Elk Island National Park. Elk Island National Park Elk Island presentation
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Not far from us, a few kilometers away, is National park Losiny Ostrov is a unique territory.
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Its uniqueness lies in the fact that the nature of Central Russia in all its diversity has been preserved in its natural form on its territory near the multimillion city:
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coniferous, birch and deciduous forests, areas of meadows and raised bogs, the sources of the Yauza with lakes.
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Beavers, wild boars and moose live ten kilometers from the Kremlin,
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many rare birds, plants listed in the Red Book grow.
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In ancient times, these forests in the northeast of Moscow were a favorite place for the royal chase and falconry. It was forbidden for mere mortals to catch animals and birds, cut trees, pick berries, and build houses.
The territory of Losiny Ostrov remained tsarist possessions until the revolution.
In 1842, when the territory of the park was a little over 6 thousand hectares, the foundation was laid for organized forestry. All work here began to be carried out according to the rules of "forest science".
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Territory national park Losiny Ostrov is located between 55 ° 47 'and 55 ° 55' north latitude and 37 ° 40 'and 38 ° 01' east longitude.
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Losiny Ostrov stretches from Sokolniki Park to the cities of Balashikha, Shchelkovo, Korolev and Mytishchi, occupying 12 thousand hectares, only two-thirds of which are outside the Moscow Ring Road.
Its length from north to south is 10 km, and from west to east - as much as 22 km.
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In the very center of Losiny Ostrov, not far from Mytishchi, there is a swamp; it is from here that the Yauza River originates. In addition to it, many rivers flow through the reserve, forming a whole water network.
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Even in the pre-war years, the largest was built - the Akulov canal, connecting the Volga with the Yauza and Pekhorka rivers. It serves to supply the Volga water to the capital.
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Due to a significant forest area and long-term limitation of forestry activities, the Losiny Ostrov national park remains one of the richest and most interesting forests in the Moscow region.
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1) Location and history of the Losiny Ostrov National Park
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- "Losiny Ostrov" was founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region in order to preserve natural complexes, optimization of nature management, development of national culture and creation of conditions for organized recreation.
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It is located northeast of Moscow, with a third of it located within the administrative boundaries of the city, and its forests begin just 8 km from the Kremlin.
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Forest lands occupy 85% of the park's lands, including those covered with forests - 9.6 thousand hectares (81%). Non-forest lands include swamps - 5%, water - 1%
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2) Fauna of the Elk Island National Park
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Over the past 30 years, a little less than 280 species of vertebrates have been soaked in the park. Of these, 45 species are mammals, about 200 species are birds, of which 139 species are nesting. Reptiles are represented by 4 species, amphibians - 8, fish - at least 19 species.
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ELK (Alces alces) is the largest modern deer.
- Adult males have a body length of up to 300 cm, a height at the withers of up to 235 cm and a weight of up to 580-600 kg.
- Ears are very large, wide and flexible.
- Under the throat hangs down a soft leathery outgrowth - "earring", reaching 25-40 cm.
- The color of the elk is brownish black. Legs from the middle of the lower leg and forearm downward are light gray, almost white.
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BABYRUSSA (Babyrousa babyrussa)
She has a relatively small head, short ears, a strongly arched back, high and thin legs. The tail is short without a brush at the end. The skin is wrinkled and covered with such sparse stubble that the body appears bare.
The upper canines, especially in males, are very long (up to 30 cm). They penetrate the skin of the muzzle and curl back. In very old males, the canines bend so strongly that they form a full ring and their ends grow into the upper jaw.
The lower canines are shorter than the upper ones, but also large, and their ends are directed up and back
The species of BABIRUS is listed in the International Red Book
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SPOTTED DEER (Cervus nipon) slender, light build, summer fur is spotted at all ages. In winter, spotting is poorly expressed or not at all. The “mirror” is very small and does not go to the croup above the root of the tail. The body length of adult males is 173-180 cm, of females - 162-174 hedgehogs; height at the withers of males - 109-112 cm, females - 94-98 cm; the weight of males is 117-131 kg, of females - 73-84 kg (in nurseries, respectively, up to 148 and 86 kg). The length of the horns of adults is 65-79 cm (up to 93 cm).
