the main Methods of fishing Who plunged into the Mariana Wpadin. How many people visited the day of the Mariana Wpadin? Life in pitch darkness

Who plunged into the Mariana Wpadin. How many people visited the day of the Mariana Wpadin? Life in pitch darkness

The Mariana Wpadina (or Marian chute) is a gutter in the ground crescent-shaped crust, with a size of 2550 by 69 km. This is the deepest place on earth (about 11 thousand kilometers!). Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean near the Mariana Islands, which gave her the name.

Below is described in detail by the Mariana Wpadin and its distinctive features are given.

Uniqueness of the depression

Few people decide to plunge into the bottom of the ocean in this place, since in the Mariana Wpadine water pressure exceeds the pressure in other places of the ocean about a thousand times.

The water temperature in the groove varies from 1 to 4 degrees of heat. In addition, there are a large number of hydrothermal sources (different "black smokers"), of which water flows with a temperature of up to 450 ° C.

Due to the strong water pressure all living beings in this part of the sea are doomed to extinction. But at the beginning of the 21st century, living organisms (mollusks) were found near the clusters of Serpentin, which were able to survive in such conditions.

In addition, liquid carbon dioxide was revealed here. Mariana Vpadina is the only such underwater area called champagne (in honor of bubbles that break out of the water).

Dirt or mucus - the usual coating of the bottom of the depression. Due to the fact that the pressure does not give the remnants of animals and plankton climb upstairs, everything remains at the bottom of the ocean, turning into a dirt of gray-yellow color. Sand in the groove is practically absent.

The deepest point of the Mariana depression is "the abyss of the Challenger."

Other interesting facts can be found from the section.

Mariana Wpadina is not a vertical abyss. This is a gutter in the shape of a crescent, stretched by 2.5 thousand km to the east of the Philippines and to the west of Guama, USA. The deepest point of the depression, the abyss of the challenger, is located at a distance of 11 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Everest, he will be at the bottom of the depressions, it would not be enough to be 2.1 km away.

Map of Mariana Vpadina

A marine groove (as it is still customized to be called) - part of the global network of deflection crossing the seabed and formed as a result of ancient geological events. They arise when a collision of two tectonic plates, when one layer is immersed under the other and goes into the earth's mantle.

The underwater trench discovered the British Research Ship "Challenger" during the first global oceanographic expedition. In 1875, scientists tried to measure the depth diplot - a rope with a load tied to it and a meter markup. The ropes were enough for only 4,475 sea saplex (8,367 m). After almost a hundred years, the ship "Challenger II" returned to the Mariana depression with a echo sounder and set the current value of the depth - 10,994 m.

The bottom of the Mariana depression is hidden in the eternal darkness - the sun rays do not penetrate this depth. The temperature is only a few degrees above zero - and close to the freezing point. The pressure in the abyss of the Challenger is 108.6 MPa, which is approximately 1,072 times the normal atmospheric pressure at the ocean level. This is five times more pressure, which is created when the bullet is hit by a bulletproof object and approximately equal to pressure inside the reactor for polyethylene synthesis. But people found a way to get to the bottom.

Man at depth

The first people who were in the abyss of the Challenger were the American military jacques Piccar and Don Walsh. In 1960, at the Batiscip "Trieste", they went down to 10,918 m. At this mark, the researchers spent 20 minutes and did not see anything from the clouds raised by the device. In addition to the fish species of flatfish, which hit the spotlight. The presence of life under such high pressure has become the main discovery of the mission.

Piccara and Walsh, scientists believed that fish could not live in the Mariana groove. The pressure in it is so large that calcium can exist only in liquid form. This means that the bones of the vertebrate should literally dissolve. No bones, no fish. But nature showed scientists that they are mistaken: living organisms are able to adapt even to such unbearable conditions.

A lot of living organisms in the abyss of Challenger discovered Batiskof Deepsea Challenger, where in 2012 the director James Cameron went down to the bottom of the Mariana Wpadin. In the samples of the soil taken by the apparatus, scientists found 200 species of invertebrates, and at the bottom of the depression - strange translucent shrimps and crabs.

At a depth of 8 thousand meters, Batiskof discovered the deepe-water fish - a new representative of the type of lipar or marine slugs. Fish head resembles a dog, and her body is very thin and flexible - while driving, it resembles a translucent cloth, carried by the current.

