Winter Palace. Catherine II, in the last years of life, which is located in the Winter Palace of Catherine 2

The Winter Palace is the largest palace construction Petersburg A. Dimensions and magnificent finishes make it possible to attribute it to the most striking monuments of the St. Petersburg baroque. "The Winter Palace as a building, like a royal housing, may not have anything like this in the whole Europe. His hope, his architecturally depicts a powerful people, so recently entered into an environment of educated nations, and internal with its magnificence reminds of the inexhaustible life that boils in the inside of Russia ... The Winter Palace for us is the representative of the whole domestic, Russian, our ", - So wrote about the Winter Palace V. A. Zhukovsky. The history of this monument of architecture is rich in stormy historical events.

At the beginning of the XVIII century in the place where the Winter Palace is now, construction was allowed only to the Fleet officials. Peter I took advantage of this right, being ship affairs master under the name of Peter Alekseeva, and in 1708 built for himself and his family a small house in Dutch style. Ten years later, by order of the future emperor, a channel, named (on the Palace) of the Winter Gallow, was breaking in front of the side facade of the palace.

In 1711, the Architect of Peter I and Catherine Architect Georg Mattarnov, on the orders of the king, was set to the restructuring of the wooden palace in Stone. In the process of work, the architect of Mattarovi was removed from affairs and the construction was headed by Domenico Trezini, Italian architect of Swiss origin. In 1720, Peter I moved from the summer residence in the winter. In 1723, the Senate was translated into the Winter Palace. And in January 1725 Peter I died here (in the room of the first floor for the current second window, counting from the Neva).

In the future, Empress Anna Ioannovna considered the Winter Palace too small and in 1731 he ordered his restructuring F. B. Rastrelli, who offered her a project to reorganize the Winter Palace. According to his project, it was necessary to acquire those who stood at the time on the spot occupied by the current palace, houses belonging to the Count Apraksin, the Maritime Academy, Raguzinsky and Chernyshev. Anna Joanovna project approved, houses were buried, demolished, and the work began to boil. In 1735, the construction of the palace was completed, and the Empress moved to him for a residence. Here on July 2, 1739, the princess of Anna Leopoldovna Anna Leopoldovna with Prince Anton-Urich took place. After the death of Anna, John Antonovich's juvenile emperor, John Antonovich, brought here, who stayed here until November 25, 1741, when Elizaveta Petrovna took power into his hands.

Elizabeth Petrovna also wished the imperial residence to remake under their taste. On January 1, 1752, she decided to expand the Winter Palace, after which the neighboring sites of Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky were redeemed. In the new place of Rastrelli attached new buildings. According to the project compiled by him, these corps were supposed to be attached to the already existing and be decorated with them in a single style. In December 1752, the Empress wished to increase the height of the Winter Palace from 14 to 22 meters. Rastrelli was forced to redo the project of the building, after which he decided to build it in a new place. But Elizaveta Petrovna refused to move the new Winter Palace. As a result, the architect decided to build the entire building anew. New project - The next building of the Winter Palace - Elizabeth Petrovna signed on June 16, 1754.

Construction lasted eight years, which fell on the sunset of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna and the short-term Board of Peter III.

Curious the history of arrival at the Palace of Peter III. After the death of Elizabeth, 15 thousand dresses were left in her wardrobes, many thousands of shoes and stockings, and only six silver rubles turned out to be in the state treasury. Peter III, replaced on the throne, wished immediately enter his new residence. But the palace mist was cluttered with piles of bricks, boards, logs, barrels with lime and the like building garbage. The capricious temper of the new sovereign was known, and the Ober-Politzmeister found a way out: in St. Petersburg, it was announced that all the ordinary people have the right to take on the Palace Square all that they are pleased. The contemporary (A. Bolotov) writes in his memoirs, that almost the entire Petersburg with cars, wagons, and who and with sleds (despite the proximity of Easter!) Came running on Palace Square. Over it rose clouds of sand and dust. There are enough ordinary women: both boards, bricks, and clay, and lime, and barrels ... By evening, the area was completely cleaned. The solemn entrance of Peter III in the Winter Palace did not prevent anything.

In the summer of 1762, Peter III overthrew from the throne. The construction of the Winter Palace was completed already under Catherine II. In the fall of 1763, the Empress returns after coronation celebrations from Moscow to St. Petersburg and becomes a full-awake mistress of the new palace.

First of all, Ekaterina removed Rastrelli from the works, Ivan Ivanovich Betskaya became the manager at the construction site, the extramarital son of General Field Marshal Prince Ivan Yurevich Trubetsky and Personal, secretary of Catherine II. The Empress moved the rest to the southwestern part of the palace, under his rooms she ordered placing her favorite of the city of Orlov.

From the side of the Palace Square, a throne room was equipped, a premises for waiting appeared in front of him - the White Hall. Behind the white hall placed the dining room. It was adjacent to a bright office. Behind the dining room followed the parade crowd, which became diamond in diamond. In addition, the Empress ordered to equip the library for himself, the office, the Boudois, two bedrooms and a restroom. In the winter palace, the Winter Garden and the Romanov Gallery were also built in the Winter Palace. At the same time, the formation of the St. George Hall was completed. In 1764, in Berlin through Agents, Ekaterina acquired a collection of 225 works of Dutch and Flemish artists from Kommersant I. Gotkovsky. Most paintings were located in the secluded apartments of the palace who received the French name "Hermitage" ("Place of Privacy").

Built by Elizabeth Fourth, now the existing Palace is conceived and implemented in the form of a closed quadrangle with an extensive courtyard. His facades are facing the Neva, towards the Admiralty and the Square, in the center of which F. B. Rastrelli assumed to put the equestrian statue of Peter I.

The facades of the Palace are dissected by the antablement for two tiers. They are decorated with columns of ionic and composite orders. The columns of the upper tier are combined with the second, the main, and the third floor.

The complex rhythm of columns, wealth and diversity of platband forms, the abundance of stucco parts, a variety of decorative VAZ and statues located above the parapet and above numerous frontones, create an exceptional decorative decoration of the building by their pomp and magnificence.

The southern facade is cut into three entrance arches, which emphasizes its value as the main one. Entrance arches lead to the front courtyard, where in the center of the northern corps there was a central entrance to the palace.

The Parade Jordanian staircase is located in the northeast corner of the building. On the second floor along the northern facade, there were anflaws of five large halls, the so-called "antikamer", behind them - a huge throne room, and in the southwestern part - Palace Theater.

Despite the fact that in 1762 the Winter Palace was completed, for a long time there were still work on finishing the internal interior. These works were charged with the best Russian architects Yu. M. Felten, J. B. Ballen-Demotam and A. Rinaldi.

In the 1780-1790s, I. E. Starov and J. Roserengi continued to rework the internal decoration of the palace. In general, the palace dismantled the incredible number and rebuilt. Each new architect tried to bring something his own, sometimes destroying already built.

The gallery with arches passed throughout the bottom floor. Gallery joined all parts of the palace. Premises on the sides of the galleries were official. Here were a storeroom, guard room, served by the palace.

Parade halls and residential chambers of the Imperial Surname were located on the second floor and were built in the style of Russian Baroque - huge halls flooded with light, double rows of large windows and mirrors, lush decor Rococo. On the top floor there were mainly located courts.

Subjected to the palace and destruction. For example, on December 17-19, 1837, a strong fire occurred, which completely destroyed the wonderful decoration of the winter, from which only burnt the escape remained. To put out the flame could not three days, all this time the property made from the palace was folded around the Alexander Column. As a result of the disaster, the interiors of Rastrelli, Rosengi, Monferran, Rossi died. Started immediate restoration work continued two years. They were led by architects V. P. Stasov and A. P. Bryullov. According to the order of Nicholas I, the palace was to be restored the same as he was before the fire. However, not everything was so easy to do, for example, only some interiors created or recovered after the fire of 1837 A. P. Brylovov reached us in its original form.

On February 5, 1880, the People's S. N. Halturin in order to attempt to Alexander II produced an explosion in the Winter Palace. At the same time, eight soldiers from Karaul and forty-five soldiers were killed, but neither the emperor nor the members of his family were injured.

At the end of the XIX - early XX century, the internal design was constantly changed and replenished with new elements. Such, in particular, the interiors of the chambers of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, Alexander II spouses, created on the projects of A. Bosse (Red Boudois) and V. A. Schreiber (Golden Living Room), as well as the Library of Nicholas II (author A. F. Krasovsky). Among the renovated interiors, the most interesting was the finish of the Nikolaev Hall, in which there was a large horse portrait of Emperor Nicholas I work by the artist F. Kruger.

For a long time, the Winter Palace was the residence of Russian emperors. After the murder of Alexander II terrorists, Emperor Alexander III suffered his residence in Gatchina. From this point on, in the Winter Palace, only a particularly solemn ceremony was held. With the entry into the throne of Nicholas II in 1894, the imperial surname returned to the palace again.

