the main Spinning The eruption of the volcano in 1883. Unique eruption

The eruption of the volcano in 1883. Unique eruption

Krakataau Island died as a result of the most powerful in the history of the volcano eruption, which is considered for a long time. The rising then gigantic wave caused further destruction and carried tens of thousands of human lives.

The eruption of Volcanana Krakatau August 27, 1883 was called the greatest catastrophe in the world. It destroyed 300 villages and claimed 36,000 people; The roar of the volcano was heard at a distance of 4800 km; The explosive wave sheltered around the globe seven times, and for a long time on the surface of the ocean, the bodies of the bodies of the dead and fragments of buildings were flooded.

Krakatau, which seemed quite ordinary volcanic island, lay in the probe bargain between Yava and Sumature in the Dutch West Indies (present Indonesia). Few of the island residents were worried about the challenged Mountain 820 m high: signs of volcanic activity were not observed, and some even considered the volcano extinct. But on May 20, 1883, the Crater of the Mountain suddenly came to life, throwing a hot ash high into the sky. Soon all the subsided. Since the pushes followed at the beginning of the summer were weak, local residents were not worried here. But by August, a powerful buzz began to come from the bowels of the earth.

At an hour of the day, August 26, the island shuddered from a deafening screen. An hour later over it was huge cloud of black ash with a length of 27 km. People rushed to the sea, but not all. One Englishman who has time to escape, later wrote: "Unfortunate Aborigines considered that the end of the world came, they got into a bunch, as if Otar Sheep. Their cries made the atmosphere of an even more oppressive. "

The next morning the strongest underground push split island island. Two thirds of Krakatau simply did not. More than 19 cubic meters of rock rocks turned into dust and shot at the heaven at a height of 55 km. Shortly after that, the bandwidth 280 km was plunged into absolute darkness. The crash of the eruption for a while stunned by the inhabitants of the northern part of Java, stretching 160 km from the disaster site, and the inhabitants of Rodriguez Island in the Indian Ocean, 4800 km to the West, decided that there, behind the horizon, there is a grandiose marine battle.

The island remained a giant crater with a diameter of B km, going deep into the sea by 275 m. The filling of the crater by sea water caused a powerful tidal wave with a height of 40 m, rushing away from the island at a speed of 1100 km / h - almost at a speed of sound. A huge wall of water destroyed the neighboring islands and felt even in Hawaii and in the south of California. By August 28, everything was amerated, although weak shocks were repeated until February 1884.

The effects of eruption were tragic. In the seas, washing Java and Sumatra, the masses of Pumise, thrown by a volcano, a few days paralyzed shipping. Months later, pumice pieces floated across the Indian Ocean. Volcanic dust hung in the sky for more than a year, causing the effect of halo-dry circles around the world around the solar disk - and the unusually picturesque paintings of the sunsets. For the same reason, the color of the sun and the moon with at times changing blue or green. Obviously, due to volcanic dust, daytime temperatures fell below the usual level.

In places of collision of tectonic plates, volcanic activity is always intense. At least 100 volcanoes - including Krakataau - are located on the line of the connection of Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. In December 1927, underground shocks pushed new masses of rocks in the sea and 25 years later led to the formation of Anak Krakataau island. Someday him will suffer the fate of his predecessor.

Water wall. At the birth of the island of Anak-Krak-Tau, the shallow water of the Stern Strait rose, breeding the tsunami. The strength of tidal waves depends on their depth: those that arise in deep waters is a wave, filling the crater Krakatau, is more powerful than those that are born in shallow water.

Volcanic cycle. After the eruption of 1883, only small islets remained from Krakataau. In 1952, the volcano came to life again and appeared, called Anak-Kraka-Tau, "Son Krakatau". After repeated eruptions by the mid-1980s, the island rose to 188m above sea level, its length was 1 km.

1883 - the eruption of the volcano, which began in May 1883 and the completed series of powerful explosions on 26 and 27, 1883, as a result of which most of Krakatau island was destroyed. Seismic activity in Krakatau lasted until February 1884.

