Which mountains are located in Asia. Mountain ridges in Asia

In Southeast Asia, many exciting attractions and interesting places, such as the magical world of coral reefs or the exciting view of Skylaine Hong Kong, Singapore or Shanghai, but the peaks of the most beautiful mountains are located.

1. Mount Doy Luang in Chiang Dao ( Thailand)

Mount Doy Luang Chiang Dao is the highest limestone peak in Thailand and one of the destinations of dreams for lovers of nature and outdoor activities. The mountain, located in the wildlife of Chiang Dao, has a height of 2 195 meters from the sea level. Peak is a great place to watch exciting landscapes over the morning sea fog. Rare species of birds and butterflies live in surrounding highlands.

2. Vulcan Bromo (Indonesia)

Bromo volcano, 3,392 meters high, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Indonesia, the peak is located in East Java on the island of Java and refers to volcanic complexTheger. Bromo is the most sign and most popular mountain in Indonesia. He is majestically manitis with his sulfur evaporation from the depths of the earth. Bromo volcano still remains one of the most active volcanoes in the world, and there are areas that are prohibited for tourists inspection. The most beautiful landscape on Bromo will open during sunrise.

3. Mount APO (Philippines)

The current volcano of APO is located to the west of the city of Davao on the island of Mindanao. With a height of 2,954 meters above sea level, Mount APO, is the highest vertex in the Philippines. It stands covered with wood high-mountain tropical hardwood. Highlands are home to the Rare Philippine Eagle and has numerous vertices and valleys, as well as local attractions: Malacita Waterfall, Lake Sibulao and hot springs Kissinta.

4. Harkabo Mountain (Myanmar)

Hcakabo times is considered the highest mountain in Myanmar. With a height of 5,881 meters, it is located at the point of contact of the borders of the three states: India, Myanmar and China. Peak is located in the National Park of Khkakabo times, Myanmar, which is completely mountain and is characterized by broader evergreen forests. Even above, about 4,600 meters, cold, fruitless, windy terrain and permanent snow and glaciers prevail. At an altitude of about 5,300 meters there is a large ice hat with several glaciers.

5. Phubia (Laos)

Mount Phubia is the highest peak and the most inaccessible region in Laos. With a height of 2,820 meters above sea level, it is part of the Annam Mountain Ridge at the southern limit of Sangkhuang Plateau in the province of the eponymous province. This area gives breathtaking views of the jungle. The climate is cold, and the area around the mountain is always cloud.

6. Fanspan (Vietnam)

The vertex Fansipan is located in the province of Lao Cai in the North-West region of Vietnam. With a height of 3 143 meters above sea level - this is the highest mountain in Indochita. Peak is located in 9 kilometers from Ca Pa, the village located on the Hoang Ridge Lyan Son.

The majestic mountain Kinabalu is located in Sabaine, East Malaysia, or Malaysian Borneo. Mountain is located in Kinabalu Park, this is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Peak and its surroundings are among the most important biological objects in the world. Mount Kinabalu boasts many natural attractions, including orangutans, and plant species, such as giant Rafflesia plants.

8. Mount Hyen (Indonesia)

Volcano Izyhen is in the largercalders IHEN, about 20 kilometers width. Mount Merapy The highest point of this complex, name means "Mount Fire" in Indonesian. To the west of Gunung Merapy is the Volcano IHEN, which has a single-cell acidic acidcrater Lake S. Turquoise tint, the main attraction of this place.

9. Rice terraces Banowe (Philippines)

How would you feel by traveling at low mud banks separating flooded rice fields at an altitude of more than 1,500 meters and reaching some peaks? Insogno to walk through a terraced rice farm, which comes to a height of 1,500 meters above sea level. Paradise Banowe terraces in Ifugao, Philippines are recognized for their expanses and endless beauty.

Rice terrace is proof of engineering ingenuity of ancient people. About 2,000 years ago, the ancestors of the indigenous inhabitants of Ifugao cut these rice terraces with their hands using primitive tools. Now this is a World Heritage Object, where you can immerse yourself in the culture of Highland Ifugao.

10. Mount Rindjani (Indonesia)

Rindjani Mountain - Active Volcano on Lombok Island, Indonesia. With a height of 3,726 meters, this is the second in the height of the peak in the country. Here journey through Rindjani is considered one of the most popular in Indonesia to the sights among attractions. Travelers should climb up, and then down to the crater to get to the lake at an altitude of 2,000 meters above sea level.