The most significant changes in the history of the Winter Palace occurred in 1917, together with the arrival of the Bolsheviks to power. A lot of values \u200b\u200bwere cleared and damaged by sailors and workers while the palace was under their control. The former chambers of Alexander III were damaged by the direct hit of the projectile released from the instrument of the Petropavlovsk Fortress. Only a few days later, the Soviet government announced the Winter Palace and Hermitage State Museums and took the building under protection. Soon the valuable palace property and the Hermitage Collections were sent to Moscow and covered in the Kremlin and in the building of the Historical Museum.

With the October Revolution in the Winter Palace, a curious story is connected: after the storming of the Palace of Krasnogvardets, who was entrusted to express the guard for the protection of the winter, decided to familiarize himself with the placement of the guard in pre-revolutionary time. He was surprised to find out that one of the posts had long been on any noticeable Alley of the Garden Garden (the royal family called him "own" and under this title the garden was known to Petersburgers). The inquisitive Krasnogwarder found out the story of this post. It turned out that somehow the queen of Catherine II, coming out in the morning on the adjustment platform, saw a sprouted flower there. In order for his soldiers and passersby, Catherine, returned from the walk, ordered the flower to put protection. And when the flower lied, the queen forgot to cancel his order to stay guard at this place. And since then, about one and a half years in this place stood a guard, although there was no flower nor the queens of Catherine, or even an adjustable platform.

In 1918, part of the premises of the Winter Palace was given under the Revolution Museum, which resulted in the reorganization of their interiors. The Romanov Gallery has undergone full elimination, which contained portraits of sovereigns and members of the Romanov's house. Many palace rest occupied the reception office for prisoners of war, children's colony, headquarters on the device of mass celebrations, etc. The stampal hall was used for theatrical ideas, the Nikolaev room was converted to cinema. In addition, congresses and conferences of various public organizations have repeatedly been held in the halls of the palace.

When, at the end of 1920, the Hermitage and Palace Collections returned from Moscow to Petrograd, for many of them, there was simply no place. As a result, hundreds of works of painting and sculptures went to the decoration of mansions and apartments of party, Soviet and military leaders, holiday homes of officials and their family members. Since 1922, the premises of the Winter Palace began to gradually transfer the Hermitage.

In the first days of the Great Patriotic War, many of the values \u200b\u200bof the Hermitage urgently evacuated, some of them were covered in basements. To prevent fires in the buildings, the windows museum laid brick or closed shutters. In some rooms, the parquets were covered with a layer of sand.

The Winter Palace was a large target. A large number of bombs and shells broke close to him, and several fell into the building itself. Thus, on December 29, 1941, the projectile crashed into the southern outbreak of the Winter Palace, entering the kitchen courtyard, damaged the iron rafters and the roof on the area of \u200b\u200bthree square meters, destroying the installation of fire water supply in the attic. An attic vaulted overlap of about six square meters was broken. Another projectile, caught in the stand in front of the Winter Palace, damaged a water pipeline.

Despite the difficult conditions that existed in a blockade city, the Lengorispolkom on May 4, 1942 ordered the construction trust No. 16 to produce priority restoration work in the Hermitage, which was attended by emergency workshops. In the summer of 1942, they blocked the roof in places of damage to its projectiles, partially corrected formwork, established broken light lights or iron sheets, replaced the destroyed metal rafters with temporary wooden, repaired the water supply system.

On May 12, 1943, a bomb fell into the building of the Winter Palace, partially destroyed the roof over the St. George Hall and metal rafting structures, and in the storeroom, the history of Russian culture was damaged by the brickwork walls. In the summer of 1943, despite the shelling, they continued to seal the scenar sawn plywood roofing and overlaps, light lamps. On January 2, 1944, another shell fell into a stamp hall, having grieving the finish and destroying two overlaps. Shell struck and the ceiling of the Nikolaev Hall. But in August 1944, the Soviet government decided to restore all museum buildings. Restoration work required tremendous effort and stretched for many years. But, despite all the loss, the Winter Palace remains an outstanding monument of Baroque architecture.

Nowadays, the Winter Palace, together with the buildings of small, large and new Hermitages and the Hermitage Theater, forms a single palace complex, which has little equal in world architecture. In artistic and urban planning, it belongs to the number of higher achievements of Russian architecture. All the halls of this palace ensemble, which took place over the course of many years, occupies the State Hermitage - the largest museum of the world with huge collections of works of art.

In the guise of the Winter Palace, which created the decree of its construction, "For the Unified Glory of the All-Russian", in his elegant, festive form, in the lush decoration of his facades, the artistic and composite design of the architect Rastrelli is revealed - deep architectural connection with the city on the Neva, The capital of the Russian Empire became the capital, with the whole nature of the surrounding urban landscape, continuing and today.

Palace Square

Any excursion around the Winter Palace begins on the Palace Square. She has its own story, which is no less interesting than the history of the winter itself. The square was formed in 1754 during the construction of the Winter Palace on the project V. Rastrelli. An important role in its formation was played by K. I. Rossi, who in 1819-1829 created the building of the main headquarters and the building of the ministry and associated them with a one-magnificent triumphal arch. The Alexandrovsk Column ranked his place in the Unsemble of Palace Square in 1830-1834, in honor of the victory in the war of 1812. It is noteworthy that V. Rastrelli assumed a monument to Peter I in the center of Square. Ends the ensemble of the Palace Square building of the headquarters of the Guards Corps, established in 1837-1843 by architect A. P. Bryullov.

The palace is conceived and built in the form of a closed quadrilateral, with an extensive courtyard. The Winter Palace has a rather big dimension and is clearly distinguished among the surrounding houses.

Countless white columns are assembled into groups (especially picturesque and expressive at the corners of the building), then they are thinned and dispelled, opening windows framed by platbands with lion masks and amur heads. There are dozens of decorative vases and statues on the balustrade. Corners of the building are bordered by columns and pilasters.

Each facade of the Winter Palace is made in his own way. The northern facade facing the Neva stretches a more or less smooth wall without having noticeable protrusions. The southern facade overlooking the palace area and having seven members is the main one. The center is cut through three entrance arches. Are there a parade yard for them? Where in the middle of the northern corps first was the main entrance to the palace. From the side facades, the Western, facing Admiralty and Square, on which Rastrelli assumed to put his father's equestrian statue of Peter I. Every platband, decorating the palace, unique. This is due to the fact that the mass consisting of a mixture of crowded bricks and a lime solution was cut and processed manually. All stucco decorations of facades were performed on the spot.

Beautiful Winter Palace always in bright colors. The initial color of the palace was pink-yellow, as they give the presentation of the pictures of the XVIII - the first quarter of the XIX century.

From the inner premises of the palace created by Rastrelli, the baroque appearance of the Jordanian staircase and a partially large church were preserved. The front staircase is located in the northeast corner of the building. It can be seen on it various details of the decor - columns, mirrors, statues, intricate gilded stucco, a huge ceiling, created by Italian painters. The staircase was divided into two solemn march. The staircase was led to the main, Northern Anfilad, which consisted of five large rooms, a fragment of the Jordanian staircase behind which there was a huge throne room in the north-western risalite, and in the south-western part - Palace theater.

Special attention is also deserved by a large church located in the southeast corner of the building. Initially, the church was consecrated in honor of the resurrection of Christ (1762) and the second time - in the name of the sacrament of the non-manual image (1763). Its walls are decorated with stucco - elegant pattern. Floral ornament. Three-tiered iconostasis is decorated with icons and picturesque panels with images of biblical scenes. Evangelicals on the crop ceiling later wrote F.A. Bruni. Now about the first appointment of the church hall, ruined in the 1920s, does not resemble nothing but a gold dome and a large picturesque workflow of F. Font-Basso, depicting the Resurrection of Christ.

White Hall

A. P. Bullylov was created on the site of a number of premises that had three semi-curvillers on the facade, and three rectangular windows on the sides. This circumstance brought an architect to the idea to break the room for three compartments and allocate the average particularly magnificent processing. The hall is separated from the side parts of the arches on protruding pylons, decorated with pilasters, and the central window and the opposite door are underlined by Corinthian columns, over which four statues are placed - female figures, personifying art. The hall is blocked by semi-curvous arches. The wall against the central windows was developed by the arcase and over each semicircle, pairwise bas-relief figures of Juno and Jupiter, Diana and Apollo, Ceres and Mercury and other Ladies Olympus were placed.

The arch and all parts of the overlap over the eaves are processed by caissons with stucco in the same saturated decorative elements of the late occupy style.