This volcano eruption is considered one of the most deadly and destructive in history: at least 36,417 people died as a result of the eruption itself and the tsunami caused by it, 165 cities and settlements were completely destroyed, and 132 were serious destruction. The consequences of the eruption to one degree or another were felt in all regions of the globe.

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Description and consequences

The first information that Volcano Krakatau woke up after a long hibernation (from 1681), received on May 20, 1883, when a huge pillament of smoke rose over the stump of the volcano, and the rumble of the eruption was forced to rattle the windows within a radius of 160 km. A huge amount of pumice and dust were thrown into the atmosphere, which were covered with a thick layer of the surrounding islands. In the subsequent summer months, the eruption was slightly weakened, it was intensified. On June 24, a second crater appeared, and then the third one.

Starting from August 23, the power of the eruption increased progressively. To the hour of the day on August 26, a pole of smoke according to eyewitness testimony rose to a height of 17 miles (28 km), and strong explosions took place approximately every 10 minutes. On the night of August 27, frequent lightning discharges were well noticeable, frequent lightning discharges were well noticeable, and on the ships held along the pronomian strait and were in a few dozen kilometers from the volcano, the compasses were contacted and the intensive lights of St. Elma were sore.

The culmination of the eruption occurred in the morning watches on August 27, when at 5.30, 6.44, 9.58 and 10.52 local time was ranked grand explosions. According to eyewitnesses, the third explosion was the most powerful. All explosions were accompanied by the strongest shock waves and tsunami, which collapsed on the islands of Java and Sumatra, as well as small islets near Krakatau. In the atmosphere, huge amounts of dust and volcanic ash were thrown into the atmosphere, which the thick cloud rose to a height of 80 km and turned the day on the night at the territory adjacent to the volcano until the city of Bandung, which is 250 km from the volcano. The sounds of explosions were heard on Rodriguez Island in the south-east coast of Africa at a distance of 4800 km from the volcano. Later, according to the testimony of barometers in different places in the world, it was found that infrasound waves caused by explosions several times have rejected the globe.

After 11 hours on August 27, the volcanic activity has significantly weakened, the latter relatively weak explosions were heard at 2.30 August 28.

A significant part of the volcanic buildings scattered within a radius of up to 500 km. Such a distance range was provided with a rise in magma and rocks to the rarely rescued atmosphere, as high up to 55 km. Gas-ash column rose to the mesosphere, to a height of over 70 km. The ashes loss took place in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean on the square over 4 million km². The volume of the material thrown by the explosion was about 18 km³. The power of the explosion (6 points on the scale of eruptions) according to the estimates of the geologists at least 10 thousand times higher than the explosion strength destroying Hiroshima, that is, it was equivalent to the explosion of 200 Megaton Trotil.

As a result of the explosions, the entire northern part of the island completely disappeared, and three small parts remained from the former island - the islands of Rakata, Sergun, Rakata-Kechkil. The surface of the seabed slightly raised, several small islets appeared in the probe. According to the results of sensing to the east of Krakatau, a crack was discovered about 12 km long.

A significant amount of volcanic ash remained in an atmosphere at altitudes up to 80 km for several years and caused intensive color of the dawn.

The tsunami-raised tsunami up to 30 m led to the death in the neighboring islands about 36 thousand people, 295 cities and villages were washed into the sea. Many of them were probably destroyed by the tsunami, which pushed the equatorial forests on the coast of the Stern Strait and broke the roof from houses and doors with loops in Jakarta at a distance of 150 km from the disaster. The atmosphere of the whole land was outraged by an explosion within a few days.

Krakatau Island killed as a result of the most powerful in the history of the volcano eruption, which was considered for a long time. The rising then gigantic wave caused further destruction and carried tens of thousands of human lives.

The Giant Crater with a diameter of 6 km remained from the island, which goes deep into the sea by 275 m. Filling the crater by sea water caused a powerful tidal wave with a height of 40 m, rushing away from the island at a speed of 1100 km / h - almost at the speed of sound. A huge wall of water destroyed the neighboring islands and felt even in Hawaii and in the south of California. By August 28, everything was amerated, although weak shocks were repeated until February 1884.

