The most interesting plants and landscapes of the Crimea. Crimean Mountains of the Steppe Speaker Landscapes

"Landscapes of all planets, ruins of all empires"

Igor Rusanov

The landscape variety of the Crimean Peninsula is comparable to a whole country in Central Europe or Mediterranean. This also applies to the complex geological structure, diverse on the outlines of the form of relief. The vegetable world of the Crimea is incredibly rich, for example, about 900 species of trees, shrubs and grassy plants - it corresponds to the floral wealth of large areas of the middle strip of Russia. The high-rise explanation of the Crimean Mountains forms landscapes are very similar to the tundra, and even with the arctic species of plants. Glaciers and highlands on the peninsula are not. But there is such a phenomenon as aspects - short-term states of natural communities. It is for example a massive bloom of wild tulips in the Opuksky Nature Reserve, or drying the estuary to bright pink color with the shores of a rich color of Bordeaux due to salt-like plants. Such landscapes more than once appears in Soviet fiction. The steppes and deserts are also the Crimea. But as everything is always on the peninsula with a gracious and peace-loving nature.

It is quite clear that the main part of the Crimean Peninsula is in a temperate climatic belt, so the birch grove, the pine forest and all sorts of beloved Russian classics in the Crimea are not uncommon. The South Coast of the Crimea (YUBK) is subsened-generated with an abundance of evergreen vegetation. The foothills surprises the expanses of the American Prairie, familiar to everyone in Westerns. And in the mountains it is not difficult to find classic alpine landscapes.

The first trip to the "world in miniature" we recommend on a circular route Golden Ring Crimea And we advise a mandatory long stop in Alupka. Most Crimean attractions are located in the southwest, on the ring Simferopol - Bakhchisarai - Inkerman - Sevastopol - Balaclava - Laspi - Simeiz - Alup - Mishor - Yalta - Gurzuf - Partenit - Alushta - Angarsk Pass - Salgir Valley - Simferopol. Overview The Golden Ring of Crimea from any of this point can be driving for 1 day! Of course you can drive in any direction. But we advise the first trip so that you are early to be in Alupka. You can return to your place of residence in the dark.

Shooting B. Vorontsov Palace and Park Complex Make an incredible number of scenes from different historical eras in different parts of the globe. Grand Stone Chaos of the Upper Park is quite suitable as an alien landscape for star wars. The architecture of the palace was originally created as a strict medieval gothic in Western and Northern facades and lush eastern Luxury on the southern and eastern parties. Top park landscape - in english style and with the corners of the wildlife skirt, and the lower regular with a combination italian Terrass I. french Park art techniques.

Plan scheme of the Vorontsovsky Palace and Park Complex in Alupka

Beautiful framing of the Palace and Park in Alupka is the famous mountain range Ai-Petri In heavenly lazuries, and at the bottom of the bright blue of the Black Sea with picturesque coastal cliffs.

The most spectacular area of \u200b\u200bthe automotive travel on the Golden Rowl of the Crimea is the highway Sevastopol - Yalta . Watching the change of landscapes from Laspi to Yalta, one famous artist from Germany (with extensive traveler experience) formulated a very simple thought: " yes, you have for each turn of the highway - a new country! Just we saw Italy, and now Greece. Yeah, but already Austria, and only 15 minutes ago there was Switzerland. "Something like this ...

Of course, it is possible to say that in Soviet times, Africa or the Arctic in the Crimea was removed due to the economy and the impossibility of riding abroad. But everything is much more complicated, and most importantly - more interesting!

Crimea - the whole world on the screen

EUROPE:
- Italy.
Film "Wood", scenery and shooting in Yalta.
The film "Anna Karenina", shooting in a new light.
Movie "Romeo and Juliet", scenery in Yalta.
The film "Twelfth Night", scenery in Yalta.
The film "Othello", scenery and shooting in Yalta.
Movie "Moscow-Genoa", shooting on the skirt.
The film "Tsarist Hunt", scenery and shooting in Artek.
Marko Polo film (Canada production), scenery
"Venice Streets" and shooting in Yalta.

- Spain.
The film "Don Quixote", scenery and shooting in Yalta and Ai-Petri.
The film "Dog on Seine", filming in the Livadia Palace.
The film "The Adventures of the Royal Arrow of Sharpe"
(United Kingdom), scenery and shooting
under the mountain of Demerji, in the Baidar Valley, on the
Petri and in other places.
The film "Empire of Pirates", scenery and shooting in
Sudak and in Yalta.