Side compartments are ornamented in the spirit of the Italian Renaissance. Here, a second smaller order with Tuscan pilasters, covered with a grotesque ornament, was introduced under the overall crown eaves. A wide frieze is placed on pilasters with figures of children engaged in music and dancing, hunting and fishing, harvest and winemaking or playing in navigation and war. Such a connection of the architectural elements of a different scale and overload of the ornamental hall is characteristic of classicism of the 1830s, but the white color gives the integrity hall.

Georgievsky Hall and Military Gallery

Specialists call Georgievsky's most perfect interior, or a large throne room, created by the Krepaneng project. In order to create a St. George Hall, to the center of the eastern facade of the palace had to attach a special case. In the design of this premises, enriched by parade anfilad, we found the use of colored marble and gilded bronze. At the end of him on the elevation used to be a big throne, executed by the master P. Azhi. Other famous architects participated in the design of palace interiors. In 1826, according to the project, K. I. Rossi, a military gallery was built before the St. George races.

The military gallery is a kind of monument to the heroic military past of the Russian people. It contains 332 portraits of generals, participants in the Patriotic War of 1812 and a foreign campaign of 1813-1814. Portraits are performed by the famous English artist J. Dow with the participation of Russian painters A.V. Polyakov and V. A. Golik. Most portraits are filled with nature, but as in 1819, when the work began, many were no longer alive, some portraits were written in earlier, preserved images. Gallery occupies an honorable place in the palace and directly adjoins the St. George Hall. Her architect K. I. Rossi destroyed the previous six small rooms existed here earlier. The gallery was illuminated through glazed opening in arches supported. Arches relied on groups of dual columns that were standing at longitudinal walls. On the plane of the walls in simple gilded frames in five rows were portraits. At one of the end walls, under the canopy, the horse portrait of Alexander I was placed J. Dow. After the fire of 1837, it was replaced by the same portrait of the brush F. Kruger, it was his picture and is located in the hall today, on the sides the image of King Prussian Friedrich Wilhelm III was placed, performed also by Kruger, and the portrait of the Emperor of the Austrian Franz I work P. Kraft. If you look at the door leading to the St. George Hall, then on the sides you can see portraits of Field Marshals M. I. Kutuzov and M. B. Barclay de Tolly Brush Dow.

In 1830, A. S. Pushkin was often in the gallery. He perpetuated her in the poem "Communion" dedicated to Barclay de Tolly:

The Russian king has a chamber in the pa talkings:
She is not gold, not a velvet rich;
But from top to bottom, full length, circle,
His brush is free and wide
She painted the artist quickly.
There is no rural nymph, nor virgin madonne,
Neither the Fahnov with the bowls, nor full-legged wives,
No dance, nor hunt, - and all raincoats, yes swords,
Yes, faces full of militant courage.
The crowd of a close artist placed
Here are the chiefs of the people's forces,
Coated glorious wonderful campaign
And the eternal memory of the twelfth year.

The fire of 1837 was not spared and the gallery, however, fortunately, all portraits were made by the soldiers of the Guards regiments.

Restored Gallery V. P. Stasov basically retained its former character: he repeated the treatment of walls by the dual Corinthian columns, left the same location of the portraits, retained the color solution. But some details of the hall composition were changed. Stasov lengthen the gallery by 12 meters. A balcony was placed over a wide crown cornice to pass on the choir of adjacent halls, for which the arches embroidered on the columns were eliminated, rhythmically crashed too long in the part.

After the Great Patriotic War, the Gallery was restored, and four portraits of Palace Grenadiers, veterans who have passed the company 1812-1814 by ordinary soldiers are additionally posted in it. These works are also made by J. Dow.

Petrovsky Hall

Petrovsky Hall is also known as a small throne room. Discalled with a special pomp in the spirit of late classicism, it was created in 1833 by architect A. A. Montferran. After the fire, the hall was restored by V. P. Stasov, and the initial appearance was preserved almost unchanged. The main difference between the late decoration is associated with the processing of walls. Previously, the panel on the side walls was separated by one pilasty, now they are placed in two. There were no border around each panel, a large double-headed eagle in the center, and on the upholstery of the scarlet velvet were in diagonal directions strengthened the same size bronze gilded double-headed eagles.

The hall is devoted to the memory of Peter I. Crossed Latin Monogram Peter, two-headed eagles and crowns are included in the motifs of the stucco ornament of the capitals columns and a pilaster, freezes on the walls, in the painting of the ceiling and finishing the entire hall. The two walls are placed images of Poltava battle and battle under forest, in the center of compositions - Figure of Peter I (artists - B. Medici and P. Scotti).

Winter Palace, no doubt, is one of St. Petersburg's most famous sights.

The Winter Palace, which we see today, is actually the fifth on the score built on this place. Its construction lasted from 1754 to 1762. Today it reminds us of the pompnomy of the once popular Elizabethan baroque and is, apparently, the crown of the work of the Rastrelli himself

As I said, there was five winter palaces in this place, but the whole period of change was invested in a modest 46 years between 1708, when the first and 1754 year was erected when construction of the fifth began

The first winter palace became erected by Peter Great for himself and his family a small house in Dutch style

In 1711, the wooden building was rebuilt into Stone, and this event was timed to the wedding of Peter I and Catherine. In 1720, Peter I moved from the summer residence in the winter, in 1723 the Senate was located in the palace, and in 1725 the life of the Great Emperor was taken

The new Empress, Anna John, considered that the Winter Palace was too small for the imperial person, and entrusted his restructuring of Rastrelli. The architect suggested buying nearby at home and demolish them, which was done, and on the site of the old palace and demolished buildings, a new one, the third row, the Winter Palace, which was finally completed by 1735. July 2, 1739, the solemn gain of the princess Anna Leopoldovna with Prince Anton Ulrich was held in this palace, and after the death of the Empress transported the young Emperor John Antonovich, who lived here until November 25, 1741, when Elizaveta Petrovna took power into his hands. The new Empress was also dissatisfied with the appearance of the palace, so on January 1, 1752, another couple of houses were redeemed next to the residence, and Rastrelli attached a couple of new buildings to the palace. At the end of 1752, the Empress considered that it would be nice to increase the height of the palace from 14 to 22 meters. Rastrelli offered to build a palace elsewhere, but Elizabeth refused, so the palace was again completely disassembled, and on June 16, 1754, in his place began the construction of a new winter palace

The fourth Winter Palace was temporary: His Rastrelli built in 1755 at the corner of the Nevsky Prospect and the embankment of the washing river during the construction of the fifth. The fourth palace was demolished in 1762, when the construction of the Winter Palace was completed, which we used to see at the St. Petersburg Palace Square today. The fifth winter palace became the highest building in the city, but until the end of the construction of the Empress did not live - almost the finished palace on April 6, 1762, Peter III admired, although he did not live before the completion of interior finishing works. The emperor was killed in 1762, and the construction of the Winter Palace was finally completed under Catherine II. The Empress removed from the works of Rastrelli, and instead hired Bezzky, under the leadership of which the throne hall appeared on the leadership of the Palace Square, in front of which the room was built for expectation - the white hall, followed by the dining room. A bright office was adjacent to the dining room, and behind it was a parade crowd, which later became diamond rest. In addition, Catherine II took care of the creation of a library in the palace, the imperial working office, Bouire, two bedrooms and a restroom, in which the Empress built Stulchak from the throne of one of his lovers, the Polish king is understood \u003d) by the way, it was with Catherine II in the Winter Palace appeared Famous Winter Garden, Romanov Gallery and St. George Hall

In 1837, the Winter Palace survived a serious test - a large fire, which took more than three days. At this time, all the palace property was made and folded around the Alexandrovsky column

Another incident in the palace occurred on February 5, 1880, when Halturin blew up a bomb to kill Alexander II, but as a result, only the guard was injured - 8 people died, and 45 were injured in varying severity

On January 9, 1905, a well-known event was occurring, a peaceful course of history: a peaceful work demonstration was shot to the Winter Palace, which was the beginning of the revolution of 1905-1907. The walls of the palace never saw the speakers of the imperial blood - during the First World War there was a military hospital, during the February revolution, the building was taken by the troops who came to the side of the rebels, and in July 1917 the Winter Palace took a temporary government. During the October Revolution, on the night of October 25-26, 1917, the Red Guard, revolutionary soldiers and sailors surrounded the Winter Palace, guarded by the Garrison of Junkers and the Women's Battalion, and 2 o'clock 10 minutes of the night on October 26, after the famous volley from the cruiser "Aurora" , stormed the palace and arrested the temporary government - guarding the palace of troops surrendered without a fight

In 1918, part of the Winter Palace, and in 1922 everything else was transferred to the State Hermitage. And the Palace Square with the Alexandrovsk Column and the building of the General Staff form one of the most beautiful and amazing ensembles on the entire post-Soviet space.

