Three types of sailing ships. Classification of sailing ships (sailing arms)
Aac - (Notele. AAK) - single-way flat-bottomed ship,
used in the lower Rhine for the transport of wines. According to the design - a small cargo vessel of clinker construction with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without form and ahtersteps. Through the nasal and feeding pieces, the ship's bottom on both ends is flat and the painter rose ranging from the waist. Did not have lateral wovers, carried a simple sprinkting sail and Foka-Staxel. Short Bushrite gave the opportunity to carry the Clelyra, and usually rigging aaaks was like a scorch of the ships of the coast.
The oldest image of aaak refers to 1530
Kölsche Aak, XVI.
Barque (Netherl. Bark) - Three-five-mast large marine sailing vessel for transportation of goods with straight sails on all masts, except the fodder (Bizan-mast) carrier sailing weapons. The largest barks that are still in the ranks - "Sedov" (Murmansk), Kruzenshtern (Kaliningrad).
Bark "Sedov"
Barquentine (Schuna-Bark) is a three-five-five-five (sometimes six-hundredth) marine sailing boat with oblique sails on all masts besides nasal (fock mast) carrying straight sails. Modern steel barciences have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig - (BRIG) - a two-volume vessel with direct sailing armament of Fock mast and grotto masts, but with one oblique gafel sail on the grotto - Gota Gaf-Trisel. In the literature, especially artistic, the authors often call this sail counter-bizani, but it should be remembered that the ship with sailing armor brig there is no bizan-mast, and therefore there is no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the Gota-Gaf-Trisel Beliel Brig is exactly as well as the counter-bizani frigate.
Brigantine (Ital. Brigantino - Schuna-Brig, Brigantina - Bizan) - a lightweight and high-speed vessel with so-called mixed sailing weapons - direct sails on the front mast (fock mast) and with oblique on the back (grotty mast). In the XVI-XIX centuries, two-dimensional brigantines are usually used by pirates (Italy. Brigante is a robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-dimensional sailing vessels with a fock mast, having weapons, like a brig, and a mast mast with oblique sails, like schooner - a grott-trisel and top. Brigantine with Bermuda grotto in our time, apparently, does not exist, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon - A large multi-phase sailing ship of the XVI-XVIII centuries with sufficiently strong artillery weapons used as military and commerce. The greatest fame of the galleons received as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which occurred in 1588. Galeon is the most advanced type of sailing vessel, appearing in the XVI century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of Karavel and Karakk (Nebel) and was intended for distant ocean journeys. 
The decrease in the tank superstructure and the elongation of the body led to an increase in stability and a decrease in wave resistance, resulting in a faster, nautical and maneuverable vessel. Galeon was distinguished from early ships in that it was longer, lower and straight, with a rectangular feed instead of a round, and the presence on the nose of the galuun, serving forward below the tank level. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although the Manila's galleons it reached 2000 tons). The first mention of it refers to 1535. In the future, Galloon becomes the basis of the fleet of the Spaniards and the British. The stentevere, very curved and stretched forward, had decorations and in shape resembled the belt Gallery. Long bushrite carried a sail - blond. The nasal superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the terresturn, like the stuff. Feed add-in, high and narrow, was placed on a cut stern. The superstructure had several tiers in which residential premises of officers and passengers were located. A strongly inclined achterstevnya had a trauma above the cargo waterline. On the backside, the stern wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Gallows were used until the XVIII century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sailing arms.
Johnka - (Malaysk. Djong, distorted whale. Chuan - ship), Wooden sailing cargo two-four-pianched vessel of the river and coastal marine sailing spread in Southeast Asia. In the era of the sailing fleet D. used for military purposes; On modern D. cargo transport, they often serve for housing. D. have a small sediment, lifting capacity - up to 600 tons; Characteristic features are very broad, almost rectangular in the plan, raised nose and feed, sails of a four-grade form from mats and bamboo regions.
Iol - (Holle. Jol), a variety of two-volume sailing vessel with oblique sails. The position of the feed mast (behind the axis of the steering wheel) of IOL differs from the pendant from whom the fodder mast is ahead of the axis of the steering wheel. Iola sailing arms have some large yachts and commercial vessels.
Caravel (ITAL. Caravella) - 3-4 mast one-lubber universal sailing wooden ship capable of ocean swimming. Karavel had a high nose and stern for resistance to oceanic waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last - oblique sail. Karavel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492 on 3 caravels there was a transatlantic sailing of Columbus. In addition to navigation, Karavella have high loading capacity.
Karakka. (Ip. Carraca) - a large shopping or military sailing three-volume vessel of the XVI-XVII centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (more often 800-850) tons. Armament of 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1,200 people. The vessel had up to three decks and was designed for long-term ocean swimming. The Karakka was heavy on the go and possessed bad maneuverability. The type of such vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 Karakki "Victoria" From the forwarding of Magellan first made around the world. For the first time, cannon ports were applied on the drainage and implemented guns in closed batteries.
Karakka "Victoria", recreated in Spanish samples of the XVI century
Kech, Cech (English. Ketch), two-dimensional sailing ship with a small fodder mast, located ahead of the axis of the steering wheel. Sailing weapon type K. (Bermuda or Gafel) have some fishing vessels, large sports yachts.
Fleute- Type of sailing vessel, having the following distinguishing features:
* The length of these vessels in 4 - 6 and more times more than their width, which allowed them to walk under the sails are already quite cool to the wind.
* Inventions were introduced in 1570
* The height of the mast exceeded the length of the vessel, and the rei became shortened, which made it possible to do narrow and convenient sails and cut the total number of the top command.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Horns, the Center for Shipbuilding of the Holland, in the Gulf of Zider-Ze. The sailing armament of Fock and Grota Machet consisted of Fock and Gott and the corresponding Marseilles, and later on large flutes and bramssellers. On the Bizan-mast, a straight sail of the Crywise was raised above the usual oblique sail. On the bushrite put a rectangular sail blond, sometimes a bubblid. On the flutes for the first time the steering wheel appeared, which facilitated the handling of the steering wheel. The flutes of the early XVII century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a precipitate 3 - 3.5 m, loading capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Court of this type was characterized by good nautical qualities, high speed, large capacity and used mainly as military transport. Throughout the XVI-XVIII centuries, the flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.
Frigate - Military threematch ship with full sailing weapons and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse on the characteristics of the classes of sailing ships. The origin of the frigates lead from lungs and high-speed vessels used for raids in the La Mans Strait since around the XVII century. With the growth of marine fleets and their radius, characteristics 
dunkirk frigates stopped satisfying the admiralty, and the term began to interrupt expanding, meaning, in fact, any lightweight vehicle capable of independent actions. The classic frigates of the sailing century were created in France in the middle of the XVIII century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with about two or three tens of 12-18 pound guns on one tool deck. In the fatal displacement and the power of weapons of the frigates grew by the time of Napoleonic wars, they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns. The largest of them could be included in the combat line and worked the name of linear frigates, like the linear cruisers of the 20th century. Like the current cruisers, the frigates were the most loaded type of ships of the sailing fleet. In peacetime, the frigates, as a rule, were not put on a joke, like linear ships, and were used for patrol and cruising service, fighting piracy and training crews. Reliability and speed of frigates made them popular courts for researchers and travelers. For example, the French traveler Louis Antoine De Bougougville made round-the-world swimming on the "Budyon" frigate (angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous Fregat "Pallada", on which in 1855 Admiral E. V. Putyatin arrived in Japan to establish diplomatic and trading Relations, was built in 1832 as a personal yacht of Emperor Nikolai I. In the British Royal Fleet, which had, in many testimonies, the largest number of frigates in the world, they had ranks from the fourth on the sixth.
