Presentation on the Ensemble of the Acropolis of Athens. The architectural ensemble of the Athenian acropolis
- The Acropolis in Athens is an elevated and fortified part of an ancient Greek city, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. On the Acropolis, temples were usually built in honor of the patron deities of the city.
- You can enter the Acropolis through the heavy gate - Propylaea
- ... Immediately behind the Propylaea, a view of the central square opens, in the center of which once stood a statue of the goddess Athena Promachos (Warrior)
- To the right of the Propylaea on pyrgos (a ledge of a fortified rock) stands a small, light and graceful temple known as the temple of Niki Apteros (Wingless Victory)
- Behind the statue of the goddess Athena Promachos was visible in the distance (architect unknown), the temple of Athena and Poseidon at the site of the dispute between these gods for the possession of Attica.
- The main temple of the Acropolis and Athens, the strict and majestic Parthenon
- In the Parthenon temple itself there was a statue of Athena Parthenos
- The temple and theater of Dionysus adjoined the northwestern slope of the Acropolis
- The Acropolis rises above all of Athens, its silhouette forms the silhouette of the city. In ancient times, the Parthenon rising above the hill could be seen from any end of Attica and even from the islands of Salamis and Aegina;
- After the proclamation of the independence of Greece, in the course of restoration work (mainly in the late 19th century), the ancient appearance of the Acropolis was restored whenever possible: all late buildings on its territory were liquidated, the temple of Nika Apteros was re-laid, etc. Reliefs and sculptures of the Acropolis temples are located at the British Museum (London), the Louvre (Paris) and the Acropolis Museum. The sculptures that remained in the open air have now been replaced by copies.
See you!
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Acropolis of Athens Developed by the teacher of fine arts: Gnatyuk Natalya Aleksandrovna MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" in Yugorsk 2008-09Slide 2
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Before you are images of columns of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders. Name the constituent parts of the columns. Give the definition: option 1 - pediment, option 2 - small caps, option 3 - metope.
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Divide the ancient Greek structures into groups 1). Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens 2). Temple of Hera in Paestum 3). Temple of Athena Nike 4). Temple of Apollo at Ephesus 5). Temple of Apollo at Corinth 6). Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 7). temple of Zeus at Olympus
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ACROPOLIS ACROPOLIS (Greek akropolis), an elevated and fortified part of an ancient Greek city, i.e. the upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war).
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Ensemble of the Acropolis of Athens Propylaea Parthenon Temple of Athene Nike (Temple of Niki Apteros) Theater of Dionysus Temple of Erechtheion Statue of Athena Promachos Pinakothek (art gallery) Library
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The Propylaea and the Temple of Nika Apteros The sacred road, along which the procession of the Athenians moved from the agora to the temple of the patron goddess during the main holiday of the Great Panathenae, leads to the Propylaea, which has 5 passages and in ancient times was flanked by two equestrian statues of the Dioscuri. In the left, protruding wing, there was the Pinakothek (a collection of Pinak paintings, brought as a gift to the goddess Athena), in the right there was a repository of manuscripts and a room for the gatekeeper and watchmen. To the right of the Propylaea, on the pyrgos (ledge of a fortified rock), there is a small, light and graceful temple of the Ionic order, consecrated to Athena Nike, known as the temple of Nika Apteros (Wingless Victory; 443-420, architect Kallikrates).
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Parthenon The main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena the Virgin. It flaunted at the highest point of the Athenian acropolis. On a rectangular platform (68.4 m long and 30.38 m wide), built of Piraeus stone and which could be climbed from all sides by three steps, a majestic peripter of the Doric style, built of Pentelian marble, with eight fluted columns and with seventeen in each long. The height of these columns was 11 m, the diameter of their section at the lower end was 1.8 m. Surrounded by this colonnade, the building of the temple itself was amphiprostatic, that is, it had a portico of six columns on each short, east and west side. smaller: in the eastern portico was the entrance to the sanctuary. Both porticoes were fenced off with gilded iron bars between the columns. The interior of the temple consisted of two parts: a so-called cella, 100 feet long. (hence the other name for the Parthenon, Hecatompedon, that is, a one-hundred-foot temple) and from the rear, less extensive room (opisphodoma). In the temple there was a statue of Athena, carved by the great sculptor Phidias. The treasury, which housed the treasury of the Athenian Naval Union and the city archive, adjoined the sanctuary from the west, from the back. Here the priestesses of the temple weaved sacred clothing (peplos), which the inhabitants of the city brought as a gift to the goddess during the festivities.