The winter palace is designed in the form of a square, the facades of which go to the Neva, Admiralty and Palace Square, and in the center of the main facade there is a parade arch

Winter Garden in the Winter Palace)

In the south-east of the second floor there is a legacy of the fourth winter palace - a large church, built under the leadership of Rastrelli

At the disposal of the Winter Palace today more than a thousand different premises, the design of which is striking and creates the impression of unforgettable solemnity and magnificence

The outdoor design of the Winter Palace was, according to Rastrelli, architecturally link him with the ensemble of the Northern Capital

The elegance of the palace is emphasized by the building installed on the entire perimeter above the eaves of vases and sculptures, once carved from the stone, which later, at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, were replaced with metal analogues

Today in the building of the Winter Palace is the Small Hermitage

We all go through the winter, we consider paintings, plafoons, vases, trellis, parquet, gilding in general, all sorts of artwork, but here it was not always a museum, people lived here and not any, but the rulers of the Great State, so I want Watching in what hats was their lives. Therefore, we visit the living quarters of the Winter Palace. Currently, in the Winter Palace, only a part of a magnificent series of residential apartments have been preserved in a large place in a huge building.

On April 16, 1841, the marriage of the Heir to Cesarevich Alexander Nikolayevich, the future emperor Alexander Second and Princess General, Gensenmstatsky, who received the title of Great Princess-Zesarean on this day. Maria Alexandrovna, the future empress settled in the rooms of the second floor of the north-western part of the palace. In these rest she lived until his death in 1880. Apartments Maria Alexandrovna consisted of eight premises, some of which kept their decoration to the present.

Big Cabinet Great Princess Mary Nikolaevna, Watercolor E.P. GAU

The Boudois, or the Small Cabinet was one of the most beloved places of Maria Alexandrovna. His decoration was performed in the middle of the nineteenth century by the architect Harold Boss in the style of fashionable at the time of the second rococo.

Boudoir Great Princess Mary Aleksandrovna, Watercolor E.P.Gau
Bedroom Great Princess Mary Alexandrovna, Watercolor E.P.Gau

Here, as if the atmosphere of the magic fairy tale was created, the patterns are buggy, the patterns, the gilding shine shaves the slender figures of snow-white karyatid. The magnificent bronze chandelier is reflected in various mirrors. In his cozy Boudar, Maria Alexandrovna spent a lot of free time, read, wrote a letter to his relatives, drank tea with his spouse. From here there was a way out on the staircase, which could be descended for the first floor, in the children's rooms.

Raspberry Cabinet

Raspberry Cabinet Empress Mary Alexandrovna, Watercolor E.P.Gau

In the large or in the raspberry office, the Personal Guests of the Empress and meetings with relatives of the royal family took place. The office was also a kind of musical salon. In the drawings of the tissue of the tight walls, you can see numerous images of musical instruments and notes. The frame of a huge fireplace mirror is crowned with an amuras with a shield in their hands, which shows Monzel Mary Alexandrovna.

Raspberry Cabinet of the Winter Palace, © State Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Golden living room

The shining abundance of gilding a golden living room reminds the chambers of the Moscow Kremlin with their vaulted ceilings and ornate decorated walls. True, the owner of the apartment itself compared its living room with the throne hall of the Bavarian Kings.

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Winter Palace On the Palace Square - the former royal residence, the symbol of architectural style Elizabethan baroque, the largest palace in St. Petersburg. From the first Soviet years, the Museum is the most famous museum in Russia - the State Hermitage.

The first winter palaces. Winter Palace Anna John

Palace F. M. Apraksin

On the site of the first building of the St. Petersburg Winter Palace, the first building appeared in Peter I. In 1705, the wooden house of Admiral Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin was built in the north-western corner. He was designed architect Domenico Trezini . Place by Admiral was chosen including because of the rules of "Fortification Esplanade". They demanded that the nearest structure was at a distance of at least 200 sages (1 sage \u003d approximately 2.1 meters) from the fortress, that is, from the admiralty.

In 1707, near Apraksina, from the south, the house of A. V. Kikina appeared. The east of the admiral ownership was the plots of S. V. Raguzinsky, P. I. Yaguzhinsky and P. Chernyshev. Apraksina House, as built first on Palace Embankment , asked her red line. Kikina's house identified the northern border of the Admiralty meadow (future Palace Square).

It is worth noting that Peter I and Catherine I lived here. The first Winter Palace of Peter was built on a plot of house number 32 on the palace embankment, where is now located Hermitia Theater. . This building was repeatedly rebuilt, the founder of St. Petersburg died in it.

In 1712, Apraksina House was rebuilt in stone. Soon he stopped laying the admiral who wanted to live in a more luxurious setting. In 1716, for Apraksin, the house is rebuilt for the third time, and after arriving in St. Petersburg, the famous architectoBlon - in the fourth. Due to the permanent employment, Leblon could not bring this project to the end. The construction plan was reworked by architect Fedor Vasilyev. At the same time, he added to the building the third floor and several processed its facade.

First Winter Palace of Peter I

In 1718, after the execution of Kikin, the Marine Academy was located in his house.

In 1725, the newlyweds of the Duke of Holsteinsky and daughter Peter I Anna temporarily lived in the Palace of Apraksin. They were the first to take half-ranking in these wards. The former camera-junker Berchgolts came here that he:

"The biggest and beautiful in the whole Petersburg, moreover, stands on the big Neva and has a very pleasant location. The house is all furnished perfectly and in the last fashion, so the king could be decent to live in it ... "

In 1728, Admiral died. He bequeathed his own property. Apraksin consisted of a related connection with Romanov, he was a brother of Queen Martha Matveyevna, the second wife of the elder brother Peter I. Therefore, something had to get to the young Emperor Peter II. His Admiral bequeathed his Petersburg Palace. However, Peter II never lived here, as he moved to Moscow.

If the empress, the Empress Anna Ioannovna St. Petersburg was returned by Peter II, the capital status was returned to the throne. The new government was needed to equip its residence here. The Winter Palace of Peter I Anna Ioannovna considered too modest for himself and in 1731 decided to settle in the Palace of Apraksin. His restructuring she instructed Domenico Trezini. But his work, the empress was not impressed, she wanted to live in brilliance and luxury. As a result, the work went.

The design of the Winter Palace Anna Ioannovna he carried out with his father Bartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli. This is indicated by the following message Jacob Schedule:

"Rastrelli, Cavaliero Del Ordine Di Salvador Pope Pope, built a big wing to the house of Admiral Apraksin, as well as a large hall, gallery and a court theater.
His son had to break everything and to build a new winter palace for Empress Elizabeth in this place.

[Cyt. 2, p. 329].

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli

This means that the chief architect of the Winter House Anna John was not Francesco Bartolomeo, but his father Bartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli. The son only helped her father, later, attributing this work to himself.

On May 3, 1732, a decree was issued on the allocation of 200,000 rubles for the construction of the palace. On May 27, his bookmark ceremony took place.

For the new building, the House of the Maritime Academy (Kikina House) was demolished. It was necessary in order to arrange the main facade of the royal residence by the Admiralty. From the outside of the Neva, he could not be decorated due to the fact that the sections of Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky were not yet bought from the east of Apraksin. Their demolition, in contrast to the demolition of the home of the Marine Academy, would require more time. The new third winter palace was completely ready in 1735, although Anna Ioannovna held here in winter 1733-1734. Since then, this building has become a parade imperial residence for 20 years, and Rastrelli from 1738 became the Ober-architect of the courtyard of her imperial majesty.

Indoors former palace Apraksina Rastrelli issued the imperial chambers. The facade of this house was not touched, he was only concluded under the common roof with a new building. The length of the facade by the admiralty was 185 meters. In the newly built end housing there is a throne room, blue, winter, red and lateral chambers, anticamant.

Winter Palace Anna John

In the Winter Palace, Anna Ioannovna on July 2, 1739, the princess of Anna Leopoldovna with Prince Anton-Ulrich took place. The juvenile emperor John Antonovich was brought here. He stayed here until November 25, 1741, when the daughter of Peter I Elizabeth took power into his hands.

Elizabeth Petrovna desired even greater luxury than its predecessor, and the next year began to reorganize the imperial residence on his own way. Then she ordered to separate the rooms for himself adjacent to the south to the light gallery. A "Raspberry Cabinets" and Amber Cabinet were next to her broom. Later, when disassembling the Third Winter Palace, Amber Panels will be transported to the royal village and will be included in the famous Amber Room. Since the size of the cabinet was more than the size of the premises where the panels were before ( Royal Palace In Berlin, human peaces in the summer garden), Rastrelli posted 18 mirrors between them.

In 1745, a wedding of the heir to the throne of Peter Fedorovich and Princess Sophia Fredericks and the Princess of Sophia Frederiki Augustus Anhalt-Cerebst (future Catherine II) were celebrated. Architect Rastrelli was engaged in the design of this holiday.

