Design features of sailing ships. Bowsprit standing rigging wiring What is a bowsprit on a ship
Bowsprit a tree protruding overboard at the bow of the vessel horizontally or at an angle. The greatest angle to the horizon reaches 35 °. B. can be either stationary or movable, that is, such that the outboard part can be reduced by pushing it into the vessel (the tackle serving for this purpose is called B.-shot), or a lavatory, that is, lifted upward, for free action with a ram on battleships. The end of the B. entering the ship is called a spur and is affirmed in a specially made place called a partner; the other end is called a top and an eselhoft is put on it. 1. Bowsprit. 2. Bowsprit eselgoft. 3. Utlegar. 4. Stem. 5. Tension yoke. 6. Brace. 7. Water-backstays. 8. Water stays. 9. Fock stays. 10. Folding yoke. 11. Spur is utlegar. B., like masts, is made of resinous coniferous species of the forest; on large ships B. is not a single-tree, but a composite one, mainly of 4 pieces, fastened with yokes and bolts (see. Masts). B. serves to remove some part of the windage from the center of gravity of the ship, and thus makes it possible to increase the rotational force of the forward oblique sails; in addition, B. serves to support the foremast in front, for which it is strenuously fastened to the stem. B. does not count towards masts; so, a two-masted ship has two vertical masts and B .; three-masted - three masts and B., etc. The B. is put in place either by a crane or by arrows and is confirmed in its position by water-walls, brackets or clips, water-stays and water-backstays. When determining the bias slope, the place of the general center of windage is taken into account. With an increase in the bias slope, the center of the windage approaches the bow, which, assisting the rudder, is especially advantageous during fresh winds, in which most of the ships carry the rudder in the wind and thereby reduce their speed. The fore-staysail and fore-top-staysail are raised on B. Both of these sails counterbalance the action of the rear sails and serve to divert the bow of the boat into the wind.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb .: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
Synonyms:See what "Bowsprit" is in other dictionaries:
Ship Falls of Clyde Bowsprit, bowsprit (Dutch. Boegspriet (from boeg nose and spriet peak, in ... Wikipedia
- (Dutch boegspriet, from boeg bend, curvature, and spriet pole). The mast is set obliquely towards the front of the ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. BOWSPRIT bowsprit, inclined over the nose and ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
A horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel. Serves to bring forward the bow triangular sails (jibs and staysails) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vessel and partially for fastening the foremast. Naval ... ... Naval vocabulary
BOWSPRIT, Bugsprit husband., Pestilence. the front mast on the ship, leaning forward, behind the water cutter. The continuation of the bowsprit: the lighter, and the transverse tree: the pancakes. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: for staysail, jib and boom jib. Explanatory dictionary… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Bowsprit, mast, spars Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit n., number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary
- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing vessel. Serves mainly for attaching bow sails ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
AND BUGSPRIT, bowsprit, husband. (from the Dutch boeg the bow of the ship and the spriet pole) (sea). A bar protruding obliquely in front of the bow of the ship. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
A; m. [Dutch boegsprit] Mor. A horizontal or inclined beam used to carry forward the bow sails. * * * bowsprit (from the English bowsprit), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing vessel. Serves mainly ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Bowsprit (English bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the bowsprit of the vessel. On sailing ships B. serves to carry forward the bow sails (jibs), thereby increasing total area… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
M. Horizontal or inclined beam on sailing ship, serving to carry forward the bow sails. Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language Efremova
Books
- Set "Sea of Miracles. Ghost Ship" (147261),. We offer you an interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". In the set: aquarium, mast, bow of the ship (2 pcs.), Bowsprit, front deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), Middle deck ...
Under the spars and rigging of the vessel is understood all the equipment in motion or at rest - masts, cargo half-masts, yards, gaffs, cargo booms, cables, stays with all related details. This name has survived from the time of sailing ships, however, its meaning has changed significantly during this time. So, initially, the spars and rigging of a sailing vessel ensured the forward movement of the vessel, and now their main task on modern cargo ships is to place a cargo device, and on passenger ships, icebreakers, tugs and similar floating equipment - signaling equipment.
Sailing vessel armament
a - armament of the bark with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing equipment; c - types of sailing ships.
