home Roach Russian architect of the 18th century one of the authors. Russian classicism in architecture

Russian architect of the 18th century one of the authors. Russian classicism in architecture

: it was there that the leading architects of Russia lived and worked. However, they also built buildings in other cities. 10 buildings of the Russian hinterland from architects of the first magnitude - in the selection of the Kultura.RF portal.

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin in Rostov-on-Don

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Architect Konstantin Ton. 1854–1860 Photo: Dmitry Artemiev / Wikipedia

In the middle of the 19th century, Konstantin Ton was one of the most famous domestic architects. He mainly worked in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but among his works there are buildings in other cities. In 1854–1860, a church was erected in Rostov-on-Don according to Ton's standard design. The five-domed church in neo-Byzantine style is very similar to other buildings of the architect - the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, as well as the unpreserved Vvedensky Cathedral in St. Petersburg and Svyatodukhovsky in Petrozavodsk.

The temple was built with the money of local merchants. Konstantin Ton himself did not participate in the construction of the Rostov Cathedral - the architect Alexander Kutepov supervised the work, and the 75-meter bell tower was later built by Anton Campioni. In Soviet times, a zoo worked on the territory of the temple, and a warehouse was located in the church itself.

Bank of the Rukavishnikovs in Nizhny Novgorod

The building of the former profitable house of the Rukavishnikovs. Architect Fedor Shekhtel. 1911–1913 Photo: Igor Lijashkov / photo bank "Lori"

Fedor Shekhtel designed Moscow buildings in the Art Nouveau style: the Ryabushinsky mansion, the mansion on Spiridonovka and others. And in Nizhny Novgorod, he designed a banking complex and an apartment building. His customers were the Rukavishnikovs, representatives of one of the richest local dynasties.

The facade of the building was decorated by Shekhtel with white glazed tiles from Villeroy Bosh and floral ornaments. Another metropolitan master, Sergei Konenkov, participated in the creation of the sculptural decoration. He created cast-iron figures of a man and a woman placed above the entrance, symbolizing the union of industry and agriculture. Shops were located on the first floor of the building, branches of the Russian Commercial and Industrial Bank were located on the second and third.

Spassky Old Fair Cathedral in Nizhny Novgorod

The creator of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Auguste Montferrand, also influenced the formation of the architectural appearance of Nizhny Novgorod. In 1818–1822, he built here the five-domed Spassky Old Fair Cathedral in the classicist style. The famous engineer Augustine Betancourt became the co-author of Montferrand.

The iconostasis for the church was made by the Italian artist Torricelli. It was decorated with murals according to the canons of European art: some of the characters had exposed parts of their bodies. This was very embarrassing for local God-fearing merchants, many of them even took their icons to the temple and prayed only to them. It was decided to order a new iconostasis - it was created for the Old Fair Church by the architect Vasily Stasov.

Boris and Gleb Monastery in Torzhok

Borisoglebsky Monastery. Architect Nikolay Lvov. 1785–1796 Photo: Alexander Shchepin / photo bank "Lori"

The Borisoglebsky Cathedral of the monastery of the same name in Torzhok was built according to the project of Nikolai Lvov in 1796 on the site of the destroyed old temple. The first bricks in its foundation were laid personally by Catherine II. The construction was supervised by the local architect Franz Butsi. The domes of the five-domed Borisoglebsky Cathedral are crowned with gilded balls with openwork crosses; the altar for it was built in the form of a rotunda. According to the researchers, according to Lvov's project, the monastery gate church-bell tower was also erected.

Manor Gorodnya in the Kaluga region

The Kaluga estate of Natalia Golitsyna - the famous "mustached princess" who became the prototype of Pushkin's Queen of Spades - was built according to the design of Andrei Voronikhin. In the 1790s, he was still a young architect who had just received his freedom from Count Stroganov. Voronikhin continued to fulfill the orders of the count and his relatives, and Pavel Stroganov was married to the daughter of the princess.

For Natalya Golitsyna, the young architect built a modest but elegant two-storey building, which was to host ceremonial receptions. Two symmetrical residential outbuildings were erected on either side of it. An English park was laid out around the house, but it has not survived to this day. The interiors of the estate were also completely destroyed - during the war. How the interior decor looked like can only be recognized from a few surviving photographs.

Church of the Resurrection in Pochep

Church of the Resurrection. Architect Antonio Rinaldi. Photo: Eleonora Lukina / photobank "Lori"

The Resurrection Cathedral in the Russian Baroque style and the four-tiered bell tower were built by order of the last Ukrainian hetman, Kirill Razumovsky. Previously, it was believed that the author of the project was the architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamot. However, later researchers began to lean towards the opinion that it was built by Antonio Rinaldi, and the iconostasis of the cathedral was created by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. The church was originally part of palace ensemble, but the building of the manor house and the park were destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. In Soviet times, the temple was closed, but today services are again held there.

Irkutsk Academic Drama Theater

Irkutsk Academic Drama Theatre. Architect Viktor Schreter. 1894–1897 Photo: Mikhail Markovsky / photo bank "Lori"

Victor Schroeter was the chief architect of the Directorate of the Imperial Theatres, so new theater buildings according to his designs were built not only in the capital, but also in the provinces. In 1897 he built a drama theater in Irkutsk at the expense of local merchants. Schroeter built a small functional building for 800 people. Outwardly, it stood out among other city buildings in that its walls were not plastered - they were just brick. The theater impressed its contemporaries not only with its innovative appearance and elegant decoration, but also with its technical equipment and impeccable acoustics.