For the growing needs of the Empress, more and more premises were required. In 1746, due to this, Rastrelli attached an additional building from the side of the Admiralty, the main facade of which was south. It was a two-story, with a wooden upper floor, a side facade rests on the canal at the Admiralty. That is, the winter house has become even closer to shipyard. A year later, a chapel, soap and other chapels were added to this building. The main goal of new premises, another year before their appearance, was accommodated in the winter house of the Hermitage, a secluded corner for intimate meetings (IST. No. 1). Two Abstracts here led to the corner hall in which there was a lifting table for 15 people. Elizabeth Petrovna implemented this idea to Catherine II. East. # 2 argues that the new building was needed by the Newlyweds Peter Fedorovich and Catherine Alekseevna.

Winter Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna

On January 1, 1752, the Empress decided to expand the Winter Palace. For this, neighboring sites of Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky on the Palace Embankment were redeemed. The mansions of the companions of Peter I Rastrelli were preparing not to demolish, but reorganize in a single style with the whole building. But in February next year, the decree Elizabeth Petrovna followed:

"... With a new house from the river and courtyard, there are a considerable breaking and structure of stone buildings of two outbreaks, which is a project and drawings and drawings and present them to the highest E. I. V. Approach ..."

Thus, Elizabeth Petrovna decided to carry the houses of Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky, to build new buildings in their place. And also build the southern and eastern corps by closing the entire building in Kara. Two thousand soldiers have begun to construction work. They were disassembled at home on the embankment. At the same time, on the part of the Admiralty meadow, the laying of the foundations of the southern corps began - the main facade of the new Winter Palace. Reconciliated and premises in the former Apraksin House. There were even removed the roof to raise the ceilings. Changes have undergone a light gallery, avanzal, expanded rooms for theater and front halls. And in December 1753, Elizaveta Petrovna wished to increase the height of the Winter Palace from 14 to 22 meters ...

In early January, all construction work was stopped. New drawings of Rastrelli presented the Empress already on the 22nd. Rastrelli offered to build a winter palace in a new place. But Elizabeth Petrovna refused to move his winter parade residence. As a result, the architect decided to build the entire building anew, using the old walls only in some places. The new project was approved by Decree Elizabeth Petrovna. Victor Buzinov in the book "Palace Square. The architectural guide "indicates the date of its adoption as June 16, 1754. Yuri Ovsyannikov in the book "Great Architects of St. Petersburg" writes that the decree was published in July:

"Further in St. Petersburg, our winter palace is not a Tokmo for receiving foreign ministers and for the departure of the courts in the courts of festive rites on the greatness of our imperial dignity, but also to be satisfied with us with the needs and the items and the items can not be for what they were remified Our winter palace with a large space in length, width and embroidery rebuild; On which the restructuring on the estimate is required 990,000 rubles. "

According to the calculations of the office from buildings, the fourth Winter Palace was to be erected in three years. The first two were assigned to the construction of the walls, and the third to decorate the premises. The Empress planned a housewarming for the fall of 1756, the Senate was counting on three years of construction.

After the approval of the project, Rastrelli did not make significant changes in it, but made adjustments to the internal relationships of the premises. He placed the main halls in the second floor of angular rizalits. From the northeast, a parade staircase was designed, from the north-west - the throne room, from the south-east - the church, from the south-west - theater. They were tied up Nevskaya, Western and South Anflades Rooms. The first floor of the architect was away for office space, the third - for Freinin and other servants. Apartments of the heads of state were equipped in the southeast corner of the Winter Palace, he is best illuminated by the Sun. The halls of Nevsky Anfilads were intended for receiving ambassadors and solemn ceremonies.

Together with the creation of the Winter Palace, Rastrelli was going and redeveloped the entire Admiralty meadow, create a single here architectural ensemble. But it was not implemented.

Few builders of the Winter Palace found a housing in neighboring Slobodas. Most struck themselves Shalashi right on the Admiralty meadow. In the construction of the palace, thousands of serfs were busy. Seeing workers flooded Petersburg, the sellers have relevant prices for products. The office from the buildings was forced to prepare the food to builders here, at the construction site. The cost of food was subtracted from pranks. It often happened so that after such a deduction, the worker was even indebted to the employer. According to eyewitness:

"Soon, heterogeneous diseases appeared in the climate change, disadvantaged in healthy food and evil clothing ... difficulties were resumed, and sometimes in the worst of the fact that in 1756, many bricklayers for non-paid money went to the world and even as they told, Died from hunger "[quota. by: 2, p. 343].

The construction of the Winter Palace was delayed. In 1758, Blacksmiths were filmed by the Senate from the construction site, since there was no one to browse the wheels of the cart and guns. At this time, Russia led War with Prussia. Not enough not only workers, but also finance.

"The position of workers ... In 1759, he represented a truly sad picture. The riots continued at all times the construction and began to decrease then only when some of the most important work and several thousand people disgraced the ravisas "[CIET. 2, p. 344].

Elizaveta Petrovna did not survive until the end of construction, Peter III took the work. By this time, the finish of the facades was finished, but many indoor premises were not yet ready. But the emperor was in a hurry. He entered the Winter Palace on the Great Saturday (day before Easter) on April 6, 1762. On the day of the move, the court of the Cathedral Church was consecrated, worship was held. Presumably, in the finishing of Pepter III and his spouses took part Architect S. I. Chevakinsky .

Apartments Peter III were closer to Million Street His wife settled in the rooms closer to Admiralty. Under it, in the first floor, Peter III settled his favorite Elizabeth Romanovna Vorontsov.

At the solemn ceremony of the consecration of the building, the Architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli was awarded the Holstaic Order, he received the rank of General Major.

The building included about 1,500 rooms. The perimeter of his facades was about two kilometers. The Winter Palace became the highest building in St. Petersburg. From 1844 to 1905, a decree of Nicholas I was acted in the city, which limits the height of private houses on one plant below below the Cornice of the Winter Palace. 2,622,020 rubles 19 kopecks were spent on the construction of the tsarist residence.

The eaves of the Winter Palace decorated 176 statues and VAZ. They cut out of Pudozhsky limestone in the drawings of Rastrelli by the German sculptor Bouomkhen. Later they were twisted.

On the part of the Palace Embankment in the building, the Jordanian entrance leads, called so on the royal custom to leave him on the feast of baptism on the opposite opposite, in the Neva, the burrows - "Jordan". In the 1930s he began to call him sightseeing. The Saltykovsky entrance leads to the Western facade, the name of which is given by the name of the graph, the educator of the future emperor Alexander I, General Field Marshal Ivan Petrovich Saltykov. He had a huge apartment in the Winter Palace, where it was possible to get through this entrance. Saltykovsky entrance is also called the entrance of his imperial majesty, as he was in the rest of the emperor. From here the king went out for the troops.

From the southern facade to the palace lead three entrances. The one is closer to the Admiralty - Her Imperial Majesty. From here there was a crossed path to the rest of the Empress, as well as to the apartments of Paul I. Therefore, he was called Pavlovsky for some time, and before that theatrical, since he was led to the arranged Catherine II home theater. Closer to Million Street there is a commandant entrance, where the services of the commander of the palace were located. Travel into the courtyard of Rastrelli did not plan to close the gate. He remained free.

According to the Rastrelli project, the first floor of the Winter Palace occupied large vaulted galleries with arches, which perished all parts of the building. On the sides of the galleries, office space were arranged, where the servant lived, Karaul rested. Here were placed warehouses, utility rooms.

In the summer of 1762, Peter III killed, the construction of the Winter Palace already under Catherine II was completed. First of all, the Empress removed Rastrelli from the works, Ivan Ivanovich Betskaya became the manager at the construction site. For Catherine II, domestic rest reworked architect J. B. Wallen-Demotamot . At the same time, Erkers were created over the entrances of her imperial Majesty and Commandatsky, who were not in the project Rastrelli. In these Erkers, Peter III loved smoking the tube. Catherine II on the day of the overthrow of his spouse from one of them said speech for the gathered in the guard area.

Almost immediately after the incident on the throne of Catherine II commanded expanding the space of the palace at the expense of the construction of a new neighboring building - a small Hermitage. There is no entrance from the street, in a small Hermitage you can only get through the Winter Palace. In his halls, the empress placed its richest collection of painting, sculptures and objects of applied art. Later to this single complex joined the Great Hermitage and Hermitia Theater. .

