Sea in Finland: beaches, islands, attractions, rest. Finland: the form of government, General Information Finland is

Finland is located in Northern Europe.

In the north, the state is bordered by Norway, in the North-West - with Sweden, and in the East - with Russia.

Finland coast is washed by the Baltic Sea, Botnik and Finnish bays in the West and South.

On December 6, 1917, Finland became independent. In 2012, she was recognized as the "most stable country of the world" by the American Fund for Peace.

The smallest administrative-territorial unit in Finland is a municipality (or commune, or community). In 2011, they had 336. Each year the number of municipalities is reduced due to their mergers.

Communities are united in 19 regions (or regions, provinces), which are managed by regional councils.

The next level of administrative division - province, which until 2010 was governed by the governors, and since 2010 they are in the jurisdiction of regional administration agencies.

The largest cities in Finland are Helsinki, Tampere, Espoo, Vantaa, Oulu, Turku.

Capital	Helsinki
Number of population	5 408 917 people
Population density	16 people / km 2
	finnish, Swedish
Religion	kyutrany, Orthodoxy
Form of government	summer Republic
Timezone
International Area Code
Domain zone on the Internet
Electricity

Some areas of Finland, mostly scholar, closed to visit and are used for the needs of the Navy.

Finland steel companies - Outokumpu, FNSTEEL and others are the largest stainless steel suppliers in the world.

Climate and weather

The climate in the north of Finland Continental, on the rest of the country - transitional from maritime to continental, moderate. At the same time, the Atlantic Ocean brings warm air masses to the territory of the country. Western winds with cyclones are blowing all year in the country.

Winter in Finland is harsh. But the average temperature in winter and summer in Finnish territory greatly exceeds the temperature in the eastern regions on the same latitudes. Sids in the country are observed all year. In February, the average air temperature is -6 ºС, and in Lapland - -14 ºС. The average temperature in July is +14 ºС in the north and +17 ºС - in the south.

Nature

The main part of the territory of Finland is in lowlands, but in the northeast there are mountains of medium height reaching 1000 meters. The highest point of Finland is located in the Scandinavian mountains in Lapland - fjeld Halty. 1324 meters high.

Almost all Finnish rivers fall into the Baltic Sea. Only a few rivers in the north of Finland flow to the Arctic Ocean. Finland is called the "country of thousands of lakes": there are more than 190 thousand them here, and they occupy 9% of the entire territory. These are mainly small lakes depth of 5-20 meters. The largest lakes Finland - Pin (depth - 93 meters), Saima, Ouluyarvi, Inari.

There are about 2,000 rivers in the country. Most local rivers have a small length, but they are saturated with waterfalls and thresholds. The largest of them - Ouluyoki, Torniyoki, Kemiyoki - Located in the north.

In the direction of from the north to the south dense coniferous, mostly pine, forests in the center are replaced by sea coasts with a large number of small rocks and islands. In the very north there are almost brazed sopes of Lapland.

In Finland, 35 national parks were created, the largest of them - Urho National Park Kekkonen, Coastal Islands and Lemmeni.

In Finland, the "right of everyone in nature" operates, according to which each person is allowed to move freely in the territory of the National Park.

Finnish forests are inhabited by foxes, elms, squirrels, outstands, exhausts. In the east there are lynx, wolf and bear. More than 250 species of birds live in Finland, among which - the partridge, the Ceremaker, Ryabchik, Tetra.

sights

The most attractive for tourists and saturated attractions of the city of Finland - Helsinki, Rauma, Turku, Christopeadad.

In the center of Helsinki you will find a famous Senate Square, surrounded by high, majestic buildings, which, together with an area, constitute a single architectural ensemble in the ampir style. On the square there is a monument to Emperor Alexander second, there is also located lutheran Cathedral and Helsinki University. A few steps from Senate Square is located Caucopatori - Market Square - The most crowded and busy place in the Finnish capital. Also in Helsinki worth visiting Assumption Cathedral, Monument to Sibelius, Palace Finland and cut into the rock church on the Theppelinaucio Square.

In the first capital of Finland - Turku - you will find LUSUSINAMEKE - The only construction that has been preserved from the Old Town. In North Turku, the National Tomb of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland, built in the 13th century.

Old City Rauma UNESCO was introduced to the list of world heritage. The most curious places for guests in Rauma are the market square, home-museums and the Franciscan temple of the 15th century.

Worth to visit Castle Olavinlinna, built in 1475. A visit to the castle is allowed only under the guidance of the guide, the excursions go through every day. From Helsinki, you can get here by train, plane or bus.

In an old town Christopean, the foundation of which dated 1649, is located church of Ulrika Eleonora 18th century. Also worth a visit city-fortress Suomenlinnalocated in the center of Helsinki on the island.

Food

Any national dish of Finland has retained a fingerprint of Finnish history. Finns are very fond of unpaired and rolling dishes. The main thing that should always be on the table is fresh bread.

The main product in Finland is a fish. The most common dishes from it - salmon in its own juice ("Graraavy Loi")Salad from herring (Rosolli), Freshwater fish and sour cream ("Macy")Soup of dried fish ("Maimakka").

Classic meat dishes are most often prepared from game and venison. Among them - Careline meat in a pot "Coryalanpaistics", lamb wooden tableware "Sigger", Roast from venison with brusal jam and potato mashed potatoes.

Finns are very loved by milk products. The most popular of them are sources, various varieties of cheese, "Wiili" - an unusual sour-sweet product added to a large number of dishes.

Traditional Finnish dessert consists of buns "Pull" on yeast, jelly and berries.

In the use of coffee Finland occupies the first place in the world. Another traditional drink - the beer of the Katikala, a kind of kvass. Popular varieties of vodka - "Finland" and "Koskenkorn-Wine". Very famous Finnish berry liqueurs - "Puoleukkaliki", "Lakkalikiry", "Karpalolicøri", "Mesimmaryaliki". From berries even manufactured sparkling wines - "Eliscia" and "Kavglery".

Accommodation

In Finland, you can stay in motels and hotels, tourist villages, holiday homes and even on the farm.

Finnish hotels are always equipped with the most modern equipment and provide a high level of service. They almost always have a bath and swimming pool. In the summer, student hostels turn into hotels. The level of service in them is no worse than in other hotels, but the prices are lower.

In the tourist village you can stay in the house on the shore of the lake, rivers or the sea. Each house has its own coast and its boat. In the same house there are from 2 to 5 people. Many villages receive guests for a whole year, so they are ideal for rest in winter. Here you can deal with winter sports, hold business meetings and conferences. In addition, in the tourist village, as a rule, there is a hotel and a restaurant for those who do not want to prepare food on their own.

You can rent a private holiday house. There are about 5,000 such houses in Finland. The choice is very wide: from gorgeous chopped cottages on the shore of the reservoir to unassicious fishing huts. In such a house there is electricity, everything you need for heating, sauna, often a boat. Only towels and sheets you must have your own.

Extreme leisure lovers can choose one of the 150 Fitlands, most of which are located in Eastern and Central Finland, and some on the Aland Islands. The farm provides a full board.

Entertainment and recreation

One of the most popular sports in Finland is ski. Throughout the territory of Finland, ski traces of varying complexity are located. If you like high-speed skiing, you need to go to the resorts in Kuusamo and Kolya in North Karelia, as well as in Lapland.

From June to September, it's time to go to the hiking campaign. In the north there are many tourist houses located along the pedestrian trail. Doors in such houses are not locked, inside there are beds, food cooking devices, dry twig, telephone. The best and most picturesque routes for hiking - Lemeneci, Karhunkinos, Rounaa in Karelia.

Another way of a good pastime in Finland is boating. But if you want to ride not far from the Turku archipelago, you will need good boat management skills. Near the Aland and Turunma archipelagments, you can ride on canoe.

The most popular holiday in Finland - Yuhannes. It takes place from 20 to 24 June. At this time, song festivals are organized, concerts of folk ensembles, folk walking around the huge bonfire "Cokko". At this time, another holiday often falls - Day of the Finnish flag.

Music festivals are very popular in Finland. They pass almost every weekend. Many of these festivals are widely known in other countries, for example, Provinssirock, Ruisrock, Tuska, Ilosaarirock, Raumanmeren, Ankkarock other.

Purchases

In Finland, as in many countries, seasonal sales apply. Summer sales pass from Ivanov's Day (June 22-24) to the second decade of August. Christmas sales last from December 27 to the end of January.

Finnish stores usually work from 9:00 to 18:00, some - until 20:00. On Saturday, shops open at 9:00 and close at 16:00. Private shops usually work longer, and in the summer period is open even on Sundays. On holidays, almost all stores are closed.