Frigate "Holy Spirit"
Sloop(Small Corvette) (Golle. Sloep, from Sluipen - to slide) - the three-mahth warship of the second half of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX centuries with direct sailing arms. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament 10-28 guns. Used for sentirect and messenger services and as a transport and forwarding vessel. In addition, the gate is called the type of sailing weapons - one mast and two sails - front (Staxel at Bermuda Armament, the Cleaver with direct armament) and the rear - (correspondence, grotto and fock).
Soviet Slut "Enterprise"
Schooner(eng. Schooner) - type of sailing vessel having 
at least two masts with oblique sails. By the type of sailing weapons, the schooners are divided into Gafel, Bermuda, Staxel, Marseille and Brahsels. Brahsel schooner is different from the milestone presence of brams-walls and another additional direct sail - Brahsels. At the same time, in some cases, Marseille and branded two-dimensional schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails (Gafel or Bermuda), the schooner may be marsel (braymnel). The first vessels with the shhun rigging appeared in the XVII century in Holland and England, but the widespread use of Schunov got in America. They had two masts with boiled sails and were used for coastal transport. At the end of the XIX century, the competition of steamers led to the need to reduce the teams of ships. Due to the simplicity of sailing arms and ease of control, it was Schunov who were able to stand in this struggle. Basically built two- and three-volume schooners, less often four-, five- and six-wave. And in 1902, in the city of Qunesi (USA), the only seven-day schooner "Thomas U. Louus" was launched on the world. Thomas U.LUSON was intended for the transport of coal. Each of the seven steel masts with a height of 35 m weighed 20 tons. They were continuing the wooden 17-meter walls. Sailors' work facilitated various mechanisms. Schooner, which did not have the engine, was equipped with a steam steering wheel, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when there was not enough commercial ships, Americans, possessing excellent forests, built a lot of wooden shhun of various sizes with three to five masts.
Yacht(Notele. Jacht, from Jagen - chase, pursue) - originally light, fast vessel for transporting important persons. Subsequently, any sailing, motor or sailing and motor vessel, designed for sports or tourist purposes. The most common sailing yachts.
The first mention of sports sailing yachts belong to the XVII century. Modern use of the term yacht in modern use The term yacht means two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships in general appointment - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (suspended motor) for maneuvering in port or movement at low speed in the absence of wind. 
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising having a cabin, and designed for long-distance traps and racing, pleasure and racing - for swimming in the coastal zone. In the form of the body, naval yachts are distinguished, in which the bottom goes to ballast keel (more precisely falsekil), which increases the stability of the yacht and preventing its demolition (drift) with a course under sails, small-scale (wvertbotes), with sliding keel (swag) and compromises having a ballast and retractable keel. There are two-circuing yachts - catamarans and three-circuing yachts - trimarans. Yachts are single and multi-agent with various sailing arms.
Battleship (eng. sHIP-OF-THE-LINE, FR. navire de Ligne.) - class of sailing trip-mahl wooden warships. Sailing linear ships were characterized by the following features: in complete displacement of 500 to 5,500 tons, weapons, including from 30-50 to 135 guns in the onboard ports (in 2-4 decks), the number of the crew ranged from 300 to 800 people with complete staffing. Linear ships were built and applied from the XVII century until the beginning of the 1860s for marine battles using linear tactics. Sailing linear ships were not called linkers.
General
In 1907, a new class of armored ships with displacement from 20 thousand to 64 thousand tons was named line ships (abbreviated Linkuras).
History of creation
"At the time, the last long-lasting ... In the open sea, he was not afraid of anything. There was no shadow of the feeling of defenselessness from possible attacks of the destroyers, submarines or aviation, no reverent thoughts about enemy mines or aviation users, there was no essentially nothing, With the exception of a cruel storm, demolished on the lender shore or a concentrated attack of several equal opponents, which might shake up the confidence of the sailing linear ship in his own disadvantage, adopted by them with full of right. " - Oscar Parks. British Empire Linkors.
Technological innovations
To the emergence of linear ships as the main force of naval fleets led many related technical achievements.
The classical construction technology of wooden ships is considered today - first the frame, then the casing - finally took shape in Byzantium at the turn of the I and II millennium. The boards, the ends of which were combined with spikes, and taking the clinker clinker in Spain from Russia, with a trimmed ribrum-amplifiers inserted into the finished housing. In the south of Europe, this transition finally took place until the middle of the XIV century, in England - about 1500, and in Northern Europe, commercial vessels with clinker trim (holk) were built in the XVI century, and perhaps later. On most European languages, this method was designated derived from the word CARVEL; From here - Karavella, that is, initially, the ship, built from the frame and with the trim and put together.
New technology gave the shipbuilders a number of advantages. The presence of the carcass ship made it in advance to accurately determine its size and nature of the divergent, which at the same technology it became fully apparent only during the construction process; Ships are now building a pre-approved plan. In addition, the new technology has significantly increased the size of the ships - both due to the greater the strength of the hull, and in view of the reduction in the width of the width of boards, which allowed to use less high-quality forest for the construction of ships. Also decreased by the qualifications involved in the construction of labor, which made it possible to build ships faster and in much larger quantities than before.
In the XIV-XV centuries, powder artillery begins on the ships, but it is initially inherent in the inertia of thinking, the add-ons and ahterkastele for intended for archers, which limited the allowable mass of the weapons to the considerations of stability conservation is possible. Later, artillery began to install along the side in the middle of the ship, which largely removed the restrictions on the mass of the guns, however, the targeting of them was very difficult, since the fire was led through the rougheses made in the size of the trunk, which in the marching position stuck from the inside. Real gun ports with covers appeared only by the end of the XV century, which opened the way to create heavy artillery ships. Throughout the XVI century, there is a complete change in the nature of marine battles: the rowing galleys for the millennia for the millennia, rowing galleys inferior to armed artillery to sailboats, and an arbor battle - artillery.
The mass production of heavy artillery guns for a long time was very difficult, therefore, up to the XIX century, 32 ... 42-pound (by weight of the corresponding solid cast iron nucleus) remained the largest of the ships installed on the ships), with a diameter of the barrel channel not more than 170 mm. But work with them during charging and guidance was very complicated due to the lack of servo drives, which required a huge calculation for their service: weighed such implements for several tons each. Therefore, during the centuries, the ships tried to arm as much as possible relatively small guns, which were located along the side. At the same time, for considerations of strength, the length of a warship with a wooden case is limited about 70-80 meters, which limited the length of the onboard battery: more than two or three dozen guns could only be placed in several rows. So there were military ships with several closed guns (decks), carrying from several tens to hundreds and more tools of various caliber.
In the XVI century, cast iron guns were used in England, who were a large technological innovation due to the lower cost of the bronze and lesser capacity of manufacturing compared to iron, and at the same time have higher characteristics. The superiority in artillery was manifested during the fighting of the English fleet with an invincible Armada (1588) and has become the power of the fleet since then, making the abortion fights - after that, the abdridge is used solely in order to capture the guns of the enemy vessel already disabled fire.
