home Equipment Why is the sea dreaming: is it time to go on vacation? A rare phenomenon on the Black Sea Why is the blue sea dreaming?

Why is the sea dreaming: is it time to go on vacation? A rare phenomenon on the Black Sea Why is the blue sea dreaming?

As a rule, the Black Sea does not freeze in winter. But it happens that winter temperatures drop so low that the sea near the coast in the northwestern part freezes for a short time. The Black Sea climate is mainly continental.

The Atlantic Ocean has a significant impact on the weather over the Black Sea, over which most of the cyclones originate, bringing bad weather and storms to the sea.

Sea water is a natural aqueous solution of various salts, in which the main mass is sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, sulfur ions, and also contains suspended solid particles, dissolved gases, and some organic compounds.

The presence of dissolved salts in seawater affects the freezing point of water. Sea water, which has an average salinity for the oceans (3.5%), freezes at -1.9 degrees Celsius. So let's note - the waters of the Black Sea, as a rule, are not subject to freezing.

But in history there are cases when the Black Sea froze.

Consider them:
The first information about an unusually harsh winter and the fact that the Black Sea was partially frozen is found in the letters of Ovid, a poet of ancient times, exiled at the beginning of the 1st century BC. NS. in the lower reaches of the Danube. He writes: "... Istria (Danube) became three times from the cold, and the sea wave hardened three times."
From other, later reports of unusual cold weather in the Black Sea region, we learn a lot of interesting things:

-Winter 400-401 g... “... for 20 days the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles and most of the Black Sea were frozen. In the spring ice went mountains in the streets of Constantinople for 30 days. "

-In winter 557-558“... the Black Sea was covered with ice on large space».

Byzantine, Arab and Western European chronicles indicate that in 763-764 y.“… Winter is fierce. From the beginning of October, there was a great severe cold not only in our land (Byzantium), but also in the east, north, west, so that Northern part Pontic (Black) Sea 100 miles from the coast turned to stone ... And the same was from Zikhia ( Taman Peninsula) to the Danube, from the Kufis River (Kuban) to the Dniester and the Dnieper, from all other banks - to the Media. When the snow fell on such a thick ice, its thickness increased further, and the sea took the form of land. And they walked along it like dry land from Crimea to Thrace and from Constantinople to Skutari. " In February, the ice split into pieces, like great mountains. There were so many crystal blocks rushing from the Black Sea that they formed a huge ice bridge in the Bosphorus.

The winter was extremely strong 1233-34... A number of authors confirm that the northern part of the Black Sea has frozen over.

Winter 1543-44 was extremely cold for many European countries- Germany, France, countries Northern Black Sea region... The north of the Black Sea was covered with ice.

According to the information of the South Russian Chronicle, and in Russia "there were great snows and a heavy winter with frosts, from which the Swedes died a lot", the northern part of the Black Sea froze.

- "Great" is called winter 1788-89 In the Crimea, frosts reached -25 degrees, in the Northern Black Sea region "the winter is severe, full of frosts, they crawled out of the huts through the roofs because of the great snows", the northern part of the Black Sea froze. It was in this winter on December 6, in the bitter frost, that the Russian army stormed the fortress of Ochakov.

Winter 1953-54... is rightfully called "the winter of the century". On South Bank In Crimea, frosts persisted for three months in a row, the average monthly temperature in February was 10-12 degrees below normal, in Yalta, the height of the snow cover during this period exceeded 30 centimeters. The Sea of Azov was completely frozen, a stable road connection was opened through the Kerch Strait, the northern part of the Black Sea was frozen.

So, over the past 2 thousand years, more than 20 "strong" winters have been recorded in the Black Sea region. The time interval between them is on average 75 years (in most cases from 60 to 90 years).

Stunning photographs of the frozen Black Sea by Dmytro Dokunov

Ice sheet in the Black Sea is often formed only on the northern shores, and then in relatively severe winters. Ice usually does not appear on the Caucasian and Anatolian coasts. Almost every year, the Dnieper-Bug and Dnestrovsky estuaries, lakes near the Danube delta and on the north-western coast freeze. In very cold winters, the Danube River is held down by ice and, in some cases, by the coastal strip of the sea. During the period of ice drift, the current carries the ice to the south to the Bulgarian shores; usually they reach Cape Kaliakra, and in rare cases they descend to the south. In extremely severe winters, when the sea freezes off the Bulgarian coast, broken ice carries even to the Bosphorus and Eregli.

On the Crimean coast, ice usually forms up to Cape Tarkhankut, and broken ice reaches Yevpatoria. Taken out of Sea of Azov ice often appears near the Kerch Strait and reaches Anapa in the eastward direction, and up to Feodosia in the west.

