Fountains of the world from antiquity to the present day. Creative work the magical world of fountains All fountains use communicating vessels
Heron of Alexandria The author of works in which he systematically outlined the foundations of the achievement of the ancient world in the field of applied mechanics. In "Pneumatics" Heron described various mechanisms set in motion by heated or compressed air or steam: the so-called. eolipil, that is, a ball rotating under the action of steam, an automatic door opener, a fire pump, various siphons, a water organ, a mechanical puppet theater, etc. In "Mechanics" Heron described 5 simplest machines: a lever, a gate, a wedge , screw and block. Heron also knew the parallelogram of forces.
He created a vending machine for "sacred" water, which was the prototype of our automatic dispensers for liquids.
Heron's fountain consists of three vessels, placed one above the other and communicating with each other. The two lower vessels are closed, and the upper one has the shape of an open bowl into which water is poured. Also, water is poured into the middle vessel, which is later closed. Through a tube that runs from the bottom of the bowl almost to the bottom of the lower vessel, water flows down from the bowl and, compressing the air there, increases its elasticity. The lower vessel is communicated with the middle one by means of a tube through which the air pressure is transferred to the middle vessel. By producing pressure on the water, the air forces it to rise from the middle vessel through the tube to the upper bowl, where a fountain gushes from the end of this tube, which rises above the surface of the water. The fountain water falling into the bowl flows from it through a tube into the lower vessel, where the water level gradually rises and the water level in the middle vessel decreases. Soon the fountain stops working. To restart it, you just need to swap the lower and middle vessels. Heron's miraculous inventions. Fountain of Heron.
The most common method of illumination in ancient times was with oil lamps, in which an oil-soaked wick burned. The wick was a piece of rag and burned out pretty quickly, the oil also burned out. One of the main disadvantages of such lamps was the need to ensure that there was always enough wick above the surface of the oil, the level of which was constantly decreasing. While it was easy to keep track of one lamp with several lamps, there was already a need for a servant who would regularly walk around the room and fix the wicks in the lamps. Heron invented the automatic oil lamp. Heron's oil lamp.
Self-propelled cabinet. For the first time in history, Geron developed a self-propelled mechanism. The mechanism was a wooden cabinet mounted on four wheels. The interior of the cabinet was hidden behind doors. The secret of movement was simple: a suspended plate was slowly lowered inside the cabinet, which set the entire structure in motion with the help of ropes and shafts. A supply of sand was used as a speed regulator, which was gradually poured from the top of the cabinet to the bottom. The speed of lowering the slab was regulated by the speed of pouring sand, which depended on how wide the doors separating the top of the cabinet from the bottom were.
Automatic theater. Most of the drawings of Heron's mechanical dolls have not survived, but there are descriptions of them in various sources. It is known that Geron created a kind of puppet theater, which moved on wheels hidden from the audience and was a small architectural structure - four columns with a common base and architrave. The puppets on his stage, set in motion by a complex system of cords and gears, also hidden from the public eye, reproduced the ceremony in honor of Dionysus. As soon as such a theater went to the city square, a fire flashed on its stage over the figure of Dionysus, wine poured from the cup on the panther lying at the feet of the deity, and the retinue began to dance to the music. Then the music and dancing stopped, Dionysus turned in the other direction, the flame flared up in the second altar - and the whole action was repeated from the beginning. After such a performance, the puppets stopped and the performance ended. This action invariably aroused the interest of all residents, regardless of age. But street performances of another of Geron's puppet theaters were equally successful. This theater (pinaka) was very small in size, it was easily carried from place to place.It was a small column, at the top of which there was a model of the theater stage, hidden behind the doors. They opened and closed five times, dividing into acts the drama of the sad return of the victors of Troy. On a tiny stage, it was shown with exceptional skill how the warriors built and launched sailing ships, sailed on them on the stormy sea and died in the abyss under the flashing of lightning and peals of thunder. To simulate thunder, Heron created a special device in which balls fell out of the box, hitting the board.