- France.
The film "Heavenly Swallows", filming in the Vorontsov Palace and in Yalta.
The film "Prisoner of Europe" (Poland's production), sea shooting in Artek.
Film "Prisoner of the IV Castle" ("Count Monte Cristo"), shooting
Sea scenes with a sailboat "Comrade" in Gurzuf.
Movie "Napoleon Caput", filming in the Vorontsov Palace
And in the mountainous Crimea.

- England.
The film "Ten Negreat", rock island with lock
(Swallow nest, sofa rock in Simeiz).
Film "Odyssey Captain Blade", scenery and sea
Shooting in Artek and Gurzuf.
The film "Hornblow" (Production of the United Kingdom),
Decoration and sea shooting in Artek.

- Germany.
The film "In Eagle Evrius", sea shooting in Artek,
Decoration on Ai-Petri.

- Poland.
Film "Academy Pana Poixes", shooting on the skirt.

- Denmark.
The film "Hamlet", filming on a swallow nest.

- Norway.
The film "And the trees grow on the stones", scenery and shooting in Gurzuf.

- Greece.
The film "Ships Storm Bastions", Corfu Island
(Genoese fortress in Sudak).
Film "Safo", Lesbos Island (scenery and shooting in
Balaclava and Chersonese).

- Yugoslavia.
Film "Reporter", shooting in Sevastopol.

ASIA:
- Arab East.
Film "Magic Lamp Aladdin", scenery
"Ancient Baghdad" and shooting in Omega Bay (Sevastopol).
Film "And one more night Shahryzade", shooting
In Yalta, in the cave trickup on Ai-Petri, in Nikitskaya
Calm, in the Beketov career, above the foros.
- Volcanic island.
The film "The Wind" Hope ", shooting the eruption of the volcano on Cape Sarych.
- Island in the Pacific Ocean.
The film "Pirates of the twentieth century", filming in the bays of the new light, on Tarkhankut, the scenery of the "Native Village" in a quiet bay (Koktebel).

- India.
The film "Black Prince", the scenery of the eastern city in
Yalta.
- Near East.
The film "The plane flies to Russia", the scenery "Military base" in the blue bay.
- Japan.
The film "Dreams about Russia", scenery and shooting in Artek and Utøs (Alushta).
- Pirate Island in the Indian Ocean. Film "Empire of Pirates", scenery under the mountain of Demerji, in Artek and
Yalta (Republic of Libertlia).
- Turkey.
The film "Roksolana", filming in the Khansky Palace of Bakhchisaraya, in Chufut-Kale and on the southern coast of Crimea.
- Afghanistan.
Film "9 Rota", Decoration "Afghan Kislak" in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village Ordzhonikidze (Feodosia).
- Israel.
The film "Master and Margarita", Bible Jerusalem.
- China (Hong Kong).
The film "Passenger", the scenery of the "port street" in Balaclava, the hotel near Yalta (estate of Count Ustinova).

AMERICA:
- USA.
The film "Mexican" (on Jack London).
Film "Horseman without head", scenery and shooting under
Rock Ak-Kaya (Belogorsk).
Movie "Business People" (by O. Henry), one of the novel
Removed in the mountainous Crimea.
The film "Man With Capuchin Boulevard", scenery and

The film "Chingachguk Big Snake" (production of GDR),
Shooting under the Mount of Demirgin and in other places of the mountain Crimea.
The film "Star and Death of Hokino Vureets", scenery and
Shooting under the rock Ak-Kai (Belogorsk).
- Pirate Flita Island.
The film "Treasure Island", a scenery in a pine tree, shooting in Nikitskaya cleft, on a red stone, in Malorechensky, under the cliff Shaan-kaya, in
Partenitis and in Laspi Bay.
- Chile.
The film "This is a sweet word - freedom", scenery and shooting
In Yalta (ul. Ignatenko) and in Koktebel.
- Cordillera.
Film "Children Captain Grant", shooting scene
"Avalanche in the mountains" (winter on Ai-Petri).
- Caribbean Sea. Film "Odyssey Captain Blad", scenery and
Sea shooting in Artek and Gurzuf.
- Haiti. Film "Century Enlightenment", scenery "Embankment of the city
Port-O-Prince "in the cliff (Alushta), sea shooting in Artek.
- Caribbean Islands. The film "Hearts of Trey", scenery and shooting in
Cliff, under the mountain of Demerji, in Artek, on the Lake Castells, on
Ai-Petri.