A few hundred meters below live gigantic ten-centimeter amids, called xenophiophores. These organisms demonstrate amazing resistance to several elements and chemicals, such as mercury, uranium and lead, which would kill other animals or a person in a few minutes.

Scientists believe that there are still many species that awake on the depth. In addition, it is still not clear how such microorganisms are extremes - can survive in such extreme conditions.

The answer to this question will lead to a breakthrough in biomedicine and biotechnology and will help to understand how life originated on Earth. For example, researchers from University of Hawaii believe that mud thermal volcanoes near the depressions could provide conditions for the survival of the first organisms on the planet.

Volcanoes at the Day of the Mariana Wpadin

What about a spill?

Wpadina is obliged to his depth of two tectonic plates - the Pacific layer goes under the phillipinsky, forming a deep chute. Regions in which geological events occurred, called the subduction zone.

The thickness of each plate is almost 100 km, and the depth of the fault is at least 700 km from the lower point of the challenger's abyss. "This is iceberg. The man was not even at the top - 11 nothing compared to 700 hiding at the depth. The Mariana Trench is the border between the limits of human knowledge and reality that is not available to a person, "says Geophysic Robert Stern from Texas University.

Plates on the day of the Mariana Capture Photo: Noaa

Scientists suggest that through the subduction zone in the land robe, water in large volumes - rocks at the borders of faults act as sponges, absorbing water, and transport it in the depths of the planet. As a result, the substance turns out to be at a depth of 20 to 100 km below the seabed.

Geologists from Washington University found out that over 79 million tons of water fell over the last million years, more than 79 million tons of water fell 4.3 times more than previous estimates.

The main question is what happens with water in depths. It is believed that the water cycle closes volcanoes, returning water into the atmosphere as a water vapor during eruptions. This theory was confirmed by previous measurements of water volumes penetrating the mantle. Volcanoes ejected to an atmosphere approximately equal to the absorbed volume.

A new study refutes this theory - calculations indicate that the Earth absorbs more water than returns. And this is really strange - provided that the World Ocean Level for the last few hundred years has not only diminished, but also grew by several centimeters.

A possible solution is a refusal to the theory of equal capacity of all subduction zones on Earth. Probably, the conditions in the Mariana groove are more extreme than in other parts of the planet, and more water in the abyss of the challenger, more water penetrates.

"Was the amount of water from the characteristics of the structure of the subduction zone, for example, from bending angle of plates? We assume that similar faults exist in Alaska and in Latin America, but while the person failed to detect a deeper structure than Mariana Wpadina, "added the lead author of Doug Vesnes.

Water hiding in the depths of the Earth is not the only mystery of the Mariana depression. National US Ocean and Atmospheric Research (NOAA) calls the region of entertainment fleet for geologists.

This is the only place on the planet, where carbon dioxide exists in liquid form. It is thrown by several underwater volcanoes, located outside Okinawa deflection near Taiwan.

At a depth of 414 m in the Mariana Wpadine, the Volcano Dike, which is a lake of pure sulfur in a liquid form, which constantly boils at a temperature of 187 ° C. By 6 km below are geothermal sources emitting water at a temperature of 450 ° C. But this water does not boil - process prevents the pressure exerted by the 6.5-kilometer water column.

The oceanic bottom today is studied by a person less than the moon. Probably, scientists will succeed in detecting faults deeper than Mariana depression or at least explore its structure and features.

Despite the fact that the oceans closer to us than the distant planets of the solar system, people explored only five percent of the bottom of the ocean, which remains one of the greatest riddles of our planet. The deepest part of the ocean - the Mariana Wpadina or Marianic chute is one of the most famous places that we still know not very much. With water pressure, which is a thousand times more than at sea level, immersion in this place is akin to suicide. But thanks to modern technologies and several brave, which, risking life, descended there, we learned a lot of interesting things about this amazing place.

Mariana Wpadina or Marianic Groit is located in the western Pacific to the East (about 200 km) from the 15 Mariana Islands near Guam. It is a chime in the shape of a crescent in the earth's crust of about 2550 km long and an average width of 69 km.

The coordinates of the Mariana depression: 11 ° 22 'northern latitude and 142 ° 35' East longitude.

According to the latest studies in 2011, the depth of the deepest point of the Mariana depression is about 10,994 meters of ± 40 meters. For comparison, the height of the highest peak of the world - Everest is 8,848 meters. This means that if Everest was in the Mariana Wpadin, he would be covered by 2.1 km of water.

