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What natural area is tanzania in. Where is tanzania located

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TANZANIA,United Republic of Tanzania, a state in East Africa. Consists of two parts - mainland (formerly Tanganyika) and insular (islands Zanzibar, Pemba, etc.). Mainland Tanzania borders Uganda in the north, Kenya in the northeast, Burundi and Rwanda in the northwest, Mozambique in the south, Malawi and Zambia in the southwest, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west ... In the east it is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, in the west - by the lake. Tanganyika, in the southwest - lake. Nyasa, in the north - lake. Victoria. In 1974, the capital was moved from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. The transfer of the capital was due to the government's desire to transfer part of the cash flows inland from the more developed coast. Although Dodoma is now the official capital, in many respects Dar es Salaam still retains metropolitan functions. Most of the state institutions, foreign embassies and representative offices of international organizations are still located here.

Nature.

Surface structure and climate.

The territory of Tanzania is divided into three regions by the nature of the relief: coastal lowland with islands; a vast inland plateau (part of the East African Plateau) with grabens of the East African Rift Zone; several isolated mountain ranges and volcanoes with the highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro. Many parts of the country suffer from water shortages. The sources of water supply are the Pangani, Rufiji and Ruvuma rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean and their tributaries, the Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria lakes.

The strip of coastal lowland is swampy in places, especially at river mouths. Mangroves are common there. At a short distance from the coast, under conditions of normal runoff, fertile soils are developed. The climate is equatorial-monsoon, hot, and seasonally humid. Average annual precipitation often exceeds 1000 mm. Moderate rains are typical for November-December, light rains in December-April and heavy rains in April-May. Average temperatures in Dar es Salaam range from 23 ° C in June to 28 ° C in January. The same climate on the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, however, there is more rainfall, the soil is fertile and intensively cultivated.

The lower and drier part of the plateau covers all of southern Tanzania. The soils are lighter in composition, eroded and quickly depleted. There is little rainfall and it is unevenly distributed over the seasons. The tsetse fly is found here - a carrier of sleeping sickness among people and revolver disease among domestic animals. In Swahili, this barren and sparsely populated area is called nyika. The central and northern parts of the plateau rise up to 1200-1500 m. In some places there is a moderate amount of precipitation, fertile soils are widespread. Agriculture is widely developed, although only a few localities have water available all year round, and only in higher regions there is no tsetse fly. Average annual rainfall within the plateau ranges from 650 to 900 mm, the wet season lasts from November to April. However, the start date of this season and the total rainfall vary greatly, affecting agriculture. In November-December, there are short refreshing showers, alternating with clear days. Then, dry weather predominates for several months, but in March a period of prolonged rains begins, which covers April and sometimes May. From mid-May, dry weather sets in, which prevails until November. Temperatures are moderate, decreasing with height. In Mwanza (1170 m above sea level), the average temperature in June is 20 ° С, in January 22 ° С.

The plateau in the meridional direction is crossed by the East African rift zone, formed as a result of significant subsidence of the earth's crust along parallel faults. In the south, the basin of the lake is confined to this zone. Nyasa, the level of which is at an altitude of 475 m above sea level. Lake is located in the western fault. Tanganyika, and the eastern branch, with its winding configuration, crosses central Tanzania. Further to the north, this zone branches into western and eastern. The height of the surface in the axial part of the zone is 600–900 m, and the surface of the plateau rises above it by many tens of meters. Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria (occupying a shallow depression in the north of the plateau) are of great transport importance. The territories adjacent to the lakes of Nyasa and Tanganyika receive more precipitation than the rest of the plateau, and their annual amount ranges from 1000 to 1500 mm or more.

In the highest regions of Tanzania there are isolated volcanic mountains, small mountain ranges and ridges. In the north, these are the Usambara Mountains, the Meru volcanoes (4567 m) and Kilimanjaro with Kibo Peak (5895 m). In the south, the Livingston Mountains stand out, stretching along the northeastern coast of Lake. Nyasa. In general, the mountains receive more precipitation than other regions of the country and are distinguished by more fertile soils. The middle parts of the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, which are quite suitable for agriculture, receive more than 1,300 mm of precipitation per year. Average temperatures in the coldest months are 13–16 ° C, and in the warmest - 18–21 ° C.

Natural vegetation and fauna.

Dense tropical forests have survived only around the lakes in the west of the country and in the floodplains of some rivers. The most widespread plant formations are dry low-grass savannas with acacias and thickets of thorny bushes. There are also park forests on the plateau. In coastal areas, native and introduced mango species and imported coconut palm are represented. Even conifers grow on the slopes of high mountains, for example, cedar and nodos. In the park forests, the Angolan pterocarpus is found, whose valuable wood is used for the manufacture of high-quality furniture and wall cladding.

The savannas are inhabited by several species of antelope (wildebeest, congoni, marsh, stenbock, springbok, etc.), as well as lions, leopards, cheetahs, zebras, elephants and giraffes. An abundance of monkeys is characteristic; of the monkeys in the extreme northwest, chimpanzees are found, and in the Kilimanjaro region - gorillas. There are hippos and crocodiles along the rivers. The world of birds is unusually rich and diverse. There are especially many water birds. In the higher regions of the country, ostriches can be seen occasionally. Of the poisonous snakes, the black mamba and the African viper stand out.

Tanzania is famous for its famous protected areas. The Serengeti National Park (15.5 thousand sq. Km) is especially famous, the only one in the world where natural seasonal migrations of wild animals take place. The adjacent Ngorongoro National Park is confined to a huge volcanic crater, its caldera, the largest in the world, is distinguished by an extraordinary richness of fauna. Nearby is the Olduvai Gorge, where Louis and Mary Leakey discovered the skulls and bones of human ancestors. Here it was first established that Australopithecus and Homo habilis lived at the same time, approx. 1.5 million years ago.

POPULATION

Demography.

According to the 1988 census, 23.2 million people lived in Tanzania, of which 22.5 million lived on the mainland and 0.6 million in Zanzibar and Pemba.

In 2004 the population of the country is 36.59 million people.

The population of mainland Tanzania is almost entirely African. The overwhelming majority of them are employed in agriculture. After the establishment of state control over the economy, many non-Africans lost their jobs and emigrated. After the Africans, the most significant part of the population was immigrants from Asia, mainly from India and Pakistan, but in the two decades after 1961 their number decreased from 88.7 thousand to 20 thousand. Of the 23 thousand Europeans in 1961, only 1 thousand remain today. ...

Before the 1964 revolution, approx. 76% of Zanzibar's population was African, 17% Arabs, 6% Indians, and the rest were Comoros and Europeans. The Arabs monopolized not only political power, but also the plantation economy. Trade was predominantly in the hands of Indians and to a lesser extent Arabs. During the revolution, many Arabs were killed. The government of Abeid Karume that came to power adopted a series of discriminatory measures against ethnic minorities. As a result, about three quarters of Arabs and Asians emigrated from Zanzibar.

Ethnic composition.