AFRICA:
- South Africa, Cape Town port. Film "Maxim", shooting in
Yalta port with the participation of the Sailboat "Comrade".
- Equatorial Africa. The film "Abduction" Savoy ", shooting
On the Angarsk polygon (p. Transfer).
- North Africa. Film "Fire Drums", scenery and
Sea filming in the Artek, Blue Bay, in the swallow socket.

USSR (Russia)

Polar Tundra:
- The film "Trail of Rossomakhi" (action takes place on
Taimyr) - filming were carried out in winter on the Ai-Petrinsky Yai.
- The film "Korolev" (action takes place on Kolyma) -
The filming was carried out in the winter on the Ai-Petrinsky Yai.

Siberian Taiga:
- The film "What is silent Taiga?", In the forests over Yalta were held
Shooting scenes whose action took place in the Altai.
- The film "King of Maneja", filming were carried out in the area
Waterfall Stude-SU with the participation of a live bear.
- The film "Missing Expedition", Under Mount Ai-Petri was filmed
Scenes, the actions in which occurred in the Sayan Mountains.
- The film "Sixth", the action takes place in a small Siberian
Town, filming were carried out under the mountain of ah-petri and in others
Places of the mountain Crimea.

Far East:
- film "Talk, brother", shooting transition
Far Eastern partisans through the rocky ridge
Made on the rock of the Ay Nicola (Upper Oreanda).
- The film "Right to Shot", the action took place off the coast
Sakhalin and smoked, filming were carried out in the reed bay
(Sevastopol) and at Cape Ayia.
- film "Admiral", shooting scenes of marine battles
Japanese War (filming was made in the Sevastopol region).
- Movie "Korolev", filming scenes of sailing S. Korolev from Magadan
It happened in Sevastopol.

Middle Asia:
- The film "Taste of Halva" (about the childhood Khoju Nasreddin), shooting
were produced in Feodosia.
- The aforementioned film "The Magic Lamp of Aladin".
- Film "Officers", Railway Station in Turkestan, Removal
In Inkerman (Sevastopol).
- The aforementioned film "And one more night Shahryzade."

Caucasus:
- The film "Vertical", a number of Caucasian scenes was removed in
Crimea (in the rock nikitan cleft).
- The film "Taman", filming at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Caucasian Captive", filming were made in
Alushta, under the mountain of Demerji and in other places of mountain
Crimea.
- The film "Sportloto-82", shooting in Feodosia and in the mountain
Crimea, the Mileage of the main characters was filmed on Ai-Petri
burning suspension bridge.
- the film "Thieves in the law", the action takes place in the Caucasus,
filming were carried out in the mountainous Crimea, on the embankment
Yalta and on the streets of the city.
- Film "Pirs Waltasar", shooting the seizure of the passenger ship
militants headed by young Jugashvili, and scenes on
Caucasian country of Stalin (San. Ukraine in Mishore) were produced in
Crimea.
- film "Marco Polo", on a swallow nest and in the mountain Crimea
Scenes were filmed, the action of which took place in
Medieval Armenia.
- Movie "I-doll", shooting scenes attacks of Chechen militants on
Stanitsa in Stavropol (p. Tarovoy in the Baidar valley).

Film under Earth:
- The film "ordered to survive", filming were made in
Cave three-page on Ai-Petri.
- the film "And one more night of Shahryzada", filming were carried out in
The cave is a trout on Ai-Petri.
- Movie "Yalta" above Yalta ", shooting in just detected
Cave on Plateau Ai-Petri.

Film underwater:
- The film "Man-Amphibian", shooting in Laspi's bay.
- The film "Aqualanguages \u200b\u200bat the bottom", shooting in a new light.
- The film "Mermaid", filmed at Cape Sarych.
- The film "Pirates of the twentieth century", filming in the pool and at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Axanavat", unprecedented in volume and complexity
Underwater filming (scenery and various technical
The means) were made on the shelf of Cape Tarkhankut.
- film "Through thorn to the stars", for the first time cosmic
The weightlessness was removed under water (in the pool).

