Active volcanoes presentation. Presentation "volcanoes"

geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), hot gases, ash, water vapor and rock fragments erupt onto the earth's surface

The main parts of the volcano

At the top of the volcano there is a deep depression - a crater. A vent enters the crater - a channel through which liquid magma rises from the bowels of the Earth.

Types of volcanoes:

Active

• central type volcanoes

• linear volcanoes

• Active Mount Etna

• Dormant Volcano Parinacota

Volcanoes are: active, dormant, extinct .

• Extinct Mount Fuji

• There are about 500 volcanoes on Earth. Approximately 370 of them are located on the shores and island arcs of the Pacific Ocean (Aleutian, Kuril, Japanese, Philippine, Sunda Islands) and on the outskirts of the continents of North America, Central America, in the Andes in the west of South America. There are 9 active volcanoes in Antarctica. Several volcanic islands are found in the Indian Ocean. There are only 45 of them in the Atlantic Ocean.

Volcanoes in Russia.

In Russia, Kamchatka, the Kuriles, and Sakhalin are exposed to the danger of volcanic eruptions. There are extinct volcanoes in the Caucasus.

• Hot lava flows (their flow speed is up to 100 km / h)
• Scorching avalanches (consist of blocks, sand, ash and volcanic gases with a temperature of 700 degrees C)
• Clouds of ash and gases (thrown to a height of 15-20 km)
• Blast wave and debris spread
• Water and mud-stone streams (speed up to 90-100 km/h)
• Sharp fluctuations in climate (may create a greenhouse effect)

Actions in the event of a volcanic eruption.

In the event of a volcanic eruption: 1 )Protect sensitive devices; 2) close the drinking water tanks; 3) follow the shelter; 4) periodically it is necessary to go out and sweep the ashes from the roofs and shake it off the trees.

Actions in the event of a volcanic eruption in its immediate vicinity

• Name the types of volcano
• List the parts of a volcano
• Actions in the event of a volcanic eruption

Check of knowledge

1) Tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and breaks in the earth's crust are called ...

Check of knowledge

2. Of the following consequences, indicate which of them are related to earthquakes:

a) scorching avalanches;

b) dips and rise of the earth's surface;

d) accidents at industrial enterprises;

f) sharp fluctuations in climate;

Check of knowledge

3 . Of the following consequences, indicate which of them relate to volcanoes:

a) dips and rise of the earth's surface;

b) scorching avalanches;

c) destruction of buildings and structures;

d) clouds of ash and gases;

e) blast wave and scatter of debris;

f) sharp fluctuations in climate;

g) vibrations, shocks and cracks in the soil.

Check of knowledge

4. What not to do during an earthquake:

a) stand near the windows

b) stand in the doorway;

c) hide in a cast-iron bath;

d) use the elevator;

e) light matches, candles, use open fire;

f) approach dilapidated houses.

Check of knowledge

5. Determine the types of earthquakes by origin:

a) tectonic;

b) active;

c) induced;

d) sleeping;

e) seaquake;

e) collapse.

Check of knowledge

6. A geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), hot gases, ash, water vapor and rock fragments are erupted onto the earth's surface is called ...

Check of knowledge

7. Determine the types of volcanoes:

a) collapse;

b) active;

c) induced;

d) sleeping;

e) tectonic.

Examination

answers

Grading Criteria

1) Earthquake

20 points - 19 points - "5"

18 points - 15 points - "4"

14 points - 10 points - "3"

Less than 10 points - "2"

• b, d, e, f
• And where

• In the event of a volcanic eruption in the immediate vicinity, protect your respiratory organs and follow for cover.

• In 79 AD e. the volcano Vesuvius suddenly awakened, which had not been active in historical times before. A terrible catastrophe wiped out the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia, almost all of their inhabitants died.

Lesson Objectives Describe volcanoes and volcanic eruptions as natural hazards. To form an idea of ​​the diversity of volcanic eruptions. To form knowledge about the areas of distribution of volcanoes in the world. Continue learning how to work with an atlas map.