Tanzania has approximately 120 ethnic and linguistic groups. About 94% of the rural population of the mainland speaks the Bantu languages. The most numerous people are Sukuma. It is concentrated in the northwest and accounts for 13% of the population of mainland Tanzania; Nyamwezi close to them live in the western and central parts of the country; makonde - on the coast; haya - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake. Victoria; chaga - on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and Meru, where they grow coffee; gogo live in the central regions and ha - in the west near the lake. Tanganyika. The rest of the peoples of the mainland are mainly pastoralists who speak the Shari-nil languages \u200b\u200b(Masai, etc.). Several small ethnic groups, including Sandave and Hadsa, speak Khoisan languages. The majority of Zanzibar's population are descendants of African slaves brought from the mainland by the Arabs, and the Shirazi people, whose ancestors came from Iran many centuries ago and mixed with the local population.

Until the early 1970s, most of the population of mainland Tanzania lived on isolated family farms of farmers or nomadic pastoralists. In the period 1974-1977, many villages were combined into approximately 7.5 thousand large typical rural settlements. In the new settlements, traditional social institutions were eliminated, and the leadership functions were transferred to representatives of the ruling party or state.

Tongue.

Although in different parts of the country Africans speak different local languages \u200b\u200bamong themselves, the language of interethnic communication is ubiquitous - Swahili. It is one of the Bantu languages, enriched with borrowings from Arabic and to a lesser extent from Hindi and English. Swahili is taught in primary and secondary schools. Since 1967, Kiswahili has been the official language of Tanzania, but English is still widely used in government institutions and businesses. Teaching at the University of Dar es Salaam is conducted in English.

Religion.

About a third of Tanzanians are Muslims, one fourth are Christians, and the rest are adherents of local traditional beliefs.

State system and politics.

Tanganyika gained independence on December 9, 1961. The national liberation struggle was led by the mass party Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). The country had a parliament and government, but formally the head of state was the English monarch. In December 1962, Tanganyika was proclaimed a republic, and the president became the head of the executive branch. In January 1964, by decree of the country's first president, TANU leader Julius Nyerere, an authoritative commission was established to review changes in the TANU charter, the executive power system and the procedure for electing representative bodies in order to make the one-party system legitimate and democratic.

Zanzibar gained independence in December 1963, but power remained in the hands of the Arab oligarchy. As a result of the victory of the revolution in January 1964, power passed to the Afro-Shirazi (ASP) and Ummah (Narod) parties, which expressed the interests of Africans. The leader of the ASP, Abeid Karume, became the chairman of the highest body of power - the Revolutionary Council. The more radical Ummah party later became part of the ASP, which became the only legal political organization in Zanzibar. In April 1964, the governments of Tanganyika and Zanzibar decided to unite both states, and the Zanzibarians were included in the government and constitutional commission of Tanzania. The recommendations of this commission formed the basis of the provisional constitution of 1965, which officially recognized the one-party system in Tanzania. In 1977, a new constitution was adopted that consolidated the party's leadership role. At the same time, TANU and ASP merged into a single Revolutionary Party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CHM).

In 1965–1993 Tanzania was a country with a one-party system, and African socialism was recognized as the goal of development. In 1965 Julius Nyerere, as president of the country and chairman of the ChChM, significantly strengthened his authority. The party congress nominated him for the presidency and head of the executive branch, after which she was approved in a popular referendum. During the years of the one-party system, the president was assisted by two vice presidents, one of whom was simultaneously the president of Zanzibar and the other the prime minister in charge of the day-to-day work of the government. Ministers were appointed from among the members of the National Assembly. The size of the National Assembly changed over time, its representativeness expanded. For example, in 1984, out of 228 parliamentarians, 118 were elected from mainland Tanzania and 50 from Zanzibar; in addition, 5 were appointed by the House of Representatives of Zanzibar (where the Zanzibar government in charge of internal affairs remained), 15 women deputies - by the National Assembly. The rest of the seats were assigned to 15 members of parliament, who were appointed by the president, and heads of all 25 regions of the country.

During the years of the one-party regime, the ruling party ChChM played a leading role in the country's political life. Besides her, only organizations controlled by her could legally exist. To reach the rural population, five mass public organizations were created that brought together women, youth, parents of students, the elderly and cooperators. The authorities strictly regulated the activities of all mass associations. The creation of alternative organizations was prohibited. The party also controlled the trade unions, which were more a tool to strengthen party control than organizations defending the interests of workers.

In the 1970s and 1980s, there was no freedom of speech in Tanzania. An atmosphere of suspicion reigned towards imaginary external and internal enemies, who supposedly hindered the country's progress towards a brighter future. Such sentiments in society especially intensified during the economic crisis of the early 1980s.

Although the one-party system was in principle anti-democratic, local, regional and national elections were held in the country, and Nyerere's candidacy for the presidency was confirmed in popular referendums in 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980. In 1985, Nyerere resigned from the presidency, but remained chairman of the ChCHM. Zanzibari Ali Hasan Mwinyi, who held this post from October 1985 to 1995, became the country's new president. Despite the defeat of many prominent party leaders in the 1985 elections, determining the country's political and economic course remained the prerogative of the ChCM. The popularly elected parliament has long turned into a body obedient to the ChChM.

The ChChM had an extensive network of local organizations. Every ten houses formed a primary party cell. The cell leaders were the main pillar of the ChChM in the field. There was a strict hierarchy in party and state bodies, and all important decisions were made at the very top. All that was required from the lower classes was the approval and execution of the decisions of the party and government.

In the 1990s, Nyerere began to lean toward abandoning the one-party system. In 1991, a specially created commission (the Nyalali Commission) began to clarify public opinion on changes in the state system. After discussing this issue at conferences and seminars in late 1991, the commission submitted a report to the government. In February 1992, parliament approved constitutional amendments introducing a multi-party system.

The liberalization of political life has brought about profound changes in the country. Granting freedom of expression hastened the creation of several publications and defused political tensions. After the removal of the party-state control over the activities of public associations, a number of non-governmental organizations appeared. The goal of many of them was to support the social sphere (primarily health care and education), which was previously funded by the state. Other organizations discussed land reform, environmental protection, women's rights, and more. In 1993, political parties were formed, which began preparations for the 1995 elections.

13 political parties participated in these elections, but only four of them nominated their candidates for the presidency. A convincing victory was won by the ChChM, whose candidates were elected to the highest government posts. Benjamin Mkapa became President of Tanzania, Omar Juma became the first vice president and prime minister of the mainland, Salmin Amur became the second vice president and president of Zanzibar. The CCM not only gained control over the executive branch, but also won 214 of the 275 seats in the new National Assembly. The largest opposition force in the elections was the National Convention for Creation and Reform (NCCR) party, which was led by the famous anti-corruption fighter Augustin Mrema. The NKSR received the greatest support in the Kilimanjaro region, in the homeland of Mrema. In the presidential election, he won 27.8% of the vote, and his party won 19 parliamentary seats. Representatives of the United Civil Front (UGF), an influential party in Zanzibar, received 28 seats, but in the presidential elections its candidate collected only 6.4% of the vote. Two other opposition parties each won several seats in parliament: the United Democratic Party (UDP) and the Party for Democracy and Progress (CHADEMA).

The ChCHM has formed a government with 23 ministers. It is noteworthy that many former high-ranking party members have not been offered positions in the new government. After the elections, the position of the ChChM government was strengthened, fueled by the conflict within the NKSR, the most influential party. In 1997, a struggle began between Augustin Mrema and the rest of the NKSR executive committee for control of the organization. After numerous publications in the press about internal party feuds, the number of NKSR supporters dropped sharply. In Mrem, many voters have previously seen a contender for the presidency of Tanzania, but on condition that he shows qualities worthy of a statesman. The alliance with Zanzibar was going through a difficult period due to accusations of rigging elections on the island, which allowed the CCM to take the majority of parliamentary seats there. In protest, UGF activists carried out a long boycott of parliament. Relations between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar remain tense.