Heron's Pump Heron's Pump. The pump consisted of two communicated piston cylinders, equipped with valves, from which water was alternately displaced. The pump was driven by the muscular force of two people who took turns pressing the lever on the shoulders. It is known that pumps of this type were later used by the Romans to extinguish fires and were distinguished by high quality workmanship and surprisingly accurate fit of all parts. Pumps like them, up to the discovery of electricity, were often used, both for extinguishing fires, and in the fleet for pumping water from holds in case of an accident. As we can see, Geron developed three very interesting inventions: eolipil, piston pump and boiler. By assembling them, you could get a steam engine. Such a task, for sure, was within the power, if not of Heron himself, then of his followers. Even then, people knew how to create sealed containers, and, as can be seen from the example with a piston pump, they achieved significant success in the manufacture of mechanisms that require high precision manufacturing. The steam engine, of course, is not a jet engine, for the creation of which the knowledge of ancient scientists was clearly lacking, but it would also significantly accelerate the development of mankind.
Grade 7 students completed
Mokaev Alim, Tumenov Amiran, Boziev Islam, Orakova Margarita
Goal: consider the operation of the law of communicating vessels using the example of the operation of circulating fountains.
Tasks:
1. To study material about fountains: their types and principles of operation.
2. Design the layout of the circulation fountain
3. Create a collection of fountains in the city of Nalchik.
4. Analyze the information received and draw conclusions about the structure and operation of the fountains.
Methods:
Study of literary and other information sources, conducting experiments, analyzing information and results.
The urgency of the problem
The effect of water on a person can be called truly magical. The murmur of the fountain relieves stress, soothes and makes you forget about anxiety.
Now the ideas of art have received a new embodiment - combining the ideas of architects, artists and specialists in high-tech fields .
The device of the fountain is based on the principle of communicating vessels known to us from physics: In communicating vessels of any shape and cross-section, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level .
Water is collected in a container located above the fountain basin. In this case, the water pressure at the outlet of the fountain will be equal to the difference in water heights H1. Accordingly, the greater the difference in these heights, the stronger the pressure and the higher the jet of the fountain beats. The diameter of the fountain outlet also affects the height of the fountain jet. The smaller it is, the higher the fountain beats.
Circulating fountain
In circulating fountains, water runs in a vicious circle. Their main tank is located at the bottom. The water from the tank rises up the hose using a pump. The hose goes inside and is not visible from the outside. Fountains, based on the principle of circulation, do not require water supply to them. It is enough to fill in the water once, and then top up as it evaporates.
Natural fountains
geysers, springs and
artesian waters
Artificial fountains:
street, landscape, interior
Fountain in the spa hotel
"Sindica"
Fountain in front of the State Film and Concert Hall
Fountain at the cinema
"East"
Fountain on the avenue Shogentsukova
Fountain on the square of the 400th anniversary of reunification with Russia
10 most amazing fountains in the world
Moonlight Rainbow Fountain (Seoul) - the longest fountain on the bridge
2. Fountain of King Fahd (Jeddah) -
highest
3. Fountain complex Dubai Fountain (Dubai) - the largest and most expensive
4. Crown Fountain (Chicago) -
the most international
5. Fountains of Peterhof (St. Petersburg) - the most luxurious
6. Fountain of Wealth (Singapore) - a feng shui fountain
7. Bellagio Fountain (Las Vegas) - America's most famous dancing fountain
8. Soaring fountains (Osaka)
- the most airy
9. Mercury Fountain (Barcelona)
- the most poisonous
Experimental part of the work
Making a fountain is a problem, or a task that needs to be solved. Naturally, development problems arose immediately.
Hypothesis:
- Try to use the fact that in communicating vessels a homogeneous liquid is at the same level to make a fountain
- If the fountain works, find out if the height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube
Results of work:
We would like to present to your attention circulating fountains.
Conducted research: "Checking the dependence of the height of the column of the fountain on the diameter of the tube"
Conclusion:
The height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube. The smaller the tube diameter, the higher the fountain column.
Conclusions:
1.All fountains use communicating vessels
2. In communicating vessels, a homogeneous liquid tends be on the same level
3. The fountain beats due to the difference in water heights in communicating vessels
4. The difference between fountains - in the way water is supplied to the main tank
Results:
- Piggy bank of the fountains of the city of Nalchik
2. DIY circulating fountains
"Dependence of the height of the jet of the fountain on the physical parameters"
chernogork city - 2014
MBOU "Lyceum"
Introduction
Purpose of the study
Hypothesis
Research objectives
Research methods
I. Theoretical part
1.The history of fountains
2.Fountains in Khakassia
3.The history of the appearance of the fountain in St. Petersburg
4. Pressure as the driving force behind fountains:
4.1 Forces of fluid pressure
4.2 Pressure
4.3 Principle of operation of communicating vessels
4.4 Technical arrangement of fountains
II. Practical part
1. The action of different models of fountains.
1.1 Fountain in the void.
1.2 Fountain of Heron.
2. Model of the fountain
III. Conclusion
IV. Bibliography
V. application
INTRODUCTION
Fountains are an indispensable decoration for a classic regular park. A.S. Pushkin said well about their beauty:
Diamond fountains fly
With a cheerful noise to the clouds,
Under them idols glitter ...