The birth of a volcano As soon as a crack is formed in the earth's crust, coming from the depths of the earth's surface, the pressure under it drops sharply and the deep substances turn into a fiery-liquid mass - magma. It rises along the cracks to the top, losing part of the gases and pours onto the surface of the Earth, forming - lava.

Volcanoes Active Extinct Dormant volcanoes that have erupted in our day or in historical time. There are 800 of them (in Kamchatka). no information has been preserved about their activities, but sometimes they begin to act. dormant for thousands of years. (Crimea, Transbaikalia).

Determine the geographical coordinates of the volcanoes of the world. Which of these volcanoes are active and which are extinct? Label the volcanoes on the contour map at °N, 160°E °N, 44°E °N, 138°E. Determine the geographic coordinates for the volcanoes: 1. Vesuvius, 2. Krakatau, 3. Kilimanjaro, 4. Etna, 5. Orizabo, 6. Lullaillaco. Practical task

Types of volcanic eruptions: Hawaiian type This youngest and most active volcano on the planet woke up in 2007 in Hawaii. Hot lava flowed from the slopes of the mountain directly into the Pacific Ocean. The last significant eruptions of Kilauea were recorded in 1952, 1954 and 1955. The volcanic eruption does not pose a danger to local residents, moreover, it brings them good income, as thousands of tourists come to Hawaii to see the fiery streams with their own eyes.

Types of volcanic eruptions: Vesuvian type Vesuvius pharynx opened the smoke poured a club of flames Widely developed like a battle flag. The earth is agitated from the staggering columns. Idols are falling! The people, driven by fear, Under the stone rain, under the inflamed ashes, Crowds, old and young, are fleeing the city. (A.S. Pushkin)

Quiz. 1. What is the name of the complex process in which magma rises from the bowels of the earth and, breaking through the earth's crust, pours out to the surface? 2. What is lava? 3. What is a volcano crater? 4. What is a vent? 5. Name the products of volcanic eruptions.

Volcanoes presentation was prepared by a student of grade 5-A MKOU "Secondary School No. 16" Ershov Ivan Head: Mostovaya Alla Nikolaevna

Volcanoes - the name of the ancient god of fire, the patron of blacksmithing. According to myths, his forge was in the bowels of the earth, and the smoke and flame from it came out through the crater of Mount Etna.

The ancient Greeks considered volcanoes to be the forge of the god Hephaestus and treated them with great reverence.

If a crack appears in the earth's crust, a red-hot, molten substance - magma - rises along it from the depths of the planet, under enormous pressure.

The ancient Romans feared the unpredictable wrath of volcanoes. On August 24, 79, the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia were destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius.

When magma erupts onto the surface of the Earth, hot gases escape from it, and it is already called lava.

The cooled lava forms an elevation around the cracks in the earth. It grows, turns into a mountain - a cone. This is how a volcano grows. At its top there is a recess - a crater.

Sometimes for many years the volcano "sleeps" forget about it

cities grow on its slopes

Volcanoes are divided into: active, currently erupting constantly or periodically; dormant, about whose eruptions there is no information, but they retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them; extinct, heavily destroyed and eroded volcanoes without any manifestations of volcanic activity

Steam jets and gases rise from cracks in the bottom and walls of the crater. Sometimes they calmly come out from under stones and crevices, and sometimes they break out with a whistle and hiss. For months and years, the volcano can quietly smoke until an eruption occurs. This event is often preceded by an earthquake; an underground rumble is heard, the release of vapors and gases intensifies, clouds thicken over the top of the volcano.

Volcano wakes up

eruption begins

eruption begins

View of an erupting volcano from an airplane

Eruptions are long-term (for several years, decades and centuries) and short-term (measured by hours). After a strong eruption, the volcano again comes to rest for several years and even decades.

Scientists study volcano during eruption

After the eruption, a scorched desert remains, not soon life will appear in this place

Volcanic bomb pieces of cooled lava ejected during volcanic eruptions in a liquid or plastic state and taking on rounded, spindle-shaped and other shapes.

There are over 800 active volcanoes on earth. Mount Etna Cotopaxi, Ecuador

We have about 70 of them in Russia. Volcano Karymsky It is located in the central part of the volcanic belt of Kamchatka. Nowadays, the Karymsky volcano is one of the most active in the world.