The effects of eruption were tragic. In the seas, washing Java and Sumatra, the masses of Pumise, thrown by a volcano, a few days paralyzed shipping. Months later, pumice pieces floated across the Indian Ocean. Volcanic dust hung in the sky for more than a year, causing the effect of halo - light circles around the world around the solar disk - and the unusually picturesque paintings of the sunsets. For the same reason, the color of the sun and the moon with at times changing blue or green. Obviously, due to volcanic dust, daytime temperatures fell below the usual level.

Volcano Krakatau today does not differ by gigantic sizes, but once it caused the disappearance of the whole island and still causes controversy regarding the consequences of its future eruptions. Every year it changes, influencing the nearby islands. Nevertheless, tourists are of great interest in tourists, so they often attend excursions and published observed for the stratululkan.

Basic data about Krakataau volcano

For those who are interested in which the mainland is one of the current volcanoes of the world, it is worth noting that it is part of the Malay archipelago, which actually belongs to Asia. Islands spread out in the probe stir, and directly the volcano is located between the Sumature and Yava. It is not easy to determine the geographical coordinates of young Krakatau, as they can change slightly due to systematic eruptions, actual latitude and longitude are as follows: 6 ° 6 '7 "S, 105 ° 25' 23" E.

Previously, the stratov toll was a whole island with the same name, but the most powerful explosion erased him from the face of the earth. Until recent times, Krakataau even had forgotten, but he again appeared and grows every year. The current height of the volcano is 813 meters. On average estimates every year it increases approximately 7 meters. It is believed that the volcano connects all the islands of the archipelago, having a total area of \u200b\u200b10.5 square meters. km.

History of the greatest catastrophe

Krakatau from time to time spews its contents, but there were few powerful explosions in the entire history. The most catastrophic is the event that occurred on August 27, 1883. Then the cone-shaped volcano literally scattered into parts, throwing pieces of 500 km in different directions. Magma flew a powerful stream from the crater to a height of 55 km. The report reported that the power of the explosion was 6 points, which is thousands of times more powerful nuclear attack in Hiroshima.

The year of the largest eruption was forever in the history of Indonesia and the whole world. And although Krakatau did not live a permanent population, his eruption provoked the death of thousands of people from nearby islands. A strong eruption caused tsunami with a height of 35 meters, which covered not one beach. As a result, Krakataau volcano split into small islands:

Rakata-Kechil;
Rakata;
Sergun.

Growth of young Krakatau

After the explosion, Krakatau, the Vulkanologist Vibertek in one of his messages put forward the hypothesis that the newly crust in this region of the mainland would appear on the site of the disappeared volcano. The forecast was justified in 1927. Then the underwater eruption happened, the ash rose 9 meters and kept in the air for several days. After these events, a small plot of sushi appeared, formed from the frozen lava, but it quickly destroyed the sea.

A series of eruptions was repeated with enviable periodicity, with the result that in 1930 the volcano was born, which was given to the name Anak Krakataau, which is translated as Krakataau.

The cone changed his position a couple of times due to the negative effect of ocean waves, but since 1960 he stably grows and attracts the attention of the huge number of researchers.

No one has doubts about that acting or extinct this volcano, as it is from time to time he erupts Gaza, ash and Lava. The last significant eruption is dating 2008. Then the activity remained a year and a half. In February 2014, Krakataau revealed himself again, causing more than 200 earthquakes. Currently, researchers are constantly monitoring the island-volcanic changes.

Tourists on the note

Although no one inhabit the volcanic island, there may be questions to which country he belongs to know how to get to natural creation. In Indonesia, there is a strict ban on the settlement next to a dangerous volcano, as well as restrictions for tourist excursions, but local residents are willing to accompany those who want to go straight to the island and even help scroll to Krakataau himself. True, no one climbed the crater, and it is unlikely that someone will be allowed there, since the behavior of the volcano is very unpredictable.