Filming films:
- Alexander Row films: "Marya-Skinnitsa", "Kingdom
Curves of mirrors, "Morozko", "Fire, Water and Copper Pipes",
"Varvara-Beauty, Long Spit."
- Alexander Ptushko's films: Sadko, Ilya Muromets,
"Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Scarlet Sails".
- Movies Boris Khvereva: "Aladdin's Magic Lamp", "On
The golden porch was sitting. "
- Film Paul Arsenova "King deer".
- Mikhail Yuzovsky films: "Fun Magic", "There, on
unknown tracks "," After the rain, on Thursday, "" times, two -
Mount does not matter. "
- Movies Gennady Vasilyeva: "Finist - Clear Falcon", "So far
beat the clock "," New Adventures of Captain Lunned "," Black
prince".
- Films of Leonid Nechaeva: "The Adventures of Buratino", "Pro
Red hat "," Peter Peng ".
- Films of Vladimir Bychkov: "City of Masters", "Mermaid".
- The film of Irina Pogolotsk "Scarlet Flower".
- Film Vladimir Grammatikova "Mio, My Mio".
- Alexander Mitty film "Fairy Tale Stranges."
- Tahira Sabirova's film "And one more night Shahryzade."
- Fairy-tales of Boris Nebiiridze ("Red shoes", etc.).
- Polish kiloskka "Academy Pana Klyaksa".

Filming fantastic films:
- "Hyperboloid engineer Garina".
- "Amphibian Man".
- "Andromeda's nebula".
- "Treasures of flaming rocks."
- "Moscow - Cassiopeia" and "Longs in the Universe".
- "Land Sannikova."
- "Axanavat".
- "Through hardship to the stars".
- "Comet".
"It's hard to be God."
- "Lilac ball".

Shooting in ancient policies, settlements, fortresses and architectural and historical ensembles (The number of films cannot be taken into account):

Cave city Chufut-Kale, Eski-Kermen, Kachi-Calon, etc.

Genoese fortress in Sudak.

Palace of Crimean Khanov in Bakhchisarai.

Massandra Palace.

Yusupovsky Palace.

Note:

The idea of \u200b\u200bthis review probably belongs to the Crimean journalist T-shirt Lvivsky.
Just in case, an accurate copy of the "eyeliner" from the letter Valery Pavlotos:
"I asked me a special core newspaper "Today" Mike Lvovski to draw up a list of films (taken in Crimea), whose actions occur in different countries and on various continents."

The East Coast of the Crimea is a huge tourist region, covering the coast of the Azov Sea from the Steppe coast of the Dzhanki district to the Kerch Strait, a broad bandwidth of the Black Sea coast - from Cape Opuk on the Kerch Peninsula to the village of Seau on the southern Okrug of Sudak. The length of the coastline is 160 km. The East Coast of the Crimea unites large resort cities - Kerch, Feodosia and Sudak, small resort villages, related to transport infrastructure.

Climate

The territory of the region covers several climatic zones. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Kerch Peninsula reigns a moderately warm climate of the steppe zone - the air here is more dry, the precipitation is very small, the summer is hot and sunny, and the winter is relatively cold for the Crimea. To the south, towards Koktebel and Sudak, the climate more and more acquires the features of the Mediterranean. The air is more wet, the summer heat soften sea breeze, and the winter is warm.

Seasonality

Beach season on the eastern coast of Crimea, from May to September - on the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, from May to October - on the Black Sea. At this time, sea waters warm up to marks at 18-26 ° C, and the average air temperature is 24 ° C. Summer is an active recreation time, most excursions are at this time of year. His fans have a "velvet season" in the Crimea - the beginning of the autumn, when the sea is still warm and the daily temperatures are more comfortable. Everything for year-round rest is at large resorts of the Eastern Crimea - Kerch, Feodosia and Sudak. In the offseason, there are a number of hotels, boarding houses with treatment and sanatorium. Musical and dance festivals, holidays, a large number of attractions and excursion programs make the eastern shore of the Crimea, an increasingly popular destination for rest in autumn, in winter and, even, early in spring. Small beach-oriented resorts work only in high season.

Landscape

The East Coast of Crimea is rivalry of mountains and steppes. The north of the region is represented by the plain, the sideline and dish, cutting beams and ravines. In the area of \u200b\u200bKerch, the chain of the hills is held. The shores here are placed in places the picturesque sandy cliffs, and in places of the hollow go under water. From Koktebel to the south along the coast, the nature of the relief changes dramatically - the ridge of the Crimean Mountains begins. Mountain peaks are tested over the resort villages and cities, rocky capes are cut into the sea, the coast becomes rocky, rugged numerous bays. The Mediterranean Flora is dominated here, a little climb into the mountains to see the relict juniper groves, the Crimean pine on the rocky protrusions of the mountains, vineyards.

Crimea is characterized by a large landscaped diversity, which, according to leading specialists, is a prerequisite for large biodiversity.

Landscape variety is a consequence of the unique borderline position of the peninsula:

- on the border of moderate and subtropical belts;

-n the junction of the platform and the geosynclinal zone;

- On the border of the ranges of many Flor and Faun.