In the middle of the XVII century, methods of mathematical calculation of ship corps appear. Armed into practice around the 1660s English ship A. Din Method for determining the water displacement and the level of the Waterlinnia of the ship based on its full mass and the form of the regiments allowed to calculate the lower battery ports on which height from the sea surface, and the decks And the guns are still on the stapel - earlier for this it was necessary to lower the body of the ship to the water. This made it possible at the design stage to determine the fire power of the future ship, as well as to avoid incidents similar to what happened to the Swedish Vaza due to too low ports. In addition, on ships with a powerful artillery, some of the gun ports necessarily accounted for the splits; The power was only the real splits, not cut by ports, and the rest are additional, therefore, accurate linkage of their mutual location was important.
History of appearance
Immediate predecessors of linear ships were heavy galleons, stamps and so-called "large ships" (Great Ships). The first specifically built artillery ship is sometimes considered to be an English dragging Mary Rose (1510), although the Portuguese attributes the honor of their invention to their king of Juan II (1455-1495), which has commanded to arrange with heavy guns a few Karavel.
The first linear ships appeared in the fleets of European countries at the beginning of the XVII century, and the first three-stroke linear ship is considered HMS Prince Royal (1610). They were easier and shorter than those who existed at the time of the "ships-towers" - galleons, which allowed to quickly settle down on a board to the enemy when the nose of the subsequent ship looked at the stern of the previous one. Also linear ships differ from gallows with straight sails on Bizan-mast (Galeonov had from three to five masts, of which one or two were "dry", with oblique sailing arms), the lack of long horizontal gallun on the nose and the rectangular tower on the stern , and the maximum use of the surface area under guns. Linear ship maneuvering and stronger galleouon in artillery battle, while Galeon is better adapted for the battle of the board. Unlike linear ships, galleons were also used to transport troops and trading goods.
Multipalupous sailing linear ships for more than 250 years have appeared as a result of this, more than 250 years have been the main means of warfare and allowed such countries like Holland, the United Kingdom and Spain to create huge trade empires.
By the middle of the XVII century, a clear separation of linear ships in classes occurred: old two-way (that is, in which two closed decks one above the other were forced by guns shooting through the ports - slots in sides) ships with 50 guns were not strong enough for linear battle and used in Mainly for escort conev. Two-plated linear ships carrying from 64 to 90 guns were the main part of the military fleet, while three- or even four-stroke ships (98-144 guns) performed the role of flagships. The fleet of 10-25 such ships allowed to control the marine trading lines and in the event of war to block them for the enemy.
Linear ships should be distinguished from frigates. The frigates had either only one closed battery or one closed and one open on the upper deck. Sailing equipment from linear ships and the frigates were the same (three masts, on each there were direct sails). Linear ships were superior to frigates by the number of guns (several times) and the height of the sides, but were inferior in speed and could not act in shallow water.
Tactics of linear ships
| With an increase in the power of the warship and with the improvement of its nautical and fighting qualities, it was also an equivalent success in the art of using them ... As maritime evolutions are done more skillful, their importance is growing day by day. These evolutions needed a base, an item from which they could go to which could be returned. The fleet of warships should always be ready to meet the enemy logical therefore so that such a base for maritime evolutions is a combat system. Further, with the abolition of the gallery, almost all artillery moved onto the board of the ship, why there was a need to keep the ship always in such a position so that the enemy was on his traverse. On the other hand, it is necessary that no ship of his fleet can prevent shooting on the enemy courts. Only one system allows you to satisfy full of these requirements, this is the Kilwater system. The last, therefore, is elected, as the only combat system, and therefore, as a basis for the entire fleet tactics. At the same time, I realized that in order for combat system, this long thin line of guns could not be damaged or broken in the weaker point, it is necessary to enter it only for ships if it is not equal to force, then at least with the same Strong sides. Logically flows from here, which at the same time as the wifth column is made finally combat build, the difference between the linear ships, which are only intended for it, and smaller vessels for other purposes. Meehan, Alfred Tyerer |
The term "linear ship" himself arose due to the fact that in battle, multipleavid ships began to line up in the line in each other - so that during their volunteer to be a frontal opponent on the board, because the goal of the biggest damage caused a volley from all the on-board guns. Such tactic was called linear. Building a line during a sea combat for the first time was applied by Fleets of England and Spain at the beginning of the 18th century and was considered basic until the middle of the XIX. Linear tactics also pretended to protect the leading squadron from the attacks by firemen.
It is worth noting that in some cases, fleets consisting of linear ships could vary the tactics, often retreating from the canons of the classic shootout of two walking columns parallel courses. So, in the Camperdowen, the British, did not have time to settle in the right kilvater column, attacked the Dutch battery line of the battle, close to the building of the front, followed by a random landfill, and during the trafalgar attacked the French line by two walking by columns, competently using the advantages of the longitudinal fire, appreciating non-separated transverse Lumen of wooden ships a terrible damage (during Trafalgar Admiral Nelson applied tactics developed by Admiral Ushakov). Although it was from a number of outgoing cases, nevertheless, even within the framework of the general paradigm of linear tactics, a sufficient space was often sufficient for a bold maneuver, and the captains for the manifestation of his own initiative.
Features of the design and battle qualities
The tree for the construction of linear ships (usually oak, less often a tick or a red tree) was taken in the most thorough way, soaked and dried over a number of years, after which it was carefully laid out by several layers. The sides of the side was double - inside and outside of the spangling; The thickness of one external sheaving on some linear ships reached 60 cm at Gondeck (in Spanish Santisima Trinidad.), and the total inner and outdoor - up to 37 inches, that is, about 95 cm. The British built ships with a relatively thin trim, but often located with the splits, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich the total thickness of the side of the Gondeca reached 70-90 cm of solid wood; Between the splits, the total sides thickness formed by only two layers of the sheath was less and reached 2 feet (60 cm). French linear ships for greater speed were built with more rare splint sets, but threaded trim - in the amount of up to 70 cm between the splits.
To protect the underwater part of the rot and fooled to it, the outer trim from thin planks of a soft tree was imposed, which was regularly changed during the timber process in the dock. Subsequently, at the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries, for the same purpose, the covering of copper began to be used.
- List of Men-of-War 1650-1700. Part II. FRENCH SHIPS 1648-1700.
- Histoire de la Marine Francaise. FRENCH NAVAL HISTORY.
- Les Vaisseaux du Roi Soleil. Contain for Instance List of Ships 1661 to 1715 (1-3 Rates). Author: J.C Lemineur: 1996 ISBN 2906381225
Notes
For early ships "This name of the warship is a comprehensive word that emerged in the 20s of the XX century. Based on the phrase linear ship. " Etymological Dictionary of Krylova https://www.slovopedia.com/25/203/1650517.html
Barque - (GOL. BARK), Sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 mast) with straight sails on all masts, except Bizan-mast carrying oblique sails. Originally Bark was a small shopping ship intended for coaster. But then the dimensions of this type gradually increased. Barki serially built up to the 30s. XX century, their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailboats "Kruzenshtern" and "Sedov" are a 5 mast bark.
Barge - (Ital., Span. Barca, Fr. Barquc), Originally, it was a sailing row of an impetuous fishing, sometimes the coastal ship appeared in the first in Italy in the VII century. Recently, Barkov turned into a lightweight high-speed vessel in Western Europe in the Epoch of the Late Middle Ages, built by type galleys. Even later, oars were disappeared on Barkov and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts who carried Fock, Fork Marseille (Fock Mast) and Grotto, Marseille (Grotto Mast). An interesting feature was that the bizan was installed directly on the grotto. Barki were mainly coagotable shopping ships.