1 - mizzen boom; 2 - mizzen; 3 - mizzen mast; 4 - mizzen gaff; 5 - cruise topsail; 6 - cruise topmill; 7 - mainsail-brahm-topmast; 8 - grotto-bom-bram-ray; 9 - grotto-bom-bramsel; 10 - grotto-brahm-ray; 11 - grotto-brahmsel; 12 - cruise-bram-staysail; 13 - cruise-staysail; 14 - apsel; 15 - upper main topsail; 16 - lower main topsail; 17 - grotto; 18 - main topmast; 19 - mainmast; 20 - upper mainsail-marsa-ray; 21 - lower grotto-marsa-ray; 22 - grotto-ray; 23 - mainsail-bom-bram-staysail; 24 - mainsail-bram-staysail; 25 - mainsail-staysail; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - for-bram-topmast; 28 - for-bom-bramsel; 29 - for-bram-ray; 30 - fore-brahmsel; 31 - for-bom-bram-shtag; 32 - bom-jib-rail; 33 - upper fore-marsa-ray; 34 - upper fore-topsail; 35- for topmast; 36 - lower fore-marsa-ray; 37 - lower fore-topsail; 38 - foke-ray; 39 - form-mast; 40 - foresight; 41 - fore-topmill-staysail; 42 - middle jib; 43 - jib; 44 - bom-jib; 45 - bowsprit; 46 - Latin sail; 47 - straight rack sail; 48 - tretyak luger or rack sail; 49 - quarter sail or luger sail; 50 - sprint sail; 51 - gaff sail; 52 - guari; 53 - bermuda sail; 54 - evers; 55 - logger; 56 - ketch; 57 - dehmast gaff schooner; 58 - two-masted topsail schooner; 59 - brigantine (schooner brig); 60 - brig; 61 - three-masted gaff schooner; 62 - three-masted top-row schooner; 63 - three-masted topsail schooner; 64 - barkentina (schooner bark); 65 - bark; 66 is a fully armed ship.
The main part of the mast is the mast. Depending on the purpose of application, a distinction is made between signal, cargo and special masts made of wood or pipes made of steel or light metal. To absorb the forces arising from the rolling and pitching during strong seas, the masts are attached to the sides or in the center plane using cables and stays consisting of steel wire cables. On signal masts, signal and radio antenna yards are placed, and often also gaffs for hoisting the country's flag. Fresh information rigging with us. In addition, they contain flag halyards and a flashlight holder.
Mast and rigging of cargo ships
a - cargo and signaling device of a cargo ship of an old design; b - cargo ship with cargo booms and ship cranes.
The simplest design has tubular masts (Fig. Below a), which have one load boom in front and behind. To accommodate other cargo arrows, a sling is mounted on the top of the mast, and a traverse is attached to the mast two to three meters above the deck. The ends of the traverse are supported by short ventilation struts. Saling and traverse often consist of a single box girder (Figure b below). The most common two-legged masts usually lack standing rigging, which increases the visibility of the open deck. Sometimes, when working with heavy lifting devices, stays are installed on the opposite side (Figure below c).
Cargo masts
a - tubular mast; b - tubular mast with a sling and a load boom traverse; c - two-legged mast. 1 - antenna ray; 2 - ray; 3 - floodlight ray; 4 - observation post on the mast ("crow's nest"); 5 - cables; 6 - topmast; 7 - saling; 8 - ventilation column; 9 - the foundation of the cargo boom.
Cargo half-masts, unlike masts, are rarely supplied with topmills and are installed in pairs outside the center plane of the ship between hatches or on hatches. As a rule, they do not have beams, but are often connected to each other by means of a connecting bead or a traverse. Cargo half masts are often used for ventilation of the cargo hold; in this case, deck fan sockets are provided.
Freight half masts
a - the location of the half-masts; b - half mast with a traverse; c - half-masts with top and shrouds; d - half masts without stays. 1 - topmast; 2 - traverse; 3 - cargo half-mast; 4 - totop; 5 - guys.
The masts and half-masts are fastened with cables and stays, which in almost all cases consist of steel cables. They are attached at one end to the mast (sling) or to the half-mast with strong butts (cable-stayed butts), and at the other end to the bases of the cables (cable-stayed jacks) in the immediate vicinity of the bulwark. The shrouds or stays are attached with butts to the mast or to the shrouds with the help of lobes; in the presence of forked rope locks, lobes are not required. Between the shrouds or stays and shrouds there are lanyards for pulling the cables.
Majestically dissecting sea waves- a truly mesmerizing sight. Now you can see him with your own eyes, except at the parade sailing ships in Amsterdam, held every five years. Several centuries ago sailing-ship watching was common among coastal residents. The more massive the ship, the more sails are needed for its fast and smooth sailing. The sailboat has a complex structure, and each mast on it has its own purpose. You can examine the structure of a sailing ship from its most advanced detail.
Beam at the forefront of a sailboat
Literally translated from Dutch, the bowsprit is an "inclined pole". The structure is a sailing ship's forward beam. In other words, the bowsprit is a spar that extends the bow of the ship and protrudes beyond the stem. It acts as a front mast and is tilted at an angle of 30-36 degrees. It originally consisted of one section. Later on big ships it became composite: as its continuation, an unstacker was installed, followed by a bomber. As with any mast, the rear base of the bowsprit is called a spur. The front end is called a knock, like a boom, gaff or rhey.
Design purpose
The main purpose of the bowsprit is to carry forward the forward oblique triangular sails - jibs. Due to this design, the sailing area of the ship increases, which contributes to better controllability and higher maneuverability. In addition, the bowsprit is partially used to secure the foremast. Its functions do not end there, since it is also required for attaching and lifting the bow anchor. Thus, the bowsprit of a ship is a multifunctional mast of a floating craft.