No picture is able to give a true impression from the Volcano Krakataau, so many people seek to get to the island to see the colts covered with ashes covered with ashes, make a photo on gray beaches or explore the recently appeared flora and fauna. To get to the volcano, you will have to rent a boat. You can do this, for example, on the island of Sebashi. Rangers will not only show where the volcano is located, but also bypass before it, as the journey alone is strictly prohibited.

The roar of the devastating and destructive eruption of Volcanana Krakatau August 26, 1883 was the loudest sound that humanity ever heard. 200,000 people died from fire, molten lava, falling fragments, ashes and tsunami caused by a stunning explosion and reached in a height of 36 meters.

What, perhaps is the greatest catastrophe in world history, occurred on August 27, 1883, when the eruption was separated from Krakataau, a volcanic island, lying in the probe bargain between the islands of Sumatra and Java.

More than 20 cubic kilometers of fragments and ashes, as well as a steam jet with a diameter of 11 meters, shot down into the atmosphere after the loudest explosion, known to humanity since its appearance. The shock waves arisen 7 times went around the Earth, created a 36-meter height of the tsunami and a tidal wave, from which 36,000 people died.

The final number of dead reached 200,000 people and probably would be more, be Krakatua in the populated island. But he was an unavailable chip of the volcano, which perhaps exactly the same way in prehistoric times. The Reniece islands that form the Kandan ridge along the southeastern coast of Java, quite likely, was before one huge volcano. There is no doubt that the closed Islands of Perbovatan, Danan and Rakata were part of the prehistoric caldera or the edges of the vertex of an ancient enormous volcano in which Krakataau entered.

The volcano was in a sleepy state from 1680 to 1883, and the eruption of 1680 threw only volcanic glass from the opening of Perbovatan. It is from the same opening that the primary emissions occurred on May 20, 1883. These were small and so inexpressive explosions that a group of curious Europeans ordered on May 27 a steamer to visit the island and see what one of the members of the risky rivalry described as "an extensive pair pillar, leaving the horrific hole from the opening of about 27 meters wide," not far From the crater Perbovatan. The group also noted that the islands of the Rakata and Vellaten were covered with a subtle ash, and the vegetation died, although not burned.

From that day and until June 19, everything was calm. Then small eruptions resumed, and the terrain changed to the worst.

On August 11, 1883, Captain Fersenar, who led the TopOPS group at the neighboring island of Banta, stepped as shore to Krakataau. Soil shook under his feet. And the worst thing is that the surrounding landscape looked like a strange world: the whole island was covered with a half-meter layer of ash. Three pillars of the couple rose to the sky, and 11 new foci of eruption, which were not before May, thushed the clouds of ashes and par. Effective by horror, the captain collected the necessary data in a couple of hours and left the island.

For two weeks, until August 26, the activity was sleeping, then the roar rang out and emissions appeared. On August 26, at 13.00 from the first explosions, Krakataau snaveed the glass of houses on the neighboring islands. From the volcano in all directions in the soil broke cracks. At 14.00, a huge cloud rose over Krakataau, which reached a height of 27 kilometers. It was cracked in the lights of St. Elma. The captain of the ship, who was from Krakatau at a distance of 65 kilometers, recorded: "Krakataau was terribly magnificent, he reminded a huge wall, pierced by zigzag lightning, and lazy snakes of linear lightning played above it. These sparkling outbreaks were real manifestations of angry fire ... "

Other volcanoes of the Javanese chain, who was once part of one prehistoric mountain, also began to erupt. Krakatau explosions grew to 17.00, when the first tidal waves were formed, which fell into the neighboring islands and flooded fishing villages along with the inhabitants, and at the same time all ships were washed away.
All night to morning on August 27, explosions continued and rumble. Stone walls collapsed on the nearby islands in the nearby islands, the lamps were crashed into the sleeves, gas counters were flying out from outlets. At a distance of 160 kilometers - on Java and Batavia - Gul stood such that everyone woke up. Houses were shaking as if heavy artillery was held nearby.

Between 4.40 and 6.40, several large tidal waves caused from Krakataau caused, possibly further destruction of the northern part of the island.