Waxip - (English. Warship is a warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, it is the same frigate. In general, the military ships from the middle of the XVI century were called vehicles of medium and large displacements, built specifically for military purposes.
Galleon - (Galeon), sailing warship XVI - XVII centuries. I had an average length about 40m., 10-14m width, a transom, vertical board, 3-4 masts. Fock and grottoes were put straight sails, on Bizan-mast - oblique, on a bushprit - blond. High aft superstructure had up to 7 decks where residential premises were placed. Artillery. Arms consisted of 50-80 guns, located usually on 2 decks. Gallows have low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructure.
Caravel - (Ital. Caravella), sea uninfell sailing ship with high sides and superstructures in the nose and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. In the countries of the Mediterranean. Carazhells entered the story as the first ships that crossed the Atlantic, made a swim around the Cape of Good Hope and on which a new light was opened. Characteristic features of Karavel - high boards, deep saddles of the deck in the middle part of the vessel and mixed sailing weapons. The ship had 3-4 masts that either all carried oblique sails either on the fock and grottoes put straight sails. Latin sails on oblique rims and bizan-masts allowed ships to walk cool to the wind.
Karakka. - (FR. Caraque), a large sailing vessel, common in the XIII - XVI centuries. and used for military and trading purposes. I had a length of up to 36m. and width 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures on the nose and stern, and 3-5 masts. The boards were rounded and a little bent in the inside, such boards made it difficult to board. In addition, boarding nets were applied on the ships, which prevented the warriors of the enemy to get to the ship. Fok- and grottoes carried direct weapons (grotto and fock), Bizan-mast - oblique. On Fok- and grottoes often installed Marseilles. Artillery. Arms consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the XV century. The time of the Karakka became the largest, perfect and armed vessel.
Corvette - (FR. Corvette), high-speed sailing warship of the XVIII - XIX centuries. The ship had sailing arms the same as the frigate beyond the only exception: the Cliver and Bom-Kliver were added to the padl. Designed for intelligence, sentigible and messenger service. Artillery weapons up to 40 guns located on one deck.
Battleship - in the sailing fleet of the XVII - XIX centuries. The largest combat ship had 3 masts with full sailing arms. He possessed a strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - the third rank, 80-90 guns - the second rank, 100 and above - the first rank. It was huge, heavy, small-mahedral ships with a big firing power.
Pinas - (Fr. Pinasse, English. Pinnace), a small sailing vessel of the flute type, but differ from it less concave splits and flat feed. The front of the ship ended with almost the rectangular transverse bulkhead, stretching in height from the deck to the semi-kilk. This form of the front of the vessel existed to the beginning of the XVIII century. Pinas was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bushprit. On the grotto and fock masts raised straight sails, on Bizan-mast - Bizan and above the Housiel, and on a bushprit - a blond and a bubblid. Displacement of Pinasov 150 - 800 tons. They were mainly intended for trading purposes. Distributed in the countries of North. Europe in the XVI - XVII centuries. Had a flat feed, 2-3 masts, served mainly for trading purposes.
Pink - (Gol. Pink), Commercial and commercial ship XVI - XVIII centuries. There were 2 on the North Sea, and on the Mediterranean 3 masts with oblique sails (sprinkling sailing arms) and narrow stern. I had on board up to 20 guns of small caliber. As a pirate vessel was used mainly on the North Sea.
Fleute - (goal. Fluit), Netherlands sea sailing ship XVI - XVIII centuries. There was a side with a collapse above the Waterlinia, which at the top were chosen inside, rounded stern with a superstructure, a small sediment. The deck had a saddledity and was pleased with the narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was a decisive factor in determining the size of the duty of the Zunda customs. On the fock and grotto masts stood straight sails (Fock, Grotto. And Marseilles), and on Bizan-mast - Bizan and Topsel. On the bushprit put the blond, sometimes a bubblid. By the XVIII century. Bramsells appeared above the Marseilles, over the topsell - a housife. The first flute was built in 1595 in Horney, the Holland Shipbuilding Center. The length of these vessels in 4 - 6 and more times more than their width, which allowed them to walk under the sails are already quite cool to the wind. For the first time in the rabstock, invented invented walls in 1570. The height of the mast now exceeded the length of the vessel, and rei, on the contrary, began to do shortened. So there were small, narrow and comfortable in servicing sail, which made it possible to cut the total number of the top command. On the Bizan-mast, a straight sail of the Crywise was raised above the usual oblique sail. On the flutes for the first time the steering wheel appeared, which facilitated the handling of the steering wheel. The flutes of the early XVII century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a precipitate 3 - 3.5 m, the carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These vessels were distinguished by good seaworthy qualities, high speed and large capacity and therefore were used mainly as military transport. Throughout the XVI-XVIII centuries, the flutes held a dominant position among merchant ships on all seas.
Frigate - (FRREGAT), three-volume sailing ship XVIII - XX centuries. With full ship sailing arms. Initially, the brushpritis was the blond, later the Cleaver and Bom-Kliver were added, and later the blond was removed, and Middle-Cleiver installed instead. The crew of the frigate was 250 - 300 people. Multipurpose ship was used to accompany trading caravans or single ships, interception of trading ships of the enemy, far intelligence and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns located on 2 decks. From sailing linear ships, frigates were distinguished by smaller sizes and artillery. Weapons. Sometimes frigates included in the battle line and worn the name of linear.
Sloop - (Gol. Sloep), ships were several types. Sailing 3 mast warship XVII - XIX centuries. With direct sailing arms. In size, occupied an intermediate position between Corvette and Brig. Designed for intelligence, sentigible and messenger service. There were also one-way boat. Used for trade and fisheries. Commodified in Europe and America in the XVIII - XX centuries. Sailing arms consists of a haftelle or Bermuda grotto, a gaffle top and a cliver. Sometimes additionally supplied with another Cliver and Staxel.
Shnyava - (SNAUW goal), a small sailing or military vessel, common in the XVII - XVIII centuries. Snayers had 2 masts with straight sails and raging. The main feature of Schnyavi was shnyav- or a trisel mast. It was a subtle mast, standing on the deck in a wooden block right behind the grotto. The top it was fucked by an iron bohege or a cross-wooden bar on (or under) the back side of the grotto. Snaywa, who were in military service, were usually called corvettes or military gaters. Often they did not carry the shnyav-mast, and in her place from the back side of the grotty mast, a cable was held, which on the deck stuffed by a nike on the yufers. Bizan was fucked to this straggment, and the Gafel was beyond. The length of the shnyavi was 20 - 30 m, width 5 - 7.5 m, displacement of about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people. Military shnyavi armed 12 - 18 guns of small caliber and used for exploration and messenger service.
Schooner - (eng. Schooner), sailing ship with oblique sails. The first appeared in North America in the XVIII century. And there were 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails (Gafel schooners). They possessed such advantages as a large load capacity, the opportunity to walk very cool to the wind, had a smaller team on board than the vessels required with direct sailing arms, and therefore were widespread in a wide variety of modifications. Schununa was not used as military sailboats, but Pirates were popular.