Palace Ensemble in Bogoroditsk

Palace Ensemble in Bogoroditsk. Architect Ivan Starov. Photo: Ilyukhina Natalia / photo bank "Lori"

The architect Ivan Starov built many country estates, mostly on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. In 1773, according to his project, a country palace was erected in Tula region ordered by Catherine II. In letters to Voltaire, she called Bogoroditsk "a pure flower garden."

On the banks of the Upertaya River, a two-story house was erected with a belvedere - a turret above the roof of the building. In 1774, according to the project of Ivan Starov, a small single-domed Kazan church was laid next to it. During the Great Patriotic War, Bogoroditsk was almost completely destroyed, and the once brilliant palace turned into ruins. In the 1960s and 70s, the building was restored, today there is

Prince Mikhail Golitsyn

Stackenschneider built a neo-Baroque palace with Corinthian columns. The roof of the building was framed by a balustrade - figured railings. Inside the building looked as majestic as outside: in the 19th century, the best balls in the city were held in its halls. In Soviet times, the building housed the local history museum, which is still located there.

Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Krasnoe

Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Krasnoe. Architect Yuri Felten. Photo: Elena Solodovnikova / Lori photo bank

The Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Krasnoe was built in 1787-1780, it was almost an exact copy of Yuri Felten's Chesme Church. Probably, such a decision was made by the owners of the Krasnoye Poltoratsky estate in order to attract the attention of Catherine II and earn her favor. The main difference from the St. Petersburg church was the yellow color in which the walls of the Gothic church were painted - the Chesme Church was red. In Soviet times, the temple was closed and until 1998 it was used as a warehouse. Today, services are again held in the church.

Details Category: Fine arts and architecture of the late 16th-18th centuries Published on 04/07/2017 15:31 Views: 3023

In Western European art of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the main artistic trends and trends were baroque and classicism. Academies of arts and architecture were created in many European countries. But none of these styles existed in the art of England in the 17th-18th centuries. in its purest form, because they came to English soil much later than to other countries.

English art of this period is characterized by attention to the emotional life of people, especially portraiture. In addition, the English Enlightenment paid special attention to the ideas of the moral education of the individual, the problems of ethics and morality. Another leading genre of English painting of this period was the everyday genre. We told about the most famous artists (T. Gainsborough, D. Reynolds, W. Hogarth) on our website.

Architecture

In the 17th and 18th centuries England was one of the largest centers of European architecture. But different architectural styles and trends sometimes existed here at the same time.
At the origins of the British architectural tradition stood Inigo Jones(1573-1652), English architect, designer and artist.

Posthumous portrait of Inigo Jones by William Hogarth (painted from a lifetime portrait of Van Dyck)

Inigo Jones was born in 1573 in London in the family of a clothier. In 1603-1605. Jones studied drawing and decorative arts in Italy. Returning to his homeland, he was engaged in the creation of scenery for theatrical performances, he played a significant role in the development of the European theater.
In 1613-1615. Jones is back in Italy, studying the work of Andrea Palladio, antique and renaissance architecture. In 1615, Jones became the chief caretaker of the royal buildings, in Greenwich he soon began building the country mansion of Queen Anne, wife of James I.

queens house

The two-story Queens House is a monolithic cube, completely white and almost without architectural decorations. There is a loggia in the center of the park facade. Queens House was the first English building in the style of classicism.

Tulip Staircase of Queens House, Greenwich

The next work of the architect is the Banqueting House in London (1619-1622). Its two-storey facade is almost entirely covered with architectural decoration. In the interior, a two-tiered colonnade reproduces the appearance of an ancient temple. Jones' buildings suited the tastes of the English court of the time. But Jones' work was appreciated only in the 18th century: it was rediscovered by Palladio fans, and his works became models for the buildings of English Palladianism.

Banqueting house

At the end of the XVI-beginning of the XVII centuries. theatrical performances (“masks”) played an important role in the history of the palace. Particularly famous were the sets and costumes created by Inigo Jones, a talented theater designer.
The banqueting house is 34 meters long, 17 meters wide and the same height. Above the high base rise two floors. Wide windows are rhythmically arranged along the facade. The center of the building is highlighted by 8 Ionic columns in the bottom row, Corinthian - in the top. A frieze in the form of garlands carved in stone was created above the windows of the upper floor. An elegant balustrade completes the whole composition. The only hall of this building was decorated by Rubens.
At the end of the XIX century. The building housed an exposition of the military history museum.

A new stage in the history of English architecture began in the second half of the 17th century, when the first buildings appeared. Sir Christopher Wren(1632-1723), one of the most famous and revered English architects.

Gottfried Kneller "Portrait of Christopher Wren" (1711)

Sir Christopher Wren, an architect and mathematician, rebuilt the center of London after the great fire of 1666. He created the national style of English architecture, Wren's classicism.
Wren was a scientist, studied mathematics and astronomy, turned to architecture when he was already over thirty. Over the course of a long and fruitful activity, he managed to realize almost all of his ideas. He built palaces and temples, libraries and theaters, hospitals and town halls, equipped the residential areas of London. Put together, Wren's many buildings would have made a medium-sized city. After the "great fire" of 1666, Wren took an active part in the restoration of London: he rebuilt over 50 of the 87 burned churches. The grandiose and majestic Cathedral of St. Paul, which has become the greatest religious building of the Protestant world.

