

Children enter the hall to the music and sit on chairs.

Leading: My name is Tatyana Andreevna. I lead the “Window to Nature” group. Today we invited all the children in our kindergarten and parents to our lesson. First we always make a weather calendar. But today I made it myself, and the guys will talk about the weather.
(on a magnetic board - calendar cards)

Children: Time of year - winter, precipitation - snow, weak wind, cloudy sky, cold outside.

Leading: I’ll read you a riddle, and you try to guess what we’ll be talking about today:

I spit fire and lava
I am a dangerous giant!
I am famous for my bad fame,
What's my name?
(Volcano)

Leading: That's right, today we will talk about such a mysterious, enigmatic, amazing and formidable natural phenomenon as a volcano. We go to the Shishkina School for a natural history lesson.

Multimedia video from the “Shishkina School” series “Volcanoes” 6 min.

Leading: Where are the volcanoes?

Children: In the mountains.

Leading: How to find mountains?

Stands on one leg
Twists, turns his head,
Shows us countries
Mountains, rivers, oceans? (Globe).

Guys! Why do we need a globe? What else do people mark on the globe? Why do you think our globe is painted in different colors? Why is the color blue used so much on it? What is marked with this color? What other colors do you see and what do you think they might mean? What color do mountains represent? (children's answers).

Physical education lesson “Vulcan”

Poem (Movements)

Volcanoes began to "play" -
Spew lava from the crater.
(Sit down, gradually rise on your toes, raise your arms up, stretch, do a few shakes with relaxed hands, lower your arms down.)
The volcano is thundering! The volcano is chugging!
How menacing he looks now!
(Hands on the belt, raise them up while clenching and unclenching your fingers into a fist. -2 times)
But then he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to fade.
(Slowly lowering your arms while squatting down)
The last time I breathed fire -
(Sitting in a squat, exhale long and strong. Breathe like dragons “spouting fire”)
And he fell asleep for decades.
(Put their hands under their cheeks “fall asleep, sleep”)
Repeat - 2 times. (website maam.ru)

Leading: We are now embarking on a journey around planet Earth in search of volcanoes.

Presentation "Volcanoes".

“There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He had a forge inside a tall mountain. When Vulcan worked with his hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and went to live away from this place. Since then, people began to call all fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.”

That's what it is interesting legend about the origin of the name volcano.

To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers. We live on the outer layer, the thinnest one, called the earth's crust. These plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, molten substance. This substance on which the plates float is called magma. The word "magma" is translated from Greek as dough or paste.

Slide 3

The magma that comes out is called lava.

Slide 4

Along with the lava, a lot of volcanic dust comes out of the crater.

Slide 5

Look what happened to the bus that fell under molten lava and froze. He was captured by the elements.

Slide 6,7,8

Guys! What harm do you think a volcanic eruption does?
Nothing can stop a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under its ashes. A terrible tragedy happened in the distant past. The city of Pompeii was razed to the ground. No one managed to escape in this city. A few years later, archaeologists managed to excavate this lost city. This terrible tragedy made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted the tragedy on his canvas. And he called it “The Last Day of Pompeii.” Currently, scientists who study volcanoes are sometimes able to predict an eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape.

Slide 9

Most of the volcanoes are extinct, seemingly forever. But they are only sleeping and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes wake up rarely - once every 100 or 1000 years, others more often.

Slide 10

Lava after a volcanic eruption hardens and turns into a hard rock called pumice. It is used in cosmetology. With its help, strong impurities are removed from the skin.

Experimentation "Buoyancy of pumice and granite"- check the buoyancy of pumice and granite. Children take turns lowering granite and pumice stones into a transparent vase.

Slide 11

Also, solidified lava becomes stone over time. It's called tuff. They build houses from it.

Slide 12

What other benefits can a volcano bring? Volcanoes, like elevators, bring many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Medicines and fertilizers are made from volcanic dust. They grow grapes. This farmer harvests his crops on the island of Lanzarote.

Leading: Now tell me, are there volcanoes in Russia? Yes. There are many of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Now we will travel there by helicopter.

Video trip to Kamchatka Tolbachik volcano 2.5 min.

Host: Now let’s make a volcanic eruption. We will need a model of the volcano, which the guys from the preparatory group helped make. And various substances: soda, red gouache, dishwashing liquid, vinegar, water, funnel, spoons.

Experimentation "Volcanic eruption".

2-3 people from the preparatory group help pour in the ingredients, except vinegar. (Disturbing music sounds)

Leading: Volcanic eruptions have begun. Small animals found their way into the disaster zone. We need to save them.