In this topic, I suggest you make a brief excursion to the ITERTY Early Waving, during the times of sailing ships. You will learn how the navigation and shipbuilding develops in different parts of the world
Historical Essay for Women's Development
- Egypt
The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt approximately 3000 years BC. e. This is evidenced by paintings, adorning, ancient Egyptian vases. However, the birthplace of the boats depicted on the vases is, an obeyable, not the valley of the Nile, and the nearby Persian Bay. Confirmation of this is a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Erid, who stood on the banks of the Persian Gulf.
In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Tour Heyerdal took an interesting attempt to verify the assumption that the ship equipped with a sail made from the cane of the papyrus could make a swim not only on the Nile, but also in the open sea. This vessel is essentially a raft, a length of 15 m, a width of 5 m and a height of 1.5 m, with a mast height of 10 m and the only direct sail, was controlled by steering paddle.
Before the start of the use of the wind, floating funds either moved on oars, or people or animals traveled along the banks and canals. Ships allowed to carry heavy and bulky goods, which was significantly more productively than transporting animal sledding on land. Mass cargoes were also transported mainly on water.
The large naval expedition of the Government of Egypt Hatsepsut, undertaken in the first half of the XV century, is historically witnessed. BC e. This expedition, which historians also consider trading, proceeded through the Red Sea to the ancient Punt country on the eastern shore of Africa (this is about modern Somalia). Ships returned severely loaded with various goods and slaves.
Hatshepsut
- Phoenicia
With near swimming, the Phoenicians used predominantly light commercial vessels that had oars and straight rail sails. Significantly imprudently looked for a court designed for long-range swimming, and warships. Phoennaya, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for the construction of the fleet: near the coast on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains grew up the forests, in which the famous Lebanese cedar and oak prevailed, as well as other valuable trees breeds.
In addition to the improvement of sea courts, the Phoenicians left another remarkable heritage - the word "gallery", which is probably in all European languages. Ethnician vessels went swimming from large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Hebala, and others, where large Shipbuilding shipyards.
Historical materials also speak about swimming the Phoenicians in the southern direction across the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are also attributed to the honor of the first swimming around Africa at the end of the VII century. BC e., i.e. almost 2,000 years before Vasco da Gama.
- Greece
Greeks already in the IX century. BC e. He learned from the Phoenicians to build wonderful trial by that time and early began the colonization of the surrounding territories. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. The region of their penetration covered the Western shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pont Evsinsky (Black Sea) and the Aegean Beach of Minor Asia.
No wooden antique vessel or part of it is preserved, and this does not allow you to clarify the idea of \u200b\u200bthe main types of a gallery that has established on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to examine the seabed at the places of ancient marine battles, in which hundreds of ships were killed. About their form and inner structure can be judged by indirect signs - for example, according to accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects, preserved where the ship lay, and yet, in the absence of wooden parts of the case, do not do without the help of painstaking analysis and imagination.
The vessel was held on the course with the help of a steering oars, which had at least two advantages compared to a later wheel: it allowed to rotate the stationary vessel and easily replace the damaged or broken steering paddle. Trading ships were wide and had an extensive trowel space for cargo placement.
The ship is a Greek battle gallery approximately V c. BC er., the so-called birem. With on sides in two tiers, the rows of cheerful, it, naturally, had a greater speed than the ship is the same than half the number of cheerful. In the same century, the tries were distributed and trips - the combat ships with three "floors" of rowers. Such a device gallery is the contribution of the ancient Greek masters in the design of marine ships. Military kinkers were not "long ships", they had a deck, internal premises for warriors and especially powerful, covered with copper sheets Taran, located ahead at the water level, which during the sea battles were broken by the board of enemy ships. A similar combat device of the Greeks was adopted by the Phoenicians who used it in the VIII century. BC e.
Although the Greeks were capable, well-trained navigators, sea travels were at that time a dangerous business. Not every ship reached the point of destination as a result of the shipwreck, then a pirated attack.
Antique Greece Galers Almost all Mediterranean and Black Sea, there are evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. The paths of their swimming pools are shown on the map.
With the first large collision with Carthage (in the first Punic war), the Romans understood that it was impossible to hope for a victory without having a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, they in a short time built 120 large gallery and moved their method of doing the battle, which was used on land - individual warrior fight against the warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "crows" - boarding bridges. According to these bridges, which stuck in the deck of the enemy ship, depriving his maneuvering opportunities, Roman legionnaires broke into an enemy deck and tied the battle in the manner inherent in them.
Shopping sailboat.
The Roman fleet, as well as the modern Greek, had two main types of vessels in its composition: "Rounded" trade and slender combat galleys
Certain improvements can be noted in sailing arms. On the main mast (grotty mast) retained a large quadrangular straight sail, which is sometimes complemented by two small triangular top sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the front inclined mast - bushprit. The increase in the total savage of the sails increased the power used for the movement of the vessel. However, sails continue to be an additional propulsion, the mainstream remains not shown in the figure.
The value of the sail, however, it is undoubtedly increased, especially with long-range swimming, which were made up to India. At the same time, the opening of the Greek navigator Hippal helped: the August South-West and January northeast monsime helped the Mac-Symal use of sails and at the same time securely indicated the direction, as much later compass. The road from Italy to India and the day, with intermediate crossing caravans and the courts on the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, approximately the year continued. Previously, the path on oars along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.
During trade swimming, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but at one of the first places it should be put in the Delta Neil Alexandria, whose value as a transit point increases as Rome's trade turnover with India and the Far East.
- Famous sailing and rowing vessels
Wilhelm Ship Conquer
More than half of the millennium kept Europe in the fear of the Knights of the Open Sea -Vikings. With its mobility and omnipality, they are obliged to Drakaram - Genuine Shipbuilding Masteries
These Wiking ships made distant sea navigation. They are open to Iceland, the southern shore of Greenland, long before Columbus visited North America. Snake heads of the sutures of their ships seen residents of the Baltic, Mediterranean and Byzantium. Together with the squads of Slavs, they were engaged in the great trading path from the Varyag in the Greeks.
The main drivers of the Dracara was a rail sail, an area of \u200b\u200b70 m2 and more, stitched from individual vertical cloth, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the coat of arms of leaders or various signs and symbols. Rey rose with the sail. High mast supported the guys and the tips of the vessel from the vessel. The boards defended themselves richly painted soldiers. The silhouette of the Scandinavian vessel is the only one of its kind. It has many aesthetic advantages. The basis for the recreation of this vessel was the drawing of the famous carpet from Bae, telling about the landing in 1066 Wilhelm of the Conqueror in England.
"Vasa" Swedish warship
At the beginning of the XVII century. Sweden significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty Gustav I Vasa did a lot to bring the country from medieval backwardness. He delivered Sweden from Danish rule, conducted a reformation, subordinating the state earlier an all-powerful church.
There was a thirty-year-old war of 1618-1648. Sweden, which claimed the role of one of the primary countries of Europe, sought to finally consolidate his dominant position in the Baltic.
The main rival of Sweden in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark that owned both shores Zunda and the most important islands of the Baltic Sea. But it was a very strong opponent. Then the Swedes focused on the eastern shores of the sea and after a long wars captured the people who belonged to Russia of the city of Yam, Koporye, Karel, Oreshk and Ivan city, thus depriving the Russian state of entering the Baltic Sea.
However, Gustavi II Adolf is a new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632) wanted to achieve full domination of Sweden in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, Stockholm royal shipbuilding shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four large ships. The king has proven the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship ship. This ship received the name "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal dynasty of the Vasa dynasty, to which Gustavi II Adolf.