Transport

Transport infrastructure is very developed in Finland. Particularly well developed air, bus and railway communication. By plane you can get to more than 20 cities, including the city of Ivalo, located in the Far North. Railway tracks in Finland are laid almost to the polar circle.

Automobile roads in Finland excellent quality and cover the territory of the country with a dense network. On the car it is forbidden to overtake on turns, at intersections and on the rises. In winter, winter tires are required. Take advantage of the vehicle registered in Finland, only if there are valid Finnish insurance.

The largest airlines in Finland - Finnair and Finncomm. The second is engaged only by intrarane transport. The main airport is Helsinki. Both firms often spend tickets. During such shares, from one end of the country to another can be reached for 25-30 euros. There are also coupons for flights. After purchasing such a coupon, each trip will cost you 25-40% cheaper.

Almost to any city in Finland can be reached by bus. Intercity buses in Finland are distinguished by punctuality. By bus you can make long trips from Turku in Rovaniemi (15 hours) and from Helsinki to Oulu (9 hours).

Communication

In Finland, a huge number of Wi-Fi access points. Stationary access to the Internet can always be obtained in numerous Internet cafes. If you are not going for a long time, you will be more profitable to connect international roaming from your operator.

From any telephone machine can be directly called another country. Calls are carried out on phone cards (you can buy them in the mail, in the store or in the newsstand) or with the help of coins. In order to call abroad, you need to dial 00, 990, 994 or 999, after that - the country code, city and direct number. To connect to Finland, you need to dial a combination of 8 - the beep - 10 - 358 - the city code and the immediate number.

Safety

If you went on a trip to the Aland Islands, you need to remember that ticks are often found on this territory. Therefore, it is better to wear clothes with long sleeves and pants. Before a long trip, it is better to make vaccinations from encephalitis.

In Finland, the crime rate is everywhere very low, so ensuring security here comes down to ordinary vigilance in financial matters and avoiding different kind of conflict situations.

Business climate

In Finland, high enough taxes. Such a high level of tax rates makes it possible to provide a high level of security, as well as the excellent quality of services in education and health care.

Any income in Finland is taxed. When a device, you need to take a taxpayer card in the tax bureau and give it to the employer. Otherwise, 60% will be deducted from the salary.

If you are in Finland not more than 6 months and work, 35% will be deducted from your salary. If the term of your stay in the country is more than half a year, the Finnish personal code should be obtained in the local magistrate. Then you will be given a card of individual taxation.

The property

Construction companies, funds, banks, insurance companies, municipalities and individuals are engaged in rental housing in Finland. An apartment that is constantly leased, you can hardly buy.

There are special apartments for young people and students, as well as apartments equipped for elderly and disabled people. There is an opportunity to subrend housing.

Information about rental housing is usually placed in newspapers, on the outlats boards, on the Internet.

At the moment, the prices for rented housing in Finland are growing. Rent an apartment or house in Finland will now cost about 5% more expensive than last year. In Helsinki 1 square. The meter of rented apartments costs 19.5 euros in a one-room apartment and 14.6 euros - in two-room. Also grow prices for selling real estate. Now the apartment in the area of \u200b\u200bBig Helsinki cost 2% more expensive than last year, in other regions of the state - by 0.6%. 1 square The real estate meter in Finland is an average of 2,127 euros.

In order to feel comfortable in Finland, the elementary rules of behavior and customs of this country should be known. For the Finnish woman, it is absolutely normal to go to a bar or cafe one. For a woman, it is not considered to choose to choose a partner for dancing. For an indecent joke, facing a woman, can be in the police and get a fine.

Finns are not smiling very much, but if you consult them on the street for help, they will be happy to help you. Finns do not like to call the interlocutor by name, the usual appeal is "Listen!". If you too often call the opposite sex interlocutor by name, then he may think that you hint at the possibility of intimate relationships.

Finns do not like to tell a friend about their personal problems, only doctors and social workers know about them. In conversations with friends, it is customary to talk about pleasant things.

The local population really appreciates the purity in its cities and successfully support it. On the streets, you rarely meet the homeless dogs and cats, but they calmly fall into the proteins. Cities are drowning in flower beds.

You can import foreign and national currency in Finland in unlimited quantities. It is also not forbidden to import alcohol and cigarettes in limited quantities: up to 2 liters of aperitifs and up to 1 liter of strong alcohol, up to 200 pieces of cigarettes and 50 pieces of cigars.

It is forbidden to import meat, meat products and bird eggs, dairy products.

In each police station, there is a borger bureau, so if necessary, you can turn there.

Visa

Finland is one of the members of the Schengen Agreement, and the CIS and RF citizens require a Schengen Visa to stay on its territory. When applying for its receipt, it is necessary to provide a passport (it is necessary that its validity period is at least 3 months after completing the trip), one color photo and two copies of a personally filled questionnaire.

On the territory of the Russian Federation visas are issued in:

• Embassy of Finland in Moscow (Per. Kropotkinsky, d. 15, of. 17);
• Consulate in St. Petersburg (pl. Preobrazhenskaya, d. 4) 4
• Consulates of Murmansk (st. Karl Marx, d. 25a);
• Petrozavodsk (ul. Gogol, 25);
• as well as in Finnish visa centers in Kazan, St. Petersburg and Moscow.

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OP OK Secondary school №1

subject: Geography

topic: Finland

Fulfilled the student 11 "b" class

Zelenin Ivan.

overshi, 2009

1. Introduction

2. Economic and geographical position (EGP):

Natural resources:

Mineral

• Agroclimatic

Population:

Number and natural growth

Half agreed

• Population density

  Urbanization level

industry

agriculture

transport

a little of the story ...

Introduction

The name of the country in Russian and many languages \u200b\u200bcomes from the Swedish word Finland. ("Country Finns"). Finnish name SUOMI country. For the first time it is fixed on the pages of Russian chronicles in the form of Speak (from the beginning of the XII century). Initially, the territory of the current South-West Finland (coastal regions), called Varsinais Suomi (real Finland), was originally called. This very word also has German origins, going up to the ancient school with the value of the detachment, a group, a gathering. There are other versions of the origin of this name:

Some believe that the word Suomi has happened from the Finnish word Suomu ("Scales"), because After the people sewed their clothes from fish skin

According to another theory, the word Suomi was originally named his own. Indeed, the name Suomi wore a certain Danish nobleman, who concluded the world with Karl Great. The name of the venomazh is preserved in the papers of the king.

According to another version, the word Suomi. - Estonian origin. It is assumed that the once existed terrain by name Sooma. (EST. sOO. - "Boloto", mAA. - "land"; Literally: "Land of swamps"). Migrants from this area moved the name of their homeland to the southwestern Finland, which also became known as Suomi.

Economics and geographical position

Finland-state in the north of Europe. Capital - Helsinki. Borders with Sweden in northwest

(586 km), Norway in the north (716 km) and with Russia in the East (1265 km), the sea border with Estonia passes through the Finnish and Both the Baltic Sea Bay. In the south and 3 of the shore of Finland

washed the water of the Baltic Sea, his bays - Finnish and combatory. Length

coastline (excluding emission) 1100 km. FINLAND Square 339 thousand km 2, it ranks 64th place in the world in the area (about 1/4 area is located behind the polar circle). About 1/10 of the territory

Finland - inland waters, mainly lakes.

The country is divided into three main geographic regions:

Coastal lowlands - they stretch along the coast of Finnish and the Batnik, along the shores of which thousands of rocky islands are located; The main archipelagoes are the Aland Islands and Turku Archipelago. In the south - the west coast, a strongly dissected coast will develop into the largest archipelago-archipelagoic sea in Finland - a unique place all over the world, thanks to the unique set of islands of various pellets.

The inner system of lakes (lake area) is an internal plateau south of the center of the country with dense forests and a large number of lakes, swamps and trees.

Northern leaders, most of which are located behind the northern polar circle. Differs in rather poor soils. For Lapland, rocky mountains and small hills are also characteristic. The same, in the western part of Lapland, is the highest point of Finland - Filda Halti (1328 meters above sea level)

Most of Finland is located in lowlands, but in the northeast, some mountains reach the height of more than 1000 meters. Finland is located on an ancient granite underlying rock, which was formed during the ice age, whose traces are noticeable, for example, on the complex system of lakes and archipelagos and on huge boulders found throughout the country.