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The Statue of Athena Deep in the Parthenon, under the shadow of the horizontal ceiling, was the colossal statue of Athena, one of Phidias' finest works. The goddess was presented standing in a simple but majestic pose, in an armor, with an aegis on her chest. At her feet, on the base, was a shield, slightly leaning against her left leg; the left hand of the goddess rested on it, holding the spear. In the palm of his right hand stood a figure of Victory, the size of a man, holding a laurel wreath. The high helmet of Athena was decorated in the middle with a statue of a sphinx, and on the sides with figures of vultures. Around the spear, below, a snake was entwined - the emblem of wisdom. On the inside of the shield was depicted in relief a gigantomachy, and on the outside - the battle of the Amazons. Even the edges of the goddess's clothes and sandals were decorated with images of the battle of the centaurs with the lapiths. The whole statue was 26 cubits (7m) high and was executed on a wooden base of pure gold and ivory, so that the body parts were carved from the latter, all the rest were gold.
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Temple of the Erechtheion In the Erechtheion, the oldest sanctuary of Athens, there was the sacred xoan of Athens (a wooden statue), according to legend, fell from the sky, the altars of Hephaestus and the hero Booth, the tomb of the legendary Athenian king Cecrop, from the west adjoined the sanctuary of the Attic goddess of dew Pandrosa. In the courtyard of the Erechtheion, a sacred olive tree, presented to the city by Athena, was growing, and a salt spring that Poseidon carved with his trident beat.
In the 5th century. AD The Parthenon became the Church of Our Lady, Athena Parthenos was transported to Constantinople. Having seized Greece in 1456, the Turks turned the temple into a mosque, added minarets to it, and then built an arsenal there. The Erechtheion became the harem of the Turkish Pasha. The Niki Apteros temple was dismantled, and the bastion wall was made of its blocks. In 1687, a shell hit from a Venetian ship destroyed the central part of the Parthenon. While trying to remove sculptures from him, the Venetians smashed several statues. During the War of Independence, the Greeks, hiding in the Acropolis, were ready to melt the lead rods inside the columns into bullets. Upon learning of this, the Turkish Pasha ordered to give them a supply of cartridges, so that the Parthenon did not die. At the beginning of the 19th century. Lord Elgin broke a number of metopes, tens of meters of frieze, surviving sculptures of pediments and a caryatid from the portico of the Erechtheion. In museums around the world, you can find exhibits that speak of the former greatness of the Acropolis. In 1983, restoration work began and is still in progress. The complex is under the protection of UNESCO.
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Akroo pol (ancient Greek ἀκρόπολις - upper city) - an elevated and fortified part of an ancient Greek city, the so-called upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war). On the Acropolis there were usually temples of the patron deities of the city. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Propylaea - the solemn entrance to the Acropolis (437–432 BC). Built by architect Mnesikl and located in the western part of the Acropolis. Propylaea - two Doric porticoes, one of which faces the city, the other - to the top of the Acropolis. The ceilings of the porticoes were decorated with caissons (square recesses) painted with gold stars on a blue background. These gates were the boundaries of the sanctuary. In this structure, two orders were first used: Doric outside, Ionic - inside. To the right and to the left of the western portico were pavilions of unequal sizes. The larger, northwestern wing of the Propylaea housed the Pinakothek, an art gallery. In the southwest wing of the Propylaea there is a library. The Propylaea had no sculptural decoration.
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The Temple of Nika Apteros is an unusually graceful marble temple adjacent to the southwestern wing of the Propylaea, was built by the architect Kallikrates. The building is set at a slight angle to the Propylaea facade. Standing on a three-step pedestal, the temple was surrounded on all sides by a sculptural ribbon of a frieze, which depicted episodes of the struggle between the Greeks and the Persians, the Olympic gods (Athena, Zeus, Poseidon). Inside the temple there was a now not preserved sculpture of Athena-Nike, according to eyewitnesses, depicted with a helmet in one hand and a pomegranate fruit, a symbol of a victorious world, in the other.
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The statue of Athena Promachos (Athena the Warrior) is a huge bronze statue by Phidias on the Athenian Acropolis, erected in 465-455 BC. e. It stood on a high pedestal between the Erechtheion and the Parthenon. Athena was depicted wearing a helmet, with a shield and a spear, and the helmet and spear point were gold. Installed on a high pedestal in the center of the Acropolis, it was a kind of connecting axis of the entire ensemble. Depicted in a luxurious helmet, with a shield and a spear, she was visible from afar, from the sea, because the sun sparkled on the golden parts of the statue (spearhead, helmet). The sculpture of Athena Promachos by Phidias amazed contemporaries with its grandiose size.