Crushing against marble barriers,
Pearl, arc of fire
Falls, waterfalls splash.
We often admire the beauty of fountains in our capital, Abakan .. Every new fountain. This is a new fairy tale, a new fairytale corner where city dwellers strive. My grandfather and I watched for a long time how the fountain was being built in our park. I asked my grandfather, is it possible to make a fountain at home. There was a problem. Together they began to think about how to solve this problem. When we were initiated into lyceum students, I first saw the fountain in the laboratory.
I really thought about how and why the fountain works. I asked my physics teacher to help me figure it out. We decided to answer this question, conduct research.
The topic I have chosen is interesting and relevant at the present time .Since fountains are one of the main subjects of landscape design of the park area, a source of water in hot summer, and every corner of the city becomes more beautiful and cozy with the help of a fountain.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:Find out how and why the fountain works, and what physical parameters determine the height of the jet in the fountain.
HYPOTISE: I suppose that the fountain can be created based on the properties of communicating vessels and the height of the jet in the fountain depends on the relative position of these communicating vessels.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
Enrich your knowledge on the topic "Communicating vessels".
Use the knowledge gained to complete creative assignments.
RESEARCH METHODS:
Theoretical - the study of primary sources.
Laboratory - conducting an experiment.
Analytical - analysis of the results obtained.
Synthesis is a generalization of the materials of the theory and the results obtained. Model creation.
1.HISTORY OF CREATION OF FOUNTAINS
They say there are three things that you can look at endlessly - fire, water and stars. The contemplation of water - whether it be the mysterious depth of a flat surface, or transparent streams, flowing and rushing somewhere, as if alive - is not only pleasant for the soul and beneficial to health. There is something primitive in this, which is why a person always strives for water. It is not in vain that children can play for hours even in an ordinary rain puddle. The air near the reservoir is always clean, fresh and cool. And it is not in vain that they say that water “cleans”, “washes” not only the body, but also the soul.
Probably, everyone noticed how much easier it is to breathe near the water, how fatigue and irritation disappear, how invigorating and at the same time pacifying being near the sea, river, lake or pond. Already in ancient times, people thought about how to create artificial reservoirs, they were especially interested in the riddle of running water.
The word fountain is of Latin-Italian origin, it comes from the Latin “fontis”, which translates as “source”. In its meaning, this means a stream of water beating upward or flowing out of the pipe under pressure. There are water fountains of natural origin - springs gushing in small jets. It is these natural sources that have attracted human attention since ancient times and made people think about how to use this phenomenon where people need it. At the dawn of centuries, architects tried to frame the flow of water from the fountain with decorative stone, to create a unique pattern of water jets. Small fountains became especially widespread when people learned to hide water jets in pipes made of baked clay or concrete (an invention of the ancient Romans). Already in Ancient Greece any fountains have become an attribute of almost every city. Lined with marble, with a mosaic bottom, they were combined with a water clock, then with a water organ, then with a puppet theater, where the figures moved under the influence of jets. Historians describe fountains with mechanical birds that sang merrily and
fell silent when the owl suddenly appeared. Further development
the construction of fountains took place in ancient Rome. The first cheap pipes appeared here - they were made from lead, of which a lot remained after the processing of silver ore. In the first century AD, in Rome, thanks to the addiction of the population to fountains, 1,300 liters of water per day were consumed per inhabitant. Since that time, in the house of every wealthy Roman, a small courtyard and a pool were arranged; in the center of the landscape, a small fountain always gushed. This fountain played the role of a source of drinking water and a source of coolness on hot days. The development of fountains was facilitated by the invention of the law of communicating vessels by the ancient Greek mechanics, using which the patricians arranged fountains in the courtyards of their houses. The decorative fountains of the ancients can be safely called the prototype of modern fountains. Subsequently, the fountains evolved from a source of drinking water and coolness to a decorative adornment of majestic architectural ensembles. If in the Middle Ages fountains served only as a source of water supply, then with the beginning of the Renaissance, fountains become part of architectural ensemble, or even its key element. (See Appendix 1)
2.Fountains in Khakassia
In the Khakass capital, in the city of Abakan, a unique fountain was built on a small reservoir of the park. The fact is that the fountain is floating. It consists of a pump, float, light and fountain nozzle. The new fountain is interesting because it is easy to mount and dismantle, it can be installed in absolutely any place in the reservoir. The jet height is three and a half meters. An interesting feature of the fountain's designs is the presence of different water paintings. This fountain operates around the clock in the summer. (See Appendix 2)
The construction of the fountain was completed near the administration of the city of Abakan.