Here are other interesting facts about what can be found along the way and at the very bottom of the Mariana Vpadina.

1. Very hot water

Going down at this depth, we expect that there will be very cold. The temperature here reaches just above the zero, varying from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean, hydrothermal sources are called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.

This water is rich in minerals that help maintain life in this area. Despite the temperature of the water, which is hundreds of degrees above the boiling point, water here does not boil due to incredible water pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.

2. Giant toxic amcribes

A few years ago, there were gigantic 10 centimeter ameb, called xenophylamores at the bottom of the Mariana Vpadin. These single-celled organisms probably became such large due to the medium in which they live at a depth of 10.6 km. Cold temperatures, high pressure and no sunlight, most likely contributed to the fact that these amids have gained huge sizes.

In addition, xenophylamores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to the effects of multiple elements and chemicals, including uranium, mercury and lead that would kill other animals and people.

3. Mollusks

The strong water pressure in the Mariana Wpadine does not give a chance to survive any animal with sink or bones. However, in 2012, mollusks were found in the gutter near serpentine hydrothermal sources. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which allows you to form living organisms. How the mollusks retain their sink at such a pressure remains unknown.

In addition, hydrothermal sources isolated another gas - hydrogen sulfide, which is mortal to molluscs. However, they learned to bind the sulfur compound into a safe protein, which allowed the population of these mollusks to survive.

4. Pure liquid carbon dioxide

The hydrothermal source of the champagne of the Mariana depression, which is outside the Okinawan gutter near Taiwan, is the only well-known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be detected. The source opened in 2005 received its name in honor of the bubbles, which turned out to be carbon dioxide.

Many believe that these sources called "white smokers" due to lower temperatures can be a source of life. It was in the depths of the oceans with a low temperature and an abundance of chemicals and energy could be born.

5. Sliz

If we had the opportunity to swim on the very depth of the Mariana depression, we would feel that it was covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in habitual form, there is no. The bottom of the depression mainly consists of crushed shells and remnants of plankton, which sunk on the bottom for many years. Due to the incredible pressure of water, almost everything turns into a small grayish yellow thick dirt.

6. Liquid sulfur

Dike volcano, which is at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to the Mariana Wpadine, is the source of one of the rarest phenomena on our planet. There is a lake of pure molten sulfur. The only place where the liquid sulfur can be detected is the satellite of Jupiter - Io.

In this pit, called the "boiler", the boiling black emulsion boils at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists failed to explore this place in detail, it is perhaps further contained even more liquid sulfur. This can reveal the secret of the origin of life on Earth.

According to the hypothesis of gay, our planet is one self-governing organism, in which all living and non-residential is connected to maintain her life. If this hypothesis is true, then a number of signals can be observed in natural cycles and earth systems. So the sulfur compounds created by the organisms in the ocean should be fairly stable in water to allow them to go into the air, and again return to the land.

7. Bridges

At the end of 2011, four stone bridges were discovered in the Mariana Wpadine, which stretched from one to another end to 69 km. It seems that they have formed at the junction of Pacific and Filipino tectonic plates.

One of the Dutton Ridge bridges, which was discovered in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high as a small mountain. At the highest point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km over the "Abyss Challenger". Like many aspects of the Mariana depression, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the fact that in one of the most mysterious and unknown places, they found these formations, is awesome.

8. Immersion James Cameron to Mariana Vpadina

Starting from the opening of the deepest places of the Mariana Vpadina - the "abyss of the Challenger" in 1875, only three people visited here. The first was the American lieutenant Don Walsh and Researcher Jacques Picar, who made a dive on January 23, 1960 on the Chellenger ship.

After 52, another person died here - a famous film director James Cameron. Since March 26, 2012 Cameron went down to the bottom and took a few photos. During the immersion of James Cameron in 2012 to the "abdomen of Challenger" at Batiscife Deepsea Challenge, he tried to watch everything that was happening in this place until mechanical problems were forced to climb it to the surface.

While he was in the deepest point of the world ocean, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was absolutely alone. In the Mariana Wpadin there was no terrible marine monsters or some miracles. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was "lunar ... empty ... lonely", and he felt "full isolation from all mankind."