Herodotus gives the first information about freeze-ups in the Black Sea; he mentions that the Cimmerian Bosphorus (Kerch Strait) and Meotida (Sea of Azov) are often covered with a fairly thick layer of ice, which, breaking in spring, is carried out to the Pontus (Black Sea). The Roman poet Ovid, exiled to Scythia Minor (Dobrudzha), writes that from 7 to 17, during three winters, the Danube and coastal sea waters froze over a considerable length. Frequent freeze-ups on the Danube are reported by Nolian (III century). Significant freezing of the Black Sea observed in 401, Amian Marcellin writes that almost the entire sea froze, in the spring ice fields filled the Bosphorus, and from it they went to the Sea of Marmara and swam there for about a month. Byzantine sources mention the freezing of the Bosphorus in 739, 753 and 755. In 755, ice formed in the Sea of Marmara and clogged the Dardanelles.

The most intense ice formation, in 762, is reported by the patriarch Nikifor and the chronicler Codrin: about 100 miles from the land, the Black Sea froze over, even in the Anatolian coast. From Messembriya (Nessebar) it was possible to walk along the ice to the Caucasian coast.

Freeze-up in the Bosphorus was noted in 928 and 934. In 1011, not only the Bosphorus froze, but also part of the Sea of Marmara. At the same time, great cold weather came in Syria and Egypt, ice appeared in the lower reaches of the Nile River. The northern part of the Black Sea froze over, according to the testimony of Prince Gleb Svyatoslavich, in 1068.

Ice appeared near the southern shores of the Black Sea and in the Bosphorus and in 1232, 1621, 1669 and 1755. In 1813, the Black Sea was covered with ice from the northern shores to the southern regions of the Crimea. The Bosphorus froze in 1823, 1849 and 1862.

In 1929, 1942 and 1954. ice formed almost along the entire Bulgarian coast, at the same time ice penetrated into the Bosphorus. Freezing up in the northwestern part of the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov and a strong ice drift on the Danube in 1972 caused the appearance of ice fields near the Bulgarian coast even south of Cape Kaliakra. But sustained winds from land carried them to the open sea.

The appearance of ice and sludge in the shallow parts of the bays of the Bulgarian coast was also observed in other years. Lakes near the sea coast freeze more often.

Ice formed from seawater contains less salt than water. In education sea ice between ice crystals composed of pure water, small drops of sea water (brine) are retained. Over time, the brine ste

ice falls down, the ice is desalinated, and air bubbles appear in it, creating its porosity.

Fresh water freezes at 0 ° C, salty water at lower temperatures. In the oceans, water freezes at temperatures from -1.9 to -2 ° C, in the Black Sea - at a temperature of -0.9 ° C, but only in calm weather. With strong waves in the water, ice crystals are formed - ice porridge, while the water temperature can be about -1.1 or -1.2 ° C.

The salinity of the lower part of the ice, immersed in water, is higher than that of the upper, even with freshwater ice in the sea, the lower part is saturated with seawater.

The salinity of the upper layers of sea ice is negligible. When ice ages, its chemical composition changes - the amount of chlorides decreases and the amount of bicarbonates increases.

In general, the ice sheet contains significantly less salt than seawater.

Severe frosts also reached the Black Sea coast. In the regions of Kerch, Evpatoria, Odessa, the water turned into ice. On the beaches, ice crumbs float in the water, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the coast.

Due to the current situation, sea traffic in Ukrainian ports was closed until February 15. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed; on the shores of the beaches, the ice thickness reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria have declared "yellow" and "orange" hazard codes.

Nevertheless, the inhabitants of these countries do not despair: they use the frozen water as a skating rink, they build sculptures from ice and snow. The last time such weather anomalies occurred in 1977, then the Black Sea off the coast of Odessa completely froze over.

Photo: Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania

Ice-covered ship off the coast of Evpatoria.
http://bigpicture.ru/?p=254667

01.03.2011
According to the Hydrometeorological Center of the Black and Azov Seas. - “This winter was distinguished by sharp and prolonged cold weather, which led to the freezing of water near the coast. This phenomenon is extremely rare. The last time off the coast of Odessa the sea was completely frozen in 1977. "

For the third time since the beginning of winter, the Sea of Azov also froze over. The thickness of the ice in a number of places reaches 20 cm, ice blocks up to 5-10 m high have nailed to the village of Sedovo in the Novoazovsky district, which lined up along the entire coastal strip. Due to strong winds, ferry flights from Crimea to Russia are temporarily limited.

