Bering Sea: geographical position, description. Beringovo Sea: geographical position, description Ocean name part of which is Beringovo Sea
Bering Sea
The largest of the Far Eastern seas, the shores of Russia, - the Bering Sea is located between the two continents - Asia and North America - and are stated from the Pacific Ocean to the islands of the Commander-Aleutian arc. Its northern border coincides with the southern border of the Bering Strait and stretches along the line m. Novosilskiy (Chukchi Persh) - m. York (Ms. Seward), Eastern runs along the coast of American mainland, South - from m. Habukhi (ps Alaska) through the Aleutian islands to m. Kamchatsky, Western - along the coast of Asian mainland.
Berringo Sea is one of the largest and deep seas of the world. Its area is equal to 2315 thousand km 2, the volume is 3796 thousand km 3, the average depth is 1640 m, the highest depth is 4097 m. The area with depths less than 500 m takes about half of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe Bering Sea, which refers to the outskin seas of mixed mainland -Ocanic type.
On the huge spaces of Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Islands of the Islands. Not counting the Border Aleutian Island Arc and the Commander Islands, there are large Karagin Islands in the West and several Islands in the West (St. Lawrence, St. Matvey, Nelson, Nynivak, St. Paul, St. George, Profit) in the East.
Bering Bering Coastline is strongly cut. It forms many bays, bays, peninsulas, capes and straits. For the formation of many natural processes of this sea, straits are especially important providing water exchange with the quiet ocean. The total area of \u200b\u200btheir cross-section is approximately 730 km 2, the depths in some of them reach 1000-2000 m, and in Kamchatsky - 4000-4500 m, as a result of which the water exchange occurs not only in surface, but also in the deep horizons. The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe Bering Strait is 3.4 km 2, and the depth of only 60 m. The water of the Chukotka Sea is practically not affected by the Bering Sea, but the Beringovomorsk waters play a very significant role in the Chukchi Sea.
The borders of the seas of the Pacific
Different sections of the coast of the Bering Sea are related to various geomorphological types of shores. Basically, abrasive shores, but are also accumulated. The sea is surrounded predominantly high and rippled shores, only in the middle part of the Western and Eastern coasts to it are suitable for broad stripes flat low-lying tundra. Thicker bands of the lowland coast are near the mouths of small rivers in the form of a delta application valley or the tops of the bays and the bays.
Bering Coast Landscapes
Relief DNA
In the Relief of the Bering Sea, the main morphological zones are clearly distinguished: the shelf and island bells, the mainland slope and the deep-water brand. The shelf zone with depths up to 200 m is mainly located in the northern and eastern parts of the sea and takes over 40% of its area. Here it is adjacent to the geologically ancient districts of Chukotka and Alaska. The bottom in the area is an extensive, very common underwater plain with a width of 600-1000 km, within which there are several islands, navels and small rates. The continental shallow from the coast of Kamchatka and the islands of the Commander-Aleutian ridge looks different. Here it is narrow, and its relief is very complicated. It turns out the shores of geologically young and very moving areas of sushi, within which intensive and frequent manifestations of volcanism and seismic activity are common.
The mainland slope is stretched from the north-west to the southeast of about the line from the m. Navarine to about. Ugra. Together with the island slope zone, it occupies about 13% of the sea area, has depths of 200 to 300 m and is characterized by a complex deride of the bottom. The mainland zone is disseminated by underwater valleys, many of which are typical underwater canyons, deeply embedded in the bottom of the sea and having cool and even ripped slopes. Some canyons, especially near the profits, are distinguished by a complex structure.
The deepwater zone (3000-4000 m) is located in the southwestern and central parts of the sea and bordered by a relatively narrow band of coastal shames. Its area exceeds 40% of the sea area. The relief of the bottom is very calm. It is characterized by almost complete absence of isolated depressions. The slopes of some decreases of the bottom are very common, i.e. These depressed are weakly isolated. From the positive forms, the Shirshov ridge is distinguished, but it has a relatively small depth on the ridge (mainly 500-600 m with a saddle of 2500 m) and is suitable for the base of the island arc is not close, but ends before narrow, but deep (about 3500 m) Ratmanov's gutter. The greatest depths of the Bering Sea (more than 4000 m) are located in the Kamchatka Strait and near the Aleuta Islands, but they occupy a minor area. Thus, the relief of the bottom determines the possibility of water exchange between individual parts of the sea: without restrictions within the depths of 2000-2500 m and with some restriction (determined by the cross section of Ratmanov's gutter) to the depths of 3500 m.
Relief of the bottom and the flow of the Bering Sea
Climate
Geographical location and large spaces define the main features of the climate of the Bering Sea. It is almost entirely in the subarctic climatic zone, only the northernmost part (north of 64 ° S.Sh.) refers to the Arctic zone, and the most southern part (south of 55 ° S.Sh.) - to the zone of moderate latitudes. In accordance with this, climatic differences between different areas of the sea are determined. North of 55-56 ° S.Sh. In the climate of the sea (especially its coastal districts), the features of continentality are noticeably expressed, but they are significantly weaker on the spaces removed from the shores. South of these parallels are mild climate, typical marine. It is characterized by a small daily and annual amplitudes of air temperature, a large cloudiness and a significant amount of precipitation. As the ocean influence approaches the climate is reduced. Due to stronger heating and less significant warm-up to the sea of \u200b\u200bAsian mainland, Western areas of the sea is colder than the eastern. During the year, the Beringo Sea is under the influence of permanent centers of the atmosphere - polar and Hawaiian maxima, the position and intensity of which vary from the season to the season, and accordingly the degree of their effect on the sea. Not less influence is experiencing from seasonal large-scale barical formations: Aleutian minimum, Siberian maximum, Asian depression. Their complex interaction causes seasonal features of atmospheric processes.
In the cold season, especially in winter, the sea is influenced mainly by the Aleutian minimum, the polar maximum and the Yakut sort of Siberian Anticyclone. Sometimes there is an impact of the Hawaiian maximum, which at this time occupies an extreme southern position. Such a synoptic situation leads to a wide variety of winds, the entire meteorological situation over the sea. At this time, there are winds of almost all directions. However, the northwestern, northern and northeasternations are noticeably dominated. Their total repeatability is 50-70%. Only in the eastern part of the sea, south of 50 ° C.Sh., quite often observed the southern and southwestern winds, and in some places and southeast. Wind speed in the coastal zone on average 6-8 m / s, and in open areas it varies from 6 to 12 m / s, and increases from north to south. The winds of the Northern, Western and Oriental Rumbers carry with them from the Arctic Ocean Cold Sea Arctic Air, and from Asian and American continent - cold and dry continental polar and continental arctic air. With the winds of the southern directions, marine polar, and at times and sea tropical air comes here. Above the sea interacts primarily the mass of the continental arctic and marine polar air, on the border of which the Arctic Front is formed. It is located a few northern Aleutian arc and is extended in general from the southwest to the northeast. On the frontal section of these air masses, cyclones are formed by approximately along the front north-east. The movement of these cyclones contributes to the strengthening of the northern winds in the West and weakened them or even a change to the southern in the east of the sea. Large pressure gradients caused by the Yakutian spurt of the Siberian Anticyclone and Aleutian minimum cause very strong winds in the western part of the sea. During the storms, the wind speed often reaches 30-40 m / s. Typically, the storms continue about a day, but sometimes they are with some weakening last 7-9 days. The number of days with storms during the cold season is 5-10, sometimes comes to 15-20 per month.