9. Mariana Vpadina

10. Mariana Wpadina in the Ocean - the largest reserve

Mariana Wpadina is the US National Monument and the largest maritime reserve in the world. Since it is a monument, there are a number of rules for those who want to visit this place. Within its borders, fishing and mining of minerals here is strictly prohibited. However, swim here is allowed, so you can become the following who will decide to go to the deepest place in the ocean.

Unknown Earth: Mariana Wpadina

Despite the fact that humanity stepped far ahead, a large number of equipment appeared, which would make it impossible to make it impossible, there are such corners of the land where it is almost impossible to get. Due to this, in such corners, the pristine nature has been preserved, not touched by a person

Marianic chute (or Mariana Vpadina) is the ocean deep-water flame in the West of the Pacific, the deepest one from the famous on Earth. Named on the next Mariana Islands.

The deepest point of the Mariana depression is "the abyss of the Challenger." It is located in the southwestern part of the depression, 340 km on the south-west of the island of Guam (the coordinates of the point: 11 ° 22 'p. Sh. 142 ° 35' c. D. (G) (O)). According to 2011 measurements, its depth is 10,994 ± 40 m below sea level.

Mariana Wpadina is the deepest place on our planet. I think almost everyone heard about her or studied at school, but I myself, for example, have long forgotten her depth, and the facts about how she was simply developed and explored. So I decided to "refresh" your own and your memory

All Wpadina stretched along the islands per one and a half thousand kilometers and has a characteristic V-shaped profile. In fact, it is an ordinary tectonic rift, a place where the Pacific cooker comes under the Philippine, just the Mariana Wpadina is the deepest place of this kind) the slopes are cool, on average about 7-9 °, and the bottom is flat, wide from 1 to 5 kilometers , and separated by thresholds into several closed areas. The pressure at the day of the Mariana depression reaches 108.6 MPa - this is more than 1100 times more than ordinary atmospheric pressure!

Snapshot from Cosmos.

The first who dared to challenge the abyss were the British - the Military Three-Mail Corvette "Challenger" with sailing equipment was rebuilt into the oceanographic vessel for hydrological, geological, chemical, biological and meteorological works in 1872. But the first data on the depth of the Mariana Globra were obtained only in 1951 - according to the measurements, the depth of the depression was announced to be declared 10,863 m. After that, the deepest point of the Mariana depression began to call "Abyss Chalenger" (Challenger Deep). It's hard to imagine that in the depths of the Mariana, the highest mountain of our planet is easily placed - Everest, and there will also be more than a kilometer of water to the surface ... Of course, it will not fit on the area, but exclusively in height, but the numbers are still affecting ...

Registering sounds The device began to transfer to the surface of the noise, resembling the separation of the saws in the metal. At the same time, unclear shadows appeared on the TV monitor, similar to gigantic fairy dragons. These creatures had several heads and tails.

An hour later, scientists of the American Research Ship "Glomar Challenger" was worried that unique equipment made from heavy-duty titanium-cobalt steel beams in the NASA laboratory, having a spherical design, the so-called "hedgehog" with a diameter of about 9 m, may remain in the abyss forever.

It was decided to raise it immediately. "Hedgehog" removed from the depths of more than eight hours. As soon as he appeared on the surface, he was immediately laid on a special raft. The camera and echo sounder raised on the deck "Gombus Challenger". It turned out that the strongest steel beams of the design were deformed, and the steel 20-centimeter cable, on which it was lowered, turned out to be half the perennial. Who tried to leave hedgehog at the depth and why is an absolute mystery. Details of this interesting experiment conducted by American oceanologists in the Mariana Wpadine were published in 1996 New York Times (USA) newspaper

Scientific Research Ship "Vityaz"

Soviet scientists were researchers - in 1957, during the 25th flight of the Soviet Research Ship "Vityaz", they not only declared the maximum depth of the depression equal to 11,022 meters, but also established life at depths of more than 7000 meters, By refuting thereby inconsistent at that time an idea of \u200b\u200bthe impossibility of life at depths of more than 6000-7000 meters. In 1992, "Vityaz" was transferred to the newly formed Museum of the World Ocean. Two years, the vessel was repaired at the factory, and on July 12, 1994, a museum berth in the very center of Kaliningrad

According to the results of the measurements carried out in 1957 during the 25th flight of the Soviet Research Ship "Vityaz" (head of Alexey Dmitrievich Dobrovolsky), the maximum depth of it is 11023 m (refined data, the depth 11034 m initially reported) the difficulty of measurement consists In the fact that the speed of sound in water depends on its properties that are different at different depths, so these properties must also be defined on several horizons with special devices (such as a betheter and thermometer), and in the value of the depth shown by echo sounder, amended Investigations in 1995 showed that it is about 10920 m, and studies of 2009 - that 10971 m. Recent studies of 2011 give a value - 10,994 m with an accuracy of ± 40 m

Deepsea Challenger Single

It should be noted that the latest studies conducted by the American Oceanographic Expedition from the University of New Hampshire (USA) discovered the most real mountains on the bottom of the bottom of the Mariana depression.