Front mast dimensions
For ships of different profiles, the length of the bowsprit was different. As a rule, on merchant ships, the length of the front mast was equal to three-fifths of the length of the mainmast. On ships intended for naval combat, its length was equal to eight-ninths of the length of the foremast. The diameter of the bow bar was comparable to the diameters of the foremast and mainmast of medium size. At the same time, the bowsprit thickness decreased from base to nose by almost two times.
Sometimes the bow of the ship was decorated with a latrine (or bow) figure, which was usually located above the bowsprit and depicted, most often, a mermaid, an attractive girl or the head of a lion. It is noteworthy that on the other side, on the same overhang, there were restrooms for the crew.
- And what to deal with with him? Just a tilted log! - said Ksenya.
- Even for a "simple log" you need to know the names of the parts ... The rear end of the bowsprit is called shp about p, like a mast. Front - but ok, like a boom, gaff or yay.
The spur of the bowsprit is fixed between two strong beams (bitengam and), which run from the deck to the very bottom. In addition, the bowsprit is attracted to the bowsprit by a special bracket, it is called v ater - vul in g.
“But he’s on top, on the deck, and not near the water,” Slava was surprised. - Why "water ..."?
- The fact is that the front part of the stem, with which it cuts through the water, is called a waterwall. The waterwall is attached to it ... In fact, the word "waling" means "a cable mount." Because it was with cables in the old days that bowsprites were fixed on the water cutter ...
You see how much is connected even with the "simple log". But simple bowsprites, that is, from the same tree, are found only on small ships. And we are building a full frigate, with all the details of the mast. Therefore, our bowsprit has two extensions, they are attached to each other by a wide and ezel hoft.
The second part of the bowsprit is called UTL E GAR. And the continuation of the utterance is BOM-UTLEGAR.
- It would be more logical to be a "bram-utegar", - said Slava.
- May be. But it just so happened: "bowsprit, utlegar, bom-utlegar".
Bowsprit, utlegar, bom-utlegar!
How good it is to run on them! -
composed by Anton Shtukin.
“Sometimes the sailors have to run there,” agreed Yakov Platonovich. - But this must be done skillfully and carefully. Otherwise it won't be long in the water.
- But the net is being pulled under the bowsprit! - Ksenya exclaimed. - Here, on the model "Meridian" ...
- Yes. But this was not always the case. The old large sailing ships had huge bowsprites - whole masts! Try to make a net for such a giant! Moreover, when it bristles with long spars.
- What processes? - Anton was surprised.
- Sometimes a spar is attached to the bowsprit, which is called BLINDA-RAY. "Blind" in translation into Russian means "blind". In past centuries, a quadrangular sail was tied to the dugout, which helped in maneuvering a heavy ship ... It helped, but it was difficult to see it from the deck, which is why it was called blind. They abandoned the use of the blind back in the eighteenth century. But Ray remained - to stretch the cables that hold the bowsprit from the sides. However, sometimes now instead of a blind-ray, they put two branches - BLIND-HAFEL.
And under the bowsprit, in approximately the same place where the dug-out or dug-out is attached, another spar is often placed. A process that looks obliquely or vertically downward. This is MARTIN-GIK. Why "geek" is understandable. It looks like a mast boom. And why "martin", to tell the truth, I do not know. Maybe it was invented by a shipbuilder with that name ...
I knew a cadet who loved to write poetry about sails and storms. I remember these lines:
Water and sky met in a noisy dispute,
And the ocean was boiling wild.
And our ship flew forward over the sea,
Ripping the ridges with a martin-boom ...
Antosha Shtukin sighed enviously. He did not know how to invent such beautiful poems yet.
- And at the end of today's classes we will make the last spars drawing, - said Yakov Platonovich. - Bowsprit with all details. I'll try to start, and you, Slava, help ...
And so they did ...
- Just a real spreading tree on the ship's bow, - said Vasya.
“Yes,” Yakov Platonovich agreed, brushing off the chalk from his palms. - And in the days of Magellan and Francis Drake, on heavy ships like galleons and old battleships, an additional mast was put on the knock of a jumper or bomb-jumper - with one or two yards, with a mars. She was called that - b u w w p r and t n and i m a chta.
And behind the mizzen on such ships there was sometimes another mast - also small, auxiliary. B o n a w e n t u r - m a chta. "Bonaventure" in some languages means "good fortune". Probably, the sailors believed that this mast would make the control of the ship more successful.
Source: Central Maritime Club DOSAAF RSFSR. Publishing house DOSAAF. Moscow, 1987
§1. Mast.
All wooden parts are called spars, and on modern ships also metal parts used for carrying sails, flags, hoisting signals, etc. The mast on a sailing ship includes: masts, topmills, yards, gaffes, booms, bowsprites, utlegari, fox-spirits and shots.
Masts.