Situated on the banks of the Thames, the Royal Hospital at Greenwich is Christopher Wren's last major building. The large hospital complex consists of 4 buildings, forming rectangular courtyards with a spacious area between the front buildings, facing the river with porticos of facades. Wide steps, on both sides of which are majestic domed buildings, lead to the second square between the second pair of courtyards. The twin-column colonnades that frame the square form a very spectacular perspective, ending with the Queens House of Inigo Jones. The architect also took part in the construction of the Greenwich Hospital Nicholas Hawksmoor(1661-1736). He began work during the life of Wren and continued them after the death of the architect.
Wren followed the path of Inigo Jones. But Jones absorbed the spirit of the Italian Renaissance, and Wren worked in the style of classicism.
The tradition of Christopher Wren continued James Gibbs(1682-1754) - the most striking and original figure of English architecture in the first half of the 18th century, one of the few representatives of the Baroque style in British architecture. He also built in the Palladian style, borrowing certain elements from him.

A. Soldi "Portrait of James Gibbs"

Gibbs's greatest influence was the work of Christopher Wren, but Gibbs gradually developed his own style. His famous Radcliffe Library in Oxford, austere and monumental, occupies one of the first places among the best monuments of English architecture.

The library is the most significant of Gibbs' buildings in terms of scale and artistic merit. This kind of centric structure consists of a 16-sided plinth, a cylindrical main part and a dome. The plinth is cut through by large arched door and window openings; the round main part is divided by paired columns into 16 piers, in which windows and niches arranged in two tiers alternate. A dome crowned with a lantern rises above the balustrade.
The library is one of the best monuments of English architecture.
Another masterpiece of Gibbs is the Church of St. Martin in the Fields.

St. Martin's Church in the Fields

It adorns Trafalgar Square in London. In St. Martin in the Fields, the influence of Christopher Wren can be traced, but the bell tower is not singled out as a separate building, it forms a single whole with the church building. Initially, contemporaries criticized this decision of the architect, but later the church became a model for numerous Anglican churches in England itself and beyond.

English Palladianism

English Palladianism associated with the name William Kent(c. 1684-1748), architect, archaeologist, painter and publisher.

Villa in Chiswick (1723-1729)

The villa was erected by Lord Burlington with the direct participation of William Kent. This is the most famous building of English Palladianism. It almost literally repeats the Villa "Rotonda" by Andrea Palladio, with the exception of the facades.

Villa Park in Chiswick

The park facade is decorated with a portico with a pediment; a complex and refined staircase leads to the portico. The villa was not meant to be lived in, with no bedrooms or kitchens, just rooms for Burlington's art collections.
Thanks to the patronage of Lord Burlington, Kent received commissions for the construction of public buildings in London, such as Horse Guards.

horse guards

Horse Guards is the barracks of the Horse Guards in London. This is the most mature work of William Kent.
William Kent built several palaces in London. Fulfilled orders for interior design of country residences of the English nobility. The main work of Kent was the estate of Holkem Hall in Norfolk County.

Holkeme Hall in Norfolk

It was intended for the art collection of Lord Leicester. Especially famous are the interiors of Holkeme Hall, full of silk, velvet and gilding. Furniture was also made according to Kent's drawings.

English park

The landscape English park is an important achievement of English architecture of the 18th century. In the landscape park, the illusion of a real, untouched nature, the presence of man and modern civilization was not felt here.
The first landscape park was arranged in the Palladian era in the estate of the poet Alexander Pope in Twicknam (a suburb of London). The French regular park seemed to him the personification of state tyranny, which subjugated even nature (the park of Versailles). The poet considered England a free country. An innovator in the gardening art of England was William Kent. He created the best landscape parks of that era: the park of the Villa Chiswick House, the Champs Elysees park in Stowe in Central England.

Park "Champs Elysees"

Particularly impressive were the artificial, purpose-built ruins called the Temple of Modern Virtue. Apparently, the ruins symbolized the decline of morals in modern society and were opposed to the luxurious Temple of ancient virtue, built by W. Kent in the antique style.

The Temple of Ancient Virtue, built by W. Kent in the antique style, is a round domed building surrounded by a colonnade of 16 smooth Ionic columns mounted on a low podium. The temple has two entrances in the form of arched openings, each of which leads to a 12-step staircase. There are 4 niches inside the temple, in which human-sized statues of ancient Greek celebrities are installed.
Already in the middle of the XVIII century. landscape parks were common in England, France, Germany, Russia.

The last major representative of Palladianism in English architecture was William Chambers(1723-1796) - Scottish architect, representative of classicism in architecture.

F. Kotes "Portrait of W. Chambers"

Chambers made a significant contribution to the development of landscape art. Thanks to Chambers, exotic (Chinese) motifs appeared in the traditional English landscape park.

big pagoda- the first building in the spirit of Chinese architecture in Europe. It was built in Richmond Gardens, Kew in 1761-1762. designed by the court architect William Chambers in accordance with the wishes of the mother of King George III, Augusta. The height is 50 m, the diameter of the lower tier is 15 m. Inside the pagoda there is a staircase of 243 steps, the roof is tiled.
Imitations of the pagoda at Kew appeared in the English Garden in Munich and other parts of Europe. At the whim of Catherine II, Chambers's compatriot, Charles Cameron, designed a similar structure in the center of the Chinese village of Tsarskoe Selo, but the project was not implemented. But the Chinese houses were still built.