Maly Semyachik Volcano It is part of the Karymsky group of volcanoes and is located 15 km northeast of the Karymsky volcano.

Volcanic eruptions also occur at the bottom of the seas and oceans.

Sailors find out about this when they suddenly see a column of steam above the water.

or “stone foam” floating on the surface - pumice.

Some underwater volcanoes form cones that protrude above the surface of the water in the form of islands.

• Volcanic eruptions remind us of the formidable and indomitable forces that are hidden in the bowels of the Earth.

• The mystery of the causes of volcanism has always aroused fear and keen interest among people, and the tragic consequences of eruptions forced them to explore this element.

• Volcano formation

• When a magma chamber forms in the bowels of the Earth, molten liquid magma presses down on the tectonic plate with such force that it begins to crack. Magma rushes upward along cracks and faults, melting through the rock and expanding the cracks. This is how the exit channel is formed. It passes in the center of the volcano, along it molten magma pours out from the vent of the volcano outward in the form of fiery liquid lava. The products of the eruption - pumice, lava, tuffs - settle on the slopes of the volcano, forming a cone. At the top of the volcano is a depression - a crater. At the bottom of the crater, you can see the vent of the volcano - the opening of the outlet channel, through which ash, hot gases and water vapor, lava and rock fragments erupt. Volcano vents can be gaping - empty or filled with molten lava. If the lava solidifies in the vent, then a solid plug is formed, which can only be broken by a strong volcanic eruption, and a powerful explosion occurs.

• Types of volcanoes

• active volcanoes

• Volcanoes spew molten rock, ash, gases, and rocks from time to time. This is because deep below them is a magma chamber, similar to a huge furnace, in which rock is melted, turning into fiery liquid lava.

• Those volcanoes are also considered active, the eruptions of which have been preserved any evidence in the history of mankind.

• Extinct volcanoes

• Extinct volcanoes were active only in prehistoric times. The hearth beneath them has long been extinguished, and they themselves are so badly destroyed that only geologists' studies reveal traces of ancient volcanic activity.

• dormant volcanoes

• Sleeping volcanoes have not erupted in historical time, but at any moment their catastrophic eruption may begin, because the magma chamber under them has not died out. Sleeping volcanoes show signs of life: they can smoke, smoke comes out of their crater, gases and steam are released from cracks in the mountain, hot springs beat. The longer a dormant volcano is at rest, the more dangerous it is: the power of its explosive awakening can be catastrophic.

• Eruption types

• explosive eruptions

• A volcano explosion occurs when volcanic gases are released from thick magma. During such eruptions, the tops of the mountains are destroyed and millions of tons of ash are thrown into the sky to a great height.
• Ashes, gases and steam rise into the sky for tens of kilometers in the form of curly clouds.

• Effusive eruptions

• During an effusive volcanic eruption, liquid lava spreads freely with the formation of lava flows and covers

• extrusive eruptions

• A huge amount of burning gases and red-hot lava dust are ejected from the crater of the volcano. Spreading around the volcano with great speed, this scorching cloud instantly burns everything over a very large area.

• Eruption products

• Everything that comes out of the bowels of the Earth during volcanic eruptions is called eruption products.

• They are liquid, solid and gaseous.

• The liquid products of the eruption include lava.

• Lava is magma that has erupted onto the surface of the earth

• Types of lava flow.

• It has a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface and is composed of liquid lava. When hardening, such lava forms a flat, smooth surface, sometimes with long wriggling wrinkles in the form of snakes and thick ropes. It is often called “rope lava”.

• It has an uneven surface with cracks. Such lava is very thick and viscous, so the flow moves slowly. When the lava begins to cool, it cracks into pieces, but they continue to move like clockwork on the red-hot lava that has not yet had time to cool. The upper hardened layer of lava resembles piles of slag, which is formed from the combustion of coal.