The water does not rise up here, but
descends along cubic structures down into flowerpots with water
plants. The fountain bowl is lined with natural stone flagstone. The project was developed by Abakan architects. Cubic structures are stylized to resemble the architecture of the building of the city planning department. (See Appendix 3)
3. The history of the appearance of the fountain in St. Petersburg.
The location of cities along river banks, an abundance of natural water basins, a high level of groundwater and a flat terrain - all this did not contribute to the construction of fountains in Russia in the Middle Ages. There was a lot of water and it was easy to get it. The first fountains are associated with the name of Peter I.
In 1713, the architect Lebdon proposed to build fountains in Peterhof and supply them with “playing waters, for the parks are extremely boring.
seem to be. " The ensemble of parks, palaces and fountains of Peterhof appeared in the first quarter of the 18th century. as a kind of triumphal monument in honor of the successful completion of Russia's struggle for access to the Baltic Sea (144 fountains, 3 cascades). The beginning of construction dates back to 171.
The French master suggested "to build water intake facilities, as in Versailles, by raising water from the Gulf of Finland. This, on the one hand, would require the construction of pumping facilities, and on the other, more expensive than those intended for the use of fresh water. That is why in 1720 Peter I himself set out on an expedition to the surroundings, and 20 km from Peterhof, at the so-called Ropsha heights, he discovered large reserves of spring and underground waters.The construction of the water conduit was entrusted to the first Russian hydraulic engineer Vasily Tuvolkov.
The principle of operation of the fountains of Peterhof is simple: water flows to the nozzles of reservoirs by gravity. The law of communicating vessels is used here: ponds (reservoirs) are located much higher than the territory of the park. For example, the Rozovopavilionny pond, from where the Samsonovsky water conduit originates, is 22m above the level of the bay. 5 fountains of the Upper Garden serve as a reservoir of water for the Grand Cascade.
Now a few words about the Samson fountain - the main one among all the fountains of Peterhof in terms of the height and power of the jet. The monument was erected in 173 in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava, which decided the outcome of the Northern War in favor of Russia. It depicts the biblical hero Samson (the battle took place on June 28, 1709, on the day of Saint Samson, who was considered the heavenly patron of the Russian army), tearing apart the mouth of a lion (the state emblem of Sweden includes the image of a lion). The creator of the fountain - K, Rastrelli. The fountain's work is emphasized by an interesting effect; when the fountains of Peterhof turn on, water appears in the open mouth of the lion, and the stream gradually becomes higher and higher, and when it reaches the limit symbolically demonstrating the outcome of the fight, fountains begin to beat
"Tritons" on the Upper Terrace of the Cascade ("Sirens and Naiads"). From the shells, into
that the sea deities trumpet, fountain jets burst out in wide arcs: the masters of water trumpet the glory of the hero.
In 1739. For Empress Anna Ioannovna, according to the drawings of Chancellor A.D. Tatishchev, a kind of fountain was made near the Ice House: a life-size figure of an elephant, from the trunk of which a stream of water 17 meters high was gushing (water was supplied by a pump), and burning oil was thrown out at night. Before entering the ice house, two dolphins also threw out jets of oil.
In most cases, pumps were used to create fountains in Peterhof. Thus, the atmospheric steam pump was first used for this purpose in Russia. It was built by order of Peter I in 1717-1718. and is installed in one of the premises of the Summer Garden grotto to raise water to the fountains.
The St. Petersburg fountains operate for five months (from May 9 to the end of October) every day (water consumption per 10 hours is 100,000 m3).