The best ship masters, artists, sculptors, wood cutters were attracted to the construction of Vasi. The main builder was invited by the master of Holder Handrick Hiberson, well known in Europe.
Two years later, the ship was safely descended into the water and departed to a funny pier, located just under the windows of the Royal Palace.
Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Lan")
Dudno built in the 60s of the XVI century in England and was originally called Pelican. On it, the English navigator Francis Drake in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of the five ships, took a pirated expedition to West India and made the world's second after Magellan. In honor of the beautiful nautical qualities of their ship, Drake renamed it to the "Golden Lan" and installed in the nose of the vessel, a figurine of pure gold lines.
Galion's length is 18.3 m, width is 5.8 m, sediment 2.45 m. It is one of the smallest Galions.
King Henry VIII ship "Henry Grace E" Dew "
The vessel, built in June 1514 in Volvich (England) on the orders of King Heinrich VIII. The ship had a very rich decoration. The front two masts carried along three straight sails, on the other two there were Latin sails, and on a bushprit - a blond and boven-blond.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel 38 m, the width of 12.5 m, the displacement of 1500 tons. Arms: 184 guns, of which 43 are large caliber. The crew is 351 people, of which 50 commanders. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
B 1535 - 1536 The ship was rebuilt. It was installed 122 guns and transferred to the class of storms.
In August 1553, the ship went into the parking lot in Volvich and from a sudden fire had burned down.
Ship J.Kuka "Indevel"
Built in England in 1762 for the transportation of coal. Originally dealt with "Earl Of Pembrok". In the preparation of the J.Kukhka expedition was converted and called "Endeavor". Sailing arms corresponded to a typical barca of the XVIII century. Square Sails: 700 sq.m. Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Arms: 10 guns and 12 Mortira.
B 1768 - 1711, J.Kuk made its first round-tire on the "Indevel".
English Bark "Maiflauer"
Three-volume Bark, built in 1615. On September 6, 1615, it was out of Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and 67 days stuck to the American coast in the Gulf of Massachusetts, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, water displacement 180 tons.
B 1947 Society of migrants began to recreate the ship as a museum. In 1957, the Atlantic Ocean reserved the Atlantic Ocean restored Bark for 53 days and became an eternal parking in the port of Provincetown.
English Karakka "Mary Rose"
The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of the King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel distinguishes the presence of three solid decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, the vessel as part of the English squadron was preparing for the exit from Portsmouth. After lifting the brahsels, the ship began to roll, then lay down on the right side and sank in two minutes. Of the 700 sailors and marines, only 40 were saved on board. The cause of the catastrophe was obviously a bad stability of the vessel due to an overload of artillery.
B 1982 The ship in parts was raised to the surface. After restoring it, it was decided to create a maritime museum
The vessel with full sailing armament was built in 1783 in River Hull and was originally called "Bethia".
1783 Ship keel bookmark in Dock No.2 in River Hull. May 26, 1787 Bought by the Navy of England through Meyers Bank, Sharpe and Brian for 2,600 pounds. Translated to shipyard in Derford for retrofitting. June 8, 1787 was renamed HMS "Bounty".
August 16, 1787 Lieutenant William Blya (William Blight) was appointed Admiralty captain HMS "Bounty". December 23, 1787 Beginning of the flight to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 Attempt to hit Cape Gorn was not crowned with success, a course was taken to the cape of good hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repair and replenishment of food reserves in the port of False Bay (False Bay). August 20 - September 3, 1788 Replenishment of stocks in Adventure Bay (Adventure Bay). October 26, 1788 The ship reached Mataavai Bay, to Tahiti. On April 4, 1789, the ship leaves Tahiti and takes the course to West India. On April 29, 1789, the rebellion of Christian Fletcher (Fletcher Christian) flashes on the vessel. January 23, 1790 Bounty was burned on Pitkerna Island (Pitcairn Island).
American frigate "Constitution"
Korable was built in Boston at the shipyard of Ulmond Hartt in 1797 and was intended to protect against the pirates of American shipping routes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. The frigate housing is made of a very solid white oak that kept the hit of large nuclei. The length between the shafts is 62.2 m, the width is 13.6 m, the height of the side is 6.85 m. Designed for 44 guns, the ship often had on its two decks up to 55 stems, of which twenty-eight 24-pound and ten 12-pounds. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846, the frigate made worldwide swimming in 495 days. Frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been put on the eternal parking of one of the berths of Boston.
Ship "Eagle"
The Korable was laid in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo to Oke, not far from Kolomna, for the protection of trade shipping with a Persion in the Caspian Sea. Building completed in 1669. This is the first military ship of Russia. He was the type of sea two-phase three-volume ship 25 meters long, 6.5 width and a sediment of 1.5 meters armed with 22 cannons and manual grenades. In the summer of 1669, "Eagle" in the composition of a small flotilla switched first to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga in Astrakhan. In 1670, he was captured by the rebel peasants headed by Stepan Razin. After the rebellion of the rebellion of the royal troops to play any useful role of the ship and failed. According to the preserved documents of those years, there is reason to assume that it for many years, stood in idle in the Cutum dash, close to one of the Astrakhan Slobod, came to full dissent.
"Grandparents of the Russian Fleet"
In 1688, the attention of young Peter 1 attracted by his cousin Botik. The future founder of the Russian regular military fleet on this boat first on Jauza, and then at the Izmailovsky Pond and Pereyaslav lake did his first steps to study the foundations of the sea. On the Pereyaslav lake, a whole "flotilla" of such vessels soon was created. Since then, the thought of the sea and maritime drivers for a minute did not leave Peter. What is this bot? In the XVII century The length of the vessels, even the smallest, was prescribed in the whole feet, so the length of the bot is equal to 20 feet (of course, with the accuracy, with which shipbuilders of that time were able to withstand the dimensions), or rather -6 m 5 cm. The bot was about 1500 kg.
Sailing and rowing frigate "Apostle Peter"
The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I in the fact that without the presence of a fleet, he does not master even a relatively weak seaside fortress. The center of the shipbuilding was the city of Voronezh. Here, in the shipyard of 15 versts from the fall of the Voronezh River in Don in April 1696, the 36-gun sailing-rowing frigate "Apostle Peter" was launched.
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the "skillful master of gallery buildings" of the Dane of August (Gustav) Meira, who later became the commander of the second of the same 36-cannger ship "Apostle Paul".
The length of the frigate is 34.4 m, the width is 7.6 m. The ship was flat-bottomed. The board in the upper part of the housing was covered inside, which made it difficult to board. The shops are open, there remained platforms to accommodate the boarding team on the cut. The ship had three masts with walls and a bushchite with a vertical calm. Focal and grotty sailboy was the lower sails and Marseilles. On the bizan-mast was only a bizan. In addition, there were 15 pairs of cheerful in case of ulution and maneuver. The "apostle Peter" 14 years has successfully served as part of the Azov Fleet.
In 1712, after an unsuccessful Pruth campaign, the Azov Fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostle Peter" is unknown, although Peter I gave the instructions to "preserve it forever as an example for the championship."
Frigate "Peter and Paul"
In order to create a coalition for the fight against Turkey for entering the Black Sea, Peter 1 in the spring of 1697 sent the "great embassy" in Holland, England and Venice - sea powers of the pore. Together with the embassy, \u200b\u200bmore than 100 people were directed to study shipbuilding and sea business. In the Volunteer Group under the name of Peter Mikhailov, the king himself was included. For about five months, Peter worked hard, he studied everything that he could have learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The king participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Paul" from its bookmark and almost until the end of the work.