Reception of the Turkish ambassador in the Winter Palace, 1764

In 1763, the Empress moved to the room of the late spouse, in the southeast part of the palace. The place of Vorontsova took the favorite of Catherine Grigory Orlov. From the Palace Square under Catherine II was a shame where her throne was standing. Before the admission, there was a cavalier room, where the guard stood - the campaigns of the guard. Her windows overlook the balcony over the commandant entrance. From here it was possible to get into the diamond room, where the Empress kept his jewelry. The brilline room closer to the millionth street was a toilet room, then a bedroom and a boudoir. Behind the White Hall housed a dining room. It was adjacent to a bright office. Behind the dining room followed the parade crowd, which became diamond in diamond. In addition, the Empress ordered the library for himself, the cabinet, restroom. In the restroom, the Empress built Stulchak from the throne of one of his lovers, the Polish king of the concepts. With Catherine, a winter garden was built in the Winter Palace, the Romanov Gallery. At the same time, the formation of the St. George Hall was completed.

Winter garden served in 140 square meters. Exotic bushes and trees grew in it, flower beds and lawns were arranged here. The garden decorated sculpture. The center was a fountain. According to the description of P. P. Swinin during the time of Catherine II winter garden looked like this:

"The winter garden occupies a significant four-body space and concludes flowering bushes of laurel and orange trees, always fragrant, green and in brutal frosts. Canary, Malinovka, Chižiki flutter from branches on a branch and sweet, loud singing glorify their freedom or casually sprinkled in the Yashima pool, which in Empress Catherine was filled with golden Portuguese fish ... "[CIET. by: 3, p. 24, 25]

At the request of Catherine II, the central entrance to the courtyard in 1771 was blocked by a pine gate. They were made in just 10 days on the project of the architect Felten.

With Catherine times in the Winter Palace, cats live. The first of them were brought from Kazan. They protect the property of the palace from rats.

From the first years of life in the Winter Palace, Ekaterina II created a certain schedule of events held here. Balls were arranged on Sundays, the French comedy was given on Monday, Tuesday was a holiday in the afternoon, the Russian comedy played on Wednesday, on Thursday - the tragedy or French opera, followed by the outbound masquerade. On Friday, Masquerades were given at the court, they rested on Saturday.

On September 29, 1773, a wedding of the future emperor Paul I was held in the Wilhelmina Hesse Darmstadskaya (in Orthodoxy - Natalia Alekseevna) in the Winter Palace. After the wedding, the highest know gathered in the throne room, where the table was served. Then followed the ball, which discovered newlyweds. However, Natalia's dress was so hard because of the precious stone scattered on the sky, that she managed to double only a few menuets. While Natalia was undressed, Paul had dinner in the next room with his mother.

In 1776, the Great Princess Natalia Alekseevna died in the quinces of the Winter Palace during childbirth. Together with her died and not born baby.

In 1780, Catherine II solved the inappropriate fee of the public in Hermitage through her own chambers. According to her decree, a galete-jumper was created between the Winter Palace and Small Hermitage, with which visitors could pass the royal apartments. Thus, a marble gallery and a new throne room appeared. It was opened on November 26 (St. George's Day) of 1795 and named "Georgievsky". Behind him was the Apolonov Hall.

Until 1790, with a parade (later Embassy, \u200b\u200bJordanian), the stairs had an entrance to the enfilad of five rooms of about the same size. They led to the sixth - the throne room located in the north-western corner of the palace. In 1790s, three advancedes were united in a large (later Nikolaevsky) hall. Before them was issued an advance, and behind him - a concert hall.

In 1796, Catherine II died in the Winter Palace. The coffin with her body for a farewell was exhibited in the bedroom (third and fourth windows on the right, from the Palace Square).

Winter Palace, 1810s

In Pavel I, the memorial office of his father Peter III was created in the diamond room. Immediately after the incident on the throne, he ordered the wooden bell tower for the palace cathedral of the Savior of the Unclean Image, whose dome is clearly visible from the Palace Square. The bell tower was constructed on the roof of the palace, west of the cathedral. In addition, the bell tower was built for a small church. At the site of the White Hall, the rooms of the Emperor's children were located.

After the death of Paul I, the Avfilad of the Three-Stairs Rooms from the Palace Square belonged to his widow Empress Maria Fedorovna.

In 1817, Alexander I invited to work in the Winter Palace of Architect Karl Rossi. He was instructed by the remission of the rooms, where the daughter of the Prussian king Princess Carolina, the bride of the Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich (the future Nicholas I) will be stopped. For five months, Rossi reddished ten rooms located along Palace Square: a grinding, large dining room, living room ...

In 1825, the inner courtyard of the Winter Palace was cooled by a cobblestone.

Another Alexander I decided to create a 1812 gallery in the Winter Palace. He found out about the creation of the Waterloo Hall of Memory in the Windsor Castle with portraits of Napoleon's winners. But the British won one battle, and the Russians - the whole war and entered Paris. An English artist George Dow was invited to create a gallery in St. Petersburg, who was given a special premises in the palace. He was given to helping young artists Alexander Polyakov and Vasily Golike.

Alexander I did not hurry with the opening of the memorable hall. But Nicholas I immediately after the encounter on the throne, hurried to open it. The architectural design of the hall was entrusted to the architect Karl Rossi. To create it, he combined an imfilade out of six rooms in one room. The project created by him was approved on May 12, 1826. Gallery of 1812 was opened on December 25, in the fourteenth anniversary of the expulsion of the French army from Russia. At the time of opening on the walls, there were 236 portraits of participants in the Patriotic War. Many years later there were 332.

In early January 1827, Nikolai I instructs Karl Rossi alteration of Apartments of Empress Mary Fedorovna in the Winter Palace. Projects were ready for the beginning of March. But because of your own illness, the architect took a vacation for six weeks. Returning from a deserved rest, he learned that the work was transferred Montferran Augustend .

On December 25, 1827, a solemn consecration of the gallery was held, described in the journal "Domestic Notes":

"The Gallery of Sia is consecrated was in the presence of the imperial name and all generals, officers and soldiers with the medals of 1812 and for the capture of Paris. Cavalers Seia walking Guards were collected in the St. George Hall, and the horse guard in Belaya ... The sovereign Emperor has learned to instruct places for storage to explore a place ... Announced Life Guard regiments. They are delivered in both corners from the main entrance under the inscriptions of memorable places ... On which there was no time to flutter with the unmeared glory.
... All the lower ranks, here collected, allowed in the gallery, where they passed before images ... Alexandra and generals - who drove them repeatedly to the field of honor and victories, before the images of the valiant military leaders who divorid the works and danger to them ... "[Cyt. By: 2, p. 489]

Charles Rossiy, after opening the gallery, the premises around her were designed. The architects were conceived by Advance, the stamp, Petrovsky and the Field Marshal halls. After 1833, these premises completed Auguste Monferran.

From 1833 to 1845, the Winter Palace was equipped with an optical telegraph. For him, a telegraph tower was equipped on the roof of the building, which is clearly visible with Palace Bridge . From here the king had a connection with Kronstadt, Gatchina, Tsarist Selo and even Warsaw. Telegraph workers were placed in the room under it, in the attic.

Fire in the Winter Palace, 1837

On December 17, 1837, a fire happened in the Winter Palace. To put out it could not three days, all this time the property made from the palace was folded around Aleksandrovsky Column . To see for each trifle from all things folded on the Palace Square was impossible. Here was dear furniture, china, table silver. And despite the lack of adequate security, only a silver coffee pot and a gold-plated bracelet were disappeared. Thus, many things managed to save. The coffee pot was discovered in a few days, and the bracelet in the spring, when the snow became. The palace building suffered so that it was considered almost impossible to restore it. It remained only stone walls and first floors.

The fastening of the property killed 13 soldiers and firefighters.

On December 25, a commission for the resumption of the Winter Palace was created. The restoration of facades and the finish of the front interiors was commissioned by the architect V. P. Stasov. Personal rooms of the imperial family were entrusted by A. P. Brylovov. General observation of construction was carried out by A. Stubert.

Frenchman A. De Kyustin wrote:

« We needed incredible, superhuman efforts to finish the construction of a term appointed by the emperor. On the interior decoration continued to work in the most brutal frosts. In total, there were six thousand workers on the construction, from which many were died every day, but on the change of these unfortunate came immediately the others who, in turn, were destined to die soon. And the sole purpose of these countless victims was the fulfillment of royal whim ...
In the harsh 25-30 degree frosts, six thousand missile martyrs, no rewarded, who are argued against their will alone, which is a born, violent by grafted by the virtue of the Russians, was blocked in the palace halls, where the temperature due to the reinforced firebox for the rapid dryness reached 30 heat degrees. . And the unfortunate, entering and leaving from this palace of death, which, thanks to their victims, was to turn into the Palace of vanity, magnificence and pleasure, were experienced a temperature difference of 50-60 degrees.
Works in the mines of the Urals were much less dangerous to human life, and meanwhile workers engaged in the construction of the palace, were not criminals, like those who sent to mines. I was told that the unfortunate workers who worked in the most fired halls were to wear some kind of ice caps on the head to be able to withstand this monstrous heat, without losing consciousness and ability to continue their work ..."[CIT. by: 2, p. 554]

For a long time it was believed that after the fire, the facades of the Winter Palace were recreated exactly the same as they were conceived by Rastrelli. But in the article "Why Rastrelli corrected" historian Z. F. Semenova described in detail the changes made and indicated their reasons. It turned out that the northern facade of the building was largely changed. Semicircular frontones were replaced with triangular, the drawing of stucco decorations changed. The number of columns that placed evenly in each simpleness has increased. Such a rhythmic and orderliness of the columns is not characteristic of the baroque style of Rastrelli.