Natural resources

Mineral resources:Finland has considerable resources of mineral raw materials. In 1974, 934 thousand tons of iron ore (concentrates and pellets) were produced, 38 thousand tons of copper, 92 thousand tons of zinc. In addition, nickel, chromites, cobalt, vanadium, lead, pyrite, graphite, field swap, asbestos are mined in Finland. The energy problem is one of the sharp in Finland; The country does not have mineral fuel, other energy resources are limited. Own needs of it in combustion covers import. Imported mainly raw oil, as well as petroleum products; Production of petroleum products in Finland in

1974 amounted to St. 8.3 million tons

Water resources: In Finland, which is often referred to as the "country of thousands of lakes", there are about 190,000 lakes, occupying 9% of its area. Usually, the lakes are replete with numerous bays, peninsulas and islands, interconnected by ducts and form branching lake systems. Small lakes with average depths of 5-20 m dominate. However, within the limits of the lake plateau located in Central Finland, there are quite large and deep reservoirs. Thus, the depth of Lake Paianne reaches 93 m. The most extensive lake of the country - Sima, located in the south-east of the country. The north of the lake plateau is a large Ouluyarvi lake , And in the north of Lapland - Big Lake Inari. The number of rivers in Finland comes to 2,000. They are replete with thresholds and waterfalls. Most of the rivers have a small length, and join the lakes with each other or flow from the lakes to the sea. The biggest rivers - Kemiyoki, Ouluyoki and Torniyoki - proceed in the north. The Kemiyoki River has the most extensive network of tributaries. Also in the country there are 36 channels with 48 gateways. Channels are mostly small and combined the rivers and lakes of the country, sometimes around the waterfalls. Siemena channel is most important, partially passing through the Leningrad Region and Lake Saym Lake with the Finnish Bay.

Forest resources:If you move from the south of Finland to the north, the landscapes of the sea coast with a huge number of small islands and rocks will change the thick coniferous majority of pine forests covering the center of the country. Even further north are almost deprived of wood vegetation Sopgia Lapland. 2/3 of forests is located in private ownership, and with joint-stock companies - 3/4.

Annual cutting of about 50-55 million m 3. In the forestry, together with the loafle

busy 65 thousand people, except peasants constituting the main contingent

employed in this industry.

Agroclimatic resources: The climate is moderate, transition from marine to the continental, and in the north continental. Despite the northern position, Finland is experiencing the sweeping effect of the Atlantic. During the year, Western winds with frequent cyclones prevail in the country. The average temperatures of all seasons are much higher than in more oriental areas on the same latitudes. Winter cold. Precipitation throughout the year. The average temperature of February in the south of the country is -6 ° C, in Lapland -14 ° C. In July, respectively, +17 in the south and to +14 in the north.

Population

Number and natural increase:

The population of Finland for 2009 amounted to 5,340,093 people, of which 47% of men and 53% of women.

The annual increase in the population is 0.098%. On average, 105 boys per 100 girls are born in Finland;

The age composition:

0-14 years: 16.4% (men 438,425 / women 422,777);

15-64 years: 66.8% (men 1.773,495 / women 1,732,792);

65 years old and older: 16.8% (men 357,811 / women 524,975);

Narodi:

The national composition of the population of Finland is relatively uniform, 91%

residents make up Finns. Swedes live in the South and Western Baltic areas (about 390 thousand people, 1973, assessment), in the north of the country - approximately 3 thousand Sami (Loparis). Official languages \u200b\u200b- Finnish and Swedish.

Population density:

The average population density is 16 people. 1 km 2, 9/10 of the total population lives in the southern half of the country.

Urbanization:

The level of urbanization in Finland is quite high, which leads to an increase in old cities and urban-type villages, to the formation of new cities, to the upstream of large cities with satellite cities. The urban population for 1974 amounted to 58.1% (32.3% in 1950).

Industry

The overwhelming part of industrial products produce about 15% of industrial enterprises (with the number of busy from 100 or more), on which about 70% of total industrial personnel are concentrated. In 1975, 609 thousand people were employed in industry. (against 364.5 thousand people. in 1959). In the structure of the industry in the postwar years, significant shifts occurred (see Table 2). According to the cost of production, a group of industries of the metalworking industry received the same meaning as the wooded industry, which, before the 2nd World War, the dominant position and preserving the 1st place in exports (43% of the total export in 1976). This happened due to modernization and expansion, and in some cases and the construction of new engineering enterprises, which was caused by both the increased consumption of metal products, machinery and equipment in the Finnish itself and the implementation of reparation deliveries, and subsequently orders of the USSR and other Socialist countries.

Structure industry
Industry industry	Number of occupied, thousand people.		The cost of gross products, million Finnish brands
Including
Mining
Metallurgical. .
Metalworking and machine-building
Woodworking ..
Paper
Food. .
Ceramic, glass, building materials
Chemical
Leather and shoe
Textile and sewing
Printing ..
Electric, water and gas supply

Production industry and energy.

The energy problem is one of the sharp in Finland; The country does not have mineral fuel, other energy resources are limited. Own needs of it in combustion covers import. For the structure of the fuel and energy balance, see Table. 3. Imported mainly raw oil, as well as petroleum products; Production of petroleum products in Finland in 1974 was St. 8.3 million tons . Hydropower potential of St. 20 billion kW. c. , Of which 11 billion kW was mastered. c. (1973). The main sources are in the north, where in the postwar years the cascades of HPP on the rivers were built: Ouluyoki and Kemiyoki. The total power of power plants for 1974 amounted to 6.79 million kW. , Including the power of the hydropower plant of 2.32 million kW. . In the overall production of electricity, the share of hydropower plants of St. 40%, the largest HPP "IATER" (156 MW power) , "Ouluyoki" (110 MW.) , "Pyukhakyaki" (110 MW.) . A nuclear power plant is built (with the technical assistance of the Soviet Union, the launch of the 1st power unit took place in 1977). Part of the electricity (3.6 billion kW. h in 1974) is imported, including from the USSR. From 1974 from the USSR to Finland on the pipeline comes natural gas.

Processing industry

The group of industrial industries includes metallurgy, metalworking and mechanical engineering, including electrical industry, production of means of transport (and ship repair). The main place in this group belongs to transport and general engineering, electrical engineering. The metallurgical industry has increased significantly in 1960-70. Thanks to the expansion of the raw materials and commissioning of new enterprises, of which the largest - the State Metallurgical Plant "Rautaurak" (in Rahe and Hamenlinna) and working mainly at the closer plants in the cities of Imat, Turku, Carpet Hare. In non-ferrous metallurgy, the smelting of electrolyte copper and zinc (plants in Kokkola) is developed.

Finland produces in a wide range of machines and industrial equipment; For the production and export of machinery and equipment for the pulp and paper industry, F. occupies a prominent place in the world (7% of the production of all capitalist countries and 10% of exports). Major production centers: Lahti, Vasa, Karhula, Rauma, Tampere. The engineering industry has been developed, specializing in the release of lifting and transport equipment (freight elevators, cranes, etc.), agricultural machinery, machinery for the forest industry, for road and construction work.

Electrical industries

specializes primarily on the release of powerful equipment (generators, transformers, electric motors, etc.) and the manufacture of cable, the production of telephone sets, manual and automatic telephone stations, radio receivers, televisions and a lot of others; The main center is Helsinki, as well as Turku, Salo, Porvo. A shipbuilding is developed; There are 9 shipyards, the largest - Turku, Helsinki, Rauma; Build mostly special vessels, including the world's largest diesel icebreakers, platforms with drilling rigs for marine mining, ferries, mor. And lake tugs, pass. and cargo ships.

Wooden shipbuilding (sailboats, schooners, boats, motorboats) have been preserved. A large number of ships is based on foreign orders.

Automotive (mainly from imported details assembly of passenger cars of the Swedish Finnish company "Saab - Valmet"; production of trucks and buses) and tractor construction; Centers, GG. Helsinki, Hammenline, Tampere, Jyvaskyul.

Forest processing industry It has a multi-sectoral structure and includes woodworking (including sawmills, furniture, standard houses and construction parts) and pulp and paper industry (including wood mass, sulfite and sulphate cellulose, paper, cardboard). Finland has less than 1% of world forest reserves (0.6%), but it stands in the first row of capitalist countries producing and exporting forestry products. The woodworking and pulp and paper industry give more than 1/4 of the cost of gross industrial products of the country, and the products of these industries make up almost 1/5 of the value of Finnish exports. Large sawmills. Plants are placed mainly in the lower reaches of alloy rivers. There is a production of plywood, chipboard, matches, etc.; The furniture industry is developed (the main center - Lahti); Making houses, baths, barracks, etc., ch. Rn wooden house-building - Loystone region (GG. Varkaus, Joensu), GG. Rauma, Turku, Kemi.

Cellulosic and paper industry Gives the greatest amount of export timber industry. The main place is occupied by the release of paper mass, mainly cellulose (5% of world production and 7% of exports) and paper - newspaper (6% and 11%, respectively), pisters and printed (4% and 22%). This industry works partly (by about 30%) on the waste of sawmills and woodworking enterprises. Its accommodation is connected with this. The main districts are the southeast (the valley of the Kumi-Yoka River) and the coast of the Feather Hall. The most important timber industrial and export centers - GG. Kotka, Kemi and Pori.