In 1997, a report became public, which cited numerous documentary evidence of widespread government corruption. Passions were also boiling over plans for a radical land reform, which would legislate the right to private ownership of land. Since Tanzania has developed a tradition of collective land use and the perception prevails in the mass consciousness that land cannot be bought and sold, the government decided to hold a broad discussion on this issue. Discussions raised questions about women's right to land ownership and the relationship between nomadic pastoralists who move livestock to seasonal pastures and the government, which needs land to create national parks and develop tourism.

In the second presidential election in 2000, Mpaka was re-elected for another five-year term, receiving 71 percent of the vote, although the opposition refused to recognize the election results and called for a boycott of the new parliament. Disappointment over the results of the last elections in 2001 turned into violent demonstrations and accusations against the police. A series of rallies in Zanzibar calling for new elections escalated into armed clashes, resulting in about 40 deaths and many injuries. After the end of Mpaki's second term, in the presidential election, former Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete (from Chama Cha Mapinduzi's party) won 80 percent of the vote and won. He appointed Eduard Lovassa as his prime minister and the government was sworn in in December 2005. Kikwete promised to continue the economic reforms of his predecessor. In February 2008, the cabinet was dissolved by the president following a corruption scandal. The prime minister has resigned. He was replaced by Mizengo Pinda and a new cabinet was created.

Local government.

The territory of mainland Tanzania is administratively divided into 20 regions, the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba - into 5 regions. The regions are divided into 70 districts. After the introduction of the one-party system in 1965, party structures were created at the village and urban levels. Party representatives in rural areas have been involved in resolving conflicts within and between family households, as well as disputes related to land use and access to water. These party bodies survived during the multi-party system, but their powers were reduced as the control of the ChChM in the localities weakened.

At different times in Tanzania's history, provincial and district governments have had different powers. During colonial times, local authorities served as an important mechanism for implementing the policy of the metropolis. The colonialists left the chiefs with some of their traditional powers and created local councils. During the period of independence, the national government initially relied on these bodies, but as the central government strengthened, local administrative functions were gradually transferred to it. In the late 1960s, the government in Dar es Salaam deprived local councils of the right to form their own budgets. In 1972, local governments were abolished. Instead of councils and an executive apparatus accountable to the population, regional and district committees were created locally, staffed by officials appointed by the central government. Behind the government's statements about the allegedly pursuing a policy of decentralization, there was an intention to establish total control on the ground, excluding any initiatives not sanctioned from above.

After the introduction of a multi-party system, the question arose about the reform of local government. Oblast and rayon administrations now have broader powers and often seek funding other than the state treasury.

Judicial system.

During the colonial period, the judicial system consisted of two components. British justices of the peace tried civil and criminal matters in formal courts, while chiefs and elders administered justice in accordance with traditional customs. After the proclamation of independence, unified courts of three instances were introduced. Cases that were under the jurisdiction of the courts of chiefs and elders are now considered by justices of the peace, who are prepared and appointed by the executive branch. Officially, traditional legal proceedings have been abolished, but in fact, in the localities, it continues to operate to one degree or another. There are still cases of courts making decisions based on common law in conjunction with local custom.

Military establishment.

In January 1964, two battalions of the Tanganyik army revolted, demanding an increase in salaries and an acceleration of the process of Africanization of the officers. After the suppression of the mutiny, the army was disbanded. The People's Defense Forces of Tanzania were created, under the political and ideological control of TANU. Currently, the size of the armed forces, including the Air Force and the Navy, is estimated at about 40 thousand people. Internal security problems are under the jurisdiction of the police (approximately 1.4 thousand people) and the people's militia, in whose ranks there are 50 thousand people. The Tanzanian army is equipped with mainly Soviet and Chinese weapons.

Foreign policy.

During the Cold War, Tanzania pursued a policy of non-alignment and solely self-reliance. The foreign policy course corresponded to the economic tasks of building African socialism. Tanzania had close ties with China, which provided it with significant assistance in creating transport infrastructure. She supported national liberation movements in southern Africa, as one of the front-line states, assisted the African National Congress (ANC) in the fight against apartheid in South Africa and opposed South African intervention in the civil war in Angola and Mozambique. Tanzania has led the opposition to the dictatorial regime of Idi Amin in neighboring Uganda. Thanks to the participation of the Tanzanian army, the dictator of Uganda was overthrown as a result of the two-year war of 1978-1979.

In the 1970s, attempts to create an East African Economic Community ended in failure; the resulting disagreements led to the closure of the northern border with Kenya. In 1993 Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya announced their intention to re-establish the East African Community. In recent years, Tanzanian diplomacy has actively participated in the search for ways to resolve conflicts in Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo by the forces of the states of Central and East Africa. The Tanzanian city of Arusha hosts the International War Crimes Tribunal for Rwanda, created to prosecute those responsible for the 1994 genocide. Tanzania is a member of the Organization of African Unity, the United Nations and the Commonwealth, led by the United Kingdom.

Economy.

The post-independence model of socialism in Tanzania was based on two main principles - self-reliance and equal distribution of social wealth. Implementation of this model was fraught with difficulties and proved to be untenable, mainly due to the orientation of the Tanzanian economy to export agricultural products. Despite the arid climate and other unfavorable natural conditions, agriculture is the backbone of Tanzania's economy.

In the 1970s, the country's economy developed at a relatively fast pace, which was associated with high world prices for Tanzanian export products. The policy of forcibly creating "socialist villages" led to the alienation of the peasants from the land, and the rate of growth slowed down. In the late 1970s, Tanzania entered a period of economic crisis. Falling world prices for Tanzanian exports, the global oil crisis and the onerous war with Uganda have left the balance of payments impeded. Domestic political factors also played an important role. The state systematically underpaid peasants for export products and accumulated a significant part of export earnings. Therefore, the peasants faced a dilemma: either to produce fewer products, or to sell a significant part of it on the black market. The economy of the socialist type also presupposed the presence of political restrictions on economic activity. The 1967 Arusha Declaration prohibited party functionaries and government officials from engaging in entrepreneurship and employment. Despite the efforts of the Tanzanian leadership to prevent the personal enrichment of the party elite and civil servants, the economic crisis of the 1980s spawned a massive shadow economy. Party workers and government officials, faced with the impossibility of living on their salaries, went into business. Experts note that it is difficult to objectively assess the state of the Tanzanian economy, since it is almost impossible to determine the scale of the shadow economy.

In the early 1980s, the Tanzanian government made several attempts to adjust economic policy, but this did not help the ailing socialist economy. In 1986, Tanzania negotiated with the IMF to obtain loans for the restructuring of the country's economy. The agreement reached meant a radical turn in the country's economic course, since the terms of the loans provided for the abandonment of socialist methods of management. Like most of the reform countries, Tanzania is privatizing the public sector in agriculture and industry. The IMF also demanded to liberalize trade and devalue the Tanzanian shilling. In recent years, as a result of the curtailment of social programs, the peasants have lost state support, and now they have to rely only on themselves.