The day of St. Samson, who defeated the lion, coincided with the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava on June 27, 1709. "The Russian Samson of the roaring Austrian lion gloriously torn to pieces" - contemporaries said about him. Samson meant Peter I, and under the lion - Sweden, on whose coat of arms this beast is depicted.
The Grand Cascade consists of 64 fountains, 255 sculptures, bas-reliefs, mascarons and other decorative architectural details in Peterhof, which makes this fountain structure one of the largest in the world.
A luxurious carpet is spread in front of the Upper Garden Palace. Its initial planning was carried out in 1714-1724. architects Braunstein and Leblond. There are five fountains in the Upper Garden: 2 fountains of Square Ponds, Oak, Mezheumny and Neptune. (See Appendix 4)
Pressure as the driving force behind fountains
4.1 Forces of fluid pressure.
Everyday experience teaches us that liquids act with known forces on the surface of solids in contact with them. We call these forces the fluid pressure forces.
Covering the opening of the open water tap with our finger, we feel the force of pressure of the liquid on the finger. Pain in the ears, experienced by a swimmer diving to great depths, is caused by the forces of water pressure on the eardrum of the ear. Deep sea thermometers must be very durable so that the water pressure does not crush them.
In view of the enormous forces of pressure at great depths, the hull of a submarine must have much greater strength than the hull of a surface ship. The water pressure forces on the bottom of the vessel support the vessel on the surface, balancing the force of gravity acting on it. Pressure forces act on the bottom and walls of vessels filled with liquid: pouring mercury into a rubber balloon, we see that its bottom and walls are bent outward. (See appendix 5.6)
Finally, pressure forces act on the part of some parts of the liquid on others. This means that if we removed any part of the liquid, then in order to maintain the balance of the remaining part, certain forces would have to be applied to the formed surface. The forces necessary to maintain equilibrium are equal to the pressure forces with which the removed part of the liquid acted on the rest.
4.2 Pressure
The forces of pressure on the walls of a vessel containing a liquid, or on the surface of a solid immersed in a liquid, are not applied at any specific point on the surface. They are distributed over the entire surface of solid-liquid contact. Therefore, the force of pressure on a given surface depends not only on the degree of compression of the fluid in contact with it, but also on the size of this surface.
In order to characterize the distribution of pressure forces regardless of the size of the surface on which they act, the concept is introduced pressure.
Pressure on a surface area is the ratio of the pressure force acting on this area to the area of \u200b\u200bthe area. Obviously, the pressure is numerically equal to the pressure force on the surface area, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is equal to unity.
We will denote pressure by the letter p. If the force of pressure on a given section is F, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe section is S, then the pressure will be expressed by the formula
p \u003d F / S.
If the forces of pressure are distributed uniformly over a certain surface, then the pressure is the same at each point. This is, for example, the pressure on the surface of a piston compressing a liquid.
Often, however, there are cases when the pressure forces are unevenly distributed over the surface. This means that different forces act on the same areas in different places on the surface. (See Appendix 7)
Pour water into a vessel with the same holes made in the side wall. We will see that the lower jet flows out to a greater distance, the upper one to a smaller one.
This means that there is more pressure in the lower part of the vessel than in the upper part.
4.3 The principle of operation of communicating vessels.
Vessels that have a communication with each other or a common bottom are usually called communicating.
Take a row of vessels of various shapes, connected at the bottom by a tube.
Fig. 5. In all communicating vessels, the water is at the same level
If you pour liquid into one of them, the liquid will flow through the tubes to the remaining vessels and settle in all vessels at the same level (Fig. 5).
The explanation is as follows. The pressure on the free surfaces of the liquid in the vessels is the same; it is equal to atmospheric pressure.
Thus, all free surfaces belong to the same level surface and, therefore, must be in the same horizontal plane. (See appendices 8, 9)
The teapot and its spout are communicating vessels: the water is at the same level in them. This means that the spout of the kettle must reach the same height as the upper edge of the vessel, otherwise the kettle cannot be poured to the top. When we tilt the kettle, the water level remains the same and the spout goes down; when it drops to the water level, water will begin to pour out.
If the liquid in the communicating vessels is at different levels (this can be achieved by placing a septum or clamp between the communicating vessels and adding liquid to one of the vessels), then the so-called liquid pressure is created.