Chinese houses. Chinese Village in the Alexander Park of Tsarskoye Selo

Neoclassical architecture

When in the middle of the XVIII century. in Italy, the first archaeological excavations of ancient monuments began, all the largest representatives of English neoclassicism went to Rome to see the ruins of ancient structures. Other English architects went to Greece to study ancient Greek buildings. In England, neoclassicism differed in that it took on lightness and elegance from antiquity, this was especially true of English neoclassical interiors. on the contrary, all buildings were lighter and more elegant.

G. Wilson "Portrait of Robert Adam"

He played a special role in the architecture of English neoclassicism. Robert Adam(1728-1792), Scottish architect from the Palladian Adam dynasty, the largest representative of British classicism of the 18th century. Adam relied on the study of ancient architecture and used strict classical forms. Adam's architectural activity was very wide. Together with his brothers James, John and William, he built manor houses and public buildings, built up entire streets, squares, city blocks of London. His creative method is rationalism, clothed in the forms of Greek antiquity.

House at Sion House in London. Arch. R. Adam (1762-1764). Reception. London, Great Britain)

The reception room at Syon House is one of Adam's most famous interiors. The room is decorated with twelve blue marble columns with gilded capitals and sculptures at the top. The trunks of these columns are truly antique - they were found at the bottom of the Tiber River in Rome, while the capitals and sculptures were made according to the drawings of Adam himself. The columns here do not support the ceiling, but are simply attached to the wall, but they give the room a majestic look.

During the life of the master, Adam's interiors were considered by many to be the highest achievement of English architecture. The traditions of their art have long retained their significance in English architecture.
But in the neoclassicism of the XVIII century. there were two architects whose manner differed from the "style of Adam": George Dance Jr.(1741-1825) and Sir John Soane(1753-1837). Dance's most famous building was Newgate Prison in London (not preserved). John Soane largely followed the style of Dance, was the chief architect of the Bank of England building (1795-1827) and devoted a significant part of his life to its construction.

"Gothic Revival" (Neo-Gothic)

In the middle of the XVIII century. in England, buildings appeared that used the motifs of Gothic architecture: lancet arches, high roofs with steep slopes, stained glass windows. This period of enthusiasm for Gothic is commonly called the "Gothic revival" (Neo-Gothic). It continued until the beginning of the 20th century. and has become a popular style to this day: in England, buildings in the Gothic style are often built).
The founder of the "Gothic revival" was Count Horace Walpole(1717-1797) - writer, author of the first horror novel "The Castle of Otranto". In 1746-1790. he rebuilt in the Gothic style his villa in the estate of Strawberry Hill (Twicknam, a suburb of London).

Villa

Font Hill Abbey in Central England was built in 1796-1807. architect James Wyeth (1746-1813).

Font Hill Abbey (no longer extant)

Already in the XIX century. Gothic style became state. In this style in the middle of the XIX century. the Houses of Parliament in London were under construction (architect Charles Barry) - one of the main structures of English architecture of that time.

Published: November 14, 2013

Russian architecture of the 18th century (except Moscow), projects of residential and public buildings

The 18th century in the architecture of Russia is very significant. Three directions can be distinguished in it, which are gradually replacing each other, this is, and classicism. During this period of time, many new cities, new buildings, which are recognized historical monuments and which can be seen today.

The painting "View of St. Petersburg on the day of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the city" work Benjamin Patersen. Canvas, oil. 66.5x100 cm. Sweden. Around 1803

The main construction takes place in St. Petersburg. This was due to the beginning of the Northern War against Sweden, which began in order to liberate the Neva banks. At that time, many military structures were built, and the main one was the Peter and Paul Fortress. Closer to the south, facing the fortress, the Admiralty was built - a shipyard-fortress, not only engineers worked on their creation, but Peter the Great himself. At first, the settlements were built as peasant huts and city mansions, they were rarely painted like a brick. To better understand how it looked, you can look at the log house of Peter the Great on the Neva.

The Peter and Paul Cathedral was built in 1712-1733 (architect Domenico Trezzini) on the site of the wooden church of the same name (1703-1704).

Wooden Peter and Paul Cathedral, old garvure

Although people were forced to move to St. Petersburg, the construction was still very slow. Then the architects were given special tasks: the city had to become modern, and be not only architecturally designed, but also be comfortable in its layout.

The 18th century began with great transformations, the culprit of which was Peter the Great. During this time, socio-economic and architectural changes have taken place in many Russian cities. At this time, industry began to actively develop, workers' settlements, public buildings appeared. Until that time, special attention was paid to churches and royal residences, but now more attention is paid to appearance ordinary buildings, theaters, embankments, schools and hospitals. They forgot about wood as a building material and replaced it with brick. To begin with, this material was used only in the capital, and in other cities of Russia neither brick nor stone was visible.

Peter the Great founded a special commission, which will now design not only the capital, but all major cities. Church building goes to the side, leaving room for civil structures. Now the main emphasis is not on the appearance of houses, but on the general view of the city, houses stretch along the streets with single facades, buildings are made less dense in order to protect against the danger of fires, for an aesthetic purpose, street roads are equipped with lanterns, streets are planted. All this was clearly influenced by the West and Perth the First, which issued many decrees regarding urban planning, which reached the scale of the revolution. In a short time, Russia has come close to Europe in terms of urban development.

The main event in the history of architecture is the construction of St. Petersburg. After that, other cities began to actively change, Peter the Great invites architects from the West, and Russian masters go to Europe for an internship.