Tanzania remains a predominantly agricultural country, with 85% of the rural population employed in the agricultural sector. In 1997, agricultural exports accounted for 60% of all export earnings. Although the IMF has named Tanzania as a country that has successfully restructured the economy, the real results are half-hearted at best. For the majority of peasants, production oriented towards the domestic market often does not even provide a living wage.

The total length of the country's highways is 90 thousand km, of which 18 thousand km are paved. The length of the railways is 3.5 thousand km. The largest seaports in Tanzania are Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Coastal shipping is developed along the coast. There are three international airports - Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar.

Foreign trade turnover in 1994 was $ 1.8 billion, imports - 1.4 billion (machinery and equipment, fuel, consumer goods), exports - 0.4 billion (tea, coffee, tobacco, sisal, a number of industrial goods and mineral raw materials).

Foreign debt in 1995 exceeded $ 7 billion.

After lengthy debate, the formerly state-owned National Commercial Bank was privatized in 1997.

Education.

Seven-year primary education is compulsory. In the 1970s, universal primary education was an important element of the socialist-building and self-reliance program. Secondary education is selective; in order to continue their education in public secondary schools, primary school graduates must pass transition exams. As the process of economic liberalization deepens in the country, more and more private schools are being created, which are run by parental and religious organizations. Often, educational institutions are subsidized from funds of international non-governmental organizations. With the payment of the required amount, everyone can become a student of a private school. In 1997, the cost of teaching one student in a public secondary school was approx. $ 150 per year, the cost of training in a private school was slightly higher - approx. $ 200 per year.

To enter the university in Dar es Salaam, you must successfully pass the entrance exams. For a long time, the state provided students with subsidies for their studies, but now they have to pay for their own tuition. Tanzania's premier university has always been a hotbed of free thought and government criticism. In the 1980s, student organizations were the most organized force of opposition to the ruling regime.

History.

Back in the 8th century. Zanzibar and other islands off the east coast of Africa were the base for the Arabs who traded with the mainland. These islands were called the country of Zenj. Over time, Zanzibar developed into an independent Muslim sultanate, developing trade relations with the countries of the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In the 16-17 centuries. he was ruled by the Portuguese, and in the 18th century. fell under the influence of the sultans of Oman. In 1832 the Sultan of Oman Said Sayyid moved his residence to Zanzibar. Soon a large center for the trade of slaves, ivory and spices arose here. Trade routes rushed inland and reached the region of Mount Kilimanjaro. Dealing with slavers brought about profound social changes. Thus, the tribal leaders and even some ordinary people living in the Paré mountains became rich and gained great influence due to the fact that they provided food and everything necessary for merchants and porters on the way between the coast and Kilimanjaro. Thus, trade undermined established power structures and stimulated property stratification. At the end of the 19th century. the areas surrounding Kilimanjaro have become the focus of Christian missionary activity. The development of different regions was uneven. Ahead were those of them where there was an opportunity to get an education in missionary schools or get rich by serving trade caravans. For a long time, the Kilimanjaro region has been central to the country's economic life. Trade routes also created new dangers, since local peasants could easily become the prey of slave traders.

At the end of the 19th century. Zanzibar was turned into a British protectorate, and the mainland of modern Tanzania (Tanganyika) - into a colony within German East Africa. Soon, the first settlements of German settlers appeared here; the mountainous region of Usambara with a cooler climate was especially popular. In 1905-1906, the Germans brutally suppressed the demonstrations of the local population. After World War I, Germany lost Tanganyika, which became a League of Nations mandate under British rule. The British administration incorporated local traditional institutions of power into the colonial system. Where these institutions did not exist, they were created artificially, justifying this by the need to respect local traditions. In some areas, the leaders competed among themselves for the location of the British, since the support of the colonial administration provided them with great opportunities for enrichment and strengthening of power. The British established the production of commercial crops, including cotton. To neutralize the anti-colonial opposition, the British administration tried to establish social security for the local population. Opposition to the introduction of new taxes in the Paré region in 1949 hastened the colonial authorities' decision to develop the education and health care system. It was believed that these measures would instill a benevolent attitude towards the British authorities.

Nonetheless, anti-colonial sentiment spread among members of peasant associations that were founded in the 1920s in cash crop production areas. Coffee growers' associations in Kilimanjaro and Buhai (western Tanzania), as well as other similar associations, were formed to help farmers in the fight against agricultural pests and in the sale of products. The viability of the colonial system was undermined during the global economic crisis of the 1930s, when the cost of managing the colonies increased.

After World War II, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory ruled by Great Britain. In the 1950s, the national movement intensified, and Tanganyika gained independence in December 1961. Zanzibar followed suit on December 10, 1963, and in January 1964 there was a coup, as a result of which the African majority overthrew the dynasty of Arab sultans, who ruled the island for a long time.

In April 1964, Zanzibar and Tanganyika entered the federation of the United Republic of Tanzania, but the rapprochement of both parts of the federation took place only in 1977. Despite the constant assertions of statesmen that a classless society was created in Tanzania, free from interethnic contradictions, recently an alliance between the two parts of the state became less durable. The shortage of many essential goods and life on the verge of survival in the conditions of the economic crisis are associated in the minds of the population with government programs of economic restructuring. Economic difficulties exacerbated ethno-religious contradictions between Christians and Muslims, which affected the relationship between Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Political contradictions arose during the first multi-party elections in 1995 between the ruling Revolutionary Party (CCP), which enjoys support on the mainland, and opposition parties operating in Zanzibar.

Tanzania in the 21st century

In the second presidential election in 2000, Mpaka was re-elected for another five-year term, but the opposition did not recognize the election results and called for a boycott of the new parliament. In 2001, demonstrations and accusations against the police began in the country. A series of rallies in Zanzibar, calling for new elections, escalated into armed clashes, resulting in some 40 deaths and many injuries.

In the new presidential election, former Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete (from the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party) won with 80 percent of the popular vote. He appointed Eduard Lovassa as prime minister and the government was sworn in in December 2005. Kikwete has pledged to continue his predecessor's economic reforms. In February 2008, the cabinet was dissolved by the president following a corruption scandal. The prime minister has resigned. He was replaced by Mizengo Pinda and a new cabinet was created.

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United Republic of Tanzania - a state on the east coast of Africa. It borders Kenya and Uganda in the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique in the south. The eastern border is the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania has two capitals: the administrative center is the historic capital of Dar es Salaam, and the legislative center is Dodoma, where the government moved the main organs in the 1970s.

Most of the country is occupied by vast plateaus. The coastal lowland stretches along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The country's territory includes some of the largest lakes in Africa - Lake Victoria in the north, Lake Tanganyika in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the south of Tanzania. The highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro (5895 m), is located in Tanzania.

Tanzania airports

Arusha Airport

Dar Es Salaam Julius Nyerere International Airport

Zanzibar International Airport

Mwanza Airport

Tanzania hotels 1 - 5 stars

Weather in Tanzania

The climate in Tanzania is subequatorial. In the north there are two rainy seasons (March - May and September - November), in the south there is one (November - April). The climate on the islands is humid, the average daytime temperature is + 28-30 degrees, sea breezes make the weather very pleasant. The water temperature in the Indian Ocean is 24-26 degrees. In the central part (1200-1700 m above sea level), the average temperature is plus 22-25 degrees, the nights can be cool.

Tanzanian language

State language: Swahili, English

Arabic is spoken in Zanzibar, in the mainland there are many local Bantu languages.