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The Erechtheion is an outstanding monument of ancient Greek architecture, made by an unknown author (421-415 and 409-406 BC). One of the legends associated with this temple tells about the dispute between the gods (Athena and Poseidon) about the patronage of Attica. An olive tree grew near the temple - a gift from Athena to the inhabitants of the city. Burned by the Persians in 480 BC, as the legends tell, it was revived again. The floor of the temple retained traces of being hit by Poseidon's trident. A feature of the temple is its extraordinary asymmetric layout, taking into account the unevenness of the soil. On three sides, the building is decorated with porticoes of various shapes, including the famous caryatid portico. The temple consists of two rooms located at different levels. The eastern part of the temple, located higher than the western one, is dedicated to Athena
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Parthenoo n (ancient Greek Παρθενών) is the most famous monument of ancient architecture located on the Athenian Acropolis, the main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena the Virgin (Ἀθηνᾶ Παρθένος). Built in 447 - 438 BC e. by architect Kallikrat according to the project of Iktin
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Acropolis of Athens
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The cities of the ancient world usually appeared near a high cliff, and a citadel was erected on it, so that there was a place to hide if the enemy penetrated the city. Such a citadel was called the acropolis. Likewise, on a rock that towered almost 150 meters above Athens and has long served as a natural defensive structure, the upper city gradually formed in the form of a fortress (acropolis) with various defensive, public and religious structures.
The Athenian Acropolis began to build up in the II millennium BC. During the Greco-Persian wars (480-479 BC), it was completely destroyed, later, under the leadership of the sculptor and architect Phidias, its restoration and reconstruction began.
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The walls of the Acropolis are steep and steep. Four great creations stand to this day on this rocky hill. A wide zigzag road runs from the foot of the hill to the only entrance. This is the Propylaea, a monumental gateway with Doric columns and a wide staircase. They were built by the architect Mnesicles in 437-432 BC.
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But before entering these magnificent marble gates, everyone involuntarily turned to the right. There, on the high pedestal of the bastion that once guarded the entrance to the Acropolis, stands the temple of the goddess of victory Nika Apteros, decorated with Ionic columns.
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The goddess of victory Nika was portrayed as a beautiful woman with large wings: victory is fickle and flies from one opponent to another. The Athenians portrayed her wingless, so that she would not leave the city, which so recently won a great victory over the Persians. Deprived of her wings, the goddess could no longer fly and had to stay in Athens forever. Nika's temple stands on a rock ledge. It is slightly turned towards the Propylaea and plays the role of a beacon for the processions that go around the rock. Immediately beyond the Propylaea, Athena the Warrior stood proudly, whose spear greeted the traveler from afar and served as a beacon for sailors. The inscription on the stone pedestal read: "The Athenians dedicated from the victory over the Persians." This meant that the statue was cast from bronze weapons taken from the Persians as a result of their victories.
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On the Acropolis there was also the Erechtheion temple ensemble, which (according to the plan of its creators) was supposed to link together several sanctuaries located at different levels - the rock here is very uneven. The northern portico of the Erechtheion led to the sanctuary of Athena, where a wooden statue of the goddess was kept, allegedly falling from the sky. The door from the sanctuary opened into a small courtyard, where the only sacred olive tree in the entire Acropolis grew, which rose when Athena touched the rock in this place with her sword.
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The central part of the temple is a rectangular room (24.1x13.1 meters). The Turks, who at one time seized Athens and did not allow images of a person due to their Muslim beliefs, however, did not destroy these statues. They confined themselves to cutting the faces of the girls.
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The Parthenon, the temple of the goddess Athena, is the largest structure on the Acropolis and the most beautiful creation of Greek architecture. It stands not in the center of the square, but somewhat from the side, so that you can immediately grasp the front and side facades, understand the beauty of the temple as a whole. The ancient Greeks believed that the temple with the main cult statue in the center was like the house of the deity. The Parthenon is the temple of Athena the Virgin (Parthenos), and therefore in its center there was a statue of the goddess made of ivory and gold plates on a wooden base.
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On four sides, the Parthenon is surrounded by slender colonnades, between their white marble trunks you can see gaps of the blue sky. All permeated with light, it seems airy and light. There are no bright drawings on the white columns, as is found in egyptian temples... Only longitudinal grooves (flutes) cover them from top to bottom, which makes the temple seem taller and even slimmer.
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Placed on the upper platform of the Acropolis, at an altitude of about 150 meters above sea level, the Parthenon was visible not only from anywhere in the city, but also from numerous ships sailing to Athens. The temple was a Doric perimeter surrounded by a colonnade of 46 columns.