Continental Asia - the dream of climbers around the world. Almost all of its territory consists of mountains and flatbed. Here are the highest mountain systems of the planet. Mountains of Asia excite the imagination and attract attention. I want to talk about them a little more.

Himalayas

Himalayas are a powerful mountain ridge, which is the highest on earth. The history of the formation of this mountain system has tens of millions of years. Here are the seven thousandths and eight-thousandths. It is enough to say that all over the world of vertices above 8 thousand meters of only 14, and 10 of them are in these places. And the highest place of the planet is Jomolungma, too. The second name of this Grand Vertine is Everest. Its height is 8848 m.

Asia attract many extremals. It can be assumed that the conquest of Everest for them is the main goal of life. Its slopes became the last refuge of many climbers, and under the top of Asia and the entire planet. For the first time, Jomolungma was submitted to a person in 1953, and since that time the stream of wishing to step on the top of the world does not dry.

The southern slopes of the Himalayas are constantly under the influence of monsoon and abundant with precipitation. Northern slopes in the cold and dry continental climate zone.

Pamir

This mining system is located in several states. Afghanistan, China, Tajikistan and India are countries through which mountain ridge passes. The highest point of the Pamir - the peak of Congur. To visit him, you will have to go to China. The height of the curled is 7649 meters above sea level.

The Pamir boasts three more seven thousandths. To date, renamed Peak Ismail Samani. The height of the vertex is 7495 m.

Peak Lenin is now the peak Abu Ali Ibn Sina. The height of the vertex is 7134 m. The name of this peak was perpetuated by the name of the greatest height of antiquity - Avicenna.

Peak Corgenevskaya. The greatest recognition in love! The height of 7105 m was opened in 1910 by the Russian geographer Korzhevsky and named after his wife and permanent companion in the most difficult journeys and expeditions - Eugene Korzhevskaya.

The climate of the Pamirs is sharply continental. There are very cold winters and a short summer. Asia Mountains in principle are replete with glaciers, and the Pamir is no exception. The largest Glacier of the Pamirs is the name of the Great Geographer and researcher Fedchenko. He was opened in 1928.

Karakorum

Describe the mountains of Asia and not to tell about the caracorum would be a mistake. An eight-thousandthrin was formed in this system, quite a bit lost the highest top of the world. The name of this peak is Dapsang, and its height is 8611 m. The average height of this mining system exceeds 6000 meters. Most of the passages are located at altitudes from 4500 to 5800 m. Karakorum ridge consists of crystalline rocks, shale and different types of marble. Here are the largest glaciers in Asia.

Tien Shan and Kunlun

These outstanding mountain systems also belong to the highest in the world. Tien Shan passes through five countries. His name from the Chinese language is translated as "Heavenly Mountains". A large number of vertices of this ridge is located above 6000 meters. The highest peak of Tien Shan is located on the territory of Kyrgyzstan and is called the peak of victory. Its height is 7440 m.

Kunlun is the longest mountain system of Asia. Its length is more than 2,700 km. And the highest point of the system is Aksay-Chin, the height of which is 7167 m. The name of the entire system is translated as "Moon Mountains".

This is only part of the answer to the question of which mountains in Asia are the highest. A complete list of Asian mountain systems consists of several tens of names. So for people in curious in this direction there are still many interesting information.

Page 9 of 9

The highest mountain peaks of the world on mining systems. Table.

Note: Dear visitors, hyphens in long words in the table are delivered for the convenience of mobile users - otherwise the words are not transferred and the table does not fit in the screen. Thank you for understanding!

However, if you take the basis of the height not above the sea level, and on the base of the mountain, then the recognized leader among the highest mountains of the world becomes mount Mauna Kea - Shield volcano, located in the Hawaiian Islands.

Mauna Kea Mountain height from the base to the top is 10203 meters, which is 1355 meters above the jomolungma. Most of the mountain is hidden under water, and above the sea level, Mauna Kea rises at 4205 meters.

The age of the Mauna Kea volcano has about a million years. The peak of the volcanic activity falls on the panel stage of about 500,000 years ago. Currently, the volcano is recognized as inactive - according to scientists, the last eruption was 4-6 thousand years ago.