Especially significant changes in the design of the Jordanian entrance. There is a good noticeable absence of an antablement bend, which is replaced with supporting columns supporting beams. In his practice, Rastrelli never applied such a reception.

The "amendments" of the author's style of the Winter Palace are primarily connected with another understanding of the architecture of Russian architects of the middle of the XIX century. Baroque they perceived as a bad tone, hardly correcting it on the right classic forms.

The layout of the building created at this time was preserved almost unchanged until 1917. The wooden bell tower built during Pavel I were not.

The celebration on the occasion of the restoration of the Winter Palace took place in March 1839. A. De Kyustin visited the Restored Winter Palace:

"It was an extravagané ... The brilliance of the main gallery in the Winter Palace positively blinded me. She is covered with gold, whereas before the fire she was painted in white ... An even more decent surprise than the sparkling gold hall for dancing, the gallery appeared to me in which dinner was served "[Cyt. by: 3, p. 36]

Gallery of 1812 by the architect Stasov was recreated with changes. It increased its length, removed the dividing room into three parts of the arch.

Statues on the roof of the Winter Palace were crackled and began to crumble. In 1840, they were restored under the leadership of the sculptor V. Demut-Malinovsky.

In the first floor along the entire Eastern Gallery, antresoli was built separated by brick walls. The corridor formed between them began to call the kitchen.

Winter Palace, 1841

The gates closing entry into the courtyard were restored. They just repeated the appearance of the gate created by Felten.

Catherine rooms under Nicolae I began to call Prussian-Royal. Here I used to stop the son-in-law of the emperor Prussian king Frederich-Wilhelm IV. The former rooms of Mary Fedorovna after the fire became the Russian department of the Hermitage, and after the construction of the building of the new Hermitage - a hotel for high-ranking specials. They were called the "second spare half."

In general, the "halves" in the winter palace called the room for habitat of one person. Usually these rooms were grouped on the same floor around the stairs. For example, the emperor apartments were on the third floor, and the empress on the second. They were united by a common staircase. The system of the room included everything you need for a luxurious life. So, half of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna included Malachite, pink and raspberry living rooms, arapist, poverty and large table, office, bedroom, boudois, kindergarten, bathroom and bofuity, diamond and passing room. The first six premises were the front rooms in which the Empress received guests.

In addition to Half Nikolai I and his spouse in the Winter Palace, there were half of the heir, great princes, the great princes, the Minister of the courtyard, the first and second reserve for the temporary stay of the highest people and members of the imperial family. As the number of members of the family of Romanovs, the number of spare half also increased. At the beginning of the XX century there were five of them.

The central part of the second floor of the facade of the Winter Palace from the Palace Square is occupied by the Alexander Hall. To the left of him - the White Hall, recreated by the architect of Bryullov on the site of the rooms of Paul's children I. In 1841, he became part of the apartments of Mary Alexandrovna, the wife of the heir to the throne, the future of Emperor Alexander II. The chambers of Maria Alexandrovna also consisted of more than seven rooms, including the Golden Living Room, whose windows were published on the palace square and the admiralty. The white hall was used for receptions. There were tables and suited dancing.

In the 1860s, the entrance gates were very vague. They decided to replace the architect Andrei Ivanovich Shtakhenshneider offered a cast iron gate project. But this project was not implemented.

In 1869, gas lighting appeared in the palace instead of the candle. Since 1882, the telephonization of the premises began. In the 1880s, a water supply was built here (before that, everyone used the clothes). At Christmas of 1884-1885, electric lighting was tested in the halls of the Winter Palace, since 1888 gas lighting was gradually replaced by electric. For this, in the second hall of the Hermitage, a power plant was built, 15 years that was the largest in Europe.

The Winter Palace has become a place attempt to the life of Alexander II. To blow up the king was planned terrorist Stepan Nikolaevich Halturin, when he will have breakfast in the yellow living room. For this, Halturin got a job in the palace of the joiner, settled in a small room at the joinery. This room was located in the basement floor, which was located Cardegardia Palace Karaul. Above Cartheard and was a yellow living room. To blow up her Halturin planned with the help of a dynamite, which he posed in parts into his room. According to his calculations, the explosion force should have been enough to destroy the overlaps of two floors and kill the emperor. The explosive device was enforced on February 5, 1880, in 20 minutes of the seventh and in the morning. The royal family was delayed, by the time of the explosion, did not even have time to walk to the yellow living room. But the Life Guards Guardsmen of the Finnish Regiment was injured in Carthegiadia. 11 people died, 47 were injured.

Winter Palace, Garden Fence, 1900s

After the death of Alexander II in 1881, the attitude of the royal family to the Winter Palace has changed. Before this tragedy, he was perceived by emperors as a house as a place where it was safe. But Alexander III belonged to the Winter Palace otherwise. Here he saw a deadly wounded father. I remembered the emperor and about the explosion of 1880, which means it did not feel safe here. In addition, the huge winter palace stopped compliance with the requirements for comfortable housing of the late XIX century. Gradually, the imperial residence becomes just a place for official receptions, while the kings more often live in other places, in the suburbs of St. Petersburg.

Alexander III made Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg by his official residence. The frontal halls of the Winter Palace were open to them for excursions that were arranged for the gymnasists and students. Alexandra III balls were not held here. This tradition resumed Nicholas II, but the rules for their holding were changed.

In 1884, the architect Nikolai Gornostayev began for the design of the new gates of the Winter Palace. As a basis, he accepted the draft Shtechenshnee. They were developed projects of both the entrance gates and fences for ramps leading to the commandant, its imperial majesty and its imperial majesty, the main (in the yard) of the entrance. One of the projects was approved, but it was carried out by the owner of the furniture company, the artist Roman Melzard. It became its first major work. Melzer slightly redoned the project of Gornostayev, which was submitted for consideration by the highest features not only the drawings, but also a wooden model in full size. After their approval, the gate and fences were made on San Galli cast-iron plant.

In the late 1880s, the architect Gornostayev latested the inner courtyard of the Winter Palace. In his central part, they smashed the garden, where they planted oaks, limes, males and white American ash. The garden appealed to the granite basement, in his center staged a fountain.

One day, a fragment of one of the figures on the roof of the Winter Palace fell in front of the windows of the heir to the throne, the future of Emperor Nicholas II. Statues were removed, and in the 1890s they were replaced by copper figures under the models of the sculptor N. P. Popova. Of the 102 original figures recreated only 27, coping them three times. All vases were repeated with one single model. In 1910, the remains of the original sculptures were found in the construction of a residential building at the corner Country Prospekt. and the big Cossack alley. The heads are now stored in the Russian Museum.

Nicholas II lived in the Winter Palace until 1904. From this time, the place of his permanent residence was the Tsarskowelsky Alexander Palace. The Winter Palace became a place for solemn techniques, parade dinners, and the place of stay of the king during short visits to the city.

With the beginning of the First World War, the building was given under Lazaret. In the Winter Palace, opened operational, therapeutic, viewing and other services. The stampal hall became the ward for the wounded. Empress Alexander Fedorovna, the eldest daughters of the king, court ladies were careful.

In the summer of 1917, the Winter Palace became the place of a meeting of the Interim Government, which was placed in Mariinsky Palace . In July, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky became the chairman of the Provisional Government. He is located in the chambers of Alexander III - in the north-western part of the Palace, on the third floor, with the windows for the Admiralty and Neva. The temporary government is located in the rest of Nicholas II and its spouses - on the second floor, under the apartments of Alexander III. The meeting room was the malachite living room.

Before World War I, the Winter Palace was repainted in red-brick color. It is on a background that the revolutionary events took place on the Palace Square in 1917. On the morning of October 25, Kerensky went from the Winter Palace to the troops outside Petrograd. On the night of October 25-26, a detachment of sailors and red-Armenians penetrated the building through the entrance of her imperial majesty. On October 26, 1917, in the winter palace, the Ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested at the winter palace. Subsequently, this entrance to the palace, as well as the stairs behind him, called Oktyabrski.