Tanzania currency

International name: TZS

The Tanzanian shilling is equal to 100 cents. Banknotes in denominations of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 Tanzanian shillings and coins of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 Tanzanian shillings are officially in circulation. In fact, coins with denominations of less than 50 shillings fell out of circulation.

Currency can be exchanged at banks and exchange offices. The receipt of the exchange must be kept before leaving the country. It is not forbidden to change money from street money changers, but in this case the risk of facing fraud is extremely high.

Credit cards are in limited circulation. Usually only large banks, supermarkets (especially in port areas) and some travel agencies accept them. In the provinces, paying with a credit card is much more difficult. For the service of withdrawing money from a credit card in some provincial banks, they charge a commission of 6-8% of the amount.

Travel checks can be cashed at registered dealers, banks or exchange offices. A passport is required to cash out. Often checks are very carefully checked for authenticity, which takes a lot of time.

Customs restrictions in Tanzania

Transit of local currency is prohibited. Foreign transit has no borders. You can withdraw the same amount of foreign currency as indicated in the declaration upon entry. Only the declaration of the amounts is required.

Without imposing a duty, you can bring to the country: up to 250 grams of perfume or toilet water, cigarettes - up to 200 pcs. or 250 gr. tobacco or 50 cigars, alcoholic beverages - up to 1 liter.

Prohibited transit: explosives, drugs, poisons and pornographic products, ivory and products from it, gold, diamonds, skins of wild animals, carnations.

The export of jewelry and food is allowed only for personal needs. Import of food and personal belongings only in the amount of the need. Audio, photo and video equipment must be removed in accordance with the declaration that was filled out at the entrance.

Import of animals

Animals can be imported only after examination and a certificate from a veterinarian about their health and vaccinations.

Mains voltage: 220V

Tip

Tipping is best done in local currency. In restaurants, they make up 10% of the total order value. Most hotels automatically include a 10 percent surcharge on their invoices. If service fees are not included in the tariff, a tip of 20 shillings will be considered sufficient, whereas in most small establishments they are not provided at all. Tips for gamekeepers, drivers and other safari service personnel are usually the equivalent of $ 3-5. In the event that the service is carried out by a group of personnel, a tip should be given to the head of the group, otherwise there may be additional claims for the size of the tip and their distribution.

Shopping in Tanzania

VAT (Value Added Tax) on all goods and services is 20% and is included in the price.

Shops are usually open Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.00, and from 14.00 to 18.00, on Saturday - 08.30 to 12.30. Some shops are also open on Sundays. During Ramadan, many restaurants and shops are closed during the day and restrictions on smoking and drinking may be imposed.

Souvenirs

Unique Tanzanian green tourmalines, sapphires, garnets, rubies, emeralds and diamonds are mined in the country, as well as the tanzanite mineral, which is found exclusively in Tanzania in the volcanic deposits of Mount Kilimanjaro. All this splendor of the gifts of the earth's interior can be purchased in the markets and in private jewelry stores.

Opening hours of institutions

Banks work from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.30-16.00, and from 08.30 to 13.00 on Saturday.

Photo and video shooting

It is not recommended to take pictures of local residents without their permission and independently (without a guide or a travel agency representative) visit the homes of local residents. In some places, you need to pay for photography, but you should not do this everywhere and always - many Aboriginal people try to beg money in this way.

Safety

You should not show expensive photo and video equipment, valuables or documents. It is not recommended to walk alone at night on the streets. Things should not be left unattended. You should always carry a photocopy of your passport with you, and keep your passport, money and air ticket in a safe place (safe in a hotel).

Foreigners are the object of constant and overly intrusive attention. Do not give in to the suggestions of local residents to help with something. This usually ends up in problems.

Code of the country: +255

First level geographic domain name: .tz

The medicine

Immunization against tetanus and hepatitis A is recommended. Epidemic outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, typhoid, malaria and plague have been reported. In rural areas, there are cases of African fever infection. When swimming in fresh water, there is a high risk of contracting schistosomiasis. Vaccinations against yellow fever, typhoid, cholera and malaria prophylaxis are recommended.

Sleeping sickness, which is spread by the tsetse fly, is common in the wooded areas of the country. The rapid spread of HIV and AIDS in Tanzania is also of great concern to the international community.

All water should be considered potentially contaminated.

Emergency phones

The unified telephone of the rescue services is 112/999.

In the eastern part of Africa, the magnificent exotic country of Tanzania is located. She became famous all over the world thanks to the beautiful and amazing. In this tropical corner of Africa, you can relax with all your heart, get to know all the representatives of the fauna of the mainland and have a wonderful time basking in the sun. Tourists with children also fell in love with Tanzania, because the kids in the country really have something to see and learn. Traveling to Tanzania will be one of your right decisions, it will bring many good memories and amazing moments. We will introduce you to this beautiful country and tell you everything an inexperienced tourist needs to know.

General information about the country

Tourism in Tanzania is one of the important areas that brings a lot of income to the country. More than 100 thousand vacationers visit the country at peak. The largest tourist centers in Tanzania have long been, and. The capital of Tanzania is, and became the largest city and at the same time the main political center. At the moment, the country is recognized throughout the world as independent and has a presidential form of government. All state-important issues are dealt with by the cabinet of ministers, the vice-president, the deputy president and, of course, the president himself.

Where is Tanzania located?

Tanzania is located in the eastern part of Africa. It shares borders with a large number of countries: Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique. On the east side, the country is washed by the Indian Ocean. Affordable ocean access helps the country boost its economy by fishing and exporting to local ports. Tanzania includes a large archipelago. It includes many small deserted islands and three large ones: Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia. This archipelago is autonomous.

Population and currency

The country's territory is divided into 30 regions, which have their own administrative centers. Tanzania has a population of over 50 million. A large number of people live in the villages of the country, and large cities are populated mainly by tourists. Unfortunately, in Tanzania, the average age of life is 58. 44% of the population are residents who are between 14 and 17 years old. Such data indicate a low growth rate (only 2%) and a high mortality rate in the country. Families in Tanzania have many children, at the moment, on average, each family has 4 children.

Tanzania's official currency is the Tanzanian shilling, with many restaurants, hotels and shops in the country accepting US dollars. 1 Tanzanian shilling is equivalent to 2.2 dollars. It is better to make a currency exchange immediately upon arrival in the country. An amazing feature during the exchange is that banknotes of 50 and 100 dollars can be exchanged almost everywhere, but not every exchange office is ready to accept smaller bills.

Religion and language

Tanzania is home to about 120 types of ethnic groups, most of the inhabitants belong to the Bantu group. The main religion in Tanzania is Christianity. More than half of the population professes it. 30% of the inhabitants are Muslims, most of whom live in. 12% are Buddhists and Hindus. Often due to religious disputes in Tanzania, scandals and rallies arise, so we advise tourists to carefully choose a city for rest, starting from the local religion.

In addition to hotels, in Tanzania you can find lodges for relaxation, but, as a rule, their rental price is much higher than the daily payment for a hotel room. Anywhere in the country you can find yourself a good camping option. This type of stop in the country is not distinguished by its high cost.

Transport in Tanzania

Let's talk about one of the important moments of your trip - transport in Tanzania. It can be noted that air transportation is very well established within the country, that is, getting from one end of the Republic to the other is not a problematic issue. In the situation with trains, the opposite is true. There are only two branches of the railway in the country with routes Dar es Salaam - and Tanzania - Zambia. Ferries and boats run between the islands of the archipelago.