The construction was led by a ship master of the East India Company Garitus Clas Paul. The main dimension of the ship: the length is maximum 32.85 m, the length of the waterline is 27.3 m, the width is 7.2 m, the sediment is 2.75 m. On one closed and on the open decks could be placed up to 40 guns. At the end of work on the shipyard, the master gave Peter I certificate, in which it was noted that he was "... was a diligent and reasonable carpenter ... And not only the ship architecture and the drawing of plans ... I studied thoroughly, but I also have to have these items as much as we ourselves Meet. "
Knowledge of ship science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive effect on the construction of the Russian fleet.
Ship "Fortress"
"Foreignness" - the first Russian warship, published in the Black Sea and visiting Constantinople.
Built in the panel, close to Done's mouth. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, weapons - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the "Fortress" under the command of Captain Pambourg delivered the Embassy Mission to Konstantinople, headed by a spirit advisor. Ukrainians. The appearance of the Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital, and the entire Russian squadron at Kerch forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was concluded between Turkey and Russia. This trip "Fortress" is notable for the fact that the Russian seamen for the first time produced hydrographic industries of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also made up the first plans of the Crimean coast. During the parking lot in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign specialists visited the fortress, who gave high assessment by Russian shipbuilding. In June of the following, 1700, the ship "Fortress" with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.
Fregat "Standard"
Northern war already in the initial period convinced Peter I, that by the forces of one, even a well-trained army, to achieve the conquest of the coast of the Baltic Sea is impossible. It was decided to start the construction of the fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703 on Olonetskaya shipyard on the Sviri River Amsterdam Ship Master The Gens Choons laid the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - Frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width is 7.3 m, the average sediment is 2.7 m. The crew is 120 people. On the closed deck, the tank and yut ship carried 28 cannons: 8-, 6- and 3-pound.
1 (12) May 1703 Russian troops took the Swedish fortress Nienshanz, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was free. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: a two-headed eagle was now held in his paws and beats not three, and four cards - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Fregat, descended on August 22, 1703, received the name "Standard", and 8 (19) of September of the same year on its grotto-brother-pinway, a new sample standard was raised. The ship under the command of Captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) passed the Lake Lake at the head of the seven newly built courts and became anchored on the Ride of the Fortress Shlisselburg.
Subsequently, he took an active part in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the Squadron, Vice Admiral K. Kruits, under the command of Captain Ya. De Lang, fought with the Swedish fleet at Kotlin Island. In 1711 Timberovan in St. Petersburg. Fregat "Standard" was located as part of the Russian fleet for more than 25 years and was disassembled in 1729.
Educational frigate "Hope"
Soon after joining the Russian throne, Catherine II said: "We have in the overflow of ships and people, but there is no fleet, nor sailors." At the initiative of the empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of the training of cadets of the marine corps.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764 Admiralty College decided: "To teach Gardenamarin and ... Cadets contain a three-person yacht with a housing, which is built and equipped with all the needs." There is no doubt that the building of the vessel took place, since in the ruling of the categorical resolution of Catherine II: "Being for this!".
The three-volume decadew frigate "Nadezhda" was laid on the shipyard of the main admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), on the water 4 (15) June 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous ship master Lambe Yames. The main dimensions of the vessel: the length between perpendiculars is 23.77 m, the width without plating boards is 6.71 m, the height of the side is 3.1 m, the depth of the trim is 2.82 m, the average sediment is 2.34 m, the displacement is 270 tons, the area of \u200b\u200bthe main sails 445 M. The crew consisted of 28 people, of which 17 sailors. The frigate could take on board 25 cadets. He floated in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf of Finland. However, due to insufficient exposure of the construction forest, the vessel was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was "disassembled by dilapidation."
In the history of the Russian fleet, the frigate "Hope" forever remained as the first domestic educational vessel of a special building.
Linear ship "Slava Catherine"
General Cayhmeister (commander of artillery) of the Black Sea Fleet I.A. Hannibal on May 26 (June 6), 1779 laid on Kherson shipyard of the two first 66-cannon linear ship. The head of them was "Glory Catherine." Presumably the project of a new linear ship developed a ship master A. S. Katasonov. Engaged Engineer I.A. Afanasyev. The length of the vessel on the lower deck is 48.77 m, the width without a sheat is 13.5 m, the depth of the trim is 5.8 m. Instead of those who believed on the state of 30-pound guns, they considered it possible to do 24-pounds that were in stock, which "so small have a difference, With this, you can be able to be used in action. " The construction of the ship went slowly, only 16 (27) September 1783 in the solemn atmosphere, the vessel was lowered.
The combat service "Fame of Catherine" fell on the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Renamed in 1788 by Field Marshal General G.A.Potemkin in the "Transfiguration" The ship participated in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including in the victorious sea battles under the leadership of Admiral F. F. Ushakov.
Honored Glory, mined in brutal marine battles, puts this ship in one row with other heroes of the domestic fleet.
Slut "East"
The vessel was launched from the Oktinate shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, the width is about 10 m, the sediment is 4.8 m, displacement 900 tons, speed up to 10 nodes. Armament was 28 guns. Crew 117 people. 3 (14) of July 1819, the East Captain, under the command of Captain II rank F.F. Bellingsgausen, Chief of the Around-Treasury Antarctic Expedition, and the Mirny Slut under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev came out of Kronstadt and 16 (28) January next years reached the coast of Antarctica. After repairing in Sydney (Australia), the ships were investigated by the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, and then on October 31 (November 12), 1820 again took the course to Antarctica. 10 (22) January 1821, the boat reached the southern point: 69 ° 53 "South latitude and 92 ° 19" Western longitude. July 24 (August 5) 1821, having completed the most difficult swimming, ships arrived in Kronstadt.
For 751 days, they passed 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important outcome of the expedition was the opening of the huge sixth mainland - Antarctica. In addition, there were 29 islands on the map and complex oceanographic works were performed. In memory of this momentary swimming in Russia, a medal was knocked out.
In 1828, the East gate was excluded from the fleet lists and disassembled. In our time, the names of the "East" and "Mirny" boats are two Soviet scientific antarctic stations. According to the established tradition, the name "East" passed to the largest research vessel.
Clipper Katty Sark.
Katty Sark was created in the Golden Age of the Sailing Fleet - the era of clips. Millennary experience in the construction and operation of sailing vessels, many scientific and technical achievements accumulated by the middle of the XIX century. - All this was synthesized when building clips - the highest and last stage of sailing shipbuilding. All in the design of the clipper was subordinate to the speed: acute, very elongated nose, streamlined circuits, huge sails, a strong chassis.
On the transatlantic lines, the steamers have already begun to win convincing victories over sailboats, but on the Australian and Far Eastern Ocean highways with a length of half of the globe, clips were still crucial - the embodiment of the grace, the lungs, rapid, and the best of them was Katty Sark.
Rest at the berths ships,
watching sleepy keys,
motherland's attraction
feeling with tired sides.
They, like people, I sometimes want
after storms and difficult swimming
feel bliss and peace
at the moorings of our kind, quiet harbor ...