The thickness of the ice in the coastal zone is about 20 cm. It can easily support the weight of an adult, but there are no people who want to walk on the ice in such weather.

Well, if 1977 is still preserved in the memory of old-timers, then archival and literary sources say that over the past two millennia in the Black Sea region there have been more than 20 "cruel" winters with an average interval of 78 years (from 60 to 90 years ). The first information about an unusually harsh winter, in particular that the Black Sea was partially frozen, is found in the letters of Ovid, a poet of ancient times who was exiled at the beginning of the 1st century. BC NS. in the lower reaches of the Danube. Ovid writes: "... Istria (Danube) became three times from the cold, and the sea wave hardened three times."

There are other more recent reports of unusual cold weather in the Black Sea region. So, for example, in the winter of 400-401. “... for 20 days the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles and most of the Black Sea were frozen. In the spring ice went mountains in the streets of Constantinople for 30 days. "

In the winter of 557-558. "... the Black Sea was covered with ice over a large area."
Byzantine, Arab and Western European chronicles testify that in 763-764. “... winter will be fierce. From the beginning of October, there was a great severe cold not only in our land (Byzantium), but also in the east, north, west, so that the northern part of the Pontic (Black) Sea, 100 miles from the coast, turned to stone ... And the same happened from Zikhia (Taman Peninsula) to the Danube, from the Kufis River (Kuban) to the Dniester and the Dnieper, from all other banks to the Media. When the snow fell on such a thick ice, its thickness increased further, and the sea took the form of land. And they walked along it like dry land from Crimea to Thrace and from Constantinople to Skutari. "

The winter of 1233-1234 was extremely fierce throughout the Mediterranean. According to the testimony of Arago, "... loaded carts moved on the ice across the Adriatic Sea near Venice." A number of other authors confirm that many lagoons of the Mediterranean and the northern part of the Black Sea were frozen.
Two hundred years before that, in 1010 - 1011. frosts bound the present Turkish Black Sea coast. Terrible cold reached Africa (!), The lower reaches of the Nile were frozen with ice.

Winter 1543-1544 was also extremely cold for many European countries - Germany, France, the countries of the Northern Black Sea region. The north of the Black Sea was covered with ice. In France, there were such frosts that it was necessary to "chop" the wine frozen in large barrels.

In the chronicles of 1708-1709 we read: "... An unusually harsh, snowy and long winter throughout Europe", the bays were completely frozen Adriatic sea, in Venice, the air temperature dropped to -20C, "many thousands of people died from the cold, orange trees cracked." In the same year, winter was unusually cold in France and Switzerland, strong freeze-up was observed on the Thames, Seine, Rhone. In the Baltic Sea, the ice thickness reached 80 cm.

At the end of the eighteenth century. in Russia "there were great snows and a heavy winter with frosts, from which the Swedes died a lot", the northern part of the Black Sea froze over. The chroniclers call the winter of 1788-1789 "great". All over Europe there were severe cold weather: in France (-21C), in Italy (-15C), "severe frosts and snowfalls" in Switzerland, cold weather in Germany, the Vistula froze a month earlier and opened a month later than usual. In the Crimea, frosts reached -25C - in the Northern Black Sea region, "the winter is severe, full of frosts, they crawled out of the houses through the roofs because of the great snows", the northern part of the Black Sea froze.

The winter of 1875-1876 was exceptionally harsh, long and snowy in Central and Eastern Europe. In the mountains of Switzerland, the number of avalanches has increased dramatically. Almost all the southern rivers were covered with ice much earlier than usual, catastrophic drifts were observed on the Caucasian roads, and the Black Sea froze again.

The most severe winter of the twentieth century. the winter of 1953-1954 is considered. Fierce, unprecedented cold weather from November to April was on the vast territory from Spain and France to the Ural ridge. On the southern coast of Crimea, frosts persisted for three months in a row, the average monthly temperature in February was 10-12C lower than normal, in Yalta, the height of the snow cover exceeded 30 cm, in the Caspian Sea, floating ice reached the Absheron Peninsula. The Sea of Azov was completely frozen, a stable road connection was opened through the Kerch Strait, the northern part of the Black Sea was frozen.

By the way, the winter of 1962-1963 was remembered by the searing frosts and fierce snowstorms. Ice bound the usually non-freezing Danish Strait, and the canals of Venice and the rivers of France froze again. The 1968-1969 season is also called "the winter of violent frosts".

In 2002, due to frosts in Germany, the movement of ships along the Main-Danube Canal, which is an important European water transport artery, was completely stopped. The thickness of the ice, into which more than 20 ships were frozen, reached 70 cm in places.

Then, due to severe cold weather, the Venice lagoon froze over, gondolas froze into the ice. The same frosts were in Venice in 1985.

At the end of 2005, most of the countries of Central and Western Europe were also in the grip of heavy snowfall. In Germany and the Netherlands, cold weather, unusual for this time of year, led to icing and broken power lines. In Paris, due to icing, the Eiffel Tower, the main attraction of France, was closed for several hours.

As for the current situation, according to forecasters, the ice in the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov will last until the second decade of March. In the Odessa region, the sea will be cleared in the coming days.

Among the southern and western Slavs, Mora is a demon that strangles and torments a sleeping person, leaning on his chest at night.

Poles and Kashubians believe that if six or seven daughters are born in a family in a row, the latter becomes Mora.

According to Czech beliefs, Moroi is children born with teeth, while Serbian and Croatian beliefs are children born with a "shirt", usually bloody or blue.

Serbs believe that Mora is a girl born in a bloody shirt, who was burned by a midwife in a fire.

Serbs and Croats also believe that Mora is the daughter of a Veshtitsa, and that Mora is a child conceived by a woman on a holiday or during her period.

According to Polish beliefs, the girl from whom Mora is derived has two souls - good and evil, while the evil soul flies out of the sleeping Mora's body and harms people, but Mora herself does not suspect anything.

The demonic properties of Mora are manifested at night, and the rest of the time she is no different from those around her.

Western Slavs believe that Mora strangles people against their will when their time comes.

According to Bulgarian and Polish beliefs, Mora are the souls of people who died without confession, buried in violation of the funeral ritual, as well as children of unbaptized or incorrectly baptized babies.

The Poles, Czechs and Lusatians also know the beliefs about the Mora men.

Poles believe that Mora is invisible or looks like an indistinct human shadow, she has a transparent body, she is thin, bony, she has abnormally long legs, arms, nails.

According to Serbian beliefs, Mora can take the form of a moth or mosquito, as well as animals associated with the other world: bat, cat, mouse.

Mora climbs onto the sleeping man's chest, presses and tortures him, drinks his blood, and sucks milk from the breasts of women.

According to some beliefs, there are several varieties of Pestilence: one sucks and strangles people, the other sucks the sap of trees, the third - vegetables and weeds.

Mora's victim turns pale, withers and soon dies.

Mora can enter a room through any, even the smallest, hole, including through a keyhole.

Poles and Kashubians believe that Mora moves in a sieve, on a broomstick, a wheel from a wheelbarrow, a reel, a spinning wheel (cf.

Spinning wheel) or in a trolley with one wheel.

As amulets from Mora, a knife, a needle stuck into clothes, an ax or other iron object, garlic, a belt that is placed on top of a blanket, bread, and a mirror are used.

To stop visiting Mora, you need to recognize her.

For this, the person who is being strangled by Mora must tell her: "Come in the morning, I will give you bread and salt."

The first woman to come in the morning will be Mora.

She needs to be given the promised, after which she will no longer come to this house.

You can get rid of Mora by catching the animal she turned into and maiming it.

A newborn with teeth was given a piece of wood in his mouth so that the harmfulness of the child would pass on to it.

Mora comes from double minions.

The Polish pestilence strangles sleeping people.

The Croats crossed the mora with their fig three times, after spitting on it, which tormented the child.

Interpretation of dreams from the Dream Book of the ancient Slavs

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1. Bad weather hit the Black Sea coast. Photo: The frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)

2. Ice crumbs float near the beaches, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the land. The waves hinder the sea from completely covering with a dense crust. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)

3. The surface of the sea in the area of Evpatoria began to be covered with ice. The freezing area is about two thousand square meters. In the photo: Ice-covered pier in Evpatoria. (Stringer / Reuters)

4. In the regions of Kerch, Evpatoria, Odessa, the water turned into ice, which is noted for the first time in 30 years. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)

5. Seagulls against the background of ice blocks in Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)

6. Because of weather conditions Maritime traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)

7. People walk the frozen Black Sea next to an ice-covered dam in Constanta, Romania. (Daniel Mihailescu / AFP / Getty Images)

8. The Romanian port of Constanta is also closed, on the shores of the beaches the thickness of the ice reaches 40 centimeters.

9. Both Romania and Bulgaria have declared "yellow" and "orange" hazard codes.

10. Ice-covered ship off the coast of Evpatoria. (Alexey Pavlishak / ITAR-TASS)

11. Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)

12. Frozen Black Sea off the coast of Evpatoria. (Alexey Pavlishak / ITAR-TASS) 15. Ice formed in calm weather blocks ships. (Vadim Ghirda / AP Photo)