The temperature of the water on the surface of Bering and the Okhotsk seas in the summer
The air temperature in the winter drops from the south to the north. The average monthly temperature of the coldest months - January and February is equal to 1-4 ° in the southwestern and southern parts of the sea and -15-20 ° in the northern and northeastern regions. Outdoor sea temperature is higher than in the coastal zone. At the shores of Alaska, it can be reduced to -40-48 °. On open spaces, the temperature below -24 ° is not observed.
In the warm season, there is a restructuring of bary systems. Since the spring, the intensity of the Aleutian minimum decreases in the spring, and in the summer it is expressed very weakly, the Yakutsky spur of the Siberian Anticyclone disappears, the polar maximum shifts to the north, and the Hawaiian maximum occupies its extreme northern position. As a result of such a synoptic situation in warm seasons, south-west, southern and southeastern winds prevail, the repeatability of which is 30-60%. Their speed in the western part of the open sea is 4-6 m / s, and in the eastern regions - 4-7 m / s. In the coastal zone, the wind speed is smaller. The reduction of wind velocities compared with winter values \u200b\u200bis due to a decrease in the gradients of atmospheric pressure over the sea. In the summer, the Arctic Front shifts south of the Aleutian islands. Cyclones are born here, with the passage of which is a significant strengthening of winds. In the summer, the repeatability of storms and wind speed is less than in winter. Only in the southern part of the sea, where tropical cyclones (typhoon) penetrate, they cause strongest storms with winds of hurricane power. Typhunas in the Bering Sea are most likely from June to October, it is usually observed not more than once a month and continue for several days. The air temperature in summer is generally reduced from the south to the north, and it is slightly higher in the eastern part of the sea than in Western. The average monthly temperatures of the air temperature of the warmer months - July and August - within the sea vary from about 4 ° in the north to 13 ° in the south, and they have the coasts higher than in the open sea. Relatively mild in the south and cold in the north of winter, and everywhere cool, cloudy summer - the main seasonal features of the weather on the spaces of Bering Sea. The mainland stock into the sea is approximately 400 km 3 per year. Most of the river water falls into its very northern part, where the largest rivers flow: Yukon (176 km 3), Kusokvim (50 km 3 / year) and Anadyr (41 km 3 / year). About 85% of the national average falls on the summer months. The effect of river waters on the sea is felt mainly in the coastal zone on the northern outskirts of the sea in the summer.
Hydrology and water circulation
Geographical position, huge spaces, relatively good links with the Pacific Ocean through the straits of the Aleutian ridges in the south and an extremely limited communication with the Northern Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait in the north, the hydrological conditions of the Bering Sea are determined. The components of its thermal budget depends mainly on climatic conditions and to a much lesser extent - from the advection of heat flows. In this regard, various climatic conditions in the northern and southern parts of the sea entail differences in the thermal balance of each of them, which is respectively affected by the temperature of the water in the sea.
For the water balance of the Bering Sea, on the contrary, water exchange is crucial. Through the Aleutian sheds, very large amounts of surface and deep ocean waters come, and through the beerings, the strait of water flows into the Chukchi sea. The precipitation (approximately 0.1% of the seaside) and the river stock (about 0.02%) are very small in relation to the huge area and the volume of the sea, so less significant in the water balance than water exchange through Aleutian straits.
However, water exchange through these sheds is still not enough. It is known that the large masses of surface water overlook the ocean through the Kamchatka Strait. The overwhelming mass of the deep ocean water goes to the sea in three districts: through the eastern half of the strait of the near, almost through all the straits of the fox islands and through the straits of Amchitka, Tanaga and others between the Kracii and Andrianan Islands. It is possible that deeper water penetrate into the sea and through Kamchatka Strait, if not constantly, then periodically or sporadically. Water exchanges between the sea and the ocean affect the distribution of temperature, salinity, the formation of the structure and total water circulation of the Bering Sea.
The main mass of the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is characterized by a subarctic structure, the main feature of which is the existence of a cold intermediate layer in the summer, as well as a warm intermediate layer located under it. Only in the southernmost part of the sea, in areas directly adjacent to the aleutian ridge, the water of other structures are found, where both intermediate layers are missing.
Water and salting temperature
Salinity on the surface of Bering and the Okhotsk seas in the summer
The bulk of the sea, which occupies its deep-sea part, is clearly divided into four layers: superficial, cold intermediate, warm intermediate and deep. Such a bundle is determined mainly by differences in temperature, and the change in salinity with a depth is small.
The surface aqueous water of the summer is the most heated upper layer from the surface to a depth of 25-50 m, characterized by a temperature of 7-10 ° on the surface and 4-6 ° at the lower boundary and salinity of about 33. The largest thickness of this water mass is observed in the open part of the sea. The lower boundary of the surface aqueous mass is the layer of temperature jump. The cold intermediate layer is formed here as a result of winter convective mixing and the subsequent summer warm-up of the upper layer of water. This layer has a minor thickness in the southeastern part of the sea, but as we approach the Western shores it reaches 200 m or more. The minimum temperature is marked on the horizons about 150-170 m. In the eastern part, the minimum temperature is 2.5-3.5 °, and in the western part of the sea, it drops to 2 ° in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Koryak coast and up to 1 ° and below in the Karaginsky bay area. The salinity of the cold intermediate layer is 33.2-3.5 ‰ at the lower boundary of this layer salinity rapidly rises to 34.
Vertical water temperature distribution (1) and salinity (2) in the Bering Sea
In warm years, in the south, in the deep sea part of the sea, the cold intermediate layer may be absent, then the temperature relatively smoothly decreases with the depth of the total warming of the entire thickness of the water. The origin of the intermediate layer is associated with the influx of the Pacific Water, which as a result of the winter convection is cooled from above. Convection reaches the horizons here 150-250 m, and under its lower boundary there is an elevated temperature - a warm intermediate layer. The maximum temperature varies from 3.4-3.5 to 3.7-3.9 °. The depth of the nucleus of the warm intermediate layer in the central areas of the sea is about 300 m, it decreases to 200 m to the south, and to the north and west increase to 400 m or more. The lower boundary of the warm intermediate layer is blurred, it is approximately planned in a layer of 650-900 m.
The deep aqueous mass, which occupies most of the sea volume, both in depth and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea does not differ significantly. For more than 3000 m, the temperature varies from about 2.7-3.0 to 1.5-1.8 ° at the bottom. Saltness is 34.3-34.8.
As it moves to the south to the straits of the Aleutian ridge, the waters are gradually erased, the kernel temperature of the cold intermediate layer increases, approaching the temperature of the warm intermediate layer in magnitude. Waters gradually acquire a qualitatively other structure of Pacific Water.
In some areas, especially in shallow water, the main aquatic masses are changed, new masses appear, having a local meaning. For example, in the western part of the Anadyr Gulf, a collapsible aqueous mass is formed under the influence of mainland, and in the northern and eastern parts - the cold water mass of the Arctic type. A warm intermediate layer is missing here. In some shallow water areas of the sea, cold water is observed in the bottom layer. Their formation is associated with the vortex cycle of water. The temperature in these cold "spots" drops to -0.5-1 °.
Due to autumn-winter cooling, summer warming and mixing in the Bering Sea, the surface aqueous aqueous mass is most transformed, as well as a cold intermediate layer. Intermediate Pacific Water changes its characteristics during the year very slightly and only in the thin upper layer. The deep waters have not changed significantly during the year.
The water temperature on the sea surface is generally lowered from the south to the north, and in the western part of the sea the water is somewhat colder than in the eastern one. In winter, in the south of the western part of the sea, the surface temperature of the water is usually 1-3 °, and in the eastern part - 2- 3 °. In the north throughout the sea, the temperature of the water is held from 0 ° to -1.5 °. In the spring water begins to warm up, and the ice is melted, while the temperature rises slightly. In summer, the water temperature on the surface is 9-11 ° in the south of the western part and 8-10 ° in the south of the eastern part. In the northern seaside areas, it is equal to 4 ° in the West and 4-6 ° in the East. In coastal shallow regions, the water temperature on the surface is slightly higher than in the open areas of the Bering Sea.
The vertical distribution of water temperature in the open part of the sea is characterized by seasonal changes to the horizons of 150-200 m, the deeper than which they are practically absent.
Water exchange scheme in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas
In winter, the surface temperature equal to about 2 ° is distributed to the horizons 140-150 m, below it increases to about 3.5 ° at the horizons 200-250 m, then its value almost does not change with depth.
In the spring, the water temperature on the surface rises to about 3.8 ° and stored to the horizons 40-50 m, then it is sharply to the horizon 65-80 m, and then (up to 150 m) is very smoothly decreased with a depth and depth of 200 m slightly rises To the bottom.
In the summer, the water temperature on the surface reaches 7-8 °, but very sharply (up to 2.5 °) decreases with a depth of 50 m to the horizon, below its vertical course is almost the same as in the spring.
In the total water temperature in the open part of the Bering Sea, the relative homogeneity of the spatial distribution in surface and deep layers and relatively small seasonal fluctuations, which manifest themselves only to the horizonta 200-300 m.
The salinity of the surface water is varied from 33-33.5 ‰ in the south to 31 in the east and northeast and up to 28.6 in the Bering Strait. Water is most significantly designed in spring and summer in the areas of signs of the Anadyr rivers, Yukon and Kusokvim. However, the direction of the main flows along the coarse limits the impact of the mainland on the deep areas of the sea.
The vertical salinity distribution is almost the same in all seasons of the year. From the surface to the horizon of 100-125 m, it is approximately equal to 33.2-33.3 ‰. Salted salinity increases from the horizons 125-150 to 200-250 m, it remains deeper almost unchanged to the bottom.
In accordance with small spatial-temporal changes in temperature and salinity, the density also changes slightly. The distribution of oceanic characteristics in depth indicates a relatively weak vertical water stratification of Bering Sea. In combination with strong winds, this creates favorable conditions for the development of wind mixing. In the cold season, it covers the upper layers to the horizons 100-125 m, in the warm season, when the water is stratified more dramatically, and the winds are weaker than autumn and winter, the wind mixing penetrates the horizons 75-100 m in deep and up to 50-60 m in coastal areas.
Significant water intake, and in the northern regions and intensive glands contribute to the good development of autumn-winter convection in the sea. During October - November, it captures the surface layer of 35-50 m and continues to penetrate deeper.
The boundary of the penetration of winter convection is deepened when approaching the shores due to reinforced cooling near the mainland slope and shallow. In the southwestern part of the sea, this lowering is especially great. This is associated with the observed lowering of cold waters along the coastal slope.
Due to the low air temperature due to the high latitude of the North-West District, the winter convection develops here very intensively and probably in mid-January (due to the shallow water of the area) comes to the bottom.
Flow
As a result of the complex interaction of winds, the influx of water through the straits of the Aleutian ridges, tides and other factors is created a field of constant flows into the sea.
The prevailing mass of water from the ocean enters the Bering Sea through the eastern part of the soul mate, as well as through other significant straits of Aleutian ridges.
Waters entering the sheds of the Middle and extending first in the eastern direction, then rotate north. On a latitude of about 55 °, these water merge with the waters coming from the strait of the amcute, forming the main stream of the central part of the sea. This stream supports the existence of two stable cycles - large, cyclonic, covering the central deepwater part of the sea, and less significant, anticyclonic. The water of the main flow is sent to the northwest and reach almost the Asian coast. Here most of the waters turn along the coast to the southwest, giving the beginning of a cold Kamchatka flow, and goes to the ocean through the Kamchatka Strait. Some of these waters are reset into the ocean through the western part of the Middle Strait, and a very small part is included in the main circulation.
Waters included through the eastern strands of the Aleutian ridges also cross the central hollow and move to the North-North-West. Approximately on the breadth of 60 °, these waters are divided into two branches: the North-Western, heading for the Anadyr Bay and then to the northeast, in Bering Strait, and the northeast, moving towards the Norton Sound Bay, and then north, in Bering Strait.
The speed of constant currents in the sea is small. The greatest values \u200b\u200b(up to 25-50 cm / s) are observed in the areas of straits, and in the open sea they are 6 cm / s, and the velocity is especially small in the zone of central cyclonic circulation.
Tides in the Bering Sea are mainly due to the propagation of tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean.
In the Aleutian sheds, tides have an incorrect daily and incorrect half-time character. The coast of Kamchatka during the intermediate phases of the moon, the tide moves from the semi-dusty to the daily, at large decons, the moon becomes almost purely daily, with small - semi-dusty. In the Koryak coast, from the bay of Olyutorsky to the mouth of the river. Anadyr, the tide is incorrectly semi-sufficient, and off the coast of Chukotka - the right half-go. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Bay of Providence, the tide again goes into the wrong semi-sufficient one. In the eastern part of the sea, from m. Prince of Wales to m. Nom, tides are both the right and incorrect half-time character.
The south of the mouth of the yukon, the tide becomes the wrong half-time.
Tidal flows in the open sea have a circular character, and the speed of them is 15-60 cm / s. Near the coast and in the straits, tidal flows are reversible, and their speed reaches 1-2 m / s.
Cyclonic activity developing over the Bering Sea causes the occurrence of very strong and sometimes long storms. Especially strong excitement is developing from November to May. At this time of the year, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice, and therefore the strongest excitement is observed in the southern part. Here, in May, the repeatability of excitement more than 5 points reaches 20-30%, and in the northern part of the sea due to ice it is missing. In August, the excitement and siblish over 5 points reach the greatest development in the eastern part of the sea, where the repeatability of such an excitement reaches up to 20%. At the autumn time in the south-eastern part of the sea, the repeatability of strong excitement to 40%.
With prolonged winds of medium strength and significant acceleration of waves, their height reaches 6-8 m, with wind 20-30 m / s and more - up to 10 m, and in some cases - up to 12 and even 14 m. Storm wave periods reach 9-11 C, and with moderate excitement - up to 5-7 p.
Kunashir Island
In addition to the wind unrest in the Bering Sea, it is observed, the greatest repeatability of which (40%) falls on autumn. In the coastal zone, the nature and parameters of the waves are very different depending on the physico-geographical conditions of the area.
Arcity
Most of the year, a significant part of the sea Bering is covered with ice. Ice in the sea have local origins, i.e. They are formed, destroy and melt in the sea itself. In the northern part of the sea through Bering, the souls of the winds and flows are made by a slight amount of ice from the Arctic basin that does not penetrate usually south. St. Lawrence.
At ice conditions, the northern and southern parts of the sea differ. The approximate boundary between them serves the extreme southern position of the ice during the year - in April. This month, the edge comes from Bristol bay through the islands of profit and further to the west of the 57-58th parallels, and then falls south to the Commander Islands and goes along the coast to the southern tip of Kamchatka. The southern part of the sea does not freeze at all. Warm Pacific Waters entering the Beringo Sea through Aleutian straits, press floating ice to the north, and the edge of the ice in the central part of the sea is always deposited to the north.
The process of the Introduction Previously begins in the northwestern part of the Bering Sea, where ice appears in October and are gradually moving to the south. In the Bering Strait ice appears in September. In winter, the strait is filled with a solid broken ice drifting to the north.
In Anadyr Gulf and the Gulf of Norton Sound, the ice can be found in September. In early November, ice appears in the area m. Navarin, and in mid-November it spreads to m. Olyutormsky. The coast of Kamchatka and the Commander Islands floating ice usually appears in December and only as an exception in November. During the winter, the entire northern part of the sea, about 60 ° parallels, is filled with heavy, peasic ice, the thickness of which comes to 6-10 m. South of the parallels of the profits arelands there are broken ice and individual ice fields.
However, even during the greatest development of the Introduction, the open part of the Bering Sea is never covered with ice. In the open sea, under the influence of winds and flows, ice is in constant motion, strong compression is often occurring. This leads to the emergence of torosa, the maximum height of which can reach up to 20 m. Due to periodic compression and permits of ice-related ice, numerous wormwood and divorce are formed.
Fixed ice, which is formed in winter in closed bays and bays, during storm winds can be hacked and brought into the sea. The ice of the eastern part of the sea is made to the north, in the Chukotka Sea.
In April, the border of floating ice is moving as much as possible to the south. From May Ice begins to gradually collapse and retreat to the north. During July and August, the sea is perfectly clean from ice, but during these months ice can be found in the Bering Strait. The destruction of ice cover and the purification of the sea from ice in the summer are promoted by strong winds.
In bays and bays, where the creasing effect of river flow, the conditions for the formation of ice are more favorable than in the open sea. Big influence on the location of the ice is the winds. Non-night winds are often clogged with separate bays, bays and straits heavy ice brought from the open sea. Safety winds, on the contrary, carry ice into the sea, at times cleaning the entire coastal area.
Bird bazaar
Economic significance
Bering Sea fish are presented by more than 400 species, from which only no more than 35 refer to important commercial. These are salmon, cream, cambal. Also extracted perch, macrolarus, washing, coal fish, etc.
It takes the northernmost position among all Far Eastern seas. This sea is located between two large continents Asia and America. From the waters of the Pacific Ocean Bering Sea, the Commander-Aleutian arc is delivered. In this sea, the most part is the natural boundaries, in some areas the boundary lines are conventional lines. Bering Sea is the seasoned sea of \u200b\u200bmixed mainland-ocean type.
In terms of its size and depth, this sea ranks first among all Russian seas. Bering Sea Square is 2315 thousand km2, the volume of its water is 3796 thousand km 3. The average depth of the sea is 1640 m, the largest depth is 4151 m. In the waters of the Bering Sea, there is a rather small number of islands.
The coastline is strongly cut. There is a large number of bays, bays, capes and straits. Many straits connect the sea with a quiet ocean. The depth of some straits exceeds 1000-20 m (for example, the depth of the Kamchatsky strait is 4000 - 4500 m). Thanks to a large number of straits, a good water exchange with the quiet ocean occurs. The shores that wash the sea are mostly high and have steep slopes. Only the middle part of the Western and Eastern shores is the base zone.
From the northwest to the south-east, the mainland slope extends. The depth of the sea here varies from 22 to 3000 m. The bottom of the sea has many underwater valleys. Some of them are underwater canyons and have steep sharp slopes. In the southwestern and central parts of the Bering Sea, there is a deep-water zone. It occupies a significant part of the entire water space (about 40% of the entire area). The bottom here is practically monotony. And the ridges located on the deepwater zone are insignificant. The deepest seats are located near the Aleutian Islands.
Beringovo Sea lies in three. For its main part, the subarctic climate is characterized. The extreme northern zone of the sea has, and South belongs to the zone. For the northern part of the sea, some features of continentality are characteristic. On marine expanses, remote from the shore, this continentality is expressed weak. In the southern parts of the sea sea, so soft enough. There are minor changes both during the day and in the continuation of the year. In this area prevails and there is a large number. It practically does not affect the western part of the sea, but the impact of the mainland affects. The mainland of Asia, adjacent to the Bering Sea, is much colder than the continental part of America, so the Western Zone of the Bering Sea is characterized by lower temperatures compared to the East.
In cold seasons, features causes Aleutian minimum, polar maximum and Siberian. At this time, all directions are observed here. But the most frequent are the northern, northeast and northwestern winds. Only in the south-east of the sea there are southern and southwestern winds. In the areas of the sea, located nearby with the shore, the average wind speed is about 6 - 8 m / s. In the open sea areas, their speed increases to 6 - 12 m / s.
Northern winds blow with and bring with them sea air. From Asian mainland, Western winds carry cold dry continental. From the east, the continental arctic winds blow from the east. Continental Arctic and marine polar air masses come over the sea expanses. During their contact is formed. Above the banding sea is constantly arising that increase the strength of the northern winds on the western part and reduce them on the eastern part.
In the western zone of the sea, there are powerful storm winds. With a storm, the wind speed increases to 30 - 40 m / s. As a rule, this weather lasts during the day. In some cases, the wind weakens a little, but continues to blow within 7 - 9 days. In the cold period, a month can be 5 - 10 storm days, sometimes up to 15 - 20 days.
In winter, the drop in temperature occurs from the south to the north. At the coldest time, the average temperature is +1 - 4 ° C in the southern parts of the sea. In the north and northeast, the temperature on average is lowered to - 15 - 20 ° C. In the open sea, the air is warmer than in coastal zones. At the shores of Alaska, the temperature may drop to - 48 ° C. In the open sea, the minimum temperature is not below - 24 ° C.
Spring decreases or completely disappears aleuta minimum, polar maximum and Siberian anticyclone. As a result of these changes, the winds of the south-western, western and southeastern directions dominate in the spring. Their velocity is 4 - 5 m / s on the western part of the sea, and 4 - 7 m / s in the east. Near the coast, the wind speed becomes smaller. The number of storms in the summer is much smaller than in winter. In the southern part of the sea sometimes cyclone (), which contributes to the emergence of powerful storms and. Typhoon rages within a few days. Most often they are from June to October.
In summer, the average temperature of the warmer months is from + 4 to + 13 ° C. At the coast, the air warms up stronger than in the open sea. Winter in the southern parts of the sea is predominantly mild, in the north - cold. In summer, cool, cloudy weather is dominated everywhere.
The mainland in Bering Sea is small and is about 400 km 3 in one year. The most who carry their waters in the sea is the Yukon (gives 173 km of 3 fresh water), Kusokvim (50 km 3 per year) and Anadyr (41 km 3 per year). The greatest part of riverwater enters the sea over the summer. During this period, the effect of river waters in the coastal zone is felt.
Bering Sea is an important way. This sea occurs the connection of the Northern Sea Route and the Far Eastern Sea Route. Through the waters of Bering Sea, the carriage of various goods for the eastern part of the mainland occurs. This sea is well developed sea. In the waters of the sea, salmon, cod, polytai, herring, cambal. Hunt for whales and marine beasts (though it is extremely rare).
Bering Sea is the eastern Russian Sea, spreading between Kamchatka and America. Area - 2304 thousand square meters. km. Volume - 3683 thousand cubic meters. km. The middle depth is 1598 meters.
In the north, Beringo Sea is connected to the Chukotka Sea, it borders on the south with the Aleutian Islands and the open ocean.
Many rivers fall in Beringo Sea, the largest: Anadyr, Yukon, Science. The sea is named after Vitusna Bering, the head of the Great Northern Expedition.
The opening history and development of the Bering Sea leaves in the distant past and is associated with the names of great pioneers who left their names in history.
After conquering Siberia Ermacom, Cossack Vatagi, and with them many Russian merchants and hunters began to penetrate further to the east, until the coast of the Pacific Ocean. From them, Russian rulers and boyars learned about the irrelevant wealth of Eastern Siberia. Pushnina, red caviar, valuable fish, skins, gold and wealth of unknown China have become a reason for the rapid development of this edge. Since the delivery of these goods on the land path was associated with enormous difficulties, began to think about the opening of the sea route along the northern coast, to get to America, Japan and China by the sea.
Special attention was paid to Peter the first and in every possible way contributed. Even in the last days, he gave instructions to the Admiral General APRAKSIN in which he wrote his orders:
1
. It is necessary to make one or two bots with decks on Kamchatka or in the other customer.
2
. On these bots near the Earth, which goes to Nord, and by the aspirations (do not know the end of the end) it seems that the land is part of America.
3
. And in order to look for where, he agreed with America; And to get to what city of European possessions, or if they see what a European ship, to spend from him, like on-one Custa call and take on the letter, and visit the shore ourselves, and take a genuine statement, and put on the map, come here.
Peter did not live before the implementation of these ideas, although in January 1725. In just three weeks before the death, he appointed the head of the first Kamchatka expedition of one of the best seating of that time - Vitus Bering, Dane, who served in the Russian fleet. Already after his death, Vitus Bering was headed by an expedition, which by land across all Siberia passed to Okhotsk. In winter on dogs, the expedition crossed himself to Kamchatka and there in Nizhnekamchatsk for a maritime campaign was built vessel. It was a package for 18 meters long, with a width of 6.1 m. With a sedimentary 2.3 m. It was made according to the drawings of the St. Petersburg Admiralty and at that time was considered one of the best warships. On June 9, 1728, during the descent of the bot on the water, the Day of St. Archangel Gabriel was celebrated and the bot was given the name "Holy Gabriel".
July 13, 1728 on the bot "St. Gabriel "Expedition moved to the north. During the navigation, a detailed map of the coast and islands was compiled. The weather accompanied, and the ship of a mini strait between Chukotka and America was released in and on August 16 reached a latitude of 67 ° 19 '. Since the left at the rate of the course went to the West, and it was not visible to the right to right, besides the storm began, Bering turned back and returned to Kamchatka on September 3.
After wintering, on June 5, 1729, Bering with the team went into swim in the east of the East, which the residents of Kamchatka were rumored. They almost reached the Commander Islands, but with the deterioration of the weather was forced to go back and fulfilling the requirement of the Admiralty-Collegium was engaged in a survey and description of the eastern shore of Kamchatka. The sailing result was a detailed map and a description that Bering presented in the Admiralty-board to St. Petersburg. The materials of the expedition were highly appreciated, and Bering was awarded the title-Commander.
With the authorities of Anna Joanovna, passion about the northern and eastern seas somewhat dull. But after Vitus Bering presented his report to the Admiralty-College and a new expedition project to the shores of America and Japan and the study of the northern coast of Siberia with the promises from this profit, the interest in the new sea routes resumed. The project was expanded and the task was the study of the northern seas and the coast of Russia. It was planned to make a complete description of the North in the geographical, geological, botanical, zoological and ethnographic aspect. For this, seven independent detachments were created, the five of which they had to work on the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Pechora to Chukotka, and two in the Far East.
Bering was the commander of the squad, who had to find the way to North America and to the islands in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. In 1734, Bering went to Yakutsk, where it was necessary to harvest equipment and food for the campaign. But Petrovsky times have passed and local authorities did not really diligence in the organization, on the contrary, much intended for the expedition was rare or had poor quality. Bering was forced to spend three years in Yakutsk for three years. Only 1737 he got into the Okhotsk. The local authorities of Okhotsk also did not really help in organizing the expedition and the construction of ships. Only by the end of the summer of 1740 were built two of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul package for the expedition.
And only in September, Vitus Bering on the "Saint Pereter" and Alexei Chirikov at the "Saint Pavel" were able to get to the Avachin Bay in Kamchatka. There they were forced to stand for wintering. The commands of the ships laid the Ostrog, who became the capital of Kamchatka named after the ships Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
After difficult wintering, only on June 4, 1741, Bering on the "Holy Pereter" and Chirikov on the "Holy Paul" went hike to the shores of America. But on June 20, the ships were burned in a dense fog. After vain attempts to find each other, the ships followed separately.
Bering, moving to the east, July 16, 1741 on the breadth of 58 ° 14 'reached the shores of North America. Looking around on the island of kayak and replenishing the stocks of fresh water, the expedition moved on. The landing on the American shore was very short-lived and of course did not give anything in the research plan. Whether Bering was afraid of meeting with the local population, or did not want to stay there for wintering. But he did not advancing with anyone gave the team back.
Following the coast of Alaska and then along the Aleutian Islands, making their descriptions and applying to the map: Islands of St. John, Shumaginsky and Education Islands, St. Stephen, St. Markian and the island of Kodiak, Saint Peter almost approached the shores of Kamchatka. But on November 5, not reaching Kamchatka is only 200 km, the ship went out one of the islands to replenish water stocks. Waving a storm, sharp cooling, the snow did not allow to continue swimming and the team was forced to stay on the winter. November 28 during the storm package threw ashore.
Heavy conditions of wintering were transferred not all, out of 75 team members 19 people died from Qingi, on December 8, Vitus Bering, who at that time was 60 years old. To command the expedition became the navigator, Lieutenant Sven Vaxel. Witus Begin buried there on the island, which was named after Bering Island, and the commander-in-law archipelago.
During the summer of next year, 46 surviving crew members from the fragments of the package was built a small ship - GUKOR, who, too, called "St. Peter "and only in August 1742 they were able to get to Kamchatka.
The hike "St. Paul" also abounded by adventures. Alexei Chirikov, after they buried with Bering, continued swimming east and July 15 latitude 55 ° 21 'He approached the ground on which the mountains covered with the forest were visible. The boat sent to the banks of the appropriate place for the placement of the vessel and landing ashore did not find and they continued to move along the shore to the east. The second attempt to landing was undertaken in two days. They sent a boat to the shore, but she disappeared without a trace. On July 23, he saw the light on the shore, sent the second boat, but she did not return. So 15 members of the crew were missing, whether they were victims of the Indians, whether they could have sacrificed during the tide, the story about it is silent.
After waiting for 10 days, Chirikov gave the team to move on. After passing 230 miles along the coast, the team could not land ashore. To come close to the shore, without damaging the ship, it was impossible, and the boats no longer had. Freshwater ended, the products were on the outcome. And yet they tried to once again fall ashore on the rafts, but for two days it was not found suitable for disembarking the bay. On the convened chirikov council was a decision to go back.
On the way home, the Aleutian islands, the locals met twice on boats. Attempts to stock with water and provisions have not led to anything, Aleuts requested the weapon for water, from which the Russian sailors refused. And so without water and food they continued the path to the house. In the way, many, including Chirikov, got sick, the team of the ship was accepted by Michman Elagin, which on October 12, 1741 brought the Saint Pavel package to Kamchatka. Of the 68 crew members from the hike, 49 people returned.
For the next 1742, Chirikov tried to find the missing breech ship. On May 25, he again went to the sea, but because of the oncoming winds was able to travel only the island of Attu. At the Islace I came in the path, he did not find anyone. As it turned out later, they passed very close to the island where the Bering expedition was wintering, but the shore was Naiden in a dense fog and on July 1, Chirikov returned to Kamchatka. So on the map the route of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
In August 1742, being in Yakutsk, Chirikov sent a report on the expedition to St. Petersburg. And in 1746 he himself was called to St. Petersburg, where he personally reported on the campaign. Being in the Admiralty College, he proposed to establish the city at the mouth of the Amur, whatever there to build a ship marina and lay the fortress to which one could get from the depths of Russia in Amur. But with his opinion, no one was considered, although afterwards it was considered very far from 1856 a city-Port of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur was built there.
Subsequently, Chirikov worked for a long time in Yeniseisk, made up the cards of Russian discoveries in the East, who were considered lost for a long time and only in Soviet times were discovered and used to compile the Soviet Union cards. The brilliant officer of the Russian fleet, reached the shores of North-West America, Alexey Chirikov, in 1748, at the age of only 45 years, died in need, and his family remained forgotten and without livelihood.
Nevertheless, the labor of Russian nauticals, although many years later, gave their results. On the coast of the Far East and in Kamchatka, large seaports were built, which turned into modern cities. The Russian Pacific Fleet, despite numerous wars, became the most powerful in that region, and the Kamchatka Sea itself from 1818 at the proposal of the Russian navigator and the head of the two round-the-world expeditions by Vice Admiral V. M. Golovnna, became known as the Bering Sea.
By virtue of his geographical location, Bering Sea has its own characteristics. In the Bering Strait you are closest to each other two mainland - Asia and America. The distance between them is about 90 kilometers. In the middle of the strait lie is the islands of diomide, separated by only five-kilometer space. West Island - Ratmanov - owned by Russia, East Island - Cruisenstern - USA. There is our state border between the islands with America.
Residents of Ratmanov Island are the first to meet the coming day. Their time is 10 hours ahead of Moscow. Here, starting between the Islands of the Bering Strait and following the aisle between the Commander and Aleutian Islands, the border of the day of day, which continues further to the south of 180 ° Meridian in the Pacific Ocean and is called the line of change of date, or the demarcation line. Seaflores going to the East, to America, rearranged when crossing this line, the calendar for a day ago and the same day of the week is considered twice. Seaflores, going to the West, to Russia, add to the calendar date of the day ahead and jump in one day of the week.
Strictly speaking, this operation would have been not carried out in the Bering Strait, but the west of it, on the meridian of 180 °. But this meridian passes through the Chukotka Peninsula. Having two calendar on the same territory would be extremely uncomfortable. Therefore, it was agreed to transfer the border line to the east, in Bering Strait. And in the southern part of the Bering Sea, this line is shifted, on the contrary, west from the Meridian 180 ° to the Commander Islands. This is done in order not to change the calendar day on the Aleutian Islands.
Thus, Bering Strait plays an important role in both political relationships and a modern calendar system.
Of all the fourteen seas of Russia, Bering Sea is the deepest. The depths are larger only in the open ocean behind the Kuril and Aleutian islands and east of Kamchatka. However, the northern part of the sea on the rank of the bottom is not reminiscent of the southern. The depths in it, on a huge area about 1 million square kilometers, do not exceed several tens of meters.
The bottom of the bottom in the northern part of the sea between the Koryak coast and the tip of the Alaska peninsula is rather steep. The relief transition from the southern to the northern half of the sea can be compared with a sharp transition to a high mountainous country, on the top of which is a large plateau, rugged by a nearby hollow. This is a plateau and is the bottom of the northern part of the sea. And the luggles are reminded of the geological era, when all the plateau stood above sea level and crossed by numerous rivers. Geologists found that the raising and lowering of the sushi in the area took place several times.
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During the last glaciation, the land was standing above the current level. At the site of the northern part of the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait then widespread plain. As with the previous raising of sushi, then the Pacific Ocean had no connection with the Arctic Ocean. Asia and America were communicated to the dry cage. This explains why now in Asia and America, despite the separation of their sea, there are equal land animals and plants.
They spread to two continents at the time when there was a "land bridge" between them. On this "Bridge" passed, in particular, and mammoths. I could go from Asia to North America and people - the distant ancestors of the current North American tribes. This is reminded by the features of the similarity of the appearance and culture of some tribes of Asia and America.
Then the land was lowered, the lowland was covered with water and there was a sea between the two continents, as if no message on land had never existed. It took a long development of humanity and the growth of science to restore the history of the development of oceans and sushi.
The immersion of the "land bridge" occurred not so long ago, just a few tens of thousands of years ago. So, from the point of view of geology, the northern part of the Bering Sea should be considered young.
Bering Sea is now one of the most developed in the world, despite the harsh climatic conditions. The temperature of the water on the surface in the summer + 7-8 °, in winter + 2 °. The salinity of water from 28-33. Tides in the Bering Sea are daily and semi-dry. The average height of fluctuations in the water level of 1.5-2m, in the Bering Strait of only about 0.5m, and in Bristol Gulf sometimes 8 or more meters, the speed of tides are 1-2 m / s. In the sea water area, cyclones are quite frequent with winds up to 20-30 m / s, which cause strong and prolonged storms, the wave height is up to 14 m. For a long time in a year, most of the Bering Sea is covered with ice.
Bering Sea has long been considered one of the most fishery seas. Only underwater inhabitants are more than 400 species. The commercial is about 35 species, mostly salmon, crength and camebal. Red caviar received from salmon fish, for many years is the most expensive delicacy, which was exported and exported from here with tons, grip at the same time millions of individuals of valuable breed fish. Some orders of magnitude are subject to this, but poaching fishery flourishes.
The special article occupies crab fishing. Crab meat once was the food product only Asians: Chinese, Japanese, etc. Over time, has become popular in many countries of the world. The Bering Sea is a place where the largest population of Kamchatka Crab and a season of catching a crab in Berengovo Sea flood thousands of ships from many countries. Although the season catching the crab is just a few days, during which time they have time to get more than 30 thousand tons of crab from the water. With foreigners, allocated quotas are constantly violated. But for many it is the main income and often a family business.
Animal world of Bering Sea is very diverse. In waters, a huge number of walrles, silence, seals, sea cats live. Often they can be seen in the open sea on the ice floes.
On the Aleutian, Commander Islands, on the coast of Alaska and Chukotka, these marine animals are arranged by numerous fokers, where they bring their offspring.
In the waters of Bering Sea, quite a lot of whales live. When they were more than anywhere in the globe, but for many years they were actively hunted. Special whaling flotillas were created here, including Russian "Glory" and "Aleut", who beat whales hundreds and their population dropped sharply. Recent years, the number of whales gradually increases.
It is not rare to meet in the open sea and swimming polar bears. Sometimes they stay for a long time on the shores, where more food than in the neighboring Chukchi sea.
Very rich and diverse animal world of the coast of Berengova Sea. A large number of different animals live in the forests: bears, salts, wolves, foxes, sables, cunits, squirrels, fox, ermine, etc. On the Chukotka Peninsula, the numerous herdes of the reindeer became one of the main wealth of this edge.
Created a few years ago, Beringia National Park, located between Chukotka and Kamchatka, thanks to his security status, was now so populated by rare animals, which becomes one of the most popular tourist destinations.
The number and variety of birds in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Bering Sea is simply incredible. They arrange huge bird bazaars on rocky shores, where they bring their chicks. The density of the village of birds in some islands exceeds 200,000 birds per 1 sq. Km.
This sea is the easternmost border of our country and therefore it is securely protected. Border cramps are serving on the eastern marine border of our homeland around the clock.
Climatic conditions in the Berengova Sea region: in Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the Chukotka Peninsula is quite severe. The temperature is almost 9 months a minus. Sigor snowy winter and cold winds are here usual. And still rarely, who their people living on the coast of this very eastern Sea agrees to move to the mainland.
Bering Sea - the sea that is washes the coast of the territory of the United States and Russia, to be in the north of the greatest ocean in the world - quiet.
Bering Strait connects the Bering Sea with the North Arctic Ocean, as well as with the Chukotka Sea.
Historical events
For the first time, the Bering Sea was applied to the card only in the XVIII century, when it was called the Bobrovy Sea or Kamchatka Sea.
In 1725, his expedition on the study then another beaver Sea was equipped with navigator and officer of the Russian fleet Victor Bering, who had Danish roots. Bering passed the strait, which was named in his honor and explored the sea, but did not discovery the shores of North America.
Bering was convinced that the shores of North America are not too far from the shores of Kamchatka, which would give when confirming the theory of the opportunity to trade with American tribes. In 1741, he still went to the shores of North America, thereby overcoming the Kamchatka Sea.
Later, the sea changed its name in honor of the great navigator and the geographer - it became known as the Bering, as well as a strait that shares the main students of Eurasia and North America. The sea received its current name only in 1818 - such an idea was proposed by French researchers who appreciated the opening of Bering. However, on the cards of the thirties of the XIX century, it was still the name beaver.
Characteristic
The total area of \u200b\u200bBering Sea reaches 2,315,000 square kilometers, and its volume is 3,800,000 cubic kilometers. The deepest point of the Bering Sea is at a depth of 4150 meters, and the average depth does not exceed 1600 meters. The sea, like Beringovo, is customary to be called out, because it is located on the very edge of the Pacific Ocean. It is this sea that shares two large continents: North America and Asia.
A rather impressive coastline is mainly capes and small bays - the shore is simply cut by them. In the Bering Sea, only a couple of large rivers falls: the North American River Yukon, the length of which reaches more than three thousand kilometers and the Russian River Anadyr, which is much shorter - just 1150 km.
The climate is influenced by the Arctic air masses, which face southern warm, coming from tropical and moderate latitudes. As a result, a cold climate is formed - the weather is unstable, there are protracted (Oklo Week) storms. The wave height reaches 7 - 12 meters.
Since the Bering Sea is located in the northern latitudes, then from the beginning of September the temperature here drops to a minus and the surface of the water is covered with a layer of ice. Ice in the Bering Sea melts only in July, which means that only for two months it is not covered with ice. Bering Straits due to flow is not covered with ice. Salt level in water pegs from 33 to 34.7%.
Bering Sea. Sunset photo
In summer, the temperature of the surface of the water reaches approximately 7-10 degrees Celsius. However, in winter, the temperature seriously falls and reaches -3 degrees Celsius. The intermediate water layer is constantly cold - its temperature never rises higher than -1.7 degrees - it concerns the layer from 50 to 200 meters. And the water at a depth of 1000 meters approximately reaches -3 degrees.
Relief
The bottom relief is very inhomogeneous, often the transition to deep depressions. In the south there is the deepest point of the sea in more than four thousand meters. On the bottom there are also several underwater ridges. The seabed is covered in the main shell, sand, diatomace and gravel.
Cities
On the banks of the Bering Sea there is some cities and among them certainly there are no big due to the very far location from civilization and harsh weather throughout the year. Nevertheless, attention should be paid to the following cities:
- Providence - a small port settlement, which was founded in the middle of the XVII century, as the bay for the fishers - basically there were whaling vessels. Only in the middle of the XX century, the construction of the port began here, which led to the construction of a town around him. The official date of the providence is 1946. Now the population of the town is only a bit exceeding 2 thousand people;
- Nom - American town of Alaska, where almost four thousand people live along the last census. Nom was founded as a settlement of gold miners in 1898 and already in the next its population amounted to about 10 thousand - all sick "gold fever". Already in the thirties of the 20th century, the Golden Fever boom came to no and a little more than a thousand inhabitants remained in the city;
Anadyr photo
- Anadyr is one of the largest cities on the coast, the population of which exceeds 14 thousand inhabitants and is constantly growing. The city is located in the zone of almost eternal permafrost. Here is a large port of the same name and fish plant. In addition, gold and coal mining in the vicinity of the city. The population also spreads deer, is engaged in fishing and of course, hunting.
Animal world
Despite the fact that the Bering Sea is cold enough, it does not bother him to be a house for a variety of fish species, the number of species of which reaches more than four hundred and they are all common in broad quantities, except for several exceptions. These four hundred species of fish include seven species of salmon, about nine types of bulls, five types of belgs, as well as four types of Cambal.
Birds over the Bering Sea Photo
Of the four hundred species - 50 of them are industrial fish. Also, the objects for industrial production are four types of crab, two types of challenges and four types of shrimp.
Among the mammals can be noted a large population of the seal, among which the nerve, sea hares, seals are ordinary, Pacific walruses and winrs. Walroges and seals on the coast of Chukotka form huge frying.
Berengiy Sea. Walrow photos
In addition to the lastonous in the Bering Sea, there are also cetaceans, among which are quite rare species, like narrow, humpback whales, Greenland whales, southern or Japanese whales, incredibly rare northern blue whales and no less rare Finvals.
- Bay of Lawnce, which in the Bering Sea is sometimes not cleared of ice on its surface at all;
- In the city of Nom on the coast of Bering Sea, the most prestigious races on likes are held, and here there has been a real story, which went on the basis of the cartoon Balto, where the dog saved children from diphtheria.
Bering Sea Located between 51I 66 ° C. sh. and 157 s. d. and 163 ° c. d., is usually considered as a continuation of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Bering Sea of \u200b\u200b2300 thousand km2, the average water volume of 3700 thousand km3, the average depth of 1636 m. It is the second after the Mediterranean in size from relatively closed (semi-closed) seas.
Bering Sea, having a sector form with a radius of 1500 km, lies between the banks of the Asian mainland of Russia in the West, the Alaska Peninsula in the east and chain of the Aleuta Islands (USA) in the south. At the top of the Bering Sea, Bering Straits the Sea and the Strait are named by the Names of Vitus Bering, who commanded the Great Russian Expedition in 1725-1742, who studied the coast of Kamchatka and Alaska.
Relief of the Bering Sea
The relief of the Bering Sea bottom is unusual: tender (0-200 m) and the abyssal (more than 1000 m) zone is almost the same in the area and make up about 90% of the total area. Extensive continental shallow width over 400 miles in the northeastern part of the sea Bering is one of the largest in the world. The mainland shallow continues in the northern direction through narrow beregs of the Strait. The Chukotka Sea and is sometimes referred to as the Bering-Chukchi platform.Although the platform is currently covered with water, geological and paleontological evidence suggests that Siberia and Alaska are two parts of one mainland, the relationship between which was interrupted by periodic dives of the bottom several times in the last 50-60 million years. It is believed that the last immersion occurred at about the end of the Pliocene or the beginning of the Pleistocena about a million years ago. The continental shallow along the Aleutian island arc and the coast of Russia is very narrow. The mainstream is almost all over the entire entire trace into the deep-sea bed with clothy ledge. The bias is 4-5 °, with the exception of the South-Eastern District, where Bering Canyon, obviously, the largest in the world has a slope of 0.5 °. Peninsula Alaska and Aleuta island arc ouquate water exchange of the sea boring in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, have volcanic origin; Their education refers to the end of the Cenozoic era.
Island arc, the northernmost in the Pacific, consists of six groups of the islands: Commander, Middle, Kraci, Andreyanovsky, four-way and foxes, which rise from the depth of about 7600 m in the Aleutian groove and from the depth of 4000 m in the hollow of the Bering Sea.
The deepest strait (4420 m) is located in the west of Bering Sea between Kamchatka and the Western Taste of the Island of Bering (Commander Islands). Here are also the greatest depths measured in the Bering Sea.
Climate Bering Sea
The average temperature of the air in winter from - 25 ° C in the Bering Strait to 2 ° C at the Aleutian Islands, in the summer of B-10 ° C. The year 35% of the days rainy, snow - the usual appearance from September to June. The average sea level pressure ranges from 1000 MB in winter, when the low pressure region under the influence of the Aleutian minimum is shifted to the south of the central part of the Bering Sea to 1011 MB in summer, when the influence of the East-Foam High Pressure region is affected. Over the Bering Sea, the sky is usually tightened with clouds (average annual cloudiness in the north of 5-7 points, in southern 7-6 points per year.) And often fog. On the rivers of Western and Eastern mainland coasts, the ice begins to form in October. By the beginning of November, the soldiers meet in most bays and harbors, and the sea ice was in the south of Bering Strait. By January, the sea ice reaches maximum development and extends to the exhaust 200 m. With the exception of the Kamchatka coast, where the cold mass of air coming from the mainland cause ice formation outside of 200 m ingestion, coarse Aleutian islands and the western tip of Alaska Peninsula, where relatively warm Alaskan The flow delays the formation of marine ice.
Sea ice usually covers 80-90% of the surface of the Bering Sea, and never was observed that the Bering Sea was completely covered with durable ice cover (the same applies to the Bering Strait). Ice fields usually have a thickness of up to 2 m, however, the subsidia and the flow, especially with the coast, can increase the thickness of the ice to 5-10 m.
The area occupied by ice is relatively constant until April, after which rapid destruction occurs and the border shift to the north. First of all, ice destruction occurs in coastal areas, where it melts under the influence of mainland, and usually by the end of July, Bering Sea is released from ice.
Hydrological mode
Riding off the coast of the South Western part of the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea and about 60 ° C.Sh. mixed; north of 62 ° C. sh. There are only semi-sufficient tides. At the coast of Alaska from Bering Strait to the Alaska Peninsula, there are mixed tides, and the daily rings are found only at the coast of the Central (Krysha and Andreyanovsky) and Western (four-bag and foxes) groups of the islands of the Aleuta Island Arc. The average crescents of tides are small (from 0.5 to 1.5 m), with the exception of Anadyr and Bristol Gulf, where they are 2.5 and 5.0 m respectively.According to modern ideas, flows in narrow straits of the Aleutian islands are mainly tias with equally strong components of the tide and low tide and at a speed of 150 to 400 cm / s. The main flow in the Bering of the sea, which is important for the water balance, is observed on the longitude of 170 ° C., where the flow convecrates with the waters going to the north in Western subarctic circulation, as a result of which a cyclonic circulation is formed in the western part of the Aleutian basin and anticyclonic circulation near the gorut Range. The main flow continues to go to the north, the ribbies ridge, then turns to the east, forming a total cyclonic circulation over the deep-water depressure of the Bering Sea.
In the eastern part of the Bering Sea, cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation are formed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe main flow of the main flow to the mainland and turning it to the north. In the northern part of the Bering Sea, the current is diverged, and one branch goes to the north in Beringgi, the other - to the south-west along the shores of Kamchatka, where she obviously becomes East Kamchatka and returns to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. The flows over the mainland shallow along the shores of Alaska are mainly tidal with the exception of the coastal area, where the water of the river flow moves to the north and go through the Bering Strait in the eastern part of the Bering Strait, a flow rate of up to 300 cm / s was observed.
The flow rate is about 3-4 times more in August and September than in February and March, when the sea is covered with ice. Features of this flow supplying about 20% of the inflow to the Arctic pool may generally be explained by the winds that dominate the Arctic pool, the Bering Sea and the Greenland Sea. In the extreme western part of the Bering Strait periodically arises aimed at the south counterchange, or the "polar" current.
The depths are not sufficiently studied. Although the water temperature in the northern regions of the mainland ovens in winter is very low, the salinity of surface waters is not sufficiently high to form deep waters in the Bering Sea