Chemical industry Develops a rapid rate, much ahead of the average annual growth rates of industry as a whole. St. 2. I.3 chemical production falls on refining, sv. 1/3 - on the products of plastics, fertilizers - nitrogen and phosphate, paints and synthetic fibers, 1/5 - on household chemicals. The production of sulfuric acid used in the pulp and paper industry is important. Centers Chemical industry - Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, Oulu; Oil refining - GG. Porvo and Nantali. Light and food industry b. h. Focused on the domestic market. The text is developed., Sewing, skin and shoe, glass-porcelain industry; Production of building materials. Chief text, center - Tampere. The food industry enterprises, in particular the production of oil and cheese, are located across the country, but especially in the southwest.

Agriculture

Finland is one of the northernmost countries with agriculture. His feature is a bond with forestry. The source of agriculture is animal husbandry, predominantly dairy, it gives 75% of the cost of agricultural products. The agriculture uses 8.1% of the territory of the country - 2.7 million hectares (1973), of which almost all lands are processed. About the sowing, collection of crops, livestock and livestock production. The overwhelming part of peasant farms is small. Of the 266 thousand farms (1973), 176 thousand had less than 5 hectares. Since farms having more than 10 hectares are practically viable. Pasha, great importance for peasants have income from the exploitation of the forest (on average 35 hectares on the farm) and the accommodation on the side. Only in 5% of farms are used by hired work. Farms that have less than 10 hectares of Pashny each, are 77.4% of farms and occupy about 45% of arable land; farms having 10-20 hectares pashnya make up about 17% of all farms and have 32% of arable land; Large farms (St. 20 hectares of Pashnya each) -cv. 5% of all farms, they focus 23% arable land. The growing pace is the process of rupture of small farms and the concentration of land among major owners. In the period 1969-74, 39 thousand peasant farms were ruined, mainly those whose Pashny area did not exceed 10 hectares . In the southern and central, areas, along with animal husbandry, grain farming is important. Sales and processing of agricultural products are strongly monopolized. Feed crops are dominated in the sowing prevail - oats, barley, seeded herbs. Agriculture is highly mechanized (175 thousand tractors and 34 thousand combines in 1974), it means that grain yields (wheat 29.4 c / ha , rye 18.3 c / ha in 1975) and fertility of cows (3974 kg per cow per year in 1974). In the northern regions - reindeer herding.

Transport

The Finnish transport system is considered well thought out. The roads of Finland are engaged in managing roads (Fin. Tiehallinto.) - Office subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communication. The Finnish railway network is managed by the State RataHallINTOKESKUS company subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. External and internal air transportations in Finland are carried out at about twenty airlines, including the two Finnish: Finnair (previously Aero), the Finnish airline, which belongs to the state, and the private airline Fincomm Airlines, which carries out joint airline with Finnair. There are 28 airports in the country, the largest of which Helsinki-Vantaa, located in Vantaa. 25 airports managed FinaVia. The message of Merenkulkulaitos, subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communication, is responsible for the communication with water transport. The length of the railways is about 6 thousand km (1976), their share accounts for 2.8% of passenger and 26.4% of freight traffic. The length of the highway is about 40 thousand km. The main seaports are Helsinki, Turku, Kotka, Hamina, oil ports - Schöldwick and Nantali. Thanks to icebreakers, maritime navigation all year round.

A little of the story ...

According to archaeological studies, the first settlements on the territory of Finland appeared at the end of the ice age, that is, about 8500 BC. Eh. Residents on the territory of Finland were hunters and collectors who used stone tools. The first pottery appeared in 3 millennia BC. e. When settlers from the East brought the culture of comb ceramics. The arrival of the culture of combat topors on the southern coast of Finland in the 32xca BC. e. coincided with the emergence of agriculture. Despite this hunting and fisheries, everyone also remained an important part of the life of the settlers, especially in the northern and eastern parts of the country.

By the end of the viking era, Swedish merchants and Konda spread their influence on the entire Baltic region. For several centuries, Finland was under the authority of Protestant Sweden. But as a result of the Russian-Swedish war, Finland in 1809 entered the Russian Empire as the Grand Principality of Finland, while maintaining wide autonomy. However, the unpopular process of Russification prepared Finns to adopt independence

One of the most ...) in southwestern and southern Finland and metamorphic volcanic rocks, quartzits ... Karleids) in Eastern and North Finland. Locally developed platform clay and sandstone ...

• Finland (12)

  Essay \u003e\u003e Physical Education and Sport

  10 7. General etiquette rules in Finland........................ ... 12 List of literature used ................................................15 ... Russia provides exceptional transport links with Finland. Daily flights and trains, secure, ...

• Finlandas the direction of Russian on-site tourism

  Coursework \u003e\u003e Physical Education and Sport

  Introduction ........................................................................ 3 1. Tourist Potential Finland ................................. .. 6 1.1 Tourism in Finland ................................................................. .. 6 1.2 Perspectives of ski tourism in Finland ...................... 8 1.3 Cognitive and ecological tourism ...

The official name is the Finnish Republic (Suomen Tasavalta). Located in the north of Europe in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The area is 337 thousand km2 (about 1/3 of it for the polar circle), 9.4% - internal waters, mainly lakes. Population population 5.16 million people. (2002). State languages \u200b\u200b- Finnish and Swedish. Capital - Helsinki (500 thousand people, 2002). State holiday - Independence Day on December 6 (from 1917). The monetary unit is the euro (from 2002, before this Finnish brand).

UN member (from 1955), Northern Council (from 1955), the EU (since 1995) and others.

Attractions Finland

Geography of Finland

Finland (Fin. Suomi or Saomeumaa - country of lakes or swamps) is located between 70 ° 5 '30' 'and 59 ° 30' 10 '' north latitude and 20 ° 33 '27' 'and 31 ° 35' 20 '' East longitude . In the south and west of the coast, the waters of the Baltic Sea, his bays - Finnish and Batnik. The length of the coastline (excluding emission) is 1100 km. It borders in the east with the Russian Federation (the length of the borders of 1269 km), in the north-west with Sweden (586 km) and in the north with Norway (716 km).

The country landscape is very leveled, relief flat. The shores of the Finnish and Batnik bays are predominantly low, strongly dissected by numerous minor bays and abound in southwesters, especially in the south and south-west. St. 1/3 of the territory below the sea level is 100 m, sv. 2/3 - below 200 m. The central part is the lake plateau - is limited to the Salpusselki ramp, the hills of Suomen sewers, and from East, Karelian hill. In Lapland, elevations are concentrated (height 400-600 m), the largest - Mansellka. In the north-west, a small plot of Scandinavian Highlands (height to 1328 m - Haltiaatunturi mountain).

A dense network of short, but full-flowing rivers (Kemi-Yoki, Kumi Yoki, Khymäen-Yoka, Torno-Yoki) with numerous thresholds and waterfalls (including Imatra on the Vuoksa River) is developed. Nutrition rivers - rain and snow, their stock is often regulated by lakes. Female in the late spring and summer, separate rain floods in autumn. Lakes (55-75 thousand) are often elongated in the direction of the movement of the ancient glaciers - from the north-west to the southeast, winding shores are devoted to numerous islands, interconnected by ducts and form large lake systems, incl. Saima (area of \u200b\u200b4.4 thousand km2), Pyanne, Inari, Ouluyarvi. Rivers and lakes are covered with ice for 5-7 months., In summer - Leroshign.

The soil is mainly podzolic, alternating with peat-marsh, also dend-podzolic, in the north - mining and forest podzolic. St. 1/3 of the territory is bunting. The high degree of moisturiance and the presence of glacial boulders prevent agricultural use, require large reclamation work. Forests - 87.3% of the territory, mostly advantageous type (pine, spruce, birch), in the south and south-west with an admixture of broadcast rocks.

Most of the animal of the world belongs to the Palearctic zone characteristic and for the North-West of the Russian Federation: large predatory beasts (wolf, wolverine, lynx, bear) and birds (Berkut, Orlan-Belochvost). In the forests occurs approx. 70 mammalian species: elk, fox, protein, ermine. The feathers are represented by 350 species: crow, forty, cuckoo, thrush, woodpecker, bullfinch, aunt. In the waters of rivers and lakes of 36 species of fish (salmon, trout, sig, perch, pike, pike perch). In the Baltic Sea, 30 more species of fish: herring, flounder, cod and born. Near the coast are gray seals.

Minerals are associated with major rocks - quartzites and shale in fault areas. According to the reserves of chromites, vanadium and cobalt - 1st place in Western Europe, Titan and Nickel - 2nd, copper and pyrite - 3rd. Deposit of copper-coles (Outokumpu, Luitslachti, Pyhyasalmi and Hammaslachti), copper-nickel (VUONOS, Kotalachti, stromy, hiroti, nival), polymetallic (Vikhanti) ore. There are also apatite deposits, graphite, magnesite, asbestos, talca, marble, granites and peat.

The climate is moderate, transition from marine to the continental, and in the north continental. Mitigating the impact on it is provided by the Baltic Sea and the proximity of the Golfstrum in the Atlantic. Winter is long, frosty, with strong winds and abundance of snow; Summer is relatively warm, but short. The average temperature of February (the coldest month is the maximum -30 ° C) -3-6 ° C in the north and south-west, -12-14 ° C in the north. The average temperature of July (the most warm month is a maximum of + 35 ° C) + 13-17 ° C in the south and + 14-15 ° C in the north. Precipitation per year drops 600-650 mm, 1/3 falls for the winter. In the spring, snow cover does not come off until April. In the summer, almost throughout the entire territory you can observe white nights, on the west coast, water is heated to + 20 ° C. In the coastal areas of the country are frequent fogs.

Population of Finland

The population increases slowly, mainly due to a small natural increase (0.4% per year in the 1990s). Child mortality 5.6 people. on 1000 newborns. The average life expectancy of men is 74 years old, women - 81.5 years.

Economically active population (2002) 2.16 million people. General trend - movement of the population in the city. The average density of 15 people. 1 km2, 9/10 of the entire population lives in the southwestern and southern part of the country, the south of the Pori-Tampere line - Kumenlaskso - Kotka. Lapland The most deserted part is 2-3 people. per 1 km2.

The largest cities: Helsinki, Tampere (174 thousand people), Turku (160 thousand), Oulu (102 thousand).

The ethnic composition is homogeneous, St. 90% of residents - Finns. In the southern and Western seaside areas - Swedes (300 thousand people), in the north - 2 thousand Sami (Lopards) speak the Sami language. 100 thousand foreigners live, of which 23 thousand Russians.

Official languages \u200b\u200b- Finnish and Swedish. On Finnish say OK. 93% of the population, Swedish - native language for 6% of the country's inhabitants. Finnish is included in the group of Baltic-Finnish languages \u200b\u200bbelonging to the Finno-Ural, or Ural, family of languages, which speak a total of approx. 23 million people.

The overwhelming majority of believers belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church (90%), there are Orthodox (1%).

History of Finland

All R. 1st thousand AD The areas of the initial settlement of the Ugro-Finnish tribes were formed. Based on the merger of tribal groups of Sumi, Emi, Corelov was a Finnish nationality. However, for the reasons for the economic and geographical nature, the political consolidation of Finnish tribes was not achieved. All R. 12 V. The country's conquest of Swedish feud begins. According to the Orekhovsky world, 1323, first determined the state border between Sweden and Rus, the territory of modern Finland (Swede Finland, i.e. the land of Finns) became part of the Swedish kingdom. The Swedish law rooted here and public orders in which the Finnish peasant has never been fixed and retained personal freedom. Permanent wars of Sweden against Russia in the 2nd floor. 16th century Definitely affected the position of the Finnish peasantry. M. Luther-deployed Reformation has spread to Finland, which contributed to the rise of financial-speaking culture. The reformer and the founder of the Finnish literary language - the bishop of Turku M. Agrikola translated the new covenant to Finnish in 1548.

In the Great Period (1617-1721), Sweden was able to push the Finland's border on the east. As a result of the Swedish-Russian War, 1808-09 Russia won Finland. The meeting of representatives of the estates convened by the Russian government in Borgo (Borghoste Sejm 1809) approved the "special" conditions of the country's entry into the Russian Empire as the Grand Principality of Finland with broad autonomy.

In the 1820-40th. In connection with the formation of the Finnish nation, the Finnoan movement was developed, borne in the equality of Finnish with Swedish. Composed by E. Lennrut National Epos "Kalevala" was published in 1835. Began for centuries. Golden Age of Finnish Culture: Poet E. Leino, Composer Ya. Sibelius, artist A. Galen-Callel. With a linguistic manifesto, published by Alexander II in 1863, began the path of Finnish to obtain the status of the state language. These processes and domestic reforms in Russia contributed to the formation of the Finnish nation and statehood.

The need to equalize economic conditions within the framework of the Empire and the growing strategic importance of the Baltic coast prompted to con. 19th century The royal government move to the policy of infringement of Finnish autonomy. In the beginning. 1880s. The first professional and workers' unions appear, in 1899 the Finnish working party was founded (from 1903 - the Social Democratic Party of Finland, SDPF). In the beginning. 20 V. The economic rise, shifts in the structure of society continued (the number of landless, population emigration increased, mainly in the USA). Under the influence of the Russian revolution, 1905- 07, a national-revolutionary movement unfolded, new political parties were made, the estimated Parliament became elected, and Finnish women for the first time in Europe received equal voting rights. The October Revolution in Russia brought national independence. On December 6, 1917, the Parliament adopted the Declaration on the declaration of Finland by an independent state, and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR 18 (31) December 1917 recognized its sovereignty.

Social and political contradictions between the right and left led to the Civil War, which ended in May 1918 by the victory of government troops under the command of Mannerheim with the direct participation of the German Expeditionary Forces. In the summer of 1919, Finland was officially announced by the Republic and the first president was elected K. Ya. Tibrg (1865-1952). Internal political situation in the 1920s. It did not differ in stability: in 1919-30, 14 governments changed. In the fall of 1929, fascist, etc. Lapua movement. In 1930, parliament was dissolved, the deputies were arrested. In 1930-31, P. Swinhuwood P. Swinhuwood was held in power, which in 1931-37 became president.

On November 30, 1939, the Soviet-Finnish "Winter War" began, which ended with defeat Finland and signing on March 12, 1940 in Moscow of a peace treaty. June 22, 1941 she entered the war against the USSR on the side of fascist Germany, and formally announced only on June 26th of the so-called. War continued. In September 1944, as a result, the victories of the Soviet Army, Finland ceased hostilities, in March 1945, at the request of the Allies on the Anti-Hitler Coalition, the War declared the War to the third Reih. In 1947, a peace treaty was signed in Paris, according to the terms of which Finland additionally lost to the Soviet Union and Petsamo district of Petsamo in 1940. In April 1948 between the USSR and Finland, an agreement was signed on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance (DDSVP).

Elected by the president in 1946 Yu. K. Paasikivi (1870-1956) sought to create trust relationships from the USSR. DDSVP LOG as the basis of the so-called. Pasyikivi lines. Over the next years, the international situation of the country began to be strengthened: in 1952, the Olympic Games were held in Helsinki. The purpose of U.K. Kekkonen chosen by the President of the Republic in 1956 was to ensure the functioning of the Presidential Republic and the expansion of foreign policy freedom under the sign of the active policy of neutrality by the continuation of the Pasyikivi-Kekkonen line. This was reflected in the initiatives to organize and conduct a meeting on security and cooperation in Europe in Helsinki in the summer of 1975. M. Koivisto was elected the new president of the republic in 1982.

Thanks to the "Paasikivi-Kekkonen line" managed to maintain friendly relations with the USSR and close ties with the countries of the West. Soviet-Finnish relations were an exemplary example of peaceful coexistence policies. Intensive political dialogue and high level of turnover (in Sermen. 1980s are 25%, which ensured the increase of 1-2% of GDP). In 1973, the country concluded an agreement on free trade in industrial goods from the EU, in 1986 he became a full member of the EAST, and in 1989 of the European Council.

A. Akhtisaari became the tenth president of the republic in the 1994 elections, a woman - Tarja Halonen became the president for the first time. In the parliamentary election, the 1995 Party "Finnish Center" was defeated, and the new Chairman of the SDPF Paavo Lipponen shaped a unique government, which was called the "Rainbow Coalition". In addition to the left - SDPF, the Union of the Left Forces, the Union of "Green" (in June 2001, it was out of disagreement to expand nuclear energy), and the Right - National Coalition Party (NKP), the Swedish People's Party.

State Device and Political System Finland

Finland - Democratic Unitary Legal State with the Republican Form of Board. The four constitutional laws constitute a constitution together: the act of the rule form (adopted on July 17, 1919 - the changes and additions were made in 1926, 1930, 1943, 1955, 1992 and 2000), the act of the right of parliament to control the legality of the State Council and Chancellor of Justice 1922, the law About the Supreme Court (1922) and the Parliamentary Charter (1928). In accordance with the changes in the constitutional acts of 2000, the country has moved from presidential to parliamentary democracy.

According to the electoral record of 1998, elections 4 levels are established: in Eduskunt - unicameral parliament, presidential elections, elections to local authorities (446 communes) and elections of 16 deputies to the European Parliament (since 1999). The authority is provided to all citizens who have reached 18 years.

Administratively, Finland is divided into 6 provinces, which are divided into the counties.

The head of state is the President of Tarja Halonen (from February 2000), elected by the population by direct voting for a period of 6 years (in 1919-94, elections were carried out in two stages). The president formally possesses broad powers.

The Supreme Legislative Body - Eduskunt is a unicameral parliament consisting of 200 deputies elected by the population for 4 years on a system of proportional representation.

The head of the higher authority of the Executive Authority - the State Council - the Prime Minister, Prime Minister (Matti Vanhanen - the Finnish Center party, since June 2003).

Local government in Lyani (provinces) is carried out by the Board led by the governor appointed by the president. Aland Islands (Gubernia Ahvenanma) is provided with partial autonomy. Local governments in the communes are elected for 4 years urban and rural communal councils.

The judicial system includes the Supreme Court, whose members are appointed by the President for life; 4 appellate courts and courts of the 1st instance: urban and district (in rural areas). There is also an administrative justice system.

The party-political system is close to the Scandinavian model, although here is uncharacteristic for neighbors inter-party cooperation between the right and left. On the left flank, the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDPF; Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue), the largest - 100 thousand members. Two parties are adjacent to it - the Union of the Left Forces (SLS) and the Ecological Party of the Green League (LZ). After systematic changes in the USSR / Russian Federation in the 1980s - Nach. The 90s, which caused another crisis in the ranks of the Finnish leftists, supporters of the Communist Party of Finland (KPF, Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue, was founded on August 29, 1918) and the Democratic Union of the People of Finland (DSNF, Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto, 1944) moved to the ranks of the left Socialists who united in SALS.

The center-seat block consists of 4 major parties. The Party "Finland Center" (FC, Keskustapuolue) was founded in 1906, until October 1965 was called the Agrarian Union. The National Coalition Party (NKP, Kansallinen Kokoomus) was founded in 1918. The Swedish People's Party (SWNP, Svenska Folkspartiet Finland) was founded in 1906, for her traditionally votes the main national minority of the country. Christian democrats (HD) lead their pedigree from the Christian Union formed in 1975.

On March 16, 2003, 70% of Finnish citizens took part in March 16, 2003 (from 4.2 million people. In the country and 200 thousand abroad). The main topics of the election campaign are social problems, although there was a controversy about government policies for Iraq. The question of the possible membership of the country in NATO did not become the central theme due to the awareness of the Finnish leadership of geopolitical realities and the reluctance to create concern in the Russian Federation. The race for votes was carried out between the ruling SDPF and the largest opposition FC. As a result, the centrists went around their rivals and became the most popular party of the country, won 55 seats. To achieve an increase of 7 deputies (24.7% of voter votes, which is 2.3% more than 4 years ago) the centrists helped the pre-election program of the FC Anneli Yatteenmäki, called "Lighter Alternative". Although the Social Democrats received 0.2% of votes less than FC, they have 53 mandates, having seen their fraction for 2 deputies. NKP received 18.5% of votes and 40 places, which is less than 6 mandates. As a result, the Parliament was updated by a third, a number of small fractions appeared, as, for example, the exotic party "Real Finns".

According to the results of the elections in April 2003, a new coalition government was created, where there are "main opponents": SDPF, SCNP and FC (total 84 deputies) led by Anneli Yatteenmäki (FC). In addition, for the first time in the country and the President, and the Prime Minister - Women. The new government will have to rely on informal support for SLS, LAs and centrist parties.

The regrouping of party-political forces after the March elections 2003 did not affect the socio-economic course. All the forces advocate for the preservation of the current "state of universal well-being". The "sensitivity" of the Social Democrats to the proposals of the Finnish trade unions will meet, obviously, active opposition from the right. The consensus on foreign policy issues is maintained, despite small differences in the views of parliamentary parties regarding the country's participation in the EU and the country's entry into NATO.

The term of the Finnish model of the "State of Universal Welfare", like the Scandinavian neighbors, are a high-quality free education system, a state health care system and social protection in the event of diseases or unemployment, which provide highly qualified and sensitively protected labor. An important role in this regard is played by the central organization of trade unions of Finland (St. 1 million Members). Entrepreneurs also have a slender system of union organizations.

The end of the "Cold War" and the termination of the separation of Europe in directly affected by the country's foreign policy. In September 1990, the Finnish government declared that the provisions of the Paris Peace Treaty (1947), which limited the sovereignty of Finland, lost their importance.

The development of integration in Europe demanded from Finland manifestation of greater foreign policy activity. When in the summer of 1991, Sweden filed an application for joining the EU, it pushed Helsinki to the same step (March 1992). At the referendum (October 1994), 57% of the studies who took part in the voting supported the entry of the country to the EU, and in November 1994, the Parliament 152 Votes "For" and 45 "Against" confirmed the accession of the country to the EU from January 1995.

Integration policy within the EU has become the central element of the entire international political course of the country. Resolutely dropping the policy of "Finlandization" and non-participation in the unions of the West, the Finnish establishment led the line for a worthy place in the EU. For this, the Finnish authorities put forward a proposal for the "Northern Dimension" of the EU policy, which sounded in the speech of Prime Minister of Finland P. Lipponen in Rovaniemi in September 1997. As a result of the EU Helsinki efforts, a program was adopted for 2000-03 for the purpose of greater integration of the Russian Federations to the world economy through the northeastern border, by transboundary cooperation and the preparation of the Baltic countries for reception in the EU.

Armed Forces (called Defensive Forces of Finland - Osf) consist of ground forces, Air Force and IUD. Supreme Commander - President; Direct leadership is carried out by the Osf commander through the main headquarters (GSH). The acquisition is carried out on the basis of the Law on Military Meetiness. The male faces that have reached the 17th age are called. Annual Crequency Contingent - 31 thousand people, of which 500 women, 35 thousand are held annually military fees. The term of valid military service is 6-12 months.

Military spending (2000) - 9.8 billion Fin. brands, or 1.7% of GDP. The total number of armed forces of 32 thousand people, trained mobilization reserves - 485 thousand people.

Osf participate in peacekeeping operations, especially the brigade of permanent combat readiness (Bözhneborg), placed in Zaculya.

Finland has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established from the USSR, when the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR 18 (31) December 1917 recognized its independence). Finland recognized the Russian Federation as a successor of the USSR on December 30, 1991, in January 1992 an agreement was concluded on the basics of relations, the action of which in 2001 was automatically extended to 2007. It is now between the Russian Federation and Finland there are more than 80 interstate and intergovernmental documents.

President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin was in Finland on an official visit in 1992, Presidents M. Ahtisaari and T. Halonen - in Moscow in May 1994 and June 2000, respectively. In September 2001, an official visit took place in Helsinki President V.V. Putin, a symbolic event, the sign of the final reconciliation between the countries was the imposition of a wreath on the grave of Marshal Mannerheim.

The heads of the Government of Finland and the Russian Federation are found at least 2 times a year. Regular contacts are supported between the heads of ministries and departments. Active inter-parliamentary ties. A prominent role is played by cooperation in adjacent regions. Extremely diverse cultural ties on the line of Finno-Ugric peoples.

Economy Finland

Finland entered 21 c., Occupying positions at the beginning of the second dozen of the most developed and prosperous countries of the world (GDP - 140 billion euros, 25 thousand euros per capita). GDP growth in 2002 amounted to 1.6% (on average with con. 1990s. 1.7%). The high performance of national economic development is based on the use of national resources and the benefits of international division of labor. In addition, development in the 1990s. It took place with a favorable foreign trade conjuncture, it was possible to continue the formation of a dynamic diversified economy.

Not so long ago, in Finland, annoyed the base of the domestic industry, the forest industry was a significant proportion of GDP, and the country's farm fluctuates depending on its conjuncture. Nowadays, the share of the forest industry in proportionality has decreased significantly, along with it began to gain the force of the electrical industry, the core of which presents the "Nokia" concern is the global leader in the production of mobile phones. Almost 1/2 GDP growth in the 1990s. produced Nokia. The main generator of growth was the high demand for cell phones. In 2002, they were sold by 30% more than in 2001. New models with a color screen and a camera are particularly popular.

The street in the development of high technology and the informatization of society, the country was managed on the basis of Finnish identity, R & D and an increase in technical education, primarily among students. According to the number of mobile phones and Internet connections, the country is included in the leading group of advanced powers. The orientation of foreign markets intensified, where the country is a major supplier of paper, cellulose, engineering products - special vessels, machinery and equipment for woodworking and pulp and paper industries. According to the annual examination of the World Economic Forum (WEF), F. occupied in 2002 2nd place in the world at competitiveness.

The small size of the domestic market and the limited national resources led to the choice of economic development of the country - specialization in the production of a limited range of goods and services for the external market. Although the value of Finland in the global economy is small: 0.5% of total GDP, 0.4% of industrial production and 0.8% of exports, it retains significant positions for the production and export of certain types of industrial products, primarily the traditional timber sector (6th Place - for the production and 2nd - on the export of paper and cardboard), as well as telecommunications equipment, cruise ships, etc. The overwhelming part of industrial products produced approx. 10-15% of industrial enterprises (with the number of those employed from 100 people. Or more) on which the SV is concentrated. 50% of all industrial personnel.

Structural restructuring continues, which provides economic growth and changes the country's economic person. If in the 1950s. The share of rural and forestry accounted for more than 25% of GDP, then in the 1990s. Only OK. five%. Now the dominant has become the scope of services - more than 60% of GDP, and the share of industry fell to 30%. In rural and forestry employment 7.1% (2002, in 1974 - 16.2%, in 1950 - 45.8%), in industry - 27.5% (27.5 and 20.8%), in the field of Services - 65.5% (55 and 31.8%).

In the structure of the industry (by value added) compared with NCH. 1950s. There was also significant changes: the proportion of mechanical engineering increased from 25 to 35%, chemistry - from 7 to 10%, metallurgy - from 3 to 5%, energy - from 4 to 9%. The manufacturing industries are produced in a wide range of machines and industrial equipment, especially for the pulp and paper industry (6-7% of production and 10% of the export of the whole world). A sector specializes on the release of lifting and transport equipment, agricultural and forestry, road and construction work are distinguished. A prominent place occupies the electrical industry for the production of powerful equipment (generators, transformers, electric motors, etc.) and the manufacture of the cable. In shipbuilding there was a further specialization in the production of platforms with drilling rigs for marine mining of oil, ferries and tugs.

The timber industry is practically preserved at the level of 20%, but the share of woodworking from 10 to 5% decreased inside it, and the share of the pulp and paper industry increased from 10 to 15%. The production structure has expanded, including woodworking, pulp and paper industry and forestry. A country, possessing less than 1% of world stocks of the forest, is in the first row for the production and export of forestry products. These industry sectors give more than 1/4 of the cost of GDP and approx. 1/2 cost export. At the same time, the significance of some internal industries was reduced, in particular the food industry (from 11 to 8%), easy (from 17 to 2%) and especially the mining industry (from 3 to 1%), although it has significant resources of mineral raw materials.

The national economy is increasingly focused on the production of high-quality specialized products based on the intensive application of innovative developments, pushing the importance of natural and raw material factors to its international specialization. Outokumpu is a global leader in copper and nickel processing technologies, "Kone" - in the production of elevators, "Nokia" - in the production of mobile phones and in the telecommunications sector, "Stra_AnSo" and "UPM" - in timber industrial production.

In the 1990s. The share of the public sector in the industry has decreased to 12-15%, its role is most significant in the mining, metallurgical, chemical industry, refining, and mechanical engineering. The state belongs to 1/3 of the land area and 1/5 forests. In general, the state accounts for 21% of goods and services in GDP (2002), but the main levers of his policies are taxes and budget. A high level of taxation (tax revenues of 46.5% of GDP) indicates a large redistribution role of the state as the Scandinavian neighbors. Significant state debt level (46% of GDP), inflation rate 2.6%.

Despite the beneficial economic indicators, a high standard of living (an increase in the income of sole farms for the year by 3.8% at current prices, or 2.1% in constant), a high level of unemployment remains (approx. 10%). Experts explain the growth of unemployment and employment growth in the number of labor resources. Solidarity income policy providing the same wage increase for all sectors, despite the difference in labor productivity, prevents the reduction of unemployment. Representatives of business circles believe that the employment situation will improve only as a result of the labor market reform. However, the leading political forces do not intend to change the current state of affairs.

Certain problems create limited energy resources and rising prices for mineral fuel. The problem of their collateral is possible to solve due to imports, mainly crude oil and natural gas (since 1974 of the USSR in the pipeline) from the Russian Federation. A fundamental decision on the construction of the fifth block of NPP "Olkiluto", which will begin to act within 5 years.

The main feature of Finnish agriculture is a bond with forestry - persists. The main direction is animal husbandry - predominantly dairy, gives 70% of the cost of its products. 8% of the territory is used - 2.7 million hectares. Despite the processes of the ruin of small and concentrations of large farms, small (less than 10 hectares of Pashnya, 3/4 put on the forest occupies in their structure, is still dominated by the forest), it accounts for 70% of farms, approx. 40% arable land.

Most of the passenger and freight messages with other countries are carried out by sea (the main seaports are Helsinki, Turku and Kotka). The length of the railways is OK. 7.8 thousand km, their share accounts for 5% of passenger and 1/3 of freight traffic. Length of highway OK. 77.8 thousand km. An important role is played by inland waterways (6.7 thousand km), channel system, incl. Symen Canal, part of which passes through the territory of the Russian Federation. Thanks to icebreakers, maritime navigation provides almost all year round.

The influx of foreign direct investment in Finland accelerated after the restrictions on foreign ownership in 1993. The country remains net exporter capital: the accumulated cost of direct investment (PI) abroad is almost 2 times higher than foreign in Finland ($ 31.5 billion and $ 18.2 billion, respectively). The industry accounts for approx. 70% PI Finnish companies abroad.

The role of foreign trade, the annual rates of its growth is 12.9% (from the con. 1990s). Especially increased share of exports in GDP from 19.2% in 1990 to 34.3% in 2002, which is associated with EU accession. On its markets accounts for approx. 60% of the entire external turnover. Exports to EU countries amounted to 54%, in the United States - 9%, to the Russian Federation - 6.6%. If the total export volume in 2002 decreased by 2%, then the Russian Federation increased by 12%. The Russian Federation from the point of view of Finnish business is interesting as the market for the sale of goods and services, the supplier mainly raw materials and energy (approx. 89%). Mutual turnover is at the level of $ 7 billion. Finns supply the products of the pulp and paper industry in the Russian Federation, food, furniture, consumer goods, equipment and vehicles, construction work. An important factor is the proximity of the Russian market and the tradition of economic cooperation, especially with the North-Western regions.

Finnish Science and Culture

In 1968, a single 9-year-old (main) school was introduced. Full secondary education give senior lyceum classes, which are called gymnasiums. Higher school is considered one of the most developed in Europe. There are 20 universities that allow you to get a bachelor's degree, master's doctor. There are sv. 30 institutions in which vocational education and appropriate qualifications can be obtained in 2-4 years. On the training of each student, the state annually allocates OK. 7.5 thousand euros.

Finland leads in the field of interaction between university and industrial research, as well as by the share of the population receiving higher education. Scientific research is largely focused on the directions of economic specialization of the country, especially in research units of industrial firms. The state has allocated 4.5% from the budget in 2002, or 3.2% of GDP, which is a very high indicator in the world. In this area is employed approx. 15 thousand scientific and engineering and technical workers (less than 1% of the economically active population). The basics of state policy in the field of science is developing a scientific council together with the Finnish Academy, which act as advisory bodies under the government.

Science and culture, especially pictorial art, from 19 century. There were close contact with the largest European schools and leading destinations. This trend has intensified lately, although traditional features and depth folk roots (Epos and national motifs "Kalevala") are still preserved to this day. In addition, Finnish culture was enriched with a billinguistic tradition, connections with their Slavic neighbors. Among the modern figures are known for the names V. Linna, V. Mary, H. Salama, Tito T. Muka, K. Kilman, A. Klev, C. Anderson, K. Donner (writers), Ya. Sihevenhen, E. Tirronen, K. Kaistuto (artists), K. Tapper, L. Pullinen (sculptors), M. Talvel (singer). Especially many bright custody of the world gave a country in the field of design and architecture (A. Aalto, V. Aaltonen, Timo and Tomo Somomalinyalan). Every year (since 1951), the Sibelius Week, Opera Festival in Savonlinna, Prestigious Contests and various mass singers are held.

If you are told that there is no seafood in Finland, believe. In principle, it is not customary to go here for the sake of a brown tan and a white sand. For this there are Spain, Greece and Bulgaria. Special tour in Finland with rest on the sea you are unlikely to buy. But attention - there are beaches here. Including marine. And they rest on them.

Rest on Finland beaches are designed for tourists who prefer a mild climate without an aggressive sun, and frankly cool water. The beach season lasts from June to September. Here mostly sunbathe, although many risks and swim.

Total in Finland 300 beaches. Of these, 29 are located in and 4 are located on the banks of the Vantaa River. Here, the crowds of tourists and Finns themselves flow into the capital's beaches. All places allocated for swimming are a thorough check for compliance with European standards and standards and differ accuracy.

In the center of Helsinki is the beach of chietenia. Visit it stands for many reasons. First, it is easily accessible from public transport, on foot or by bike. Secondly, concerts are regularly held for vacationers here. Picnics are satisfied with the chinese in the evenings, all summer has a bar with an outdoor terrace, there are all conditions for volleyball and football.

The best holidays on the Sea of \u200b\u200bFinland near the Pori, at the cape. Sandy beaches stretch a few kilometers, the seabed here is the hollow and smooth. Lovers of outdoor activities will also find a lesson for the soul: beach volleyball, surfing and other water sports. Closer to the end of summer, water in the sea is heated to + 20 ° C. There is even surfing, and novice surf lovers here are given lessons. In the summer, on the beach you can meet surfing lovers, both professionals and beginners.

The beaches of the Aland Islands are more rocky and partially wooded. This archipelago has more than 6,500 islands, this is the greatest accumulation in the world. True, only 60 islands live here. The best among these beaches are Karingsand, Sandwicken and Degersand. On the western side of the beach there are several beautiful old villages.

Hanko Beach Near Hanko's village in Ousimaa is 130 km of the coast with beautiful sand dunes, it is perfect for windsurfing.

The beaches of the city of Tampere, built between two lakes, Nyasiyirvi in \u200b\u200bthe north and pehgyarvi in \u200b\u200bthe south, popular in the summer. They are shallow, and there are many shadows from the forest.

The most popular public beach Lappeenranta is the beach of Mulusaari and clean waters of Saima. Near the coastal sauna Mulusaari.

Municipal beaches in Finland are free to visit. In the bathing season on each beach at a special booth provides information on the sanitary condition and temperature of the water. Brought with you and drink alcoholic beverages on the beaches is prohibited. It is not customary to arrange picnics. You can not put tents, for this there are campsites or specially designated places. The garbage must be attributed to special containers.

Residents of the northern countries and regions are very lack of sea and heat. 11 months a year we look forward to summer, we dream of the possibility of going to the sea. And the sea is completely close, the same salty, endless, caressing and soothing, with incredible views and fabulous beauty. Welcome to Finland's Sea!

Photo: visitfinland.com. Beach Yyteri.

Maybe the Baltic Sea does not immediately come to mind in dreams of summer, but believe me, it is the North Sea can surprise and give an unforgettable impressions of summer holidays on the coast. Especially before it is easily reached, even on a short vacation of the day off, and arrange a small picnic on the shore, to warm up on hot stones or soaked in white sand.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

So let's notice a little about the summer and imagine the perfect sea holidays on the coast in Finland.

1. Cottage by the sea

The coast of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea is literally sleeping with beautiful, cozy cottages and giving. Some of them are rented to tourists. It is amazing, but for many Finland is associated with lakes, but the Finns themselves love their sea with all the souls and every summer is trying to hold a small vacation on the coast, or at least several times in the summer to arrange a peak nickname.

Photo: visitfinland.com. Klovharun Island.

This small hut on Klovharun Island is a secret place to Tuva Jansson, the famous Finnish writer and the creator of fairy tales about Moi Trolleys. Here she was hiding for the summer, on a stone island in the middle of the sea, surrounded by the exciting spirit of landscapes. It was all that is needed for her inspiration. Currently, the island is open for tourists for a very short time in the summer due to weather conditions, the nesting season of birds, as well as due to the fact that this place is reserved most of the time by artists as a residence of inspirations.

Cottages on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in Finland:

2. Beaches on the coast of Finland

The sea coast stretches along Finland for many hundreds of kilometers. There should be excellent beaches here, right? All right! And the beaches there is for every taste.

Want to stone, harsh, north beaches that are heated under the rays of the sun and on which it is so nice to be filled after bathing? Please, such beaches have a huge amount in the eastern part of Finland and the Finnish Bay.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

Want clean sand beaches With gentle entrance to the water? Beaches surrounded by pine forests? Please, ranging from the city of Hanko and further to the west, the coast of the Baltic Sea in many places turns into long sand stripes and dunes. Even in the city of Helsinki there are several magnificent sandy beaches for sea lovers.

Photo: visitfinland.com. (c) _jussi_hellten

3. Islands, Islands, Islands ...

The Sea Coast of Finland boasts the largest archipelago in the world. According to some counts in Finland, about 70,000 islands. What is the islands here not! There are islands inhabited and completely wild, stone without a single tree, or island with violent forests. Islands who have chosen the nerve or birds. The islands who have chosen people and staged small campgrounds on them, restaurants and recreation areas. There are islands where you can get to the ferry, and there is islands where you can only get on your boat. And there are such amazing islands as.

So on the islands you can relax not only in the Maldives, but in Finland! Moreover, in Finland, you can choose both an island for a luxurious holiday and a more modest option, like Tuva Jansson.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

4. Lighthouses

At the Finnish coast of the Baltic Sea, approximately 50 lighters are located. Approximately the third part of Finnish lighthouses are currently open for tourists and is a maritime attraction. On the islands with lighthouses there are restaurants, cafes, saunas and accommodation opportunities, as a rule, in the hotel-lighthouse. The unique location of the beaches islands in the sea guarantees guests silence and peace, the original sounds of the sea and the unity with natural elements.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

These are really incredible feelings. On a sunny day, it's nice to walk around the island, swim, climb on the top of the lighthouse and imagine sailors who are peering in the distance in the hope of seeing the signal light.

And in the wrong day, when the element rages, catching up the wave ashore, the sea worries and bubbles, the wind whistles around, a person understands what he is the sand against the mighty forces of nature. And it is a bit terribly, but at the same time it is so nice to realize the safety and support under your feet, being in such minutes on solid land, and not at sea.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

5. Ferries

In Finland, a network is very developed free marine ferries (or "marine mobile bridges"). On the Turku archipelago, many of the islands are connected by similar car ferries platforms. Under some islands with landmarks can be reached on such a ferry.

According to the Turku archipelago, you can make a circular route over Islands and visit all the most basic natural attractions and interesting places. On the ferry you can move with the car, on a bike or just on foot.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

If the islands of the archipelago you are interested in there are no free crossing, you will most likely find a route on the ferry a little different design and for not very much fee. In any case, whatever the route on the islands is not selected, exceptional views and unforgettable impressions are guaranteed.

6. Sea coastal cities

A special charm of the Finnish shore of the Baltic Sea is given by vintage wooden cities and fishing villages on the coast. Life here, especially in summer, amazing and mental: small handicraft markets with handmade products, where you can find unique things, small cafes and restaurants with local cuisine and pastries, rural shops and shops with souvenirs, local events, holidays and small festivals, - All this creates an amazing atmosphere, which is not found anymore in one other part of Finland.

Photo: visitfinland.com. Photo (c) _jussi_hellten

Photo: visitfinland.com.

7. Suns and dawn. Storm and Shtail

Incredible beauty sunsets can be seen only on the sea coast. Every day the sunset will be different, but always beautiful and fascinating.

Dawn is also nice to meet on the shore, listening to the sounds of the sea, which prompts the whisper, which will be the coming day. A cup of hot fragrant coffee with a fresh bun will only complement this harmony.

Resting on the sea coast of Finland, you can with curiosity of the researcher to watch the natural elements: storms, cyclones, winds, calm, clouds.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

8. Watching birds and nerves

The Finnish coast of the Baltic Sea is an ideal place for nesting birds. Many migratory birds from year to year are returned here. In the summer they nest on the archipelago islands and bring their offspring.

Especially popular in Finland, a non-ferrous chamber. You can see this big bird in large quantities to see on the streets and in Helsinki parks, as well as on all the nearest islands.

Walking around Helsinki in May-June, be vigilant! If you are approaching a big black and white goose, it shook out the wings slightly, suits the tongue and hits, and also tries to pinch the leg, know, somewhere near the eggs of his spouse and better stay away from this place.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

The Baltic Sea inhabit the Milest Creatures - Neri. Many small stone islands of the archipelago are the favorite habitats of the nerve on land. A small island from afar may seem alive and moving, and if you look closely, it is surprising, as every centimeter of the stone island is busy with these funny creatures. By the way, Nerpe is rather curious and can swim to the boat and consider the fisherman, as well as climbing the island next to people, if they do not create a lot of noise.

Photo: visitfinland.com.

9. Sea fishing

And of course, fishing at Finnish Gulf and Sea Fishing in the Baltic Sea is a mandatory attribute of rest in Finland on the coast. In Finland, many companies that organize maritime fishing on equipped boats with all the necessary gear. You can try fishing success and yourself both from the shore and from the boat. Own marine catch! What could be more pleasant? Unless the cooked fragrant dinner of freshly fishes.

Photo: visitfinland.com.