Salings and eselgofts, depending on their place, belonging to a particular mast, also bear their own names: for-saling, for-brahm-saling, eselgoft mast. fore-wall-eselgoft, cruise-wall-eselgoft, bowsprit eselgoft (connecting the bowsprit with the iron), etc.
Bowsprit.
A bowsprit is a horizontal or somewhat inclined beam (inclined mast) protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel and serving to carry straight sails - a blind and a bomb-blind. Until the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind-top (), on which straight sails of the blind and bomb-blind were placed on the blind-rail and bomb-blind-rail.
Since the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit has been lengthened with the help of an overhead, and then a bomb-overhead (), and the sails of the blind and the bomb-blind are no longer placed on it. Here it serves already for the removal of the headstays of the foremast and its topmast and for attaching the bow triangular sails - jibs and jibs, which improved the speed and agility of the ship. At one time, triangular sails were combined with straight sails.
The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the ship with the help of a water-wall made of a strong cable, and later (19th century) and chains. To knit the waling, the main end of the cable was attached to the bowsprit, then the cable was passed into the hole in the princess, around the bowsprit, etc. Usually 11 hoses were installed, which were tightened in the middle with transverse hoses. From the sliding of the hoses and stays along the bowsprit, several wooden attachments were made on it - bis ().
Bushtrites with a jumper and a bomb-jumper had a vertical martin-boom and horizontal dugouts for carrying standing rigging of a jumper and a bomb-jumper.
Rhea.
Rey is a round, spindle-shaped spar that tapers evenly towards both ends, called knots ().
Shoulders are made at both knuckles, close to which the heads of perts, slings of blocks, etc. are nailed. They serve as yards for attaching straight sails to them. The yards with their middle are attached to the masts and topmills in such a way that they can be raised, lowered and turned in the horizontal direction to set the sails in the most favorable position relative to the wind.
At the end of the 18th century, additional sails appeared - foxes, which were placed on the sides of the main sails. They were attached to small yards - fox-spirits, extended to the sides of the ship along the main yard through the yoke ().
Rays also take names depending on their belonging to one or another mast, as well as on their location on the mast. So, the names of yards on various masts, counting them from bottom to top, are as follows: on the foremast - fore-mast, fore-marsa-ray, fore-bram-ray, for-bom-bram-ray; on the mainmast - grotto-rey, main-marsa-ray, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray; on the mizzen mast - beguin-rey, cruisele-rey, cruise-brahm-ray, cruise-bom-brahm-ray.
Gaffes and geeks.
The gaff is a special yarn, reinforced obliquely at the top of the mast (behind it) and lifted up the mast. On sailing ships, it served for attaching the upper edge (luff) of an oblique sail - trisel and oblique mizzen (). The heel (inner end) of the gaff has a wooden or metal leather trimmed mustache that holds the gaff near the mast and wraps around it like a grip, both ends of which are connected by a beyfoot. Beyfoot can be made of a vegetable or steel cable, sheathed with leather or with balls worn on it, the so-called rax-clots.
For setting and harvesting sails on ships with oblique rigging and the oblique sails of the mizzen, the gaff is raised and lowered with the help of two tackles of the running rigging - the gaff-hadel, which lifts the gaff by the heel, and the dirik-halya, which lifts the gaff by the leg - the outer thin end ().
On ships with direct armament, oblique sails - trisels are pulled (when they are removed) to the gaff with git, the gaff does not go down.
The booms are used to stretch the foot of the oblique sails. The boom is movably fastened with a heel (the inner end with the mast using a swivel or mustache, as in the gaff (). The outer end of the boom (knock), when the sail is set, is supported by a pair of toppers, reinforced on one and the other side of the boom.
Gaffs and booms, armed with an oblique sail on a mizzen, began to be used in the Russian fleet from about the second half of the 18th century, and in Peter's times a Latin rey (ryu) was hung obliquely on the mizzen to carry the Latin triangular sail. Such a rey was raised in an inclined position so that one leg (rear) was raised high, and the other was lowered almost to the deck itself ()
Having familiarized ourselves with each spar tree separately, now we list all the spars according to their location on the sailing ship, with their full name ():
I - princediged; II - latrine; III - crabball; IV - bulwark, on top of it - sailor bunks; V - foca-channel and cable-stayed; VI - grotto-channel and shrouds; VII - mizzen-ruslen and vant-potens; VIII - right sink: IX - balconies; X - mine-wels-barhoot; XI - chanel-wells-barhout: XII - shir-wells-barhout; XIII - shir-strek-barhout; XIV - rudder feather.