By 10 o'clock in the morning, the rehearsal was over, and the time of the main action was coming. Observing observed and recorded their observations Two people: the Netherlands scientist R.Hewitt and the sailor from the cliper from Liverpool R.Delby. Hewitt watched from the mountain near the town of Anger, that on the west coast of the island of Java. All seen he then described in the book "Fires and floods from earthquakes":

"... Looking towards the island of Krakataau, which is about 48 kilometers in the probe, I suddenly saw the movement of small boats in the bay. It seemed that the magnet would pull them out of calm shelter, and they were flooded in the same direction, led, like the "volatile Dutchman", invisible hand. After a moment, they disappeared, swallowed with powerful boiling abyss lights and water. And right through the bay, it seemed, the line of fire reaches to the island. The earth Cora was cracked under the bay, and as if all the flames of hell broke to the surface of the water. The sea rushed to the ruine, carrying all the boats towards death. Winning pairs complemented this hell ... "

Sailor Dalby described her impressions:

"It became even darker and darker. And so already loud rumble intensified, and now he was heard, it seemed around us. The gusts of the wind have grown into such a hurricane, which none of us worried before. The wind has become like a dense mass that swept everything in front of him, rushing like a monstrous engine, and piercingly overflowing in a snap, like damn in torment. Darkness thickened, but bright zippers, who almost blinded us, sparkled everywhere. Thunder would be stunning ...

... When we glimpse the sky, then a terrible excitement was noticed there: the clouds rushed at a huge speed, and it seems to me that most of us decided that we were in the whirlwind of the cyclone. But since the noise became louder and louder, I thought it was something volcanic. Especially when the tons of dust fell from the sky. She resembled a gray sandy substance, and since there were only cotton clothes on us, we soon ignored: the burnt, dirty and almost blind.

Visibility at this time was approximately meter. I felt abandoned and touch moved along the deck, constantly clinging for something at hand. You can not imagine the strength of that wind. From time to time I met others who were in the same condition as himself, but completely unrecognizable - just gray-moving objects in the dark. Once I noticed a couple of distraught eyes - the eyes of a poor old man, looking out of a boat.

None of us can ever be able to describe the noise, especially one strong explosion at about half a day, which is considered the loudest sound that ever on Earth ... He walked from the top of Krakatau directly into the sky ... Heaven seemed to be a solid flame outbreak, clouds took such fantastic forms. what looked amazingly unnatural; Sometimes they hung like curls. Some - shiny black, others - dirty and white ... "

The sailor was almost right. The powerful increase in the pressure underground ripped to Krakatau cone to the parts by throwing about 20 cubic kilometers of the sprayed substance in the cloud, which rose to the atmosphere by 80 kilometers. In the meantime, the fragments of the former cones were collapsed, Perbovatan and Rakata, who sank into the sea, turning it into a boiling boiler.

The sound of the explosion was so strong that he was heard at a distance of more than 4800 kilometers. And the shock waves have reopening the earth 7 times. On Rodriguez Island in the Indian Ocean, which is 4800 kilometers from Krakatau, the coastal security supervisor registered the sound exactly 4 hours after the eruption. In Central Australia, at a distance of 3,600 kilometers southeast of Krakatau, sound was also registered. In Western Australia, at a distance of 2,700 kilometers, on the plains of Victoria, with the sound of a volcanic eruption of the flock of sheep turned into panic escape. The sound was also heard throughout the United States.

In the area of \u200b\u200bKrakatau, the area dropped to the sump, loading the territory within a radius of more than 400 kilometers in the early night. At a distance of 200 kilometers of darkness lasted 22 hours, at a distance of 80 kilometers - 57 hours. Ships, which were at the distance of 2500 kilometers, reported that three days after the eruptions on the deck began to fall dust.

As if all Yavansky volcanoes began to erupt along the campaign sticks. Papandayan split into parts, and 7 of its cracks were thrown down on the slopes of boiling lava. In the Malay archipelago, 130 square kilometers of Java island were exploded and disappeared - from Point Kapuccin to Neori Passorang.