Relay game “Rescuers” (to music)

2 red cones with red crepe paper flames on top. There are small soft toys around the cones. Children in teams take turns running to the volcano, running around the cone, taking one soft toy and taking it to the hospital (the hoop is on the opposite side of the hall)

Leading: Well done. Everyone was saved. On our planet Earth, everyone is connected to each other. The main task of the circle is to develop children’s environmental awareness and understanding that everything is interconnected. In conclusion, the children will recite B. Zakhoder’s poem “About Everyone in the World.” (Place the hats of different animals on the readers)

Everything, everything -
In the world,
Needed in the world!
And midges are no less needed than elephants...
You can't do without ridiculous monsters
And even without evil and ferocious predators!
We need everything in the world!
We need everything -
Who makes honey and who makes poison.
Bad things for a cat without a mouse,
A mouse without a cat can do no better.
Yes, if we are not very friendly with someone -
We still really need each other.
And if someone seems superfluous to us,
This, of course, will turn out to be a mistake.

Leading: Look what else the guys are doing at the “Window to Nature” mug

Presentation “Photos from different activities of the “Window into Nature” circle"(Beautiful music sounds)

Leading: See you again!

To the song “Everything, everything, everyone in the world is needed...” the children leave the hall.

Literature.

1. Tugusheva G.P., Chistyakova A.E. experimental activities of children of middle and senior preschool age: Methodological manual. – SPb.: DETSTVO-PRESS, 2010. – 128 p.

2. article by Yagupova N.V. Website planetadetctva.ru

3. article by Tyulyakova S.A., Zaitseva O.S. Website www.maam.ru

Guys! Let's look at one of the most formidable and fascinating natural phenomena associated with mountains.

Listen to a poem about him.

Fire-breathing volcano

Not a mountain, but a giant -

Fire-breathing volcano!

He spews lava

What burns the mountainside

Spews out stones, gases, -

The skies darken immediately.

Ash, poisonous smoke

They rise above him.

An underground rumble is heard,

It's like a giant fell asleep

And he snores and dreams,

How great and terrible he is!

Fortunately, there are few people on Earth who have seen a volcano, especially not an extinct one, but an active one. But those who have witnessed a volcanic eruption with their own eyes at least once in their lives will undoubtedly not forget this extraordinary spectacle!

It’s not for nothing that volcanoes are called “fire-breathing mountains.” They are dangerous to human life.

♦ Why do you think?

The name of these mountains comes from the ancient Roman god Vulcan - formidable and dangerous.

♦ What is a volcano?

It is a mountain, at the top of which there is a depression called a volcanic crater. In the very thickness of the mountain there is a channel, it is called a vent. It leads to a special underground cave- source of magma. Magma is a molten, very hot substance.

♦ Where does it come from in the depths of the Earth?

Scientists believe that many millions of years ago the Earth was a molten, very hot ball of fire. Gradually its surface cooled, but in the very depths a molten hot liquid core remained. A volcanic eruption begins when a lot of magma accumulates, it rushes up the vent and pours out to the surface.

The magma that spills onto the surface is called volcanic lava.

During an eruption, gases and water vapor are released to the surface, sometimes huge blocks of stone, volcanic dust, and clouds of ash fly out. The wind carries dust and ash over vast distances, obscuring the blue sky.

Thick and viscous lava, quickly cooling, forms a mountain with steep slopes. More liquid lava spreads faster, cools more slowly and manages to travel longer distances. A volcanic eruption is accompanied by an underground roar and fires.

Volcanoes that erupt regularly are called active. If the volcano's activity has ceased, it is called extinct.

There are now several hundred on land active volcanoes. 20-30 eruptions occur annually.

Our country has many active volcanoes in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

There are also volcanoes at the bottom of the ocean. They are called underwater. Underwater eruptions occur there, causing giant waves to form. They wash away cities, towns, villages located on the shores of the ocean.

The most powerful volcanoes are located in Italy (Vesuvius), Indonesia (Krakatoa), West Indies (Mont Pele), Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz).

A volcanic eruption brings death and untold misfortune to people.

♦ What disasters does a volcanic eruption bring?

During the eruption of Vesuvius, in ancient times, two beautiful and populous (at that time) cities - Pompeii and Herculaneum - were completely destroyed. The eruption of Vesuvius began at night. Streams of fiery lava rushed down from the top of the mountain. They burned everything in their path: trees, grass, shepherds and their flocks, buildings, temples, houses of townspeople. People died instantly, suffocating from poisonous gases, burning right in their beds. Even those who tried to escape were overtaken by hot lava.

Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons and tornadoes clearly show us people that man is not at all the conqueror and master of nature, but only a humble inhabitant of planet Earth.

Sometimes a volcano freezes for hundreds of years, and people, forgetting that it once spewed lava, stones, ash, and smoke with a menacing roar, build their villages on the slopes of the mountain.

♦ Why is such construction dangerous and unwise?

There are no villages or cities around the volcano shown in the picture.

Listen to a fairy tale.

Giant and Blue Lake

Once upon a time there lived two giant brothers. Once they argued about which of them was stronger. The elder says:

- I am stronger! I'll go and move it to another place high mountain!