Public buses and private taxis operate in Tanzania's cities themselves. Intercity routes are also served by public transport, but there is not much of it. Many tourists who come to Tanzania prefer to rent a car or bicycle, because the price for this service is relatively low.

Safety in Tanzania

Tanzania can hardly be called a safe country, and if you follow the basic recommendations, you can spend an unforgettable vacation in it without unpleasant incidents. You will need to be vaccinated against yellow fever and Ebola disease a week before departure. To protect yourself from malaria, purchase special drugs and start taking them at least three days before departure.

While in the country, you should not carry large amounts of money, gold and documents with you. Although the locals are smiling and friendly, there are a large number of street thieves among them. Yes, and you should not leave valuables in hotel rooms, it is better to place them in the hotel safe before a walk. Always take copies of your documents with you, as an identity check by the local police can catch you at any moment. If you do not show the law enforcement agencies at least copies of the documents, then you may be detained for several days until the end of the full identity check.

While in the country, try to stroll through the crowded streets. Doubtful alleys and streets are best avoided or crossed very quickly. Be extremely careful at night. A drunken tourist walking the streets of Tanzania at night is considered a "goldfish" for local thieves. Therefore, after dark, it is safer to spend time on site or take a taxi.

E. coli has become another threat in the country. Indeed, even in the largest cities in Tanzania, there is non-compliance with sanitary standards, therefore it is strictly forbidden to drink tap water. When buying it, check immediately how it is sealed. In order to brush your teeth or wash the dishes, you should initially boil the water or purchase special pills at the pharmacy.

How to get to Tanzania?

It is impossible to fly a direct flight to Tanzania from Russia. But it is much easier for residents of Ukraine or Europe to get here. From Kiev, you can fly by direct flight using the route of the KLM company. In Europe, flights to Tanzania are often made from Amsterdam. Residents of Russia can make a transfer in Cairo, Dubai or London, and from the listed cities fly a direct flight to Tanzania airport. By the way, before flying to the country, you will have to pay an airline fee of $ 20.

Question c is solved very simply. You can apply with relevant documents to the country's consulate and open a visitor visa for 90 days. A more simplified option would be to purchase a visa upon entering the country. Its duration reaches 25 days.

In the east, it is washed by the Indian Ocean.

Most of the territory of Tanzania occupied by the East African Plateau, the average height of which is 1200 m. The plateau in the meridional direction is crossed by the East African Rift Zone, which is expressed in the faults of the earth's crust located in the western and eastern parts of the country. Here is the only active volcano tanzania Oldonio Lengai (2890 m), known as the "Mountain of God", which last erupted in 1983. In different parts of the country, you can see isolated volcanic mountains, small mountain ranges and ridges. In the northeast there are the Usambara Mountains, the Meru Mountains (4567 m) and Kilimanjaro (5895 m). The extinct volcano Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and the only snow-capped peak on the entire continent. In the south, the Livingstone Mountains stand out, stretching along the northeastern coast of Lake Nyasa.

Tanzania's northern and western borders pass through Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa. Victoria is the largest lake on the African continent and the second largest freshwater lake on Earth. Its area is 68 thousand square meters. km. It is also the third largest lake in the world. Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa are located in the western part of the country and are confined to the East African Rift Zone. The depth of Lake Tanganyika is slightly less than that of Lake Baikal - 1470 m.

The largest rivers in the country are Pangani, Rufiji and Ruvuma.

Tanzania population - 46.2 million people (data for 2011, 29th place in the world),
incl. urban population - 25%

Resorts in Tanzania.

Arusha, Tanzania
Arusha is a city located in the north of Tanzania. Arusha is a bustling, rapidly developing city, one of the largest commercial and banking centers in the country, as well as a major tourist center. Arusha is home to the International Conference Center, one of the most famous international centers in Africa.

Bagamoyo, Tanzania
“Here I left my heart” - this is the translation of the name of this city from Swahili into Russian. 150 years ago, Bagamoyo was the most important port on the East African coast. From the depths of the continent, caravans of slave traders were reaching the city. A huge number of slaves were kept in the fortress, which has survived to this day. From here, slaves, ivory, coconuts and salt were transported to Zanzibar. The city owes its name to these sad historical events. At that time, Bagamoyo, the capital of the German colonies in Africa, was also called the "Gateway to the Black Continent". After the end of the First World War, Germany transferred all of its East African possessions under the control of the League of Nations.

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania, the richest city in the country, an important economic center and the country's main commercial port. The city is located on the east coast of Africa, on the shores of the Indian Ocean. Although Dar es Salaam ceded official capital status to Dodoma in the mid-1970s, it still houses the central government apparatus. The administrative center of the Dar es Salaam region. In 1973, it was proposed to move the capital to Dodoma, located in central Tanzania, but the transfer has not yet been fully completed.

Dodoma, Tanzania
Dodoma is the capital of Tanzania, the administrative center of the province of Dodoma. Dodoma is located in central Tanzania, 320 kilometers from the east coast of the Indian Ocean. Representatives of the African peoples of the Nyamwezi, Jagga, Haya, Gogo, Masai and others live in the capital. In 1964, after the formation of the United Republic of Tanzania, which included Tanganyika and Zanzibar, Dodoma received the official status of the administrative center of the province of the same name.

Zanzibar, Tanzania
Zanzibar is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Tanzania, to which it belongs. The largest islands are Pemba and Unguya, also commonly called Zanzibar. Before the Miocene, the archipelago was part of the African continent. The first definite news about it appears in the X century, when the Persians from Shiraz appeared here. Local residents still call themselves "Shirazi", although the Persian settlers were quickly assimilated. They brought Islam to Zanzibar.

Kigoma, Tanzania
Kigoma is a city of Tanzania, the administrative center of the Kigoma region. Port on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. End point of the Dar es Salaam railway.

Kilindoni, Tanzania
Kilindoni is the main city of the island of Tanzania called Mafia. Located in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. The island of Mafia itself - the largest of the numerous islands, atolls and sandy islets - is about 50 km long and 15 km wide, surrounded by reefs teeming with a variety of marine life.

Manyara, Tanzania
Manyara is Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. Located at an altitude of 950 m. Lake Manyara National Park was created to protect animals from poachers, whose terrible raids in the 1970s and 1980s endangered the continued existence of elephants on these lands. Currently, the fauna is carefully protected, and the elephant population has reached its former levels. Lake Manyara occupies two-thirds of the park's territory and is home to a huge number of different species of birds, of which there are more than four hundred species, which gives a complete picture of the diversity of Tanzanian birds.

Ngorongoro, Tanzania
Ngorongoro - Tanzania National Park, located near the crater of the same name. Ngorongoro Crater is considered a world heritage! It is located on the edge of the Serengeti savannah, formed as a caldera by the collapse of a large volcano about 2.5 million years ago. The bottom of the crater is located at an altitude of 2380 m above sea level. Its edges are about 600 m higher and rise 3000 m above sea level. The diameter of the Ngorongoro crater ranges from 17 to 21 km and its total area is approximately 26,400 hectares.

mafia Island, Tanzania
Mafia is a Tanzanian island in the Indian Ocean. It is the southernmost island of the Zanzibar archipelago and has an area of \u200b\u200b518 km2. The population is about 40 thousand people, mostly fishermen. Located in the Indian Ocean, the east coast of Africa, 160 km south of the island of Zanzibar, 40 km from the coast of Tanzania. The British newspaper "Sunday Times" named the Mafia one of the 10 most mysterious islands in the world. Chole Shamba is the ancient name of this island. There are two versions of the origin of its current name. The first is based on the Arabic roots of the word "mafia" - from the concept "morfiyeh", which means "group" or "archipelago".