January 6, 2011 | Categories: History, Topper
Rating: +6 Article author: ENIA_TOY Views: 56031The very first sailing vessels (will be described in this article) appeared more than three thousand years ago in Egypt and were a regular raft with a straight mast and steering paddle. A little later, the Phoenicians began to do more improved models. To build them, they used the wood of the Lebanese cedar and oak. In the ports of Phenicia were shipyard, which produced trading one-way boats and more equipped military vessels. Approximately in V c. BC e. The sea fleet already had ancient Greeks and Romans. However, large sailing ships appeared in Europe during the greatest geographical discoveries. It was then that the most powerful European powers in search of new colonies began to equip the sea flotilla for travel not only through the ocean, but also around the world. So began a stubborn struggle for domination in the sea, which contributed to the active development of the shipbuilding industry.
in the modern world
Nowadays, when a military fleet is equipped with powerful ships equipped according to the first word, sailing models began to be used mainly for entertainment. Most of the modern sailboats make up the yachts. In Europe and America, where sports clubs exist, sports regatta are arranged annually. Most often in such events take part
The regatta is a water contest between sailing or rowing courts.
Traditionally, such competitions are held in America and England. Some regatta are major international competitions, such as, for example. "America's Cup."
The classification of sailing ships is determined depending on the equipment and technical characteristics. Below are the main types of types of sailboats.
Classification by the type of sails
Ships with straight sails.
Courts with oblique sails.
The straight sail was used by the ancient Egyptians and the Phoenicians. It is a cloth in the form of a trapezoid, attached to the horizontal rete. Ships with straight sails go well only with the passing wind, so they were quickly changed to ships with oblique sails.
Spit sail is located on the back of the mast, to which it is attached to its front edge. Courts with oblique sails are perfectly walking both under the backwater, and under the sharp to the wind. Boose sails, in turn, are divided into:
Latin.
Gaffle sails.
Cliver and Stakeli.
Classification by the number of mast
Single sailing yachts.
Two-volume yachts.
Multualumes yachts.
Mast is part of sailing weapons. It is a vertical ship construction, which is usually supported using special stretch marks. Matches were made mainly of coniferous wood.
Masts in the modern world
On large modern ships that do not have sailing equipment, masts have lost their basic function and are used for other purposes:
To carry the national attributes of their country (flag and coat of arms).
To carry out the identification signs about the current state of the vessel (quarantine on board, fire on board, educational anxiety, etc.).
To install various lighting signal signs.
To install some audio signaling devices.
In order to give a tribute to the state, in whose waters is at the moment the ship is. The mast establishes the national flag of this country.
If there is a dead man on board, then the state flag is laughed in the sign of Mourning and Dani of respecting his memory.
Types of mast
Fock mast. This is the very first mast, if you count the vessel's nose.
Grotto mast. It is the second construction of a similar type from the nose of the ship. On two-three students, it is also the highest.
Bizan-mast. Feed mast, which on any vessel is the most latter from the nose.
What types of water vehicles exist?
Classification of sailboats by type of hull:
Wooden.
Plastic.
Steel.
Classification of sailing ships by the number of cases:
Single Phone
Two-circuit (sailing catamarans)
Three-circuit (sailing trimarans).
And finally, the classification of sailing vessels depending on the use of keel:
Kelem yachts (on such vessels use heavy allowing to significantly reduce the drift of the vessel and reduce the center of gravity).
Schratbots (a special swag is installed on such yachts, if necessary, it can be raised and reduced the sediment of the vessel).
Compromise yachts (they use intermediate design solutions between warstbots and kille structures).
A variety of ships
The names of sailing ships should be transferred.
AAA is a small single-sided ship with a flat bottom, intended for the carriage of small cargo.
Bark is a big ship having from three to five masts. The vessel is mainly equipped with straight sails, only one oblique is fixed on the feed mast.
Barchenina is a sea three-five-wave sailboat. Most masts are equipped with oblique sails. Only the nasal design has a straight sail.
Brig is a two-volume ship that has direct sailing weapons on the grotto mast and a fock mast and braid hansel sail on a grotto.
Brigantine is a light two-volume vessel with oblique sails on the grotto and straight sails on the fock mast, this type of sailing weapon is called mixed.
Galeon is a large multipleam ship with powerful artillery weapons. Gallows were intended for distant marine travel and battles. Such sailing vessels were quite high-speed and maneuverable and constituted the main part of the Spanish and English fleet.
Johnka - a wooden two-four-way vessel, which was used mainly in Southeast Asia and was intended for river or coastal maritime freight traffic.
Iol is a two-dimensional vessel having oblique sails and the position of the feed mast behind the axis of the steering wheel.
Karavella is a three-four-matt seabed with mixed sailing armament, intended for marine swimming and significant freight traffic.
Galera is so called almost all sailing-rowing vessels, they were used in antiquity. In addition to sailing weapons, there were one or two row rows.
Karakka is a large three-volume vessel used for trading and military purposes. The ship could have up to three decks and possessed an impressive cannonish weapon.
Cache - a small two-dimensional ship. Different with the location of the feed mast ahead of the axis of the steering wheel.
Frigate - a military threematch that has full sailing weapons. The classic frigate was created in France in the middle of the eighteenth century and was a slight maneuverable ship with good weapons.
Flute is a good marine sailing ship designed for military transport purposes. Due to the fact that the length of this ship was several times more than his width, Fleute could walk quite cool to the wind, and this gave him a significant advantage over other, less maneuverable courts.
The slut is a military three-maht ship running under right sails. Used as a sentiment and vehicle.
Schooner is a light sailing ship that had a minimum of two masts with oblique sails. Schununas are very convenient in management. They were mainly used for various trade transportation.
Yacht
Initially, sailing yachts were quick and lightweight vessels used to transport high-ranking persons. Subsequently, the yacht began to call any or just a sailing vessel, intended for tourist or sports purposes.
The first yachts appeared in the eighteenth century. They were fast enough and comfortable, which is why the rich people preferred this type of sea transport. Modern sailing yachts have a suspended motor that makes it easy to maneuver in the port and sail with low speed even during a full calm. They are divided into cruising (they have a cabin on board), pleasure and racing.
Buy in the store
To date, many historical sailboats no longer exist and remained only on the pages of adventure novels and in pictures in magazines and books. But you should not be very upset. In the store you can purchase vessels intended for thematic decor. There are also special sets and benefits for assembling sailing ships with their own hands. It is worth noting that collecting models of ships is a very entertaining hobby, gaining momentum in Russia.
The most famous and legendary sailing vessels, photos and models of which are popular:
Bark "Endeavor" is the famous ship by James Cook, on which he sailed to the Australia and New Zealand's shores unexplored.
"Neva" and "Nadezhda" - two gate, which for the first time in Russian history have made worldwide swimming.
"Prince" - English frigate, sunk in 1854 in the Black Sea after a catastrophic storm. Popiously received thanks to rumors about the sunken treasures, which he transported.
Mary Rose is the flagship military English king Heinrich eighth, who tragically sank in 1545.
"Great Republic" is the largest clip of the nineteenth century, which was built by the famous shipbuilder Donald McKeem.
"Ariel" - the British clipper, which became famous for the fact that in 1866 he won the famous "Tea race" from China to London.
"Adventure" is a ship of one of the most famous pirates - Captain William Kidda.
Conclusion
The era of sailing ships was truly exciting adventure times and romance. Sailing vessels participated in numerous marine battles, flooded to the unknown shores and transported invaluable treasures with whom the great many legends are connected. The ships of this type are devoted to a huge number of literary works. Based on historical events and mystical stories involving sailing models, many famous adventure films were shot.