The younger one disagrees:

- No, I'm stronger! I can drink the whole lake!

The elder brother hurried to a high, high mountain, grabbed it with his huge hands, lifted the mountain and was just about to move it, when something muffled and rumbled inside the mountain.

And I must tell you that a volcano slept in this mountain. The giant woke him up, and the volcano became very angry.

“I’ve been sleeping for a thousand years!” I will burn the one who dared to disturb my sleep with fire and pour boiling lava over him! — the volcano growled menacingly. - All living things around will die!

The giant was not afraid, but he felt sorry for the trees, bushes, and herbs growing on the mountainside. He put the mountain in place and went home, losing the argument.

Meanwhile, the younger brother went in search of big lake. He walked and met fishermen returning with a rich catch.

“Do you know, dear fishermen,” the giant addressed them, “where the lake is?”

- How can you not know! - answered the fishermen. — Behind the pine forest there is a large meadow, behind it there is a green oak grove, and near the oak grove, in the lowland lies the Blue Lake. The fish in it are visible and invisible. This lake feeds us all!

Soon he met village children with baskets full of berries. The giant asked them how to find the Blue Lake. They showed the way and said that along the shores of the lake many berries had ripened: cranberries, lingonberries and cloudberries. There is enough for people, and forest animals and birds have something to eat.

- I can take you to the lake.

While the duck led the giant along the path to the lake, she said that ducks, geese, herons, cranes and swans nested on the banks, in the thickets of reeds and sedges. Here the birds incubate their eggs and hatch their chicks. The Blue Lake generously treats them delicious fish, lush herbs and all kinds of aquatic life.

Finally, the gray duck led the giant to the lake. It lay among the autumn yellowing grasses and golden bushes and seemed so blue, as if a particle of the sky had fallen to the ground.

White swans swam across the lake, reflected in its mirror surface. Near the shore, purple and yellow leaves swayed like small boats.

The giant sat down on the shore of the lake and thought.

♦ Can you guess what the giant was thinking?

The giant thought that if he drank all the water, the fish would die, the birds would have nowhere to build nests, the delicious berries growing in the swamp near the lake would disappear, and there would be no beautiful Blue Lake on earth.

These thoughts made the giant sad. He no longer wanted to drink water from the lake.

- Well, let me lose the argument! - said the giant. “I’d better build myself a house on the shore of this lake.” I will live here, fish and protect the Blue Lake!

From then on, the giant brothers no longer argued about which of them was stronger, but on the contrary, they lived together and protected the high mountain, Blue Lake, living creatures and nature around their homes from troubles and misfortunes.

♦ What did the giants argue about?

♦ How did they decide to show their strength?

♦ Why didn’t the older brother move the mountain?

♦ Where did the younger brother go?

♦ Who did he meet on the way to the lake?

♦ What did the fishermen, children and gray duck tell the giant?

♦ Why didn’t the giant drink water from the lake?

♦ Did the giant brothers do the right thing?

Answer the questions

1. Why is the volcano called “fire-breathing mountain”?

2. What is appearance volcanoes?

3. What is a volcano crater?

4. What is magma?

5. When does a volcano erupt? What is ejected from the crater?

6. Why are volcanoes dangerous for people?

7. Are there underwater volcanoes?

8. List the names of volcanoes known to you.

9. What is the structure of a volcano?

10. Is the source of volcanic magma located deep in the volcano or on its surface?

11. In which areas of Russia are there many active volcanoes?

We offer an unforgettable experience for children, “Volcano Eruption,” which can be easily done with your own hands at home. The chemical experiment will be especially interesting for preschoolers and elementary school children.

You can purchase a ready-made set for the experiment (on Ozon.ru, on My-shop.ru) or make a volcano from available materials that are found in every home. Let's consider two experiments.

Attention! All chemical experiments are carried out under the strict supervision of adults!

Salt dough volcano

Necessary materials:

• salt dough (recipe);
• foil;
• plastic bottle;
• baking soda;
• vinegar;
• dishwashing liquid;
• food coloring (optional);
• a rimmed baking sheet or container.

How to do

Source: jugglingwithkids.com

Cut plastic bottle in half.

Place the top of the bottle on a tray with the neck facing up. Cut strips of foil, wrap around the bottle and create a volcano shape.

Prepare the salt dough, roll it out, divide it into three parts and carefully place it on top of the foil.

For realism, color the volcano's mouth with red food coloring.

How to conduct an experiment

Pour two teaspoons of baking soda into the neck of the bottle and add a tablespoon of dish soap.

Pour vinegar into a glass and color with food coloring. Pour the liquid into the volcano and see thick colored foam flow from the crater. Children will be delighted by the spectacular volcanic eruption!

Colorful volcano made from soda and vinegar

Necessary materials:

• baking soda;
• vinegar;
• water;
• dishwashing liquid;
• liquid watercolor or diluted food coloring.

How to do