The highest mountains of the world in continents. Descriptions of the seven of the highest peaks of the world in terms of light.

"Seven vertices" is a climbing project that includes the highest peaks of the world in parts of the world. North and South America, as well as Europe and Asia are considered separately. Climbers who conquered all seven peaks, become participants in the club 7 vertices "

List of "seven vertices":

• Jomolungma (Everest) (Asia)
• Aconcagua (South America)
• Mac-Kinley (North America)
• Kilimanjaro (Africa)
• Elbrus or Mont Blanc (Europe)
• Massif Vince (Antarctica)
• Kosyushko (Australia) or Pyramid of Carwrens (Punchk-Jay) (Australia and Oceania)

Seven highest mountain peaks in parts of the world. Map.

Jomolungma (Everest) - The first of the "seven vertices", the highest mountain of Asia and the highest peak of the world.

Jomolungma refers to the mountain system of Himalayas, the Mahalangur Himal Range. The Southern Top (8760 m) lies on the border of Nepal and the Tibetan Autonomous Region (China), the North (Home) Top (8848 m) is located in China.

Geographical coordinates of the Jomolungma Mountain - 27 ° 59'17 "s. sh. 86 ° 55'31 "in. d.

The fact that Jomolungma (Everest) is the highest mountain of the world, determined the Indian mathematician and the topographer Radhanat Sikdar in 1852 on the basis of trigonometric calculations when he was in India 240 km from Jomolungma.

The highest mountain of the world and Asia has the shape of a triangular pyramid. The southern slope is sharper, snow and frang on it are not held, so it is naked. From the top of the mountain range, many glaciers come down at an altitude of 5000 meters.

The first ascent to the largest mountain of the world was committed on May 29, 1953 by Sherpu Tenzing Northah and New Zealander Edmund Hillary through the southern saddle.

The climate of the highest peak of the world of Jomolungma is extremely harsh. Wind speed there reaches 55 m / s., And the air temperature drops to -60 ° C. As a result, climbing the highest mountain mountain is associated with many difficulties. Despite the modern equipment and equipment used by climbers, for each twentieth of them, the conquest of the highest peak of the world turns out to be the last business of life. From 1953 to 2014, about 200 climbers died on the slopes of Everest.

Akonkagua - The second of the "seven vertices", the highest mountain of South America and the highest peak of the Western and South Hemispheres of the Earth.

Mount Akonkagua is located in the central part of the Andes in Argentina. Absolute height - 6962 m. The highest peak of South America was formed when a collision of Lithospheric plates of Nask and South American. The mountain has many glaciers, the largest of which are Northeast (Polish Glacier) and East.

Geographic coordinates of Akonkagua Mount 32 ° 39 'Yu. sh. 70 ° 00 з. d.

Climbing the highest peak of the Western and South Hemispheres of the Earth is technically considered uncomplicated if carried out on the northern slope. From the south or south-west to conquer the top of the Akonkagua is much more complicated. The first ascent to the highest mountain of South America was recorded in 1897 by the Annavda Fitzgerald Expedition.

Mac-Kinley - Third of "Seven Verkhin", the highest mountain of North America. Height - 6168 meters.

Geographic coordinates of Mac-Kinley Mountain - 63 ° 04'10 "s. sh. 151 ° 00'26 "s. d.

Mac-Kinley Mountain is located on Alaska, in the center of Denali National Park. Until 1867, the highest peak of the Russian Empire was considered until Alaska was sold to the United States. The first researcher of Mak-Kinlie is the Russian leader of the expedition of Lavrentinia Alekseevich Zagoskin, who first saw it on both sides.

The highest mountain of North America was first conquered by American climbers under the team of St. Hudson the Bak, which reached the peaks of the mountain on March 17, 1913.

Mac-Kinley Mountain was previously called differently. Indians Atabasi - indigenous people - called her Denali, which means "the Great." While Alaska belonged to the Russian Empire, the mountain was called simply "Big Mountain". In 1896, the highest mountain of North America received its current name in honor of the 25th American president.

Kilimanjaro - The fourth of the "seven vertices", the highest mountain of Africa. Height - 5,891.8 m.

Geographic coordinates of Kilimanjaro Mountain - 3 ° 04'00 "Yu. sh. 37 ° 21'33 "in. d.

Kilimanjaro is a potentially active stratovan in the northeast of Tanzania. The highest peak of Africa consists of three main vertices, which are also extinct volcanoes: Shira in the West with 3,962 m above sea level, cybo 5 891.8 meters of height in the center and Maventsi from 5 149 meters of height in the east.

The top of the Cybo volcano is covered with ice cap. Once this cap was clearly seen from afar, but at present the glacier actively melts. Over the past 100 years, a glacier covering the top of the highest African mountain has decreased by more than 80%. The melting of the glacier is associated with a decrease in the amount of precipitation associated with the cutting of forests on the territory adjacent to the mountain. According to some estimates of scientists, Kilimanjaro ice hat will disappear by 2020.

The first ascent to the highest peak of Africa was committed in 1889 by Gansa Meyer. The rise in Kilimanjaro is not considered difficult from a technical point of view, although incredibly entertainment. Because of the proximity to the equator on the mountain, all types of high-altitude explanation are presented, which the climber consistently passes one by one. Thus, in the process of climbing, you can see all the basic climatic belts of the Earth in a few hours.

Elbrus. - Fifth of the "seven vertices", the highest mountain of Europe and the highest peak of Russia.

Geographic coordinates of Mount Elbrus - 43 ° 20'45 "s. sh. 42 ° 26'55 "in. d.

The border between Asia and Europe is ambiguous, as a result of which disputes are being conducted whether Elbrus refers to Europe. If so, this mountain is the highest point of Europe. If not, the palm of the championship moves to Mont Blanc Mount, which is discussed below.

Elbrus is located at the Big Caucasus, on the border of the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia. It is the highest mountain of Russia. The highest peak of Europe is an two-sized saddled cone of the volcano. Western peak has a height of 5642 m, Eastern - 5621 m. The last eruption was in the 50s AD.

The largest mountain of Europe is covered with glaciers with a total area of \u200b\u200b134.5 km²; The most famous of them: Big and Small Azaau, Terkol.

The first documented ascent to Mount Elbrus dates back to 1829 and was committed during the expedition under the leadership of General G. A. Emmanuel, the head of the Caucasian fortified line. Climbing to Mount Elzor in the climbing classification is not technically difficult. Although there are high complexity routes.

Massif Vince - Sixth from "Seven Verkhin", the highest mountain of Antarctica. Height - 4897 meters.

The geographic coordinates of Massiva Winson - 78 ° 31'31 "Yu. sh. 85 ° 37'01 "s. d.

Massif Winson is located 1200 km from the southern pole and is part of Elsuort Mountains. In length, the array extends 21 km, in width - 13 km. The highest vertex of Massif Winson is Peak Winson.

The highest mountain of Antarctica was discovered by American pilots in 1957. The first ascent to the highest peak of the southern continent was committed on December 18, 1966 by Nicholas Krinch.

Mont Blanc - The highest mountain of Europe, the fifth of the "seven vertices", if Elbrus belongs to Asia. Height - 4810 meters.

Geographic coordinates of Mont Blanc - 45 ° 49'58 "s. sh. 6 ° 51'53 "in. d.

The highest peak of Europe is located in the Alps mountain system on the border of France and Italy. Mount Mont Blanc is part of the Mont Blanc crystal array of about 50 km. The ice cover of the massif covers an area of \u200b\u200b200 km², the largest glacier is a Mer de Glaz.

The first ascent to the highest point of Europe, Mont Blanc was carried out by Jacques Balma and Dr. Michel Pakkar on August 8, 1786. In 1886, during his honeym month, the highest mountain of Europe conquered the future president of the United States of America Theodore Roosevelt.

Kosyushko - The seventh of the "seven vertices", the highest mountain of continental Australia. Height - 2228 meters.

Geographic coordinates of Kosyushko Mountain - 36 ° 27 'Yu. sh. 148 ° 16 'in. d.

The highest peak of the Australian continent is located in the Australian Alps in the south of the New South Wales in the territory of the eponymous National Park. Mount Kosyushko was opened in 1840.

The first ascent to the highest mountain of Australia in 1840 made a Polish traveler, geogrand and geologist Pavel Edmund Stzheletsky. He called the mountain in honor of the Military and Political Worker of Tadeusch Kostyshko.

Pyramid Carsten (Punch-Jay) - The seventh of the "seven vertices", the highest mountain of Australia and Oceania.

There are disagreements about what kind of mountain range to the last, seventh vertex. If you consider only the Australian continent, it will be the peak of Kosyushko. If we consider the whole of Australia and Oceania, it will be a Carswhene Pyramid with a height of 4884 m. In this regard, there are currently two "seven vertices" programs, including the first and second option. But the main option is still recognized by the Carsten Pyramid.

Geographic coordinates of the Punchak-Jaya Mountain - 4 ° 05 'Yu. sh. 137 ° 11 'in. d.

Mount Punchak-Jaya is located in the western part of the island of New Guinea and is part of the Maoc Maoca. The highest peak of Oceania is also the highest mountain located on the island. The mountain was opened in 1623 by the Dutch researcher Jan Kiston. In honor of him, the Punchak jaya mountain is sometimes called the Pyramid of Carsten.

The first ascent to the mountain was committed in 1962 by a group of four Austrian climbers under the leadership of Henry Harrera.

The highest mountains of the world in continents and countries. The highest tops of the earth.

NOTE: Among scientists are still disputes, rank or not Caucasian mountains to Europe. If yes, then the highest peak of Europe will be Elbrus; If not, then - Mont Blanc. So far, the unanimity has been reached in this matter, we ranked the Caucasus to Europe, and therefore the Mountains of the Caucasus (Russia) came to the list of the highest mountains of Europe.

This article was devoted to the highest mountains and the highest heights of the world.

General characteristics of the mountain system of Asia

Asia Mining System includes the largest and highest mountains of the world. The highest point of the planet is in Himalayas - Everest (Jomolungma) with a height of 8882 m.

The highest mountains of Asia are located in the southern regions of Central Asia and in the south of Asia:

• Himalayas,
• Hindukush,
• Pamir,
• Tibetan Highlands,
• Tien Shan.

In the northern areas of Asia are middleweight mountains: Fed Highlands, a medium-grained plateau, the Verkhoyansky ridge, the ridge of the black, Mount Altai, the middle ridge.

In the eastern regions of Asia, Sikhote-Alin, Big and Small Hinghan; In Western, on the border with Europe - the Urals and the Caucasus.

Himalayas

Himalayas are the highest mountain range both in the world and in Asia. Himalayas are located on the border of Eastern and South Asia, they are degraded from the Tibetan highlands of the Land and Ganges Rivers. The overall length of Himalayas is 2400 km, the width of the mountain range ranges from 200 to 300 km.

The northwestern regions of the Himalayan Mountains borders with Gindukish - the high-mountainous Asian system.

The most steep slopes of the Himalayan mountains are directed to the south, towards India and Ganges. More spoor slopes are directed towards Tibet.

In the Himalayas 130 mountain peaks with a height of more than 7000 m. 11 peaks, mainly in Nepalese Himalayas have a height of more than 8000 meters:

• Everest (8882 m),
• Cappadjang (8598 m),
• Lhotse Home (8501 m),
• Makalu (8470 m),
• Cho-Ohu (8180 m),
• Dhaulagiri (8172 m),
• Manaslo (8128 m),
• APANAPURNA (8078),
• Gosintan (8018),
• Shisha Pangma (8013) and others.

Mountain ridge Karakorum. Kun Lun and Hindukush

Mountain ridge Karakorum - the second largest mountain array in Asia. Karakorum is located between Himalayas and Kun-Lenom, southeast of Gindukusha and Pamir. The average height of the Karakorum is 6000 m.

In the Mountain Array of Caracoum more than 80 mountains have a height of more than 7000 m.

Mountain-eight-year-old Karakorum: Chochori (8611 m), Gasherbruum (8073 m), Hidden Peak (8068 m), Broutine Peak (8047 m).

Mountain array of Kun Loon extends from the west of the Pamir to the East on the Sino-Tibetan Mountains. Kun Lun envelopes from the north Tibetan Highlands.

The total length of the mountain range is 2500 km, the width in separate parts of the ridge reaches 600 km. The highest point of Kun-Luna is the top of Aksai Chin (7167 m).

Gyindukush Mountains stretched out in the south of Central Asia per 1000 km. Their width ranges from 50 to 500 km. Gyindukush Mountains delimit the Indian River and the Celebrate Pool of Central Asia. The highest point of Hindukusch - Tirichmir (7690 m).

Pamir

Pamir is located on the territory of Afghanistan, China and Tajikistan in the south of Central Asia.

The Pamir is located at the junction of the spurs of the Mountain Systems of Central Asia - Karakorum, Gindukusha, Tien Shan and Kun-Luna.

The highest point of the Pamir - Rush Kongur (7719 m).

To the tops with a height of more than 7000 m are also related to:

• Peak Ismail Samani (Peak of Communism) (7495 m);
• Peak Abu Ali Ibn Sibi (Peak Lenin) (7134 m);
• Peak Corgenevskaya (7105 m).

Note 1.

On the territory of Pamirs there is a huge number of different genesis and type of glaciers. The largest glacier - Fedchenko, located in Central Tajikistan. The Fedchenko glacier refers to the mining and valley type of glaciers. Its area is about 700 square meters. km.

Numerous Pamir glaciers at their movement smoothed board and the bottom of the valleys, grind and put down the chip material of rocks, cooled surface layers of air, have a significant effect on the daily rhythm of the movement of the mining and valve air masses, give rise to rivers, inspecting below the snow line.

The northern border of the Pamirs is the Zalai Range. Its length from the west to the east was 200 km. The average height of the ridge is 5,500 m. The highest point of the ridge - Peak Lenin (7134 m).

Zalay Mountains practically do not have foothills. They rise the wall over the Altai Valley. Western Zalei is located somewhat west of Tersagar. There is an extensive network of revolts. The vertices of the Western Balau have sharp forms. The ridge is deeply embedded in the valleys. The highest peak of the Western Balaya - Sat Peak (5900 m).

From Trysagar's pass in the West to Kyzylart Pass in the East, the Central Zalay stretches - the highest area of \u200b\u200bthe ridge. The central Zale is located the highest peaks: Lenin Peak (7134 m), Peak Zhukova (6842 m), Oktyabrsky Peak (6780 m), Dzerzhinsky Peak (6717 m), Kyzalajn (6683 m), Unity Peak (6640 m).

The central calace is weakly dissected, has the form of a continuous wall. Passing of ice-snow origin.

The southern parts of the Central Balay have strongly branched outstands extending to the south. The center of the Central Balaya from the rest of the Pamir is isolated by Muksu and Sauaksai rivers.

From the pass of Kyzylart in the eastern direction to the Chinese border, East Zalai extends for 52 km. The characteristic distinctive feature of the Eastern Balaya from other areas of the Balaya is the presence of steep northern slopes and a relatively small height. Highest Mountains: Kurumda (6613 m), Zarya East (6349 m), Unnamed Top (6384 m).

For the Central and East Balaya on the ridge of the waterproof ridge are characterized by severe winds. The main factor determining the weather on the ridge are atlantic cyclones.

At the Zalai Range there is a powerful glaciation - 550 glaciers engaged in an area of \u200b\u200b1329 square meters. km. The largest glaciers include glaciers: Dzerzhinsky, Korzhevsky, Kuzgun, Oktyabrsky, East Kyzylsus, Big and Small Suggray, Nura.

Note 2.

The most popular passes: Zalay, Minjar, Surguhgo, Constitution, Dzerzhinsky, Abris, 30-year-old victories, the 60th anniversary of October, Spartak, Separate, Bunch of Peace, Beletsky, Golden and Western Calf.

The Turkestan Range is a high-mountain range belonging to the Gissar-Alai mountain system, framing from the southwest Fergana Valley and located in the south-west of Kyrgyzstan. In the Turkestan ridge passes the border of Tajikistan with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

The length of the Turkestan ridge is 340 km. The ridge through the mountain node of the match is connected in the east with the Alai Range and extends further in the West to Samarkand Plain.

The northern slope of the Turkestan ridge is gentle and extended, southern - steep and short with cliffs and fuses. The Turkestan Range from the South is separated from the Zeravshan Ridge of the Zeravshan River.

The highest points of the Turkestan ridge - pyramidal peak (5509 m) and rocky peak (5621 m). Oriental ridges are covered with glaciers. The largest glaciers of the Turkestan Range: Shurovsky, Tolstoy, Zeravshansky.