Studies passed from August to October 2010, when the bottom of the bottom was studied in detail in detail the bottom area equal to 400,000 square kilometers. As a result, at least 4 oceanic mountain range were found at least 4 oceanic mountain range, crossing the surface of the Mariana foam in the place of contact with the Pacific and Philippine lithospheric plates.

One of the researchers commented on it like this: "In this place, the geological structure of the ocean earth crust is very complex ... These ridges have formed about 180 million years ago in the process of permanent movement of lithospheric plates. The edge of the Pacific Plate for millions of years will gradually "crawl" under the Philippine, as the older and "heavy" ... in the course of this process is formed folding "

Dive

So, a person could never resist the desire to explore the unknown, and the rapidly developing world of technological progress makes it deeper to penetrate the secret world of the most non-micro-refinery and recurrent environment in the world - the World Ocean. The subjects for research in the Mariana Wpadine will be enough for many years, given that the most inaccessible and mysterious point of our planet, unlike Everest (height above sea level 8848 m), was conquered only once.

So, on January 23, 1960, US Naval Force Officer Don Walsh and Swiss Researcher Jacques Picar, protected by armored, 12-centimeter thickness, the walls of Batiskaph called "Trieste", managed to fall at a depth of 10915 meters. Despite the fact that scientists have made a huge step in the studies of the Mariana Wpadin, the questions did not decrease, new riddles appeared, which still have to solve. And the ocean abyss can keep their secrets. Will people succeed in reveal them soon?

The first immersion of a person on the bottom of the Mariana Globra was committed on January 23, 1960 by the US Navy lieutenant by Don Walche and researcher Jacques Pikar on the Batiscife "Trieste", designed by the father of Jacques with an Augustea Picar. The devices recorded a record depth - 11521 meters (adjusted value - 10918 m). At the bottom of the researchers, unexpectedly met flat fish in size up to 30 cm, similar to the cambaluvo diving time they were defended by armored, thickness of 127 millimeters, the walls of the Baatiscopa called "Trieste"

The immersion took about five, and the rise - about three hours, at the bottom of the researchers stayed only 12 minutes. But this time was enough to make a sensational discovery - at the bottom they found flat fish in size up to 30 cm, similar to Cambalo!

The Japanese probe Kaiko, who was launched into the area of \u200b\u200bmaximum depth of the depression on March 24, 1995, recorded the depth of 10911,4 metrolas-tangible samples of ILA was found living organisms - Foraminifera

On May 31, 2009, an automatic Nereus underwater vehicle was plunged into the bottom of the Mariana Wpadin (see Neri, ancient Greek mythology). The device fell to a depth of 10902 meters, where he filmed a video, made several photos, and also collected samples of deposits at the bottom

to Mariana Vpadin

On March 26, 2012, the director James Cameron became a third person in history that reached the deepest point of the World Ocean and the first to have done it alone. Cameron was immersed on a single Deepsea Challenger apparatus equipped with everything necessary for photo and video. The film was conducted in 3D format, for this, Batiskof was equipped with special lighting equipment. Cameron got to the "abyss of the Challenger" - the plot of depression at a depth of 10898 meters (accurate calculations show that Batiskof reached 10908 meters deep, and not 10898 - depth fixed by the device during dive). He took samples of breeds, living organisms and conducted a film using 3D cameras. The director's frame filmed formed the basis of the same name Scientific and documentary (2013) of the channel "National Geographic Channel"

Another encounter with an inexplicable in the depths of the Mariana depression happened to the German scientific research apparatus "Haifis" with the crew on board. At a depth of 7 km, the device unexpectedly stopped movement. To clarify the cause of malnutrition, the hydronauts were included in the infrared chamber ... What they saw in the next few seconds seemed to them by collective hallucination: a huge prehistoric lizard, drinking his teeth in Batiskof, tried to spoke him as a nut. Friendly from shock, the crew pulled the device, called the "electric gun", and a monster affected by a powerful discharge, disappeared into the abyss ...