| Rice. 9. Mast of a three-deck 126-gun battleship of the middle of the 19th century. |
| 1 - bowsprit; 2 - jumper; 3 - bomber; 4 - martin geek; 5 - blind-gaff; 6 - bowsprit eselgoft; 7 - jack-rod; 8 - foremast; 9 - top foremast; 10 - for-trisel-mast; 11 - topmills; 12 - mast eselgoft; 13 - fore topmast; 14 - top for-bram-top; 15 - fore-saling; 16 - eselgoft fore-top; 17 - for-bram-topm, made into one tree with a for-bram-topm; 18-19 - top for bom-bram-topmills; 20 - klotik; 21 - fok-ray; 22 - fore-marsa fox-alcohols; 23 - fore-marsa-ray; 24 - for-bram-lissel-alcohols; 25 - for-bram-ray; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 -for-trisel-gafel; 28 - mainmast; 29 - top mainmast; 30 - mainsail-trisel-mast; 31 - main mars; 32 - mast eselgoft; 33 - main topmast; 34 - top mainsail-top; 35 - mainsailing; 36 - eselgoft main topmast; 37 - mainsail-bram-topm, made in one tree with the mains-bom-bram-topm; 38-39 - top mainsail-bom-bram-topmills; 40 - klotik; 41 - grottoes; 42 - grotto-mars-fox-alcohols; 43 - grotto-marsa-ray; 44 - grotto-brahm-fox-alcohols; 45 - grotto-brahm-ray; 46 - grotto-bom-bram-ray; 47 - mainsail-trisel-gaff; 48 - mizzen mast; 49 - mizzen mast top; 50 - mizzen-trisel-mast; 51 - cruise-mars; 52 - mast eselgoft: 53 - cruise topmount; 54 - top cruise-top; 55-cruise-saling; 56 - eselgoft cruis-topmills; 57 - kruis-bram-topm, made in one tree with kryuis-bram-bram-topm; 58-59 - top cruis-bom-bram-topmills; 60 - klotik; 61 - begin-ray; 62 - cruise-marsa-ray or cruisele-ray; 63 - cruise-brahm-ray; 64 - cruise-bom-bram-ray; 65 - mizzen boom; 66 - mizzen gaff; 67 - stern flagpole. |
§2. Basic proportions of ships of the line spars.
The length of the mainmast is determined by the length of the ship along the gondek, folded at its greatest width and divided in half. The length of the foremast is 8/9, and the mizzen mast is 6/7 of the length of the mainmast. The length of the tops of the main and foremast is 1/6, and the tops of the mizzen mast are 1 / 8-2 / 13 of their length. The largest diameter of the masts is at the operdek and is 1/36 at the foremast and mainmast, and 1/41 of their length at the mizzen mast. The smallest diameter is under the top and is 3 / 5-3 / 4, and the spur has 6/7 of the largest diameter.
The length of the mainmast is 3/4 of the length of the mainmast. The length of the masthead tops is 1/9 of the entire length of the masthead. The largest diameter of the topmails falls on the mast eselgofts and is equal for the mainsail and foremast 6/11 of the diameter of the mainmast, and for the cruise topmast 5/8 of the diameter of the mizzen mast. The smallest diameter under the top is 4/5 of the largest.
The length of the bram-top, made in one tree with the bom-bram-top and their flagpoles (or tops), is made up of: the length of the bram-top, equal to 1/2 of its topm, bom-bram-top - 5/7 of its bram- a topmast and a flagpole equal to 5/7 of its bom-bram-topm The largest diameter of the bram-top of the eselgoft is 1/36 of its length, the bom-bram-top is 5/8 of the diameter of the bram-top, and the smallest diameter of the flagpole is 7/12 of the diameter of the bram-top.
The length of the bowsprit is 3/5 of the length of the mainmast, the largest diameter (at the bulwark above the stem) is equal to or less than the diameter of the mainmast by 1 / 15-1 / 18. The lengths of the jumper and the bomb-jumper are 5/7 of the bowsprit length, the largest diameter of the jumper is 8/19, and the jumper-5/7 of the diameter of the bowsprit is 1/3 of their lower ends, and the smallest is at the legs - 2/3 largest diameter.
The length of the mainsail is equal to the width of the ship times 2 plus 1/10 of the width. The total length of both knuckles is 1/10, and the largest diameter is 1/54 of the length of the yard. The length of the mainsail-mars-yard is 5/7 of the mainsail-yard, the noks is 2/9, and the largest diameter is 1/57 of the length of the mainsail-mars-yard. The length of the mainsail-bram-ray is 9/14 the mainsail of the Mars-ray, the nocks are 1/9 and the largest diameter is 1/60 of this ray. All sizes of fore-yard and fore-mars-yard are 7/8 of the size of the mainsail and main-mars-yard. Begin-rey is equal to the main-mars-ray, but the length of its both legs is 1/10 of the length of the ray, the cruisel-ray is equal to the main-brahm-ray, but the length of its both legs is 2/9 of the length of the ray, and the cruise-brahm-ray is is equal to 2/3 of the grotto-bram-ray. All bom-bram-reis are equal to 2/3 of their bram-reis. Blinda-ray is equal to fore-marsa-ray. The largest diameter of the yards is in their middle. Rays from the middle to each end are divided into four parts: on the first part from the middle - 30/31, on the second - 7/8, on the third - 7/10 and at the end - 3/7 of the largest diameter. The mizzen boom is equal to the length and thickness of the fore or mainsail of the yay. Its largest diameter is above the hackboard. Mizzen gaff is 2/3 long and 6/7 thick boom, its largest diameter at the heel. The length of the martin geeks is 3/7, and the thickness is 2/3 of the weight (there were two of them until the second quarter of the 19th century).