After some time, architects from various schools gathered in the capital, new buildings combined Russian traditions, Italian, Dutch, French and so on. Also, the architecture of St. Petersburg becomes special due to the use of new building materials, the houses were either brick or hut type, the plaster was used in two colors: red (brown) and white.

In 1710, by decree of Peter the Great, construction began Gulf of Finland, famous palace and park ensembles appear in Peterhof. In 1725, the two-story Nagorny Palace appeared, later it was rebuilt and expanded, the work was supervised by Rastrelli himself. At the same time, a small palace for Peter was built on the shore of the bay, it consisted of a front hall and several other rooms, it was the Monplaisir Palace.

Peterhof - view of the park from the side of the palace, 1907, old postcard

Visitors Rastrelli, Schedel, Leblon, Trezzini and others promise to make a great contribution to architecture. It is worth noting that when they just started creating in Russia, they clearly followed their previous experience, created according to the European analogue, but after some time, they were influenced by Russian culture and this greatly affected their work.

The first third of the 18th century was marked as the Baroque period. The buildings of this time were distinguished by a combination of incongruous, contrast and pomposity, reality and illusion. In 1703-1704. construction began in St. Petersburg Peter and Paul Fortress and the Admiralty. Peter had high hopes for the architects and very strictly monitors the performance of the work. The resulting style with luxurious palaces, churches, museums and theaters were called Russian baroque (baroque of the Petrine era).

Panoramic view of the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg, made by J.A. Atkinson in the period 1805-1807. Signature (English, French): "Sheet 4. Exchange and warehouse. New exchange. Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul".

During this time, Peter and Paul were built by themselves, summer palace, Kunstkamera, building of the Twelve Collegia, Menshikov Palace. A large number of churches appeared in Moscow, all of them were decorated with baroque elements. A rather important object at that time was the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Kazan.

By the middle of the 18th century, Russia had lost Peter the Great, which was a great loss for the state and for all people, but as regards urban planning and architecture, there were no significant changes after his departure. The country had very strong masters, because many of them were trained abroad, the most famous and in demand at that time were Blank, Michurin, Usov, Zemtsov, etc. Buildings in the rococo style begin to appear, that is, combining baroque and classicism at the same time. Buildings become more confident, elegant. Rococo is manifested not only in external details, but also in the interior. Outside, as well as inside, the buildings are pompous, but at the same time strict.

At this time, Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter, just began to rule, and she assigns a lot of work to Rastrelli the younger. He grew up in the conditions of Russian culture, therefore, in the works, brilliance and luxury were noted along with the Russian character. Together with Kvasov, Chevakinsky and Ukhtomsky they created monuments of Russian architecture. Rastrelli created domed compositions throughout Russia, and not limited to Moscow or St. Petersburg, they increasingly replaced spire-like details. Russian history remembers nothing like such chic and bulky Russian ensembles. But in spite of a large number of admirers of Rastrelli, his style was quickly replaced by the following - classicism. During this period, the plan of St. Petersburg completely changed and Moscow was re-planned.

The last third of the 18th century is occupied by a new direction in architecture - Russian classicism. By the end of the century, classicism had become a stable trend in art. It is characterized by strict forms with antique elements, the absence of unnecessary details, luxury, rationality of designs. Most of these buildings can be seen in Moscow, but this does not mean that they were not in other cities. The most striking examples for Moscow were the Razumovsky Palace, the Golitsyn House, the Tsaritsyn Complex, the Senate Building and the Pashkov House. In St. Petersburg, it is worth noting the Academy of Sciences, the Hermitage Theater, the Hermitage itself, the Marble Palace, the Tauride Palace. The most famous architects of that time were Ukhtomsky, Bazhenov and Kazakov.

The Marble Palace was built in 1768-1785 according to the design of architect Antonio Rinaldi in the style of classicism by order of Empress Catherine for her favorite Count G. G. Orlov. The Marble Palace is the first building in St. Petersburg, the facades of which are lined with natural stone. Lithograph by Joseph Charlemagne (1782-1861)

Classicism is a style that develops by borrowing the forms, patterns and compositions of the ancient world and the time of the Italian Renaissance. Buildings with regular shapes and areas appear, logical, symmetrical, rational, there is rigor and harmony in everything, the order tectonic system is actively used. Many customers could not afford more baroque houses, now came the period of peasants and merchants with less economic opportunities.

Due to the economic and social situation in the country, the internal and external markets began to actively develop in order to expand the industrial and handicraft economy. There was a need for state and private buildings: chambers of commerce, guest houses, markets, fairs, warehouses. Buildings unique for that period also appeared: banks and stock exchanges.

Public buildings began to appear in all cities: schools, gymnasiums, institutes, hospitals, prisons, barracks, boarding houses and libraries. Cities grew rapidly, so there was no more funding for baroque houses and there were not enough craftsmen for this.

In 1762, they founded a commission on stone construction in St. Petersburg and Moscow. It was created to regulate and care for urban planning. The commission existed until 1796, it included Kvasov, Starov, Lem and other great architects. Land and water highways, borders between cities, trading floors and office buildings became the main factors. The city had a clear rectangular layout. The height of the streets had clear limits, there were patterns that had to be followed, the houses had to stand at a minimum distance from each other. Architectural solutions enlivened by figured window frames.