Many features of the landscape structure are associated with its peninsular position - Crimea is almost an island (and in certain geological epochs he was a real island) within the Azov-Black Sea basin, and the latter is a kind of island within Eurasia. The island position determines some features of the climate, contributed to the emergence of a significant share of endemics, and according to some classes of animals - depletion of the species composition.

In Crimea, the interaction of mountains and plains plays a major role. The mountain Crimea is a megaanticlinorium consisting of two structural floors and a number of large structures. The foothills consists of Kuesta Grocery, located on a raised edge of the Scythian platform. The latter is located at the base of the plain Crimea. Thenheological history of the Crimea has more than 200 million years. During this period, a variety of geological structures, loose deposits and form of relief were formed. Among the genetic types of relief are well expressed erosion-denudation, erosion-accumulative, accumulative (with a division into marine, lake and river), abrasion, karst, landslide, in many cases - structural form of relief. The contrast of heights reaches one and a half kilometers in the Crimea, and in the area of \u200b\u200bAi-Petri Korea, the height difference is 1.2 km at a distance of 3 km.

The morphological types of relief are represented by lowlands (unrelated and draned) and sublime plains (with subtypes with dummy, wavy, hilly, residual, pla on), foothill, lowland, medium growing. At the lower level, the loop, thermal, beam, valley, brandy, saddle-shaped, is highlighted. A variety of slopes: from gentle to steep; open and closed; Convex, concave, stepped, straight.

More than a two-year-haired history of the economic development of the peninsula led along with the destruction of many natural landscapes to the emergence of a variety of natural anthropogenic landscapes: agroleandscapes, residential, recreational, mining and industrial landscapes, as well as natural systems - irrigation, urban, transport and communications, etc.

Soil cover has a pesting spatial picture, reflecting the differentiation of a lithological, orographic, microclimatic. In the Crimea, over 400 types of soils and several thousand varieties are allocated.

The habitats of the communities of organisms are formed on the basis of landscape systems. The preservation of the landscape means both biodiversity conservation. The landscapes located in hard-to-reach areas are most preserved, due to the conditions of relief, poor transport accessibility, in areas unfavorable for the development of certain types of activities (non-fermentation soils, unfavorable conditions for the residence of the population, etc.). For the Crimea, areas occupying small areas are very characteristic, but concentrating in their limits a wide variety of habitat conditions, types of organisms and communities. We are talking about the zones of contacts of various geosystems, river valleys, beams, ravines, ripplers, ecotons, reservoirs, places of groundwater there are prerequisites for increasing the diversity:

1) Ecoton zones, where species diversity increases;

2) hard-to-reach areas on which economic activities and tourism have not received widespread development;

3) Sections where the conditions for the existence of organisms are improved by the presence of water sources, additional nutrition or for other similar reasons.

When describing the landscape structure of the Crimea, the specialists applied the release of physico-geographic areas of different levels. The system of units: physico-geographic country - landscape zone - Physico-geographical province - Physico-geographic area - Physico-Geographical District - Physico-Geographical Area.

Crimea is within two physico-geographical countries - Eastern European and Crimean-Caucasian. The northern plain part of the Crimea is the Crimean steppe province, which refers to the dry-step subzone of the steppe zone. It distinguishes four physico-geographic areas: the North-Crimea Low Evening Steppe, the Tarkhankut Elevated Plain, the Central Crimean Plain Steppe and the Kerch Hilly-Grocery Steppe. Within the limits of physico-geographic areas - only 12. The mountain Crimea forms a physico-geographical province within the Crimean Caucasus country. It is divided into three physical and geographic areas: the foothill forest-steppe, the main mountain-meadow-forest ridge and the South Coast Subsenshenismore. Within these areas, 9 physical and geographic areas are distinguished.

The landscape structure of the Crimea is most fully disclosed on the landscape-typological maps of Crimea (M 1: 200,000) and the mountain Crimea (M 1: 100,000), compiled by G. E. Grishankov as a result of detailed field work in 1965-1975. and generalizations of extensive empirical material. They use the following mapping units: landscape levels, zones, belts, tiers, local groups. Landscape levels are zonal systems formed on a geomorphological basis with respect to homogeneous to the relief and soil hydraulicity, which has planetary distribution. The zonal systems of the Crimea are formed within the limits of hydromorphic, placar, foothill and median landscape levels.

The hydromorphic level of the Crimea is represented by seaside lowlands - North-Crimean, Sasiek-Sakska and fragments on the Kerch Peninsula. The lowlands have a relