Fountains presentation in physics. Fountains of the world from antiquity to the present day
"Dependence of the height of the fountain jet on physical parameters"
chernogork city - 2014
MBOU "Lyceum"
Introduction
Purpose of the study
Hypothesis
Research objectives
Research methods
I. Theoretical part
1.The history of fountains
2.Fountains in Khakassia
3.The history of the appearance of the fountain in St. Petersburg
4. Pressure as the driving force behind fountains:
4.1 Forces of fluid pressure
4.2 Pressure
4.3 Principle of operation of communicating vessels
4.4 Technical arrangement of fountains
II. Practical part
1. The action of different models of fountains.
1.1 Fountain in the void.
1.2 Fountain of Heron.
2. Model of the fountain
III. Conclusion
IV. Bibliography
V. application
INTRODUCTION
Fountains are an indispensable decoration for a classic regular park. A.S. Pushkin said well about their beauty:
Diamond fountains fly
With a cheerful noise to the clouds,
Under them idols glitter ...
Crushing against marble barriers
Pearl, arc of fire
Falls, waterfalls splash.
We often admire the beauty of the fountains in our capital, Abakan .. Every new fountain. This is a new fairy tale, a new fairytale corner where city dwellers strive. My grandfather and I watched for a long time how the fountain was being built in our park. I asked my grandfather, is it possible to make a fountain at home. There was a problem. Together they began to think about how to solve this problem. When we were initiated into lyceum students, I first saw the fountain under laboratory conditions.
I really thought about how and why the fountain works. I asked my physics teacher to help me figure it out. We decided to answer this question, to conduct research.
The topic I have chosen is interesting and relevant at the present time .Since fountains are one of the main subjects of landscape design of the park zone, a source of water in hot summer, and every corner of the city becomes more beautiful and cozy with the help of a fountain.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:Find out how and why the fountain works, and what physical parameters determine the height of the jet in the fountain.
HYPOTISE: I suppose that the fountain can be created based on the properties of the communicating vessels and the height of the jet in the fountain depends on the relative position of these communicating vessels.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
Enrich your knowledge on the topic "Communicating vessels".
Use the knowledge gained to complete creative assignments.
RESEARCH METHODS:
Theoretical - the study of primary sources.
Laboratory - conducting an experiment.
Analytical - analysis of the results obtained.
Synthesis is a generalization of the materials of the theory and the results obtained. Model creation.
1.HISTORY OF CREATION OF FOUNTAINS
They say there are three things that you can look at endlessly - fire, water and stars. Contemplation of water - be it the mysterious depth of a flat surface, or transparent streams, flowing in and rushing somewhere, as if alive - is not only pleasant for the soul and beneficial to health. There is something primal in this, which is why a person always strives for water. It is not in vain that children can play for hours even in an ordinary rain puddle. The air near the reservoir is always clean, fresh and cool. And it is not in vain that they say that water “cleans”, “washes” not only the body, but also the soul.
Probably everyone noticed how much easier it is to breathe near the water, how fatigue and irritation disappear, how it invigorates and at the same time pacifies being near the sea, river, lake or pond. Already in ancient times, people thought about how to create artificial reservoirs, they were especially interested in the riddle of running water.
The word fountain is of Latin-Italian origin, it comes from the Latin “fontis”, which translates as “source”. In its meaning, this means a stream of water beating upward or flowing out of the pipe under pressure. There are water fountains of natural origin - springs gushing in small jets. It is these natural sources that have attracted human attention since ancient times and made people think about how to use this phenomenon where people need it. Even at the dawn of centuries, architects tried to frame the flow of water from the fountain with decorative stone, to create a unique pattern of water jets. Small fountains became especially widespread when people learned to hide water jets in pipes made of baked clay or concrete (an invention of the ancient Romans). Already in ancient Greece, any fountains became an attribute of almost every city. Lined with marble, with a mosaic bottom, they were combined with a water clock, then with a water organ, then with a puppet theater, where the figures moved under the influence of jets. Historians describe fountains with mechanical birds that sang merrily and
fell silent when the owl suddenly appeared. Further development
the construction of fountains took place in ancient Rome. The first cheap pipes appeared here - they were made from lead, of which much remained after the processing of silver ore. In the first century AD, in Rome, thanks to the addiction of the population to fountains, 1,300 liters of water per day were consumed per inhabitant. Since that time, in the house of every wealthy Roman, a small courtyard and a pool were arranged; in the center of the landscape, a small fountain was always gushing. This fountain played the role of a source of drinking water and a source of coolness on hot days. The development of fountains was facilitated by the invention of the law of communicating vessels by the ancient Greek mechanics, using which the patricians arranged fountains in the courtyards of their houses. The decorative fountains of the ancients can be safely called the prototype of modern fountains. Subsequently, the fountains evolved from a source of drinking water and coolness to a decorative adornment of majestic architectural ensembles. If in the Middle Ages fountains served only as a source of water supply, then with the beginning of the Renaissance, fountains become part of architectural ensemble, or even its key element. (See Appendix 1)
2.Fountains in Khakassia
In the Khakass capital, in the city of Abakan, a unique fountain was built on a small reservoir of the park. The fact is that the fountain is floating. It consists of a pump, float, backlight and fountain nozzle. The new fountain is interesting in that it is easy to mount and dismantle, it can be installed in absolutely any place in the reservoir. The jet height is three and a half meters. An interesting feature of the fountain's designs is the presence of different water paintings. This fountain operates around the clock in the summer. (See Appendix 2)
The construction of the fountain has been completed near the administration of the city of Abakan.
The water does not rise up here, but
descends along cubic structures down into flowerpots with water
plants. The fountain bowl is lined with natural stone flagstone. The project was developed by Abakan architects. Cubic structures are stylized to resemble the architecture of the building of the city planning department. (See Appendix 3)
3. The history of the appearance of the fountain in St. Petersburg.
The location of cities along river banks, an abundance of natural water basins, a high level of groundwater and flat terrain - all this did not contribute to the construction of fountains in Russia in the Middle Ages. There was a lot of water and it was easy to get it. The first fountains are associated with the name of Peter I.
In 1713, the architect Lebdon proposed to build fountains in Peterhof and supply them with “playing waters, for the parks are extremely boring.
seem ". The ensemble of parks, palaces and fountains of Peterhof appeared in the first quarter of the 18th century. as a kind of triumphal monument in honor of the successful completion of Russia's struggle for access to the Baltic Sea (144 fountains, 3 cascades). The beginning of construction dates back to 171.
The French master proposed "to build water intake facilities, as in Versailles, by raising water from the Gulf of Finland. This, on the one hand, would require the construction of pumping facilities, and on the other, more expensive than those intended for the use of fresh water. That is why in 1720 Peter I himself set out on an expedition to the surroundings, and 20 km from Peterhof, at the so-called Ropsha heights, he discovered large reserves of spring and underground waters.The construction of the water conduit was entrusted to the first Russian hydraulic engineer Vasily Tuvolkov.
The principle of operation of the fountains of Peterhof is simple: water flows to the nozzles of reservoirs by gravity. The law of communicating vessels is used here: ponds (reservoirs) are located much higher than the territory of the park. For example, the Rozovopavilionny pond, from where the Samsonovsky water conduit originates, is 22m above the level of the bay. 5 fountains of the Upper Garden serve as a reservoir of water for the Grand Cascade.
Now a few words about the Samson fountain - the main one among all the fountains of Peterhof in terms of the height and power of the jet. The monument was erected in 173 in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava, which decided the outcome of the Northern War in favor of Russia. It depicts the biblical hero Samson (the battle took place on June 28, 1709, on the day of Saint Samson, who was considered the heavenly patron of the Russian army), tearing apart the mouth of a lion (the state emblem of Sweden includes the image of a lion). The creator of the fountain - K, Rastrelli. The fountain's work is emphasized by an interesting effect; when the fountains of Peterhof turn on, water appears in the open mouth of the lion, and the stream gradually becomes higher and higher, and when it reaches the limit symbolically demonstrating the outcome of the fight, fountains begin to beat
"Tritons" on the Upper Terrace of the Cascade ("Sirens and Naiads"). From the shells, into
that the sea deities trumpet, fountain streams erupt in wide arcs: the masters of water trumpet the glory of the hero.
In 1739. For Empress Anna Ioannovna, according to the drawings of Chancellor A.D. Tatishchev, a kind of fountain was made near the Ice House: a life-size figure of an elephant, from the trunk of which a stream of water 17 meters high was gushing (water was pumped), and burning oil was thrown out at night. Before entering the ice house, two dolphins also threw out jets of oil.
In most cases, pumps were used to create fountains in Peterhof. Thus, the atmospheric steam pump was first used for this purpose in Russia. It was built by order of Peter I in 1717-1718. and is installed in one of the premises of the Summer Garden grotto to raise water to fountains.
The St. Petersburg fountains operate for five months (from May 9 to the end of October) daily (water consumption per 10 hours is 100,000 m3).
The day of Saint Samson, the victorious lion, coincided with the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava on June 27, 1709. “The Russian Samson of the roaring Austrian lion gloriously torn to pieces” - contemporaries said about him. Samson meant Peter I, and under the lion - Sweden, on whose coat of arms this beast is depicted.
The Grand Cascade consists of 64 fountains, 255 sculptures, bas-reliefs, mascarons and other decorative architectural details in Peterhof, which makes this fountain structure one of the largest in the world.
A luxurious carpet is spread in front of the Upper Garden Palace. Its initial planning was carried out in 1714-1724. architects Braunstein and Leblond. There are five fountains in the Upper Garden: 2 fountains of Square Ponds, Oak, Mezheumny and Neptune. (See Appendix 4)
Pressure as the driving force behind fountains
4.1 Forces of fluid pressure.
Everyday experience teaches us that liquids act with known forces on the surface of solids in contact with them. We call these forces the fluid pressure forces.
Covering the opening of the open water tap with our finger, we feel the force of pressure of the liquid on the finger. Pain in the ears, experienced by a swimmer diving to great depths, is caused by the forces of water pressure on the eardrum of the ear. Deep sea thermometers must be very durable so that the water pressure does not crush them.
In view of the enormous forces of pressure at great depths, the hull of a submarine must have much greater strength than the hull of a surface ship. The water pressure forces on the bottom of the vessel support the vessel on the surface, balancing the force of gravity acting on it. Pressure forces act on the bottom and on the walls of vessels filled with liquid: pouring mercury into a rubber balloon, we see that its bottom and walls are bent outward. (See appendix 5.6)
Finally, pressure forces act on the part of some parts of the liquid on others. This means that if we removed any part of the liquid, then in order to maintain the balance of the remaining part, certain forces would have to be applied to the formed surface. The forces necessary to maintain equilibrium are equal to the pressure forces with which the removed part of the liquid acted on the rest.
4.2 Pressure
The forces of pressure on the walls of a vessel containing a liquid or on the surface of a solid immersed in a liquid are not applied at any specific point on the surface. They are distributed over the entire surface of solid-liquid contact. Therefore, the force of pressure on a given surface depends not only on the degree of compression of the fluid in contact with it, but also on the size of this surface.
In order to characterize the distribution of pressure forces regardless of the size of the surface on which they act, the concept is introduced pressure.
Pressure on a surface area is the ratio of the pressure force acting on this area to the area of \u200b\u200bthe area. Obviously, the pressure is numerically equal to the pressure force applied to the surface area, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is equal to unity.
We will denote pressure by the letter p. If the force of pressure on a given section is F, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe section is S, then the pressure will be expressed by the formula
p \u003d F / S.
If the forces of pressure are evenly distributed over some surface, then the pressure is the same at every point. This is, for example, the pressure on the surface of a piston compressing a liquid.
Often, however, there are cases when the pressure forces are unevenly distributed over the surface. This means that different forces act on the same areas in different places on the surface. (See Appendix 7)
Pour water into a vessel with the same holes in the side wall. We will see that the lower jet flows out to a greater distance, the upper one to a smaller one.
This means that there is more pressure at the bottom of the vessel than at the top.
4.3 The principle of operation of communicating vessels.
Vessels that have a communication with each other or a common bottom are usually called communicating.
Take a row of vessels of various shapes, connected at the bottom by a tube.
Fig. 5. In all communicating vessels, the water is at the same level
If you pour liquid into one of them, the liquid will flow through the tubes to the other vessels and settle in all vessels at the same level (Fig. 5).
The explanation is as follows. The pressure on the free surfaces of the liquid in the vessels is the same; it is equal to atmospheric pressure.
Thus, all free surfaces belong to the same level surface and, therefore, must be in the same horizontal plane. (See appendices 8, 9)
The teapot and its spout are communicating vessels: the water is at the same level in them. This means that the spout of the kettle must reach the same height as the upper edge of the vessel, otherwise the kettle cannot be poured to the top. When we tilt the kettle, the water level remains the same and the spout goes down; when it drops to the water level, water will begin to pour out.
If the liquid in the communicating vessels is at different levels (this can be achieved by placing a septum or clamp between the communicating vessels and adding liquid to one of the vessels), then a so-called liquid pressure is created.
Head is the pressure that produces the weight of a column of liquid with a height equal to the difference in level. Under the influence of this pressure, the liquid, if the clamp or the septum is removed, will flow into the vessel where its level is lower, until the levels are equal.
A completely different result is obtained if inhomogeneous liquids are poured in different knees of communicating vessels, that is, their densities are different, for example, water and mercury. The lower post of mercury trims the higher post of water. Taking into account that the equilibrium condition is the equality of pressures on the left and right, we find that the height of the columns of liquid in communicating vessels is inversely proportional to their densities.
In life, they are quite common: various coffee pots, watering cans, water-measuring glasses on steam boilers, sluices, water pipes, a bent pipe with a knee - all these are examples of communicating vessels.
The principle of operation of communicating vessels underlies the work of fountains.
Technical arrangement of fountains
Today, few people think about how the fountains function. We are so accustomed to them that, passing by, we only cast a careless glance.
And really, what is so special about it? Silvery jets of water, under pressure, soar into the sky and scatter into thousands of crystal splashes. But in reality, everything is not so simple. Fountains are water-jet, cascade, mechanical. Fountains are firecrackers (for example, in Peterhof), of different heights, shapes, and each has its own name.
Previously, all the fountains were direct-flow, that is, they worked directly from the water supply system, now they use “recirculating” water supply, using powerful pumps. The fountains also flow in different ways: dynamic jets (they can change the height) and static jets (the jet is at the same level).
Most of the fountains retain their historical
their appearance, only the "filling" is modern. Although, of course, they were also built to glory before, one of such examples is the fountain in the Alexander Garden.
It is already 120 years old, but some of the pipes have been preserved in good condition. (See Appendix 10)
II ... The action of various models of fountains.
A fountain in the void.
I have done research on the topic "Fountain in the void". For this I took two flasks. On the first one I put on a rubber stopper and with a thin glass tube passed through it. Put a rubber tube on its opposite end. I poured colored water into the second flask.
Using a pump, I pumped air out of the first flask, turned the flask over. I dipped the rubber tube into the second flask of water. Due to the pressure difference, water from the second flask was poured into the first.
I found out that the less air in the first flask, the harder the jet from the second will hit.
Fountain of Heron.
I have done research on the theme of Heron's Fountain. For this, I needed to make a simplified model of Heron's fountain. I took a small flask and inserted a dropper into it. In my experiment on this model, I put the flask down with its neck. When I opened the dropper, water poured from the flask in a stream.
After, I lowered the flask a little lower, the water poured much slower, and the stream became much smaller. Having made the appropriate changes, I found out that the height of the jet in the fountain depends on the relative position of the communicating vessels.
Dependence of the height of the jet in the fountain on the relative position of the communicating vessels. (See Appendix 11)
Dependence of the jet height in the fountain on the hole diameter.
(See Appendix 12)
Conclusion: the height of the fountain jet depends on:
From the relative position of the communicating vessels, the higher one of the communicating vessels, the greater the height of the jet.
The smaller the hole diameter, the higher the jet height.
Fountain model
In order to build a fountain on a personal plot, you need to make a model of the fountain, figure out how to build a fountain and where to install a reservoir for water supply. The construction for the fountain was made at home. Having decorated the fountain model itself,
With the help of a dropper, a flask was attached to it. (See Appendix 13) If you lower the flask down,
then the water will flow very slowly, and if you raise the flask to the second shelf, then the water will pour up in a large stream.
III. Conclusion.
The purpose of my work was to expand the area of \u200b\u200bpersonal knowledge on the topic "Communicating Vessels", to use the knowledge gained to complete a creative task. In the course of work, I answered the question: what is the driving force behind the work of the fountains and was able to create various working models of fountains.
I built a model of the fountain, studied the technical arrangement of the fountains. Conducted experiments on the topic "Communicating vessels".
In the future, my grandfather and I are planning to build a fountain on our garden plot, using the knowledge and data that we received while researching the technical arrangement of the fountains.
Conclusion: The water in the fountain in the fountain works according to the principle of "Heron's Fountain".
IV. Bibliography.
Physical Encyclopedia, General Director A. Prokhov.
moscow. Ed. "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1988, 705 pages.
D. A. Kuchariants and A. G. Raskina "Gardens and parks palace ensembles St. Petersburg and suburbs ".
Appendix 9.
Appendix 10.
Appendix 11.
Hole diameter
Tank height
Jet height
0.1 cm
50 cm
2.5 cm
0.1 cm
1m
3.5 cm
0.1 cm
130 cm
5cm
Appendix 12.
Hole diameter
Tank height
Jet height
0.1 cm
50 cm
2.5 cm
0.3 cm
50 cm
2 cm
0.5 cm
50 cm
1.5 cm
Appendix 13.
Appendix 14.
"Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Physicist" Comp. V.A. Chuyanov - 2nd Moscow: Pedagogy, 1991 - 336 pages.
Objectives:
developing
- development of students' creative abilities (imagination, observation, memory, thinking); development of the ability to establish interdisciplinary connections (physics, history, MHC, geography); development of fine motor skills when designing models;
- repeat the basic properties of communicating vessels; determine the reason for the installation at the same level of a homogeneous liquid in communicating vessels of any shape; indicate the practical application of communicating vessels; disassemble the principle of the Heron's fountain
- learn to see beauty in the world around you; create a sense of responsibility for the assigned work; education of the ability to listen and hear; to raise the general intellectual level; promote interest in physics
- Video presentation of fountains
- Introduction
They say there are three things that you can look at endlessly - fire, stars and water. Contemplation of water - be it the mysterious depth of a flat surface, or transparent streams, flowing in and rushing somewhere, as if alive - is not only pleasant for the soul and beneficial to health. There is something primal in this, which is why a person always strives for water. It is not in vain that children can play for hours even in an ordinary rain puddle. Why are the fountains so drawn to themselves? So magically mesmerizing? Maybe because in the rustling, rustling, noise of their pouring streams, you can hear the laughter of a mermaid, the stern shout of the water king or the splash of a goldfish? Or because the beating foam streams awaken in us the same joy and delight as springs, streams and waterfalls. The air near the reservoir is always clean, fresh and cool. And it is not in vain that they say that water “cleans”, “washes” not only the body, but also the soul.
Probably everyone noticed how much easier it is to breathe near the water, how fatigue and irritation disappear, how it invigorates and at the same time pacifies being near the sea, river, lake or pond. Already in ancient times, people thought about how to create artificial reservoirs, they were especially interested in the riddle of running water.
- The history of the development of fountains
The first fountains appeared in ancient greece... They had a very simple structure, and did not at all look like the magnificent fountains of our time. Their appointment was purely practical. To supply cities and towns with water. Gradually, the Greeks began to decorate their fountains. They covered them with tiles, built statues, achieved high jets. Fountains have become an attribute of almost every city. Lined with marble, with a mosaic bottom, they were combined with a water clock, then with a water organ, then with a puppet theater, where the figures moved under the influence of jets. Historians describe fountains with mechanical birds that sang merrily and fell silent when an owl suddenly appeared.
Following the ancient Greeks, fountains began to be built in Rome. The word fountain itself has Roman roots. The Romans significantly improved the arrangement of fountains. For fountains, the Romans made pipes from baked clay or lead. During the heyday of Rome, the fountain became a must-have for all wealthy houses. The bottom and walls of the fountains were decorated with tiles. Jets of water gushed from the mouths of beautiful fish or exotic animals.
The development of fountains was facilitated by the invention by the ancient Greek mechanics of the law of communicating vessels, using which the patricians arranged fountains in the courtyards of their houses. The decorative fountains of the ancients can be safely called the prototype of modern fountains.
After the fall of the ancient world, the fountain again turns into only a source of water. The revival of fountains as an art begins only during the Renaissance. Fountains become part of the architectural ensemble, its key element.
The most famous are the fountains of Versailles in France and Peterhof in Russia.
Modern fountains are beautiful not only during the day, when they shine and sparkle in the sun, but also in the evening, when they turn into a color-musical water fireworks. Invisible lamps immersed in the water make its jets either soft lilac, or bright orange, almost fiery, or sky blue. Multi-colored jets beat and emit sounds that merge into a melody ...
F.I. Tyutchev.
THE FOUNTAIN
Look like a living cloud
The shining fountain swirls;
How it flames, how it crushes
Its damp smoke in the sun.
Beam rising to the sky, he
He touched the cherished height -
And again with fire-colored dust
Condemned to sink to the ground.
A water cannon about mortal thought,
O inexhaustible water cannon!
What an incomprehensible law
Does it strive for you, does it bother you?
How eagerly you rush to the sky !.
But the hand is invisibly fatal
Your stubborn ray, refracting
Drops in a spray from a height.
- How the fountain works
The tube and funnel experience
QUESTIONS for children (assignments)
Task 1. Historical. The inhabitants of modern Rome still use the remains of the aqueduct built by their ancestors. But the Roman aqueduct was not laid in the ground, but above it, on high stone pillars. Engineers feared that in reservoirs connected by a very long pipe (or gutter), the water would not settle at the same level, that, following the slopes of the soil, in some areas the water would not flow upward. Therefore, they usually gave the water supply a uniform downward slope along the entire path (this often required either leading the water around or erecting high, strong supports). One of the Roman pipes is 100 km long, while the direct distance between its ends is half that.
? Were the engineers of ancient Rome right? If not, what is their mistake?
Task 2. Construction. You have a ruler and fluid-filled communicating vessels at your disposal.
? How to draw a strictly horizontal line on the board with their help? Demonstrate this. Think about where in practice you might encounter such a problem.
Fountain in Thin Air Experience
Fountain of Heron
One of the devices described by the ancient Greek scientist Heron of Alexandria was the magic fountain of Heron. The main miracle of this fountain was that the water from the fountain gushed by itself, without using any external source water. The principle of the fountain is clearly visible in the figure. Let's take a closer look at how Heron's fountain worked.
Geronov's fountain consists of an open bowl and two sealed vessels located under the bowl. From the upper bowl to the lower container, there is a completely sealed tube. If you pour water into the upper bowl, then the water begins to flow through the tube into the lower container, displacing air from there. Since the lower container itself is completely sealed, the air pushed out by the water, through a sealed tube, transfers air pressure to the middle bowl. The air pressure in the middle tank starts to push the water out and the fountain starts working. If, to start work, it was required to pour water into the upper bowl, then for the further operation of the fountain, water was already used that entered the bowl from the middle container. As you can see, the structure of the fountain is very simple, but this is only at first glance.
The rise of water into the upper bowl is carried out due to the pressure of water with a height of H1, while the fountain raises the water to a much greater height H2, which at first glance seems impossible. After all, this should require much more pressure. The fountain shouldn't be working. But the knowledge of the ancient Greeks turned out to be so high that they guessed to transfer the water pressure from the lower vessel to the middle vessel, not with water, but with air. Since the weight of air is much lower than the weight of water, the pressure losses in this area are very small, and the fountain hits from the bowl to the height H3. The height of the stream of the fountain H3, without taking into account the pressure losses in the pipes, will be equal to the height of the water head H1
Thus, in order for the water of the fountain to be as high as possible, it is necessary to make the structure of the fountain as high as possible, thereby increasing the distance H1. In addition, you need to raise the middle vessel as high as possible. As for the law of physics on the conservation of energy, it is fully observed. Water from the middle vessel, under the influence of gravity, flows into the lower vessel. The fact that she makes this way through the upper bowl, and at the same time beats there with a fountain, in no way contradicts the law on the conservation of energy. As you can imagine, the operating time of such fountains is not infinite; eventually, all the water from the middle vessel will flow into the lower one, and the fountain will stop working. On the example of the device of the fountain of Heron, we see how high the knowledge of scientists of ancient Greece was
- Fountains of Peterhof
In the east there are the Monplaisir palace, the Chess Mountain cascade and the Roman fountains, the Pyramid and the Sun fountains, and the cracker fountains. In the western part there are the Hermitage pavilion and the Marly palace, the Golden Mountain cascade, Manager fountains and Kloshi. It was not by chance that Peter chose this place for the construction of Peterhof. Examining the area, he discovered several bodies of water, fed by springs gushing from the ground. During the summer of 1721, sluices and a canal were built, along which water from the reservoirs from the Ropsha heights flowed by gravity to the storage pools of the Upper Garden, and only small jets-fountains could be arranged here. A different matter is the Lower Park, which spreads out at the foot of the terrace. Water from a 16-meter height through pipes from the pools of the Upper Garden according to the principle of communicating vessels rushes down with force to soar in many high jets in the fountains of the park. In total, there are 4 cascades and 191 fountains (including water cannons of cascades) in the Lower Park and Upper Garden.
The principles of water supply discovered by Peter the Great are still valid today, testifying to the talent of the founder of Peterhof.
During the Great Patriotic War, the fascist invaders completely destroyed the fountain system of Petrodvorets. They removed and removed sculptures, including the famous sculpture "Samson", which was cut into pieces and also sent to Germany, in many places they cut out lead pipelines, stripped lead sheets from the thresholds of the Grand Cascade, removed nozzles, as well as all the fittings from colored Fortunately, a significant portion of the sculptures and other works of art were evacuated in a timely manner.
The Soviet Army that liberated Petrodvorets found only ruins there; the fountain system was destroyed by 80 percent. Currently, as a result of extensive restoration work, the main fountains of Petrodvorets have been restored.
- Fountains in literature
Fountains have long attracted artists and poets. Many poems have been written about these magical streams of water. One of the famous poems is the poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (excerpt)
The fountain of love, the fountain is alive!
I brought you two roses as a gift.
I love your silent talk
And poetic tears.
Your silver dust
It sprinkles me with cold dew:
Oh, layya, layya, a joyful key!
Murmur, murmur your truth to me ...
Our guys were also invited to try themselves in the role of poets. Let's hear what came of it.
Poems of the guys
- Conclusion
etc.................
Grade 7 students completed
Mokaev Alim, Tumenov Amiran, Boziev Islam, Orakova Margarita
Goal: consider the operation of the law of communicating vessels using the example of the operation of circulating fountains.
Tasks:
1. To study material about fountains: their types and principles of operation.
2. Design the layout of the circulation fountain
3. To create a piggy bank of the fountains of the city of Nalchik.
4. Analyze the information received and draw conclusions about the structure and operation of the fountains.
Methods:
Study of literary and other information sources, conducting experiments, analyzing information and results.
The urgency of the problem
The effect of water on a person can be called truly magical. The murmur of the fountain relieves stress, soothes and makes you forget about anxiety.
Now the ideas of art have received a new embodiment - combining the ideas of architects, artists and specialists in high-tech fields .
The device of the fountain is based on the principle of communicating vessels known to us from physics: In communicating vessels of any shape and cross-section, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level .
Water is collected in a container located above the fountain basin. In this case, the water pressure at the outlet of the fountain will be equal to the difference in water heights H1. Accordingly, the greater the difference in these heights, the stronger the pressure and the higher the jet of the fountain beats. The diameter of the fountain outlet also affects the height of the fountain jet. The smaller it is, the higher the fountain beats.
Circulating fountain
In circulating fountains, water runs in a vicious circle. Their main tank is located at the bottom. The water from the tank rises up the hose using a pump. The hose goes inside and is not visible from the outside. Fountains based on the principle of circulation do not require water supply to them. It is enough to fill in water once, and then top up as it evaporates.
Natural fountains
geysers, springs and
artesian waters
Artificial fountains:
street, landscape, interior
Fountain in the spa hotel
"Sindica"
Fountain in front of the State Film and Concert Hall
Fountain at the cinema
"East"
Fountain on the avenue Shogentsukova
Fountain on the square of the 400th anniversary of reunification with Russia
10 most amazing fountains in the world
Moonlight Rainbow Fountain (Seoul) - the longest fountain on the bridge
2. Fountain of King Fahd (Jeddah) -
highest
3. Fountain complex Dubai Fountain (Dubai) - the largest and most expensive
4. Crown Fountain (Chicago) -
the most international
5. Fountains of Peterhof (St. Petersburg) - the most luxurious
6. Fountain of Wealth (Singapore) - a feng shui fountain
7. Bellagio Fountain (Las Vegas) - America's most famous dancing fountain
8. Soaring fountains (Osaka)
- the most airy
9. Mercury Fountain (Barcelona)
- the most poisonous
Experimental part of the work
Making a fountain is a problem, or a task that needs to be solved. Naturally, development problems arose immediately.
Hypothesis:
- Try to use the fact that a homogeneous liquid is at the same level in communicating vessels to make a fountain
- If the fountain works, find out if the height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube
Results of work:
We would like to present to your attention circulating fountains.
Conducted research: "Checking the dependence of the height of the column of the fountain on the diameter of the tube"
Conclusion:
The height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube. The smaller the tube diameter, the higher the fountain column.
Conclusions:
1.All fountains use communicating vessels
2. In communicating vessels, a homogeneous liquid tends be on the same level
3. The fountain beats due to the difference in water heights in communicating vessels
4. The difference between fountains - in the way water is supplied to the main tank
Results:
- Piggy bank of the fountains of the city of Nalchik
2. DIY circulating fountains
Slide 2
Spring! A wonderful time of warmth, flowering and bright colors comes after the winter "hibernation", fountains "wake up", thousands of water jets solemnly salute the dawn of nature. Last year I did research on the same topic, and this year I decided to continue it. Since I had a lot of questions: where did the first fountains appear? What types of fountains are there? Can you make a fountain yourself?
Slide 3
I decided to conduct a research on the topic "Water extravaganza: fountains"
Purpose of the research: 1. To expand the area of \u200b\u200bpersonal knowledge on the topic "Communicating vessels" (including historical and polytechnical ones;) 2. Use the knowledge gained to perform creative tasks; 3. Select tasks on the topic “Pressure in liquids and gases. Communicating vessels". To achieve this goal, I need to solve the following tasks: 1. Study the history of the creation of fountains; 2. Understand the structure and principle of the fountains; 3. Learn about pressure as the driving force behind fountains; 4. Make the simplest models of operating fountains; 5. Create a presentation "Water extravaganza: fountains".
Slide 4
The history of the creation of fountains
A fountain (from Italian fontana - from Latin fontis - source) is a jet of liquid or gas ejected under pressure (dictionary of foreign words. - M .: Russian language, 1990). For the first time, fountains appeared in Ancient Greece. For seven centuries, people built fountains on the principle of communicating vessels. From the beginning of the 17th century, fountains began to be driven by mechanical pumps, which gradually replaced steam installations, and then electric pumps.
Slide 5
Fountain of Heron
The fountains owe their existence to the famous Greek mechanic Heron of Alexandria, who lived in the 1st – 2nd centuries. n. e. It was Heron who directly pointed out that the flow rate, or rate, of the distributed water depends on its level in the reservoir, on the cross-section of the channel and the speed of water in it. The device invented by Heron serves as one of the samples of knowledge in antiquity (200 years BC) in the field of hydrostatics and aerostatics.
Slide 6
PRESSURE
In order to characterize the distribution of pressure forces regardless of the size of the surface on which they act, the concept of pressure is introduced. p \u003d F / S. Pour water into a vessel with the same holes made in the side wall. We will see that the lower jet flows out to a greater distance, the upper one to a smaller one. This means that there is more pressure in the lower part of the vessel than in the upper part.
Slide 7
The principle of operation of communicating vessels.
The pressure on the free surfaces of the liquid in the vessels is the same; it is equal to atmospheric pressure. Thus, all free surfaces belong to the same level surface and, therefore, must be in the same horizontal plane. The principle of operation of communicating vessels underlies the work of fountains.
Slide 8
Technical arrangement of fountains
Fountains are water-jet, cascade, mechanical, fire-cracker fountains (for example, in Peterhof), of different heights, shapes, and each has its own name. Previously, all the fountains were direct-flow, that is, they worked directly from the water supply system, now they use “recirculating” water supply, using powerful pumps. The fountains also flow in different ways: dynamic jets (they can change the height) and static jets (the jet is at the same level).
Slide 9
Fountain model
Using the properties of communicating vessels, you can build a fountain model. This requires a water tank, a wide can 1, a rubber or glass tube 2, a pool from a low can 3.
Slide 10
Slide 11
How does the height of the jet depend on the diameter of the hole and the height of the tank rise?
Slide 12
Action of different fountain models
Simplified model of Heron's fountain Homemade Heron's fountain
Slide 13
Slide 14
Fountain when heating air in a flask
When water is heated in the first flask, steam is formed, which creates an excess pressure in the second vessel, displacing water from it.
Slide 15
Vinegar fountain
Fill a ¾ flask with table vinegar, throw a few pieces of chalk into it, quickly seal with a stopper with a glass tube inserted into it. A fountain will come out of the pipe
Slide 16
CONNECTION
In the course of my work, I answered the question: what is the driving force behind the work of fountains and, using the knowledge gained, I was able to create various working models of fountains, created a presentation “Water extravaganza: fountains”. The implementation of the work included the following elements: Study of special literature on the research topic. Clarification of the tasks of the experiment. Preparation of the necessary equipment and materials. Preparation of the research object. Analysis of the results obtained. Clarification of the significance of the results obtained for practice. Elucidation of possible ways of applying the results obtained in practice.
Slide 17
Diamond fountains are flying With a cheerful noise to the clouds, Under them idols shine ... Crushing against the marble barriers, Waterfalls are falling down, splashing like a pearl, a fiery arc. A.S. Pushkin Theoretical preparation for the experiment and the analysis of the results obtained demanded from me a set of knowledge in physics, mathematics, technical design. This has played a big role in improving my educational background.
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An amazing creation of the ancient inventor Heron of Alexandria - the eternal fountain
Ancient Arabic manuscripts brought to us a story about the amazing creations of the ancient inventor Heron of Alexandria. One of them is a beautiful miracle bowl in the temple, from which a fountain gushed. There were no supply pipes anywhere, but inside there were no mechanisms
The claimed invention differs significantly from the toys of Viktor Zhigunov (Russia) and John Falkis (USA), patented during the Cold War. Who knows, since such great powers were interested in this invention, whether it is a perpetual motion machine or just one of the universal engines of the ancient Greek scientist Hero of Alexandria lost by mankind for 2000 years.
The purpose of the invention is to prove to the whole world that the Fountain of Heron is not a myth or a primitive design, but a real, practically possible, design that has been trying to unravel for 2000 years.
The claimed invention is intended to disclose the true design fountain of Heron, at the level of knowledge of ancient Greek scientists, which many scientists tried to reveal for 2000 years, to the present day, without visible mechanisms and supply pipes, which could create the effect of a perpetual motion machine.
Fountain of Heron consists of three glass vessels - outer 1, middle 2 and inner 3, but unlike the prototype of Viktor Zhigunov, placed one inside the other. The outer vessel 1 has the shape of an open bowl, into which water is poured, so that the water hides two vessels 2 and 3 - glued together in such a way that a vacuum 6 and thermal insulation between water from vessel 1 and the air in vessel 3 are formed. is a working container. There are two holes in the vessel 3 - from the top, where the tube is tightly inserted, to the bottom of the vessel, and from the bottom, where the valve 5 is located. Water from the outer vessel 1, under atmospheric pressure, flows through the valve 5 into the inner vessel 3 and squeezes between the tube 4 and the outer walls of the vessel 3 air until the atmospheric pressure in the vessel 1 and the air pressure in the vessel 3. The sun's rays pass through vessels 1 and 2, forming a water magnifying glass (two glass lenses filled with water), are amplified through vacuum 6 between the vessels 2 and 3, the walls of the vessel 3 and the air in the vessel 3 are heated. The air in the vessel 3 expands and pushes the water out of the vessel 3 through the tube 4, forming a fountain. The water level in vessel 1 rises and accordingly
the atmospheric pressure of the water in the vessel 1 rises, thus, as soon as the equality of the atmospheric pressure in the vessel 1 and the air pressure in the vessel 3 is violated, the water flows through the valve 5 into the bowl 3, cools and compresses the air in the vessel 3, the process is repeated. Thus, in this invention, the energy of the sun's rays is converted into the movement of water. The fountain works every day, without visible mechanisms and
supply pipes.
The advantage is that the vessels do not need to be rearranged or inverted. The fountain works every day without visible mechanisms and supply pipes, and in any place where the sun's rays fall.
Through a glass vessel 1 filled with water, it is difficult to see the inner glass vessels and the effect of a perpetual motion machine is created, which no scientist could repeat for 2000 years.