Can live organisms in such a tremendous depth, and how should they look, given that there are huge masses of ocean waters on them, which exceeds 1100 atmospheres? The difficulties associated with the study and comprehension of creatures living on these unimaginable depths are sufficient, but the ingenuity of a person does not know the boundaries. For a long time, oceanologists considered the madness of the hypothesis that at the depths of more than 6000 m in a impermeable darkness, under the monstrous pressure and at temperatures close to zero, life could exist.

However, the results of studies of scientists in the Pacific Ocean showed that in these depths, much lower than 6000-meter marks, there are huge colonies of the living organisms of the pogonophores ((Rogonophora; from Greek. Pogon - beard and choros - carrier), the type of marine invertebrate animals living) In long chitinovy, opened with both ends of tubes). Recently, the veins of secrets opened manned and automatic, made from superproof materials, underwater vehicles equipped with video cameras. As a result, a rich community of animals was opened, consisting of both known and less familiar marine groups.

The scheme of education of the Mariana depression.
It ruled along Mariana Islands for 1,500 km. It has a V-shaped profile: steep (7-9 °) slopes, a flat bottom 1-5 km wide, which is separated by thresholds into several closed depression. At the bottom, water pressure reaches 108.6 MPa, which is about 1072 times more than normal atmospheric pressure at the level of the world ocean. Wpadina is on the border of the docking of two tectonic plates, in the zone of movement in faults, where the Pacific stove leaves under the Philippine plate.

Thus, at the depths of 6000 - 11000 km found: - Barophilic bacteria (developing only at high pressure), from the simplest - foraminiferes (the detachment of the simplest subclass of cornnels with a cytoplasmic body, dressed sink) and xenophylamore (borophical bacteria from the simplest); - Of the multicellular - multi-singing worms, equal cancer, booplasts, wilderness, bivalve and burglary mollusks.

At depths there is no sunlight, there are no algae, salinity constant, temperature is low, abundance of carbon dioxide, huge hydrostatic pressure (increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters). What are the inhabitants of the abyss feed? Sources of food of deep animals - bacteria, as well as rain "corpses" and organic dedrites entering from above; depth animals or blind, or with very developed eyes, often telescopic; Many fish and cephalopod mollusks with photoflukers; Other forms have a body surface or its plots. Therefore, the appearance of these animals is as terrible and incredible, as well as the conditions in which they live. Among them - the frightening type of worms with a length of 1.5 meters, without mouth and anus, octopus mutants, extraordinary starfishes and some mild creatures of the two-meter length, which have not yet been identified.

Going down at this depth, we expect that there will be very cold. The temperature here reaches just above the zero, varying from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius.

However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean, hydrothermal sources are called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.

This water is rich in minerals that help maintain life in this area. Despite the water temperature, which is hundreds of degrees above the boiling point, it does not boil here due to incredible pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.

Giant toxic amebe

A few years ago, at the bottom of the Mariana Vpadin found a giant 10 centimeter ameb, called xenophiophophores.

These single-celled organisms probably became such large due to the medium in which they live at a depth of 10.6 km. Cold temperatures, high pressure and no sunlight, most likely contributed to the fact that these amids bought huge sizes.

In addition, xenophylamores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to the effects of many elements and chemicals, including uranium, mercury and lead,who would kill other animals and people.

Mollusks

TO actually, the clamsters have retained their sink at such pressure, remains unknown.

Pure liquid carbon dioxide

Hydrothermal source Champagne Mariana Vpadina, which is outside the Okinawan gutter near Taiwan, is the only well-known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be detected. The source opened in 2005 received its name in honor of the bubbles, which turned out to be carbon dioxide.

Slime

If we had the opportunity to swim on the very depth of the Mariana depression, we would feel that she covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in habitual form, there is no.

The bottom of the depression mainly consists of crushed shells and remnants of plankton, which accumulated at the bottom of the depression for many years. Due to the incredible pressure of water, almost everything turns into a small grayish yellow thick dirt.

Liquid sulfur

Volcano daykoku.which is at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to Mariana Wpadin, is the source of one of the rarest phenomena on our planet. Here is located lake clean molten sulfur. The only place where the liquid sulfur can be detected is the satellite of Jupiter - Io.