V provincial towns In Russia, buildings were not built higher than 1-2 floors, while in St. Petersburg one could see both 3 and 4-story buildings. Kvasov developed a project, according to which the territory of the Fontanka embankment was ennobled, and soon it turned into an arc-forming highway.

The most striking example of classicism can be called "Houses of Pleasure" in Oranienbaum, now it no longer exists, so you can only see it on the pages of books and textbooks. Kokorin worked on this building, and Vista at that time built the Boat House in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

As for the provincial cities, the art of the 18th century left its mark on Tsarskoye Selo, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Odoev Bogoroditsky and others. After this period, Petrozavodsk, Yekaterinburg, Taganrog, etc. attention was paid to industry and the economy of the entire state.

On this topic:

"Architecture of Russia of the XVIII century" - "Centrnauchfilm" (00:26:26 color) Director - A. Zineman

Published: July 4, 2014

Architects of Russia in the second half of the 18th century

The second half of the 18th century in Russian history is the stabilization of the political system of Russia after the protracted era of palace coups, the long-term reign of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II. Classicism becomes the main artistic style.

Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov(1738-1799) - a man who fully and completely reflected the ideals, successes and failures of his era. A native of the Kaluga province. The son of a village clerk. He was sent to study at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. He drew attention to himself with his achievements in the sciences. He was recommended to the Ukhtomsky school, where all the major architects of that era came from. He was friends with Fonvizin and Novikov. Studied in Paris and Rome. In St. Petersburg, Bazhenov was not in full demand, so he moved to Moscow. There he is engaged in the repair and reconstruction of the Kremlin ensemble. This was exactly the job that Bazhenov was waiting for. However, the project was not destined to be fully implemented, which was a terrible blow for the architect.

Pashkov House in Moscow (1784-1786) - a building considered to be the creation of Bazhenov. However, serious documents confirming Bazhenov's authorship have not been preserved. Only word of mouth ascribes this building to Bazhenov. This is one of the buildings of the current State Library. The house was built by order of the son of the batman of Peter the Great himself. The man was quirky, rich enough to afford an unusual project in the center of Moscow right across from the Kremlin. For a long time, it was the Pashkov House that was the only place from which one could look at the Kremlin towers from a height. The central volume with a columned portico and a round turret-rotunda at the top, and side wings, which, being a single part of this house, still resemble open wings, as if dissolving in the surrounding air and landscape; as if they allow this building, stretched out, to breathe differently, live, fly over Moscow. Brigadier Pashkov turned a small garden in front of his house into a greenhouse, into a zoo, where parrots, peacocks stayed in cages and free, wild animals roamed. And people clung to the bars of the fence, admiring this fantastic spectacle. And a garden, and outlandish creatures, and a house in which the unsociable owner of all this beauty lived alone. The compositional basis of the building is the scheme inherent in the then landowners' estates. The central three-story building, thanks to one-story galleries, is connected to two-story side buildings. A two-flight staircase descends from the central building down the hill. All parts of the composition are independent and complete. Pilasters serve as decoration for the walls of the house. Four-column porticos accentuate the center of the main and courtyard facades. There are statues on the sides. The crown of the building is a round belvedere surrounded by an Ionic colonnade. The edge of the roof is decorated with a balustrade with vases. The side buildings, where the columns of porticos with pediments are located, are executed in the traditions of the Ionic order. Thus began the emergence of a new artistic style for Russian art - classicism.

Engineering (Mikhailovsky) castle in St. Petersburg(1780-1797). Until 1823, the castle was called Mikhailovsky and got its name from the church of the Archangel Michael built into it. This whimsical structure has a square with rounded corners, in which an octagonal courtyard is inscribed. It seemed strange to contemporaries accustomed to classicist buildings. The townspeople were surprised by the unusual processing of the facades and the red and white color of the building, which had never been used in classicism. The palace was built as an impregnable castle surrounded by moats and drawbridges. The author of the original project was Emperor Paul I himself, who very closely followed the construction of the palace, where, by a fatal coincidence, he was killed by conspirators.

Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov (1738-1812) The Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin(1776-1787). The general plan of the building received a compact and at the same time geometrically simple triangle shape. It includes a courtyard, which is divided into three parts by several transverse buildings. The main façade is designed as a four-columned portico with a pediment. Here is the entrance to the central part of the courtyard. The round domed hall is the semantic center of the entire composition of the Senate. The colonnade, made in the traditions of the Ionic order, is located on a high rusticated plinth. It is crowned with a powerful creaked cornice. Above it, right on the drum, is the dome of the round hall. The architect managed to organically include the Senate building in the Kremlin architectural ensemble. The originality of the composition lies in the fact that the dome of the round hall itself is on the same axis as the Senate tower of the Kremlin wall. The latter indicates the transverse axis of Red Square. Thus, a single harmonious image of the Kremlin emerges.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli(1700-1771), who in Russia was called in his own way Varfolomey Varfolomeevich, the most striking figure of the middle of the 18th century, who worked in the style of Russian baroque.

Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo(1752-1757). This building, complex in its composition, was created on the site of the old palace. The building is under one roof. All buildings of the former palace are aligned. This turns the former galleries into a large hall and high state apartments. Outside, the right corner of the building above the main entrance is crowned with a dome with one dome. This dome at the other end of the palace corresponds to the five-domed church. The composition of the interiors of the palace is built on the effect of an endless length of a suite of halls, living rooms and other front rooms. The grandiose palace is distinguished by the exceptional splendor of plastic and decorative processing. Its facades are saturated with the richest stucco decorations. And the paint of the building is built on a combination of intense blue walls, white - architectural details, gilding - sculptures and domes.