The main-mars are 1/4 the length of the main-top and 1/2 the width of the ship. Fore-mars is 8/9, and cruise-mars is 3/4 of the mainsail. The mainsailing has longo-salings that are 1/9 of the length of its topmast, and the spreaders are 9/16 of the width of Mars. Fore-saling is 8/9 and cruise-saling is 3/4 of the mainsailing.
§3. Standing rigging of spars.
The bowsprit, masts and topmills on a sailing ship are fixed in position using special gear called standing rigging. Standing rigging includes: cables, forduns, stays, backstays, perts, as well as a jib and bom-jib of a rail.
Once wound, the standing rigging always remains motionless. Previously, it was made from thick vegetable cable, and on modern sailing ships - from steel cable and chains.
The shrouds are the tackles of the standing rigging, with which the masts, topmills and topmills are reinforced from the sides and somewhat at the back. Depending on which mast tree the cables are holding, they receive additional names: fore-cables, fore-wall cables, fore-bram-wall cables, etc. The shrouds are also used to lift personnel onto masts and topmills when working with sails. For this purpose, hemp, wooden or metal beads are reinforced across the cables at a certain distance from each other. The hemp bleeds were tied to the shrouds with a bleed knot () at a distance of 0.4 m from one another.
The lower cables (hemp) were made on sailing ships the thickest, their diameter on battleships reached 90-100 mm, the wall cables were made thinner, and the wall cables were even thinner. The flecks were thinner than their shrouds.
Tops and topmaps are additionally held on the sides and somewhat behind by Forduns. Forduns are also named for the masts and topmats on which they stand. For example, fore-wall-fordun, fore-bram-wall-fordun, etc.
The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmill with the help of ogons (loops) worn on the tops of the masts, topmills and bram-topmaps (). Shrouds, wall-cables and bram-wall-cables are made in pairs, i.e. from one piece of rope, which is then folded and made fire according to the thickness of the top on which it is applied. If the number of cables from each side is odd, then the last cable to the stern, including the Fordons, is made split (). The number of cables and forduns depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.
The cables and forduns were stuffed (covered) with cable hoists on yuffers - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard, with which cables and forduns are stuffed (pulled) (). On modern sailing ships, the rigging is covered with metal screw tethers.
In the old days, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, from the outer side of the ship's side, at the deck level, powerful wooden platforms were strengthened - runways ().
| Rice. 11. Fitting the shrouds with yufers. |
The shrouds were fastened with cable-ties, forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the side, and to their upper ends were attached sufers so that the latter almost touched their lower part with the channels.
Upper sufers are knitted into shrouds and forduns with the help of lights and benzels (stamps) (). The root end of the lanyard is fastened into the hole of the guy-jackets with the help of a lanyard knob, and the running end of the lanyard, after tightening the cables, after making several slags around them, is attached to the cable using two or three benzels. Having founded the lanyards between all the jackets of the lower shrouds, an iron rod was tied to them on top of the jackers - a vorst (), which did not allow the jackets to twist, keeping them at the same level. The top shrouds were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their boots were somewhat smaller.
The tackle of the standing rigging supporting the spars (masts and topmills), in the center plane in front, are called stays, which, like the lower shrouds, were made of a thick cable. Depending on which spars tree the headstays belong to, they also have their own names: fore-headstock, fore-wall-headstock, fore-bram-headstock, etc. The lights at the stays are made the same as for the cables, but their sizes are larger (). The stays are stuffed with turnbuckles on the stays-blocks ().
Perts also belong to the standing rigging - plant cables on the yards (see), which the sailors stand on while working with the sails on the yards. Usually, one end of the perts is attached to the side of the yoke, and the other in the middle. The perths are supported by props - lengths of rope attached to the yarn.
Now let's see how the standing rigging will look completely on a sailing 90-gun two-deck battleship of the late 18th and early 19th centuries with its full name (): 1 - water stays; 2 - martin stag; 3 - martin-head from bom-wagon (or lower backstag); 4 - fore-head; 5 - fore-elk-head; 6 - fore-elk-wall-staysail (serves as a rail of the fore-top-staysail); 7 - fore-wall-head; 8 - jib-rail; 9 - fore-bram-wall-head; 10 - bom-jib-rail; 11 - for-bom-bram-wall-head; 12 - main headquarters; 13 - mainsail-elk-headquarters; 14 - main-elk-wall-head; 15-mainsail-wall-head; 18 - mizzen headquarters; 19 - cruise-wall-head; 20 - cruise-bram-wall-head; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-head; 22-water-tank-stays; 23 - jumper-backstags; 24 - bom-utlegar-bakstagi; 25 - fock-cables; 26 - fore-wall cables; 27-for-bram-wall-cables; 28 - foresten-forduns; 29 - for-bram-wall-fordun; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduns; 31 - mainsail cables; 32 - mainsail-wall cables; 33 - mainsail-brahm-wall-cables; 34 - mainsail-fordun; 35 - mainsail-bram-sten-forduns; 36 - mainsail-bom-bram-stan-forduns; 37 - mizzen cables; 38 - cruise-wall-cables; 39 - cruise-brahm-wall-cables; 40 - cruise-steen-forduns; 41 - cruise-bram-sten-forduns; 42 - cruis-bom-bram-sten-forduns.