SPOTTED DEER is listed in the Red Book of Russia
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EXHAUST (Desmana moschata) is relatively large: its body length is 18-22 cm, weight is up to 520 g. The scaly tail, equal to the length of the body and flattened from the sides, has a keel on the upper crest of thick and long hair. The hair cover of the desman is very thick, even, soft, silky, not wet in healthy animals; from above - brownish brown, from below - silvery.
Most Protected Mammal Species:
VYHUKHOL species is listed in the Red Book of Russia and in the international Red Book
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RED EVENING (Nyctalus noctula) is one of the usual inhabitants of deciduous forests and parks in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It has become an important object in the study of seasonal migrations, thermoregulation, nutrition, echolocation, and other features of biology.
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MOUNTAIN (Mustela erminea) is generally similar to a weasel, but larger than it and well distinguished by the black tip of the tail. Body length ranges from 16 to 38 cm, tail from 6 to 12 cm, weight up to 260 g, but usually less. Like a weasel, the ermine turns white for the winter and only the tip of its tail remains black.
TWO-COLORED LEATHER (Vespertilio murinus) - This is a small animal (forearm 41-48 mm), covered with thick blackish or reddish fur with white tops. Distributed from Western Europe to the mouth of the Ussuri.
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The species EUROPEAN MINK is listed in the International Red Book
EUROPEAN MINK (Mustela lutreola) In appearance, the mink resembles a column and a ferret, but its body is even more squat, the head is flattened, the ears are smaller, the coat is much denser, with a very thick underfur. The color is monochromatic, dark brown, more reddish in the European species. He has a white spot on both lips.
The length of her body is 32-43 cm, the tail is 12-19 cm, the weight is 550-800 g,
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STORK BLACK is listed in the Red Book of Russia
- BLACK STORK (Ciconia nigra)
- Its wing length is on average 54 cm, weight is about 3 kg.
- The plumage of this bird is predominantly black with a greenish and copper-red metallic sheen, the ventral side of the body is white.
- The beak, legs, throat, unfeathered spot on the bridle and near the eyes are bright red.
- Most protected bird species:
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GREEN woodpecker (Picus virdis)
The dorsal side and wings are yellowish-olive, the upper tail is brilliant yellow, the flight feathers are brownish, the tail is brownish-black with grayish transverse stripes.
The top of the head, the back of the head and the stripe running from the lower jaw to the neck are carmine red, the forehead, space around the eyes and cheeks are black. Ears, throat and goiter are whitish, the rest of the ventral side of the body is pale green with dark streaks.
The length of the green woodpecker is 35-37 cm, weight is up to 250 g.
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KAMUSHOVKA (Acrocephalus arundinaceus)
- Her body length exceeds 200 mm, weight is about 30 g.
- The dorsal side is olive-brown with a slight reddish tint.
- Above the eye there is a pale ocher "eyebrow".
- The ventral side is off-white with a lighter throat and front of the neck.
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FOX (Falco vespertinus)
- The fawn has a short and relatively weak beak, the fingers are short.
- Total length 29-33 cm, wingspan 70-77 cm, wing length 23-25 \u200b\u200bcm.
- Males are gray-brown with a blackish head and blackish tail feathers; the back of the belly, undertail and plumage of the lower leg are rufous.
- Females are gray with dark brownish-gray transverse stripes on the dorsal side; vertex rufous with dark longitudinal spots; the ventral side is buffy or rufous, sometimes with a longitudinal dark narrow pattern; flight feathers are gray with a white transverse pattern on the inner webs; the tail is grayish with buffy transverse stripes.
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GREEN TOAD (Bufo viridis) is colored from above in light gray-olive tones with large dark green spots, edged with a narrow black border. The skin is lumpy, on the sides of the head there are two large clusters of poisonous glands - parotids.
Most Protected Land Grain Species
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TRITON species is listed in the Red Book of Russia
EFT (Triturus vulgaris)
- Its total length reaches 11 cm, usually about 8 cm, of which about half is on the tail.
- The skin is smooth or fine-grained. The color of the upper part of the body is olive-brown, the lower one is yellowish with small dark spots.
- On the head there are longitudinal dark stripes, of which the stripe passing through the eye is always noticeable.
- The coloration of males during the mating season becomes brighter and a scalloped ridge grows from the back of the head to the end of the tail, usually with an orange border and a blue stripe with a pearlescent sheen. This fin fold is not interrupted at the base of the tail. Lobe edges are formed on the back toes,
- The female has no breeding coloration and no dorsal crest, but the coloration becomes brighter. The crest of the male newt is an additional respiratory organ and is especially rich in capillary vessels
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MBDOU D / S №28 "Lyudmila" combined type Korolev PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: "NATIONAL PARKS OF RUSSIA. Elk Island "(FOR SENIOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN) Educator Asadova S. A.