Hotels in Tanzania.

Hotel base the country is very diverse. There are both "lodges" (of a very good level, but also very expensive), and more than simple hotels for 2-3 rooms, as well as campings. Most hotels in Zanzibar offer half board accommodation (usually breakfast and dinner), and most safari lodges offer full board.

On the island of Zanzibar, the "Arab" style of service prevails (without haste at all), but the level of service is gradually starting to catch up with the European one. Clients have never had any complaints about the lodges; one might even say that this is perhaps the best place in terms of service.

In the country, the standard voltage is 220-240 V. In lodges and decent stationary tourist camps, generators also supply a standard voltage of 220 V. Sockets are "British standard" (an adapter with a three-pin plug is required).

Although there are a lot of hotels in the country, there can be a lot of tension with rooms, so it is better to book a tour in advance, especially for "peak" dates.CLIMATE

In Tanzania, the equatorial monsoon type of climate prevails. It is warm all year round, since the country is located near the equator. Further from the coast in the central part of the country, the climate is drier and hotter, in addition, the air temperature and the amount of precipitation in Tanzania depends on the height of the area.

The hottest months in Tanzania are December, January and February. At this time, the daytime air temperature on the coast and on the islands rises to 32 degrees Celsius, in the central regions it can reach +35 degrees, and in some parts of the country - 38 degrees Celsius. At night, from December to February, the air temperature drops on the coast and on the islands to +24 degrees, in the central regions - to +26 degrees, and in mountainous areas - to 10 degrees. The coolest month in Tanzania is July. In July, the daytime temperature in the coastal regions of the country and on the islands reaches +28 degrees, in the central part of the country - 30 degrees, and in the mountainous regions - 27 degrees. At night at this time, the air temperature drops to +20 degrees, +22 degrees and +8 degrees, respectively.

Average annual rainfall within the East African Plateau ranges from 650 to 900 mm per year. The central part of the country is drier, with less than 500 mm of precipitation per year. More precipitation falls on the territory adjacent to lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika than in the rest of the plateau; their annual amount ranges from 1000 to 1500 mm. In the mountains of the north-west of the country and on the island of Zanzibar, the most precipitation falls - up to 2000 mm per year, and on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro up to 1300 mm.

In the northern part of the country and on the coast, there are two maximum precipitation - from March to May and from September to November, in the southern and central parts - one, from November to April.

Best time to visit:
The most favorable time to travel to the Serengeti National Park is from May to July and from January to March, when seasonal migrations of animals take place, in other national parks, from July to September during the dry season, when animals gather near water bodies. The best time to relax on the beaches of Tanzania is from June to October, when the probability of rain is least. The best time to go diving is from October to March.

Nature

The country's territory can be roughly divided into 3 natural and climatic zones: mountainous regions, the Central Plateau and coastal plains with islands.

Mountain ranges surround the flat Central Plateau on all sides, forming a "crown" of medium-high mountain ranges alternating with cones of extinct and dormant volcanoes. The zones of the Great African Rift formed by tectonic movements are framed by the chains of Kipengere, Usagara, Livingston, Paré, Usambara, etc. Numerous volcanic cones (Kilimanjaro, Ngorongoro, Meru, etc.) are heavily eroded, and the craters of most of them are occupied by savannas and deciduous forests. In some places on the eastern slopes of the mountains, patches of tropical rainforest have been preserved. The highest point of the country is Kilimanjaro (5895 m).

The central plateau, the Masai plateau, the northeastern slopes of the Usambara and Pare mountains, form a harsh semi-arid zone serving as the watershed of the Congo, Nile and Zambezi (average elevation is about 1100 m above sea level). Medium-high mountain ranges and the flat Central Highlands form a dry zone with semi-desert vegetation, mountain savannas, dense shrubs and dry "miombo" forests inhabited by a diverse wildlife. From the west, the plateau is bounded by a whole series of tectonic depressions and faults occupied by lakes. More than 53 thousand sq. km of Tanzanian territory is occupied by inland lakes formed in the grabens of the Rift Valley (African Rift). Victoria, Balangida, Rukva, Tanganyika, Nyasa, Natron, Kitangiri, Eyasi, Manyara and others are surrounded by savannah complexes and are actively used by humans.

The coastal lowland stretches along the coast of the ocean, gradually expanding from north to south, forming a vast plain in the south, in the basin of the Rufiji and Mbemkuru rivers. In the northern and central parts of the coastal plain, park savannah prevails. The southern part is highly cultivated and practically has not preserved endemic vegetation - the overwhelming part of the territory is occupied by pastures, crops and orchards. The once numerous coastal mangroves are also rapidly retreating under human pressure.

Currency :

International name: TZS

Travel checks can be cashed at registered dealers, banks or exchange offices. A passport is required to cash out. Often checks are very carefully checked for authenticity, which takes a lot of time.

Customs restrictions:

Without imposing a duty, you can bring to the country: up to 250 grams of perfume or toilet water, cigarettes - up to 200 pcs. or 250 gr. tobacco or 50 cigars, alcoholic beverages - up to 1 liter.

Prohibited transit: explosives, drugs, poisons and pornographic products, ivory and products from it, gold, diamonds, skins of wild animals, carnations.

Representative offices in Russia:

Embassy

Address: Moscow, Chancellery of the Embassy: Pyatnitskaya st., 33.

phone: 953-82-21, 953-09-40, 953-49-75

fax: 953-07-85

Russian representations:

The Consular Section

Address: Dar es Salaam, Embassy of the Russian Federation in the United Republic of Tanzania, P.O. Box 1905, Plot No. 73, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

phone: (8-10-255-22) 266-6006, 266-6005

fax: (8-10-255-22) 266-6818

www.tanzania.mid.ru

Import of animals:

Animals can be imported only after examination and a certificate from a veterinarian about their health and vaccinations.

Mains voltage: 127V

Tip:

Purchases:

VAT (VAT, ValueAddedTax) on all goods and services is 20% and is included in the price.

Souvenirs:

Opening hours of institutions:

Banks work from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.30-16.00, and from 08.30 to 13.00 on Saturday.

Photo and video shooting:

Safety:

Foreigners are the object of constant and overly intrusive attention. Do not give in to the suggestions of local residents to help with something. This usually ends up in problems.

HOLIDAYS AND WEEKEND

The Zanzibar archipelago celebrates Muslim religious holidays such as Ramadan. At this time of the year, there are strict rules in relation to tourists who are not allowed to drink alcohol on the streets, smoke, etc.

Several festivals are also held in Zanzibar:

Mid-February - Stone Town Swahili Music and Cultural Festival.

July - Zanzibar Music Festival, East African Cultural Heritage Festival and Mar-Mwaka-Kogwa (Zoroastrian New Year)

October - Zanzibar Culture Festival.

VISAS AND CUSTOMS CONTROL

Russian citizens need to open a visa, we provide visa support.

customs control

Foreign currency can be imported to Tanzania without any restrictions, export is also not limited. Local currency cannot be brought into or out of the country.