§4. The order of overlapping, the places of pulling and the thickness of the hemp standing rigging.
Water-stays 1/2 of the bowsprit are carried out into the hole in the leading edge of the princelyged, fastened there and rise to the bowsprit, where they are pulled with cable lanyards, based between the sufers. Water-backstags (one on each side) are laid with hooks for the butts, driven into the hull under crumples, and stretch at the bowsprit like water-bars.
Then the cables are applied, which are made in pairs, 1/3 of their mast thick. Each end, assigned to a pair of cables, is folded in half and a squeeze is made at the fold with the help of the imposition of benzene. First, the front right light is put on the top of the mast, then the front left pair of cables, etc. If the number of cables is odd, then the latter is split, i.e. single. The shrouds are pulled by cable lanyards, based between the ufers, tied into the lower ends of the cables, and the ufers, fastened with cable ties at the channels. The fore and main beams are made 1/2 thick, the mizzen beams are 2/5 of their masts, and the elk beams are made in 2/3 of their beams (hemp cables are measured around the circumference, and the spars are measured along the largest diameter).
They are worn on the tops of the masts so that they cover the longo-salings with lights. The fore-head and fore-head-head are pulled with cable lanyards on the bowsprit, the main-head and the main-moose-head are on the deck on the sides and in front of the fore-mast, and the mizzen-head branches into legs and is attached to the deck on the sides of the main the mast either passes through the thimble on the mainmast and stretches on the deck.
Wall-cables, 1/4 thick of their top-stays, stretch on the platform of Mars with lanyards, based between the jackers, tied into the wall-cables, and the jackets, fastened with the jack-cables. Sten-Forduns, 1/3 of their topmills, stretch on the channels like shrouds. The wall-stays have a thickness of 1/3, and the elk-wall-stays are 1/4 of their topmills, the fore-wall-stay is carried into the pulley on the right side of the bowsprit, and the fore-elk-wall-stay is on the left. The main-wall-head and the main-elk-wall-head are carried through the pulleys of the blocks on the fore-mast and are pulled by gins on the deck. The cruise-stan-head goes through the pulley of the block on the mainmast and stretches on the mars.
The standing rigging of the jumper and bomber is made 1/4 thick of its spars. Each martin-head is held sequentially into the holes of its martin-boom (there are two of them), where it is held with a knob, then into the pulley of the block on the knob of the jumper, into the pulley on the martin-boom and on the bowsprit and stretches on the tank. Utlegar-bakstags (two on each side) are tied in the middle of the end by the leg of the luggage, their ends are held in thimbles near the knuckles of the dug-out and stretch on the tank. Bom-utlegar-bakstag are also superimposed and stretched. The Martin stad from the bomber is attached in the middle of the end to the leg of the bomber. and passing through the pulleys on the martin-boom and bowsprit, it stretches on the tank.
Brams and brams are made 2/5 thick, and brams are 1/2 of their topmats. The brace shrouds are carried through the holes in the spreaders of the sling, pulled up to the topmast and descend along the stanchions to Mars, where they are pulled with lanyards through the thimbles at their ends. The fore-brahm-head goes into the pulley at the top of the main mast and stretches on the tank, the main-bram-head goes into the pulley on the fore-top, and the cruise-bram-head goes into the pulley on the top of the mainmast and both stretch on the deck.
The bom-bram-rigging is carried and stretched like a bram-rigging.
§5. Running rigging mast.
Running rigging of a mast is called all movable tackle, by means of which work is carried out related to lifting, picking, pickling and turning spars - yards, gaffs, shots, etc.
The running rigging of the mast includes hadels, dryreps. halyards, braces, topping, sheets, etc.
On ships with direct sailing, the halyards are used to raise and lower the lower yards with sails (see) or gaffes (his heels); dryreps for lifting mars-yards, and halyards for lifting bram-yards and bom-bram-yards, as well as oblique sails - jibs and jibs.
The tackle with which the gaff is lifted and supported is called the dirik-halle, and the tackle that lifts the gaff by the heel along the mast is called the gaff-gaff.
Tackle, which serves to maintain and align the legs of the yards, is called topping, and for turning the yards - brahms.