In Russia, 35 national parks have been created in 30 years. The main idea of \u200b\u200bcreating park zones is not only the preservation of nature and historical monuments, but also the development of ecological tourism, fostering respect for nature in people. Losiny Ostrov is considered the first national park in Russia. Slide text
National Park "Elk Island" Was founded in 1983 near Moscow. The uniqueness of this park is the only park within a large metropolis in the world. where you can see wild animals and rare plants grow. For example, 10 km from the Kremlin you can see beavers, elk, birds of prey.
According to its functions, Losiny Ostrov can be divided into three zones: Specially protected; Sports and walking area; Rest zone.
The Yauza and Pekhorka rivers flow through the territory of the national park.
The flora of the national park is dominated by forests. Of the trees, pines, spruces, larch, birch, oak and linden are dominant.
IN pine forests the common wolfberry, lily of the valley, peach-leaved bell and European swimsuit grow.
In broad-leaved forests, you can see nettle-leaved bell, green-flowered and two-leaved lyubka, real nesting.
In swamps and near water bodies, marsh dremlik, spotted fingercorns, two-horned kokushnik and Fuchs have spread.
The national park has a wide variety of fauna. The Yauza River creates excellent conditions for the habitation of many wild animals. Mammals - sika deer, elk, wild boar, muskrat, mink, fox, white hare, squirrel.
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There are no large rivers and bodies of water in or near the national park. But its territory is crossed by a rather dense network of small rivers, streams and hollows. It is here that the sources of the river are located. Yauza and its tributaries Ichka, Budayka, Los, Nekhlyudov sleeve, Bogorodsky and Banny streams and r. Pekhorka (a tributary of the Moscow River) with a number of small tributaries. In the eastern part, the park is crossed by a water supply canal built in the pre-war years, which supplies the Volga water to the capital. Water from this canal also goes to Yauza and Pekhorka. There are several ponds in the park: Alekseevsky, Golyanovsky, Kazenny, Egersky, etc. All these reservoirs are located in the recreational zone of the park. In the depths of the forest, there are many barns, created in the last century for fire-fighting purposes. Now they are extremely important for animals as watering places and breeding grounds for amphibians. Swamps in the park occupy a fairly large area. The Verkhne-Yauzsky wetland complex has an area of \u200b\u200babout 1 thousand hectares of particular value. In addition to the vast massif, there are a number of bogs of various sizes and origins (lowland, transitional, upland) and areas with constant and periodic waterlogging.
Elk Island
The Losiny Ostrov National Park is the first in Russia, created in 1983 on the territory that since ancient times served as jealously guarded hunting grounds of the great dukes and kings. The first forest inventory was carried out here in 1842, and the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a national park was put forward back in 1909.
The park is located in the Moscow region and Moscow. The area is more than 12 thousand hectares, including 3 thousand hectares - within the administrative boundaries of the city.
Geographically, the park is confined to the junction of the Meshchera lowland and the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge, which is the watershed of the Moscow and Klyazma rivers. The relief of the territory is a slightly wavy plain. The absolute heights of the area range from 146 (floodplain of the Yauza river) to 175 m above sea level (quarters 45 and 54 of the Yauza forest park). In the central part of the park there are gentle moraine ridges.
The history of this place is known from the documents of the XIV century, in particular, from the spiritual certificates of Russian princes - Ivan Kalita, Dimitri Donskoy, Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky and their descendants. They mention arable land, forests, boards located on the territory of the current national park. Later, this area becomes the site of the royal hunt, and the lands of the future "Losiny Island" come under protection. In the Time of Troubles, economic activity in these places is sharply reduced, the former arable land is again overgrown with forest. The flourishing of Losiny Ostrov as a hunting ground is associated with the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
With the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the territory of Losiny Ostrov loses its significance as the royal hunting grounds, but as state property it is protected by imperial decrees. Around the same time, the name "Elk Island" or "Linear Elk Island" was finally assigned to the territory. In 1934, Losiny Ostrov was included in the 50-kilometer forest-park belt of Moscow.
In 1979, a joint decision of the Moscow City and Regional Councils of People's Deputies was organized natural Park "Losiny Ostrov", and in 1983 by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR a national park was formed.