Head is the pressure that produces the weight of a column of liquid with a height equal to the difference in level. Under the influence of this pressure, the liquid, if the clamp or the septum is removed, will flow into the vessel where its level is lower, until the levels become equal.
A completely different result is obtained if inhomogeneous liquids are poured in different knees of communicating vessels, that is, their densities are different, for example, water and mercury. The lower post of mercury trims the higher post of water. Taking into account that the condition of equilibrium is the equality of pressures on the left and on the right, we obtain that the height of the columns of liquid in communicating vessels is inversely proportional to their densities.
In life, they are quite common: various coffee pots, watering cans, water-measuring glasses on steam boilers, sluices, water pipes, a bent pipe with a knee - all these are examples of communicating vessels.
The principle of operation of communicating vessels underlies the work of fountains.
Technical arrangement of fountains
Today, few people think about how the fountains function. We are so accustomed to them that, passing by, we only cast a careless glance.
And really, what is so special about it? Silvery streams of water, under pressure, soar into the sky and scatter into thousands of crystal splashes. But in reality, everything is not so simple. Fountains are jet, cascade, mechanical. Fountains are firecrackers (for example, in Peterhof), of different heights, shapes, and each has its own name.
Previously, all the fountains were direct-flow, that is, they worked directly from the water supply system, now they use “recirculating” water supply, using powerful pumps. The fountains also flow in different ways: dynamic jets (they can change the height) and static jets (the jet is at the same level).
Most of the fountains retain their historical
their appearance, only the "filling" is modern. Although, of course, they were built before, too, to glory, one such example is the fountain in the Alexander Garden.
It is already 120 years old, but some of the pipes have been preserved in good condition. (See Appendix 10)
II ... The action of various models of fountains.
A fountain in the void.
I have done research on the topic "Fountain in the void". For this I took two flasks. On the first one I put on a rubber stopper and with a thin glass tube passed through it. Put a rubber tube on its opposite end. I poured colored water into the second flask.
Using a pump, I pumped air out of the first flask, turned the flask over. I dipped the rubber tube into the second flask with water. Due to the pressure difference, water from the second flask was poured into the first.
I found out that the less air in the first flask, the harder the jet from the second will hit.
Fountain of Heron.
I have done research on the theme of Heron's Fountain. For this, I needed to make a simplified model of Heron's fountain. I took a small flask and inserted a dropper into it. In my experiment on this model, I put the flask down with its neck. When I opened the dropper, water poured out of the flask in a stream.
After, I lowered the flask a little lower, the water poured much slower, and the stream became much smaller. Having made the appropriate changes, I found out that the height of the jet in the fountain depends on the relative position of the communicating vessels.
Dependence of the height of the jet in the fountain on the relative position of the communicating vessels. (See Appendix 11)
Dependence of the jet height in the fountain on the hole diameter.
(See Appendix 12)
Conclusion: the height of the fountain jet depends on:
From the relative position of the communicating vessels, the higher one of the communicating vessels, the greater the height of the jet.
The smaller the hole diameter, the higher the jet height.
Fountain model
In order to build a fountain on a personal plot, you need to make a model of the fountain, figure out how to build a fountain and where to install a reservoir for water supply. The construction for the fountain was made at home. Having decorated the fountain model itself,
With the help of a dropper, a flask was attached to it. (See Appendix 13) If you lower the flask down,
then the water will flow very slowly, and if you raise the flask to the second shelf, then the water will pour up in a large stream.
III. Conclusion.
The purpose of my work was to expand the area of \u200b\u200bpersonal knowledge on the topic "Communicating vessels", to use the knowledge gained to complete a creative task. In the course of work, I answered the question: what is the driving force behind the work of the fountains and was able to create various working models of fountains.
I built a model of the fountain, studied the technical arrangement of the fountains. Conducted experiments on the topic "Communicating vessels".
In the future, my grandfather and I are planning to build a fountain on our garden plot, using the knowledge and data that we received while researching the technical arrangement of the fountains.
Conclusion: The water in the fountain in the fountain works according to the principle of "Heron's Fountain".
IV. Bibliography.
Physical Encyclopedia, General Director A. Prokhov.
moscow. Ed. "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1988, 705 pages.
D. A. Kuchariants and A. G. Raskina "Gardens and parks palace ensembles St. Petersburg and suburbs ".
Appendix 9.