Winter Palace after 1917, State Hermitage

Before the Bolshevik revolution, the semi-base floor of the Winter Palace was busy with a wine cellar. Horse centers, Spanish, Portuguese, Hungarian and other wines were kept here. According to the city Duma, the fifth of the entire stock of alcohol in St. Petersburg was kept in the winter basements. On November 3, 1917, when wine pogroms began in the city, the repositories of the former royal residence were also injured. From the memories of Larisa Reisner about events in the cellar of the Winter Palace:

"They were filled with firewood, littered first in one brick, then two bricks - nothing helps. Every night there is a hole somewhere and suck, lick, pull out that you can. Some kind of mad, naked, brazen creature is going to the forbidden wall one crowd after another. With tears in her eyes, Feldofebel Krivoruchenko told me, who was entrusted to defend the ill-fated barrels, about the desperation, about the full impotence, which he felt at night, defending one, sober, with his few guard against the persistent, all-pervading crowd lust. Now they decided so: a machine gun will be inserted into each new hole. "

Winter Bear, Modern View

But it did not help. In the end, it was decided to destroy the wine in place:

"... They caused firefighters then. They included cars, pumped up the full basements of water and let's pump everything into the Neva. We drove out of winter turbid streams: there and wine, and water, and dirt - everything stirred ... day or two stretched this story, while there is nothing left of the wine cellars. "

Winter Palace, Modern View

In Soviet times, the Winter Palace began to belong to the State Museum - Hermitage. The building was rebuilt again, now under the needs of the museum in 1925-1926. Then the erkers were disassembled over the entrances from the Palace Square. In 1927, during the restoration of the facade, 13 layers of different colors were discovered. Then the walls of the Winter Palace were repainted in a gray-green color, columns in white, and stucco - in almost black. At the same time, the mezzanine and partitions of the Eastern Gallery of the first floor were disassembled. She was called Gallery Rastrelli, temporary exhibitions began to arrange.

During the blockade, in the spring of 1942, a vegetable garden was arranged in the garden of the inner courtyard of the Winter Palace. Potatoes, trouser, coast, sat down here. The same garden was in Hanging Garden.

In 1955, P. Ya. Cannon listed such information about the palace: there were 1050 parade and residential premises in it, 1945 windows, 1786 doors, 117 stairs.

Currently, the Winter Palace, together with the Hermitage Theater, Small, New and Big Hermitages, is a single complex " State Hermitage ". His mixture floor occupy production museum workshops.

Winter Palace. People and Walls [History of the Imperial Residence, 1762-1917] Zimin Igor Viktorovich

Freaks of Catherine II in the last years of life

In the 1790s. Apartments Catherine II continued to occupy the eastern part of the Winter Palace from the Jordan staircase and until half the heir Pavel Petrovich (Nos. 283 and 290). The parade half of the Empress Catherine II opened the "two walking quarters" (No. 193), they followed the Arabesky before the gallery, to which the dining chamber of chambers and waiters was adjacent from the east (No. 194). Behind the White Gallery (No. 195) was located: Stats-Dame (No. 195 - Southeast Part), before the Staff of the Dames (No. 197 - Eastern Part), Masseradna Buffet (No. 196 - northern part), A large staircase called Red (No. 196 - part), Precerning Hall (No. 270) and the Church in the name of the Savior of the Independent Image (No. 271). From the precerning hall, it was possible to go to the dining room (No. 269) and the boftie, where the post of the Life Guard of the equestrian regiment of the Raitara (No. 196 - the southern part) is. In all rooms in the second half of the 1760s. Put itfall, i.e. parquet floors, according to Felten and Wallen-delay drawings.

Plan of the halls of the southeast rizalit

If, at the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, it consisted of only nine "chambers" as a representative and purely personal character, then by the end of its reign, their number is definitely changed. It is quite natural, since the Empress lived in the Winter Palace of 34 years - all the years of his rule. In archival documents, there is another list of premises on Half Empress Catherine II: 1. The main arrival and a large entry staircase; 2. Parade three antikamers; 3. Audience (throne room); 4. Dining room; 5. Municipal; 6. Staircase on all floors; 7 and 8. Two passing rooms; 9. Ceremonial felling; 10. Restroom; 11. A room for chameterners; 12. Witty; 13. BUAR; 14. Cabinet; 15. Library; 16. Staircase for the movement of the Majesty; 17. Room with Antesol, and in it - a furnace-laying; 18. Bedroom; 19 and 20. Two rooms.

Today, only a small part of the chambers of Catherine II has kept the outlines of the 1790s. Numerous redevelopments in the following years distorted the appearance and "geography" of the empress of the empress. For example, the current Alexander hall was served by the Paradinary Rooms: Council, Sergeant, "Where the Guard University of Africors", and Cavalgardian (b. Kavalerskaya), facing windows on the palace square. For her, Trinic Catherine II was followed with a hall for audiences, a cavalier with an erker-flashlight, overlooking the area (No. 280) and the Diamond Room described in detail (No. 279).

In the personal quarters of Catherine II, it was possible to get from the Palace Square, rising in a small staircase. This staircase went to the dining room (No. 269). Today there is a commandant staircase in her place.

Famous historian M.I. Dustyev described this part of the Winter Palace as follows: "... Going to a small staircase, included in the room, where in the case of a speedy execution of the statement of the sovereign standing behind the shirms for the Statis secretaries writing desk with inkwell. This room was windows to a small courtyard; from her entrance was in the restroom; The windows of the last room were on the palace square. There was a restroom, from here there were two doors: one to the right, in the diamond room, and the other left, to the bedroom, where the sovereign usually listened to the case in recent years. From the bedroom directly went to the inner restroom, and to the left - to the office and the mirror room, from which one move to the lower chambers, and the other directly through the gallery in the so-called "nearby house"; Here the sovereign sometimes lived in spring ... ".

Two rooms of Ekaterina II Mary Savvishna Pereksihina (№ 263-264) were placed on the dusty mirror office of windows on a small courtyard.

On the enezoles of the first floor since 1763, there was already mentioned soap, built under the leadership of the architect J.-B. Wallen-delay and included three rooms. According to the descriptions of the 1790s, the bath complex included: Bathing (No. 272); Under the countdown of a large church (No. 701) there was a restroom and directly under the altar - an extensive sauna with a pool. Bath, or soap, was a "carpentry" (linden wooden panels) from the floor to the ceiling. In the houses of the cloth fairy colors, the bath could be descended along a small wooden ladder from the personal chambers of the empress. These premises also went out by windows on the palace square and a million street. Separately, "smeared boilers for water heating" and a reservoir for cold water were located. In the same place, on the mezzanine, there was an office with a bedroom for Count Orlov, and later there were also subsequent favorites.

Personal orders of Catherine II were literally permeated with small ladies. Including counted. For a secret wooden ladder, Messoli was informed with the library (from 1764 to 1776). The secret ladder was formed under the Library Cabinet of the Red Tree so that one of the cabinet sash served the door through which it was possible to go to the ladder and climb to the mezzanine. Note that at the beginning of the Board Catherine II was not a game. A secret ladder, and most likely, not the only one, could be very useful in the era of palace coups.

Ekaterina II meresers are associated with a very important page of the winter palace. Today, it is considered generally recognized that the modern State Hermitage, literally "stuffed" treasures of all times and peoples, "grown" from modest mezzanine Catherine II. These were four small windows overlooking the windows to the east of the room, then they were called green meresers. It was in these rooms that various items received, whose gathering the empress was keen in those or more times of his life. At first, this collection of rarers did not wear a systematic nature. However, as the collections of Empress are growing on the mezzanine, only things of Oriental origin remained, and the mezzanine began to call Chinese. Often, the empress used the mezzanine for dinners in a circle of loved ones. In these premises, the comforts, exotic and luxury were sophisticated. Empress liked such an entourage.

These historical mezzanine existed until the fire of the Winter Palace in December 1837 recognizing their historical importance, the mezzanine was not only not touched, but also periodically repaired. Moreover, they were repaired with the preservation of historical interiors. This is evidenced by the note by the vice-president of the corporal intenntenant office of Count P.I. Kuttysova, dated by the beginning of 1833, then Kutana wrote Nicholas I: "All other things have been influenced by the influence of fashion, except for Chinese agents of the newest, but resembling the era of the reign of Catherine II, so nice for Russia. Absolutely, it is confident that the preservation of this monuments is useful both for history and for archeology, I have the honor to submit to the renewal of this time this time. This, especially since it seems to me convenient that the Camesal-Maceskaya is very rich in excellent Chinese works lying there without any use of several dozen years and uselessly subjected to damage ... "

Nicholas I approved the proposal of P.I. Kutaisova. The restoration of the Chinese mezzanine Catherine II continued from 1833 to 1835 under the direction of architect L.I. Chalmsman 2nd. However, after the fire of 1837, in which the mezzanine died, these premises did not restore.

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