And then one of the most terrible, most disastrous consequences of the tsunami eruptions were originated.
Seismic tidal wave was formed about half an hour after a catastrophic explosion, she fell asleep on the coast of Java and Sumatra, partially or completely destroyed 295 settlements and destroyed 36,000 people (for some sources, 80,000 people died).

According to the engineer from the Ludon ship N. Van San Dick, the scene was terrible. He wrote:
"As a high mountain, a monstrous wave rushed to land. Immediately after her, three more waves of colossal sizes appeared. And before our eyes, this terrifying sea offset with one sweeping passage instantly absorbed the ruins of the city; The lighthouse fell, and at home in the city were intereered with one blow as card houses. Everything ended. Where a few minutes ago, the town of Telkov-Betong lived, the sea spread out ... We could not find words to describe the terrible state in which they were after this catastrophe. As the thunder strikes the suddenness of the changing light, an unexpected emptying, which ended in the moment before our eyes, all this stuck us ... "

New volcanic mountains rose from the sea; The islands rose and disappeared with their inhabitants. In Anger and Batavia, the tsunami washed at sea of \u200b\u200b2800 people, 1,500 people drowned at Bantama. Captain "Ludona", surviving the tsunami, hurried to Anger to warn the Dutch fort. He found the whole garrison dead, with the exception of one sailor, which wandered among the corpses. Islands Stirsa, Midakh, Calmeier, Vellaten, Siuka and Sylesi disappeared underwater with the population.

Of the 2500 breeders, which before that was at an altitude of 46 meters above sea level, after the flooding of the island, only two seats and a government accountant were saved. The German warship, who was behind the stenter, was picked up by the tsunami and abandoned the island in the depths of almost 3 kilometers, where she landed in the forest at an altitude of 9 meters above sea level.

Those inhabitants of the islands, who managed to escape from the water, were bombarded with chips and lava. 900 people died from such rains in Wwar-Long, 300 people in Talatoa. Fire stones and lava destroyed the village of Tamarang, 1800 people died there.

At night 27 and morning on August 28, the terrain stirred another three less intense eruptions. After that, the volcano finally calmed down. Matros R. D. Dalby informed about the destruction:
"There was nothing left at the place of luxurious vegetation, except for a fruitless brown desert. The shores like Java and Sumatra seemed to be broken into pieces and burnt out. A variety of wreckage floated past us. Huge rafts from vegetation, on which we saw huge frogs, snakes and other strange reptiles. And sharks! One of them caused disgust. As for our ship, we painted it and squeezed the snap, and now it looked as if we got under the shower of the mustard. "

Echo of explosions passed throughout the globe. Robert Ballin in his book "The origins of the Earth" wrote: "Each particle of our atmosphere rang away from a huge eruption. In the UK, sound waves have passed on our heads; The air on the streets and in the houses trembled from the volcanic pulse. Oxygen that fed our lungs also reacted to the greatest oscillation that occurred for 16,000 kilometers. "

Ever months of the sky above the whole globe glowed, prompting Lord Alfred Tennison to describe this phenomenon in verses in "St. Telemach ":
"Are fiery remains
some flame sand
Swell so high that they sprayed
Over the whole globe?
Day after day bloody-red sunsets
Sparkled angry evenings. "

Two thirds of Krakataau's island disappeared. Where to explosion over the sea at a height of 120-420 meters
Susha extended, there was nothing but a big depression at the bottom of the sea, reaching a depth of 270 meters.
Strange glow and optical phenomena persisted within a few months after the eruption. In some places above the ground, the sun seemed blue, and the moon was bright green. And the movement in the atmosphere of the dust thrown into the eruption allowed scientists to establish the presence of a "inkjet" flow.

Vulcan Anak Krakataau

On the site of the destroyed volcano Krakatau on December 29, 1927, a new, named Anak-Krakataau (Krakataau) arose. The islands appeared in the center of the three islands that came up once volcano Krakataau. Today it is height amounts to about 300 meters with a diameter of about three-four kilometers. From the day of its appearance, Anak-Krakataau survived 5 main eruptions. Anak-Krakatau grew an average of 13 centimeters a week, starting in 1950. Volcano is active. Small eruptions occur regularly, starting since 1994.