In this pit, called the "boiler", boiling black emulsion pins at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists failed to explore this place in detail, it is perhaps further contained even more liquid sulfur. It may reveal the secret of the origin of life on earth.

Bridges

At the end of 2011, in the Mariana Wpadine was discovered four stone bridgesThat extended from one to another end to 69 km. It seems that they have formed at the junction of Pacific and Filipino tectonic plates.

One of the bridges Dutton Ridge.which was discovered in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high as a small mountain. At the highest point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km Above the "Abyss Challenger".

Like many aspects of the Mariana depression, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the fact that in one of the most mysterious and unknown places, they found these formations, is awesome.

Mariana Wpadina (or Marianic Groit) became known in 1875, when the British research ship Challenger first studied the depth of this place with the help of deep-water lot.

Probably the ship's team was very surprised when the rope kilometers wrapped out so that the lot was finally able to reach the bottom. According to the results of the study, it was determined that in the deepest point the bottom is at a distance of 8,367 meters from the surface of the ocean.

In 1951, the new British expedition on the Chellenger-2 vessel with a echo sounder determined the depth of the depression at 10,863 ± 100 meters. The bottom depth varies depending on its relief. Since then, the deepest point on the planet began to be called an abyss challenger.

Progress moved forward, and the person began to think about visiting the bottom of the Mariana depression with the help of a piloted deep-water apparatus.

The first immersion of a person on the bottom of the Mariana depression. Project "Nekton"

The first two people in the history that could reach the deepest point of the globe - the Swiss scientist Jacques Picar and Lieutenant US Navy Don Walsh.

The device, which made a dip in extreme pressure, wore the name "Trieste" and was originally built by the forces of two Swiss enthusiast scholars - an unwasted pickar and his son Jacques Picar. After a series of successful dives in the Mediterranean, Trieste was bought by the US Navy, which were interested in studying the oceanic depths. After the modernization of the Batiscopa, the installation of heavy-duty gondolas and modern navigation and electronic systems, Trieste was ready to conquer new depths.

The goal for immersion was chosen a lot of neither the deepest point of the globe. Within the framework of the project, the name "Nekron", it was planned to deliver two people to the bottom of the abyss of the Challenger in the Mariana Wpadin and carry out on the site of scientific research. On January 23, 1960, at 08 hours 23 minutes of the Local Time "Trieste" with Jacques Picar and Don Walsh on board began a slow dive into darkness. After 4 hours 43 minutes, Batiskof touched the bottom at a distance of 10,919 meters from the surface of the ocean.

For the first time, a person was at the bottom of the deepest places on the planet. Pressure, 1072 times higher than the rules, with terrible force squeezed Baatiscopian gondola.

At the bottom, the researchers stayed 20 minutes, during which a number of scientific experiments were carried out on the measurement of radiation, measured the temperature of the water, which was 3.3 ° C (the air temperature in the gondola was 4.5 ° C), made a large number of photographs of the oceanic bottom and even Saw a small fish similar to Cambal.

After dropping the ballast, Batiskof began the rise that lasted 3 hours 27 minutes.

For a long 52 year, no one has conquered Mariana Wpadin, limited to the automatic robots in the abyss of the challenger.

Conquest Mariana Camery James Cameron

Who would have thought that the next person who for the first time in many years would decide to visit the day of the Mariana Wpadin, there will be a not any scholar oceanologist, but the famous Hollywood director James Cameron! On March 26, 2012, Cameron at the deep-water device Deepsea Challenger made a dive at a depth of 10,908 meters.

Batiskof Deepsea Challenger |

The Batiskof Deepsea Challenger, containing the latest scientific equipment and 3D camera, implies the presence of only one pilot in the cabin, but it allows you to be under water up to 56 hours and freely maneuver at the ocean day with 12 electric motors. Its creation, given the design stage, took almost 7 years, and the construction of a private Australian company was engaged in construction.

During the study of the DNA of the Mariana Wpadin, the director spent a video and photography, as well as the help of manipulators, made a fence of the ocean soil samples, where, as it turned out later, there were previously unknown science of microorganisms.

At the moment, James Cameron is the third and last person who visited the very deep point of the planet - in the abyss of the Challenger at the very bottom of the Mariana depression. In total, only two submarine apparatus with people on board were descended to the bottom of the Mariansky gutter.

Illustration: Depositphotos.com | Tolokonov.

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