Now let's get acquainted with all the running rigging of the mast, with its full names, according to its location on the ship ():
Tackle used for raising and lowering yards: 1 - forehead halyard; 2 - fore-marsa-dryrep; 3 - fore-marsa-fal; 4 - for-bram-fall; 5 - for-bom-bram-fall; 6 - halyard of the mainsail; 7 - mainsail-marsa-dryrep; 8 - mainsail-marsa-fal; 9 grotto-brahm-fal; 10 - grotto-bom-bram-fal; 11 - halyard-begin-ray; 12 - cruise-marsa-fal; 13 - cruise-marsa-dryrep; 14 - cruise-bram-fall; 15 - cruise-bom-bram-fal; 16 - haffle hadel; 17 - dirik-fal.
Tackles for maintaining and leveling the legs of the yards: 18 - blind-topping; 19 - fock topping; 20 - fore-marsa-topenants; 21 - fore-bram-topping; 22 - for-bom-bram-topping; 23 - topping grotto; 24 - mainsail-marsa-topping; 25 - mainsail-bram-topping; 26 - grotto-bom-bram-topping; 27 - begin topping; 28 - cruise-marsa-topenants; 29 - cruise-bram-topping; 30-cruise-bom-bram-topping; 31 - mizzen-geek-topping; 31a - pendant of mizzen-geek-topping.
Tackle for turning yarns: 32 - blinda-tris (brahm-blinda-ray); 33 - forebraces; 34 - fore-marsa-braces; 35 - for-bram-braces; 36 - for-bom-bram-braces; 37 - mainsail-contra-braces; 38 - grotto-braces; 39 - mainsail-marsa-bras; 40 - mainsail-brahm-braces; 41 - mainsail-bom-bram-braces; 42 - begin braces; 43 - cruise-marsa-braces; 44 - cruise brass braces; 45 - cruise-bom-bram-braces; 46 - erins-backstays; 47 - blockage-hoist; 48 - mizzen-geek-sheet.
§6. Harnessing the running rigging shown in.
Fock and mainsail-hadels are based between two or three pulley blocks, two are fortified under the marsh and two - near the middle of the yard. Beginning halyard is based between one three-sheave block under the marsh and two single-sheave blocks on the yard. The running ends of the wardrobes are attached to the bollards.
For- and main-marsa-dryreps are attached in the middle of the end by the top topmills, their running ends are each held in their own blocks on the yard and under the sling, and blocks are injected into their ends. Marshallas are based between these blocks and blocks on the channels. Their Lapps stretch across the side bollards. The cruisel-marsa-dryrep is taken with the root end by the middle of the yard, and the running gear is passed through a pulley in the topmill under the saling and a block of the marsa-halyard is injected into its end, which is based on a mantel - the root end is attached to the left channel, and the hoist is attached to the right.
Brahm- and bom-bram-halyards are taken by the root end at the middle of their yard, and the undercarriages are carried into the pulley of their topmails and pulled by ginzi: bram-halyards are on the deck, and bom-bram-halyards are on mars.
The haffle hadel is based between the block on the heel of the haffle and the block under the cruise mars. The dirik-halyard with its main end is attached to the top cruise-topmast, and the undercarriage is led through the blocks on the gaff and the top of the mast. Their running ends are attached to bollards.
Blind-toppers are based between the blocks on both sides of the bowsprit eselgoft and on the knobs of the blind-ray, and their Lapps stretch on the tank. Fock and mainsheet toppers are based between three- or two-sheave blocks, and beguin-toppers are based between two- or single sheave blocks on both sides of the mast eselgoft and on both yards. Their running ends, drawn through the "dog holes", are attached to the bollards. Mars toppers are attached in the middle of the top to the top top, and the running ends, taken with a half-bayonet by the front wall-cables, are carried into blocks on the yoke's legs, into the lower pulleys of the butt-blocks. through the "dog holes" and are attached next to the bottom topper. Bram-and-bom-bram-toppers are put on with a point on the feet of the yay and, carried through the blocks on their topmills, stretch: the bram-to-top on the deck, and the bom-bram-topping on the mars. The boom toppers are taken by the middle of the end by the boom leg, held on both sides of the boom, as shown in the figure, and pulled with the hoist grip at the boom heel.
Fock braces are attached in the middle of the end to the top of the mainmast, are carried, as seen in the figure, and are pulled on the bollards of the mainmast. Mainsail-braces are based between the blocks at the side of the quarterdeck and on the legs of the mainsail and stretch through the side bollards. Mainsail contra braces are based on top of the forebraces between the blocks on the foremast and the yards' knuckles and extend to the foremast. The main ends of the beginning braces are taken by the rear mainsays, and the running ones are carried through the blocks on the yards' legs and on the rear mainsails and are attached to the tile-strip at the side. Marsa braces are attached in the middle of the end behind the top topmills, held in shrouds, as shown in the figure, and pulled to the deck. For- and main-bram-braces are attached in the middle of the end behind the bram or bom-bram-top and are carried in blocks on the yards' nocks and in blocks near the root end and stretch along the deck. Cruise bras and all bom bras are worn with a point on the legs of their yards, held as shown in the figure, and pulled on the deck.