Winter Palace in St. Petersburg(1754-1762). This building is the apotheosis of the Baroque style. In plan, this is a simple square with a courtyard. Its facades face the Neva, the Admiralty and Palace Square. The facades of the palace form, as it were, folds of an endless ribbon. The architect decides each facade in his own way, varying the magnificent decoration and the changeable rhythm of the column. The stepped cornice repeats all the breaks in the walls. The dimensions of the building are grandiose - there are more than a thousand rooms in it, located in enfilades, decorated with carvings, modeling and gilding. The main staircase is one of the most luxurious interiors Winter Palace. It occupies a huge space in the entire height of the building. The plafond with the image of the gods of Olympus creates a bright colorful accent. The interiors designed by Rastrelli have always had a purely secular character. This is the decision and big church Winter Palace. Its interior is like a large palace front hall, divided into three parts. The central part ended with a magnificent carved iconostasis.

Peterhof. Fountains and the water itself are of primary importance here. They are powered by the natural pressure of water supplied from the Ropsha heights. According to the artist Alexander Benois, Peter built the residence of the king of the seas. Fountains are a symbolic expression of the water kingdom, clouds and splashes of the sea that splashes along the coast of Peterhof. The system of fountains and water cascades is decorated with numerous sculptures. The fountain "Samson" was made by the outstanding sculptor Kozlovsky.

J. B. Vallin-Delamot and A. F. Kokorinov. Academy of Arts(1764-1788). It occupies a total of a whole block on the Neva embankment. The building corresponds to a strict plan, which is a circle inscribed in it. The circle is intended to serve as a courtyard for walking. The building is equally high and consists of four floors. They are divided in pairs and form the supporting part of the building, as well as its lightweight top. It is impossible not to feel the trends of the time in a fundamentally new solution to the ornament - strict and geometrized. The attitude towards the traditional order system is also becoming more canonical.

Ivan Egorovich Starov (1745-1808) - Another architect who worked within the framework of classicism. He owns the Tauride Palace, built for the favorite of Empress Catherine II - His Serene Highness Prince Potemkin-Tauride. The construction itself marked the fact of his victory over the Ottoman Turks. The palace took six years to build and was completed in 1789. The vestibule was decorated with yachon and granite pillars. In the domed hall there were Dutch faience stoves decorated with azure and gold. In the center was a huge Catherine's hall - the Winter Garden. The Empress herself loved to visit here. International receptions were arranged, luxurious balls were held. At the palace there was a greenhouse in which watermelons, melons, peaches were grown all year round. Emperor Pavel gave the palace to the horse guards. The parquet was dismantled and taken to the Mikhailovsky Castle under construction. It was here that the State Duma was first established in 1906.

The architecture of the 19th century in Russia was characterized by great diversity. She had not one, but several styles. As a rule, art critics divide it into two stages - classical and Russian. Particularly pronounced styles of architecture of the 19th century were reflected in such cities as Moscow and St. Petersburg. Many brilliant architects of that era worked in them. Let's get acquainted with the history of architecture of the 19th century closer.

Departure from the baroque

Before talking about Russian architecture of the 19th century, let's consider one of the styles from which it began. Baroque architecture in Russia at the end of the 18th century was replaced by classicism. This term comes from the Latin word for "exemplary". Classicism is an artistic (including architectural) European style that developed in France in the 17th century.

It is based on the ideas of rationalism. From the point of view of the adherents of this style, a work of art, a structure should be based on strict canons, thereby emphasizing the logic and harmony of the entire universe. Interesting for classicism is only the eternal, unshakable. In any phenomenon, he seeks to highlight its typological, essential features and discard individual, random features.

architectural classicism

For architectural classicism the main feature is the appeal to the forms characteristic of ancient architecture, considered as a standard of simplicity, rigor, harmony, logic. In general, it is distinguished by a regular layout, clarity of form, which is voluminous. It is based on an order that is close to antiquity in terms of shapes and proportions. And also classicism is characterized by symmetrical compositions, restraint of decor, regularity in urban planning.

The centers of classicism in Russia were Moscow and St. Petersburg. Its prominent representatives are Giacomo Quarenghi and Ivan Starov. Typical classicist buildings are the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg, the Trinity Cathedral, located in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the architect of which was Starov. According to Quarenghi's project, the Alexander Palace, the Smolny Institute, and the Academy of Sciences were built. The creations of this architect are a symbol of St. Petersburg classicism.

Empire transformation

The architecture of the first half of the 19th century in Russia is characterized by a gradual transition from classicism to empire. Empire (French for "imperial") is a style related to late, or high, classicism. It also appeared in France during the years when Napoleon I was in power, and developed during the first thirty years of the 19th century, after which it was replaced by historicism.

In Russia, this style arose during the reign of Emperor Alexander I. As you know, since the 19th century, Russia has been fascinated by the culture of France. As Russian monarchs often did, Alexander I sent the novice architect Auguste Montferrand from France. The tsar entrusted him with the construction of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Later Montferrand became one of the fathers of the so-called Russian Empire style.

Petersburg and Moscow directions

Russian Empire was divided into two areas: Moscow and St. Petersburg. This division was not so much territorial as characterized by the degree of its departure from classicism. This gap was the largest among St. Petersburg architects. Its most prominent representatives were:

Andrey Voronikhin.
Andrey Zakharov.
Vasily Stasov.
Jean Thomon.
Carl Rossi.