Appendix 10.
Appendix 11.
Hole diameter
Tank height
Jet height
0.1 cm
50 cm
2.5 cm
0.1 cm
1m
3.5 cm
0.1 cm
130 cm
5cm
Appendix 12.
Hole diameter
Tank height
Jet height
0.1 cm
50 cm
2.5 cm
0.3 cm
50 cm
2 cm
0.5 cm
50 cm
1.5 cm
Appendix 13.
Appendix 14.
"Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Physicist" Comp. V.A. Chuyanov - 2nd Moscow: Pedagogy, 1991 - 336 pages.
Slide 1
*Slide 2
Fountains are a real decoration for any city. Whatever they are: tall, small, dancing or singing, fountains always attract people to them. And in hot summer, nothing gives a refreshing coolness like the spray of a fountain. Countless fountains have been built in the world, and we will learn about their creation, as well as about the most beautiful and impressive of them. *
Slide 3
The very word "fountain" means a source of water. People in the past, looking at geysers and other similar sources that remind us of modern fountains, tried to replicate the geyser by creating it artificially. At first, such springs were simply decorated - their base was covered with tiles or laid out with stones. But the fountains of Ancient Greece were not originally intended for decoration. They served as sources of drinking water, cooled and humidified the air. A woman at a public fountain in an Attic red-figure hydria circa 490 BC *
Slide 4
Later, the construction of fountains also developed in Ancient Rome, since both countries had close cultural ties. But it was the architects of Ancient Rome who were the first to learn how to make fountains, creating pipes through which water was supplied under pressure, which led to the appearance of a fountain. Meta Sudans fountain. Rome. Italy, 1st century A.D. *
Slide 5
Immediately, fountains became a decorative element, and were located in courtyards and even in the palaces of aristocrats. The fountains were made in various sizes from various materials, using additional decorative elements. *
Slide 6
Today, among the most interesting fountain complexes are Versailles and Peterhof. First appeared Versailles - in France, with its many different fountains. Then Peter I decided that we were no worse, and, having borrowed something, created his own fountain complex in Peterhof. The fountains in these parks are varied, rich in decoration and many decorations. Gardens and fountains of Versailles. An old painting.
Slide 7
The main (Grand) cascade of the Lower Park of Peterhof is a unique fountain structure, one of the most beautiful architectural structures in the world. The Grand Cascade consists of three independent staircases with seventeen waterfall steps and a grotto that unites them. The cascade is decorated with 37 statues, 29 bas-reliefs and more than 150 small decorative ornaments. An indelible impression is made by 64 fountains of the Grand Cascade ensemble, which simultaneously throw out 142 jets of water of the most unexpected form. It has a fascinating effect on all visitors.
Slide 8
The first place in the list of the most fantastic fountains was taken by the fountain in the form of a volcano crater in Abu Dhabi. The volcano fountain is a famous landmark of the capital of the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the Corniche. Inside, the fountain is illuminated with orange light, which gives the impression of lava erupting from the crater, and at night the fountain looks especially impressive.
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One of the most beautiful fountains in America is located in Las Vegas - the dancing Bellagio fountain. Every evening the fountain starts its performance. The fountain "dances" to the music of famous opera singers (and not only - the repertoire includes both Madonna and Elton John, along with Pavarotti, Bocelli and others) singers. 1175 water jets, 80 meters high, 4500 backlight lamps and $ 40 million for it creature. Tourists from all over the world come to this amazing show on the shore of a large artificial lake. It's worth seeing.
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In Rome, fountains amaze with their grandeur and luxury. The most famous of them is the Trevi Fountain. The fountain is a magnificent stage, in the center of which is the god Ocean in a shell-cart pulled by two sea horses. The tritons show them the way between the rocks. The bottom of the fountain is strewn with coins: according to ancient belief, tourists wishing to return to Rome should, with their backs to the fountain, throw a coin with their right hand over their left shoulder. According to unofficial estimates, tourists leave up to one and a half thousand euros at the bottom of the pool per day - and this despite the official ban! Fortunately, all the money raised from the pool goes to charity.
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The clock fountain is located in the city of Osaka in Japan. The "screen" of the clock is similar to the dial of an electronic clock, but instead of pixels (dots forming numbers), there are streams of water of different heights. The clock is controlled by a computer and shows either the date or time, or just some message in English or Japanese ( E.g. name station).