• Lava flow "ah-ah"

• Lava flow "pa-hoe-hoe"

• pyroclasts

• Fragments of rocks that are scattered by gases during volcanic eruptions are called pyroclasts

• Volcanic gases

• Volcanic phenomena are associated with the action of gases. If the magma is very liquid, the gases are released unhindered and do not threaten to explode. Gases can foam even viscous magma, forming porous pumice, spray magma into small particles - volcanic ash and sand - and, combining with them, form a deadly scorching cloud.
• And finally, gases can scatter rock fragments hundreds of meters from the mouth of a volcano.

• Volcanoes in Kamchatka

• Volcano Nameless

• Bezymyanny volcano is located near Klyuchevaya Sopka. He was considered extinct, and the power of his awakening was gigantic. On March 30, 1956, a terrible explosion demolished the entire upper part of the volcano. Clouds of ash shot up almost 40 km, from

• A powerful jet of hot gas, volcanic sand and ash escaped from the vent, which burned out all the vegetation for 25 km around the volcano. A lava dome began to grow from the craters. Now the base of this dome is 750 m, and the height is 320 m. Fortunately, despite the fury of the eruption, no one died - not a single living soul was during the hours of the eruption within a radius of 45 km from the volcano.

• Tolbachinskaya Sopka

• Tolbachik Volcano is a very active volcano. At its summit, 3085 meters high, there was a huge caldera with a crater 300 meters in diameter and 150 meters deep. From time to time, a small lake of red-hot lava appeared in the crater. In 1975-1976, an Icelandic-type fissure eruption occurred. It continued continuously for 520 days.

• In a very short time, many cracks more than a kilometer long were formed. All this was accompanied by flooding and gushing of lava. During the Tolbachik eruption, two cubic kilometers of volcanic products were ejected from the depths of the Earth to the surface. This is the largest known volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

• Volcano in the Philippines

• Mayon Volcano, the most active on the island of Luzon. On October 23, 1776, he caused the death of 2,000 people when a huge amount of lava was thrown out of his crater.

• Volcano Mayon

• Mayon's longest eruption was observed in 1897. It lasted from 23 to 30 June and claimed 400 lives.

• Volcanoes of the Mediterranean

• Volcano Stromboli

• In southern Italy, near the island of Vulcano. The volcano island of Stromboli is located. It has a very restless character, and it has been operating for several millennia almost without interruption. From time to time explosions occur in its crater, and hot slag and volcanic bombs fly upwards for tens, and sometimes hundreds of meters, but lava usually does not flow from it.

• One of the most powerful eruptions of Stromboli was noted in 1930, and in the beginning of the fifteenth century there were already seven of them.

• Volcanoes of the Atlantic

• In the south of Iceland is the volcanic mountain range of Laki, in which there are more than a hundred cones.
• The ridge reaches a height of 818 m and a length of 25 km.

• June 8, 1783.
• Not far from the town of Vatnajo-kull in the southeast of Iceland, a powerful eruption of the Laki volcano began. It lasted 8 months, the length of the flow of lava erupted into the light was almost 70 kilometers, and the volume of this mass, moving at a speed of over 45 km / h, was 12,000 cubic meters and occupied an area of ​​579 square kilometers.

• Volcano Lucky

• Volcanoes of Africa

• Mount Kilimanjaro

• Kilimanjaro is a volcanic mountain range in eastern Africa.
• The array consists of three peaks - Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira. The Mawenzi and Shira volcanoes have long gone extinct, and Kibo continues to smoke with volcanic gases through holes in the slopes.

• Volcanoes of the Pacific

• Volcano St. Helens

• In North America, in the Cordillera, Mount St. Helens is perhaps the lowest among other peaks - its height is only 2950 meters.
• On March 20, 1980, four powerful tremors shook the area, and on March 27, 47 tremors with a force of up to three points. At noon of the same day, a deafening explosion was heard near the very top.
• This monstrous explosion claimed the lives of 62 people.

• Show the following volcanoes on the map:
• Nameless, Tolbachinskaya Sopka, Mayon, Stromboli, Lucky, Kilimanjaro, St. Helens
• Show on the map the volcanoes that have erupted in the past year

• Questions about the material covered

• 1. What are volcanoes?

• 3. What types of eruptions do you know?

• 5. What are the products of an eruption?

• 2.How are volcanoes formed?

• 4. Give a brief description of each type of eruptions.