Among the architects of Moscow, the largest masters of the period under review include:

Osip Bove.
Domenico Gilardi.
Afanasy Grigoriev.

Among the sculptors, Feodosy Shchedrin and Ivan Matros can be distinguished. Empire was the leading style in Russian architecture until the 1830s and 40s. Interestingly, its revival, albeit in slightly different forms, took place in the USSR. This direction, which fell on the 1930-50s. XX century, became known as "Stalin's Empire".

royal style

Empire style is often referred to as the so-called royal styles, due to its theatricality in the design of both interior and exterior decoration. Its feature is the obligatory presence of columns, stucco cornices, pilasters, and other classical elements. Added to this are motifs that reflect, almost unchanged, such examples of details of ancient sculpture as sphinxes, griffins, lion paws.

In the Empire style, the elements are arranged in a strict order in the presence of symmetry and balance. This style has:

massive, monumental forms;
military symbols;
rich decor;
the influence of ancient Roman and ancient Greek art forms.

The artistic concept of this style was to emphasize and embody the ideas of the power of autocratic power, the state, and military force.

Coryphaeus of St. Petersburg

The appearance and development of the Empire style in the architecture of the 19th century in Russia is closely connected with the name of the architect Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin. One of his best works is the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Its powerful semi-oval colonnades frame the square facing Nevsky Prospekt. Another famous creation of his is the building of the Mining Institute. It is distinguished by a huge portico with a Doric colonnade that juts out against the backdrop of the brutal walls of the façade. On the sides of the portico are decorated with sculptural groups.

Famous creations in the Empire style by Jean de Thomon, a French architect, are the Bolshoi Theater in St. Petersburg and the stock exchange building. Directly in front of the building, the master installed two rostral columns, which symbolize the four great Russian rivers, such as the Volga, Volkhov, Dnieper and Neva. A rostral column is a column decorated with rosters - sculptural images of ship prows.

A recognized masterpiece of architecture of the 19th century in the Empire style is a complex of buildings belonging to the Admiralty, architect Zakharov Andrey Dmitrievich. The already existing building was renovated to reflect the theme of maritime glory and the might of the fleet. It turned into grand building with a facade length of about 400 meters, with a majestic architectural appearance and emphasized the central position in the city.

Russian style

In the architecture of the second half of the 19th century, there is a surge of interest directed to the works of ancient Russian architecture. The result is a complex consisting of several architectural styles, which is defined in several ways. Its main name is "Russian style", but it is also called "pseudo-Russian", and "neo-Russian", and "Russian-Byzantine". In this direction, there is a borrowing of some architectural forms characteristic of ancient Russian and Byzantine architecture, but already at a new technological level.

Art historians consider Konstantin Andreevich Ton as the founder of the "Russian-Byzantine style". His main creations are the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, as well as the Grand Kremlin Palace. The motifs of the Terem Palace are embodied in the exterior decoration of the last building. Its windows are made in the traditions of Russian architecture, they are decorated with carved architraves, equipped with double arches and a weight in their middle.

In addition to these structures, Ton's works include the Moscow Armory, cathedrals in Yelets, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Rostov-on-Don.

Features of the Russian-Byzantine style

In the architecture of the 19th century, the Russian-Byzantine direction developed with the active support of Russian government. After all, this style was the embodiment of the idea of official Orthodoxy. Russian-Byzantine architecture is characterized by the borrowing of certain compositional techniques and motifs used in Byzantine churches.

Byzantium borrowed architectural forms from antiquity, but gradually changed them, developing a type of church buildings that was very different from the basilicas of ancient Christians. Its main feature is the use of a dome covering the middle part of the building, using the technique of the so-called sails.

The interior design of Byzantine churches did not shine with wealth and did not differ in the complexity of details. But at the same time, their walls in the lower part were lined with expensive varieties of marble, and in the upper part they were decorated with gilding. The vaults were covered with mosaics and frescoes.

Outside, the building consisted of two tiers of elongated windows with rounded tops. Windows in some cases were grouped in twos or threes, and each of the groups was separated from the others by a column and framed by a false arch. In addition to windows in the walls, holes were made at the base of the dome for better lighting.

Pseudo-Russian style

In the architecture of the 19th century, there is a period of enthusiasm for such small decorative forms characteristic of the 16th century as a porch, a tent, a kokoshnik, a brick ornament. Architects Gornostaev, Rezanov and others work in a similar style.

In the 70s of the 19th century, the ideas of the populists aroused in artistic circles a great interest in the culture of the Russian people, in the architecture of the peasants and the architecture of the 16th-17th centuries. One of the most striking buildings, made in the pseudo-Russian style of this period, is the Terem of the architect Ivan Ropet, located in Abramtsevo near Moscow, and the Mamontov printing house built by Viktor Hartman in Moscow.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the development of the neo-Russian style took place. Looking for simplicity and monumentality, the architects turned to the ancient monuments of Novgorod and Pskov, as well as to the traditions of the Russian North. This style in St. Petersburg was embodied mainly in buildings for church purposes, made by:

Vladimir Pokrovsky.
Stepan Krichinsky.
Andrey Aplaksin.
Herman Grimm.

But houses were also built in the neo-Russian style, for example, the Kuperman tenement house, built according to the project of the architect Lishnevsky A. L. on Plutalova Street.