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The light and musical fountain in Barcelona called "Magic" can truly be called one of the wonders of the world.
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One of the symbols of the city of Moscow is the Friends of the People fountain. The fountain has been pleasing us with its jets since 1954, it was built under the guidance of architects KT Topuridze and GD Konstantinovsky. The numbers of its characteristics are striking: for example, the volume of the fountain bowl is about 4000 cubic meters, the number of jet nozzles is about two thousand. A truly monumental structure! The fountain control system allows you to create various patterns using jets, because their maximum height is 24 meters, these are the so-called "ceremonial jets". Unfortunately, the fountain now almost always operates as usual. The system is almost completely worn out and needs renovation.
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WET Design in Dubai has built not only a huge fountain, but also the most expensive in the world. The construction of the grandiose fountain cost $ 217 million. The fountain itself is located in the prestigious Burj Dubai development near the record-high Burj Dubai skyscraper and the huge Dubai Mall. The fountain's jet is approximately 152 meters high and the water is tinted with 25 color projectors and 6,600 colored lanterns. The construction engineer was Carles Bungas. The show held by this fountain is remembered for a long time - the visual and sound part of the performance is at the highest level.
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Fountain of King Fadh, located in the Red Sea. This fountain is one of the tallest in the world - its height is greater than the height of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, it raises a stream of water above 300 meters. The fountain operates on seawater, which requires additional cleaning and equipment. Sea water is corrosive to equipment, so it must be checked in time. The technical equipment of such a fountain must also be carefully thought out. In order not to spoil the appearance, all equipment (pumps, as well as the power station) is placed under water. A room was created for the pump, which is the same size as a 5-storey house. Treatment of mechanisms and other elements with special paints prevents the reproduction and growth of marine organisms. Much work was carried out to level the seabed, as well as to create special devices for installing equipment there. The fountain is the symbol of the city.
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This unusual water sculpture was created by the English designer William Pye and is located in front of Seeham Hall in Sunderland, England. A huge sculpture can mimic the incredible whirlpool of water in its interior. Especially to contemplate this beauty, steps were built around the incredible work of art.
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Fountain of Wealth - Singapore. This fountain is located in front of the Suntec City department store in Singapore and, according to legend, symbolizes wealth and good fortune in the place where it stands. According to legend, in order to gain wealth, you need to walk around the fountain three times. In 1998, it was entered in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest fountain in the world (13.8 m).
"Water environment" - Look for water where cattail grows. Inhabitants of the aquatic environment. Lesson topic: Water environment. Questions for review: Lake reed. Comparison of living conditions in different environments. The cattail is narrow-leaved. Today we will find out:
"Biogeocenosis of the Pond" - Burbot. Fresh water body biocenosis. Birds living on the surface. Pond biogeocenosis. Heterotrophic organisms. Surface living species. The population of the reservoir. Sunlight. Biotic factors. Autotrophic organisms.
“Plant Communities” - Clements dreamed of turning ecology into a real science. Alexander Nikolaevich Formozov (1899 - 1973). In principle, the ecological geography of plants could be well combined with the "new botany" ... In 1933, Braun-Blanquet publishes "Prodrome des Groupements Vegetaux" (Prodromus). The whole emphasis is on a floristic approach to essentially ecological problems.
"Abiotic factors" - Plants: drought-resistant - moisture-loving and aquatic Animals: aquatic - there is enough water in food. There are adaptations. Temperature. Abiotic environmental factors. Humidity. Warm-blooded organisms (birds and mammals). Cold-blooded organisms (invertebrates and many vertebrates). Optimal temperature regime for organisms is from 15 to 30 degrees. However,….
“Water Communities” - How to stay on the water surface? Elongated, streamlined body. Community of the water column. Flying fish. The body is as flat as a raft. They have outgrowths, bristles. "Sailors". The entire world ocean is a single ecological system. In the Ocean: Water Surface Community. Muscles. Portuguese boat and sailing ship. Deep sea community.
"Environment biology" - Aerobionts. O2 quantity H2O quantity Oscillations t Illumination Density. Place animals or plants from the suggested list in the appropriate habitat. Study of different habitats of organisms. Ernst Haeckel. Stenobionts. Organizational environment. Ground-air environment. environmental condition that affects the body.