You can import into the country duty-free up to 1 liter of liqueur, 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 grams of tobacco, 250 ml of perfume. If you want to bring in professional filming video equipment, radios, tape recorders, musical instruments, you will need to pay a fee.

It is prohibited to bring small arms, drugs and pornography into Tanzania. A permit is required to import firearms. The export of ivory and products from it, rhino horns, skins of wild animals, gold, diamonds and carnations is prohibited.

TELEPHONE

In Tanzania, the following mobile operators can be advised: Mobitel-TZ, TZ Zantel, VodaCom. Celtel has no roaming capabilities. The network operates mainly in settlements and along roads. For calls within the country, it is convenient to buy a SIM card from a local operator, the card costs 1000 shillings, they are sold everywhere. In addition, you should buy a card to replenish funds on the account, tariffs in Tanzania are very favorable.

It is better to make international calls from call centers.

To call from Russia to Tanzania, you need to dial 8 - 10 - 255 - area code - subscriber number. The Dodoma code is 61, the Dar es Salaam code is 51.

To call from Tanzania to Russia, you need to dial 000 - 7 - area code - subscriber number.

EMERGENCY PHONES

Embassy of Tanzania in the Russian Federation

Tel .: 953-82-21, 953-09-40

Embassy of the Russian Federation in Dar es Salaam

Tel .: (8-10-255-51) 6-6005, 6-6006

CLOTHES

To travel in Africa near the equator, you need to buy very light, light-colored clothing made from natural fabrics and high-quality, effective sun protection products. Wear a headdress and drink plenty of fresh water.

TIME

Moscow. From the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, it is 1 hour behind Moscow.

Tanzanian language

Swahili is the language of Tanzania

The status of the state language of Tanzania belongs to Swahili, but English is no less common. In Zanzibar, you can find native speakers of Arabic, and on the African coast, a large number of local tribes speak their languages \u200b\u200band dialects.

Swahili itself is a member of the Bantu family of languages. It has its own written language, but it is based on the Latin alphabet. An interesting fact is that Swahili, being native to only 2 million people, has not only the status of an official language, but also has great socio-cultural significance. The local term "Wasuahili", which means "Swahili", is not associated with a particular ethnic group.

The vast majority of Tanzania's population speaks at least Swahili in addition to their native language. Some can also communicate in one of the foreign languages. This is due to such a developed industry as tourism, which is due to the almost complete absence of industrial enterprises in the country. In addition to the service sector, the local population is engaged in agriculture and mining. Tanzania has a good hotel infrastructure, therefore it is one of the most attractive African countries for international tourism. In addition to hotels and beaches, travelers are attracted by National Parks: Kilimanjaro, Ruaha, Serengeti and others.

The region where Tanzania is located is known to European tourists as a piece of paradise well south of the equator. The coast of the Indian Ocean, on the shores of which the republic is located, makes it attractive for lovers of a leisurely beach holiday.

Where is Tanzania located?

The United Republic of Tanzania, as this country is officially called, has a completely unique location, which gives the country a significant advantage in the international tourism market. The republic is located in the southeastern part of the African continent.

To begin with, the country is located on the coast of the warm Indian Ocean. Numerous hotels receive hundreds of thousands of tourists from Europe and America every year.

In addition, the region where Tanzania is located is famous for the so-called Great African Lakes, which are located in the region of the East African Rift.

Great lakes of Africa

In Africa, where Tanzania is located, there are lakes that are second only to Baikal in area and volume. The largest of them is Victoria, which has worldwide fame. This lake is located on the territory of three states at once: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

In addition to being the second largest freshwater body of water in the world, Lake Victoria is also known for feeding the White Nile, one of the world's great rivers.

Despite the fact that some experts tend to attribute only Lake Victoria, Edward and Albert to the Great African Lakes, the full list of lakes in this region looks like this:

Victoria.
Tanganyika.
Nyasa.
Rudolf.
Edward.
Albert.
Kivu.

In addition to their area and fresh water reserves, the lakes are also notable for the fact that they are home to about ten percent of all fish species known to science, many of which are not found in other regions.

Geography and population of the country

The favorable climate of East Africa creates all the necessary conditions for high-productivity agriculture and the formation of surplus products. It is for this reason that there have always been numerous small states in the region, the largest of which were Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda. Today Tanzania borders Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia and

This number of states is due to the fact that the eastern part of Africa is very diverse in cultural, ethnic and linguistic terms. And these factors were taken into account when drawing the borders of new states, formed as a result of the liquidation of the colonial system on the continent.

However, despite such a large number of state formations, each of them is quite densely populated. For example, in Tanzania, according to the UN, there are more than fifty million people belonging to one hundred and twenty different ethnic groups, speaking more than a hundred languages.

Nature and climate

The unique natural resources of the region where Tanzania is located require special treatment, which is expressed either in a sparing level of human use, or even in the refusal to exploit natural resources.

It is worth paying tribute to the government of the republic, which, to the best of its ability, tries to protect the nature of the country from human pressure. About 38% of the country's territory is set aside for national parks and reserves, of which there are sixteen.

Ngorongoro National Park is one of the most notable natural monuments in Tanzania, whose coordinates are as follows - 3 ° 12 S. 35 ° 27 "WD.

The national park occupies the territory of a huge crater, which belongs to the caldera type. Today it is the largest inactive volcanic crater on Earth. This crater has not been active for so long that the first traces of human activity on its territory appear already three million years ago. The remains of a hominid found on its territory gave the name to a new species - the Olduvai man, found in the Olduvai Gorge.

Seven Wonders of Africa

In addition to Ngorongoro, the Serengeti region also belongs to the African natural wonders, which has a common border with the Tanzanian Ngorongoro Nature Reserve and the Kenyan Maasai Mara Nature Park.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Serengeti Park is 14,763 square kilometers and for many millennia these vast wastelands, which today attract many tourists, did not have a permanent population. Only a little over a hundred years ago, the nomadic Maasai tribes came to the prairie and stayed there. The history of the Serengeti Protected Area begins in 1951, when a small private reserve was transformed into a National Park, second in size in Tanzania only to the Selous Reserve.

The Selous Hunting Reserve was established at the beginning of the twentieth century, as it quickly became clear that it was a region that was unique in terms of flora and fauna. Selous is home to over 350 bird species, numerous species of savannah animals and nearly 2,000 plant species.

Tanzania. Where is Zanzibar located?

The archipelago stretching along the east coast of Africa consists of seventy-five islands, some of which belong to the autonomy of Zanzibar, which is part of Tanzania as a Free Republic.

Geographically, the archipelago is a cluster of islands, the largest of which are Ugundzha, Pemba and Mafia. The island of Ugunja is the largest and is often mistakenly called Zanzibar, giving it the name of the entire archipelago.

It is on the western coast of the island of Ugunja that the largest city of the archipelago, Zanzibar, is located, with a population of about one hundred twenty thousand people. It should be noted that in the period from 2008 to 2009. the population of the city has decreased significantly.

In modern conditions, Tanzania, home to numerous natural monuments, is becoming increasingly attractive for travelers who prefer to combine high-class holidays with visits to national parks, reserves and safaris, which are popular with wealthy hunters. The islands of Tanzania are especially popular, embodying the dream of a paradise on Earth, surrounded by turquoise water and hot sun.