Losiny Ostrov is a unique territory. Its uniqueness lies not in the fact that there are some special "super-remarkable" objects like the Grand Canyon or a free herd of elephants, but in the fact that the nature of Central Russia in all its diversity has been preserved in its natural form on its territory near the multimillion-dollar city: coniferous, birch and deciduous forests, areas of meadows and raised bogs, the sources of the Yauza with lakes and marshes. Beavers, wild boars and elks, many birds of prey live ten kilometers from the Kremlin, and rare plants in the Moscow region grow.
The "Island" is also interesting for its historical and cultural sights. Archaeological research has discovered the Vyatichi burial mounds (XIvXII centuries), ancient settlements. The excavations in the Alekseevskaya grove were sensational, where the remains of a palace structure of the late 17th century were discovered. And the history of the Mytishchi pumping station is closely connected with the construction of the first gravity water pipeline in Russia during the time of Catherine II. Once upon a time in these parts there was a chapel on the famous Thunder Spring, the most abundant source of water for the capital city. And the Belokamennaya station on the first Moscow circular railway is a rare monument of industrial architecture. On the Yaroslavskoe highway (the former road to Trinity), visitors to the park will be shown Poklonnaya mountain - the holy place of pilgrims.
Losiny Ostrov's forests stretch almost 10 km from south to north and 20 km from west to east. They occupy over 80% of the park's area. The dominant position was taken by birch forests, the number of lime and aspen forests increased. From the XIX century. only a few old pines remained. Hazel, mountain ash, euonymus, honeysuckle, buckthorn grow in the underbrush. Among the abundant herbaceous vegetation one can see anemone, lungwort, peel, goose, crested ... There are also rare species that are subject to special protection.
More than 48 species of mammals live in the Losiny Ostrov lands: moose, sika deer, wild boars, foxes, hares, minks, ermines ... On the water bodies you can see beaver dams, muskrat huts.
Nearly 200 species of birds nest in the park or have been spotted on flights. Very rarely, but nevertheless, a black stork, a species listed in the Red Data Books of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), arrives at Losiny Ostrov. Bean goose, gray and white-fronted geese and even whooper swan stop to rest. And thousands of ducks of different species, flocks of herons, colonies of seagulls have become common here.
"Losiny Ostrov" is the only nesting place for the feathered predator in the Moscow region - the red fawn. Here freely live goshawk, hobby, buzzard, black kite, kestrel. In meadows and bogs, you can hear the voices of a carrot, a bittern, a corncrake. A tawny owl nests in linden holes, and a long-eared owl nests in small forests.
The sources of the Yauza and Pekhorka rivers are located in the park. The climate of the region is moderately continental. Fluctuations in the average annual temperature are 3-4.80. The coldest month is January (average temperature is -90 - 110), the warmest is July (average temperature is +190 +200). The winds of the western and southwestern points prevail.
The wild nature preserved inside the metropolis amazes our guests. One of them - an employee of the Pyrenees National Park D. Tribo-Laspierre (France) even wrote a letter to the President of Russia: “I expected to see something like a large public garden, adapted to the needs of the townspeople, where you can admire the trees from time to time and However, in fact, this is a real protected area, where wildlife has been preserved, a real national park ... No major city in France and, as far as I know, the whole of Europe, and, who knows, the whole world, can boast such a contrast. " ...
However, the value of "Losiny Ostrov" is not limited to its natural merits. The ancient land also has its deep historical and cultural roots.
In 1989, by order of the national park, the first archaeological expedition was organized, as a result of which the ancient burials of the Vyatichi Slavs of the 9th-12th centuries were discovered. Historical and landscape studies, carried out now every year, have revealed mounds, settlements, ancient roads.
The archaeological excavations in the Alekseevskaya grove became sensational. Grove - beautiful place in the park: ship pines, mighty spruces, ponds, the Pekhorka river. Thousands of Muscovites and residents of the Moscow region like to relax here. On old maps, next to the ponds, a place was marked, called the Alekseevsky Palace. Indeed, under a layer of soil, archaeologists have found the remains of a palace structure from the mid-17th century. - white stone masonry, stove tiles, unique tiles. There was an assumption that in the Alekseevskaya grove there was one of the traveling palaces of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Now at this place it is planned to create a museum complex "Tsar's Hunt in Russia".
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site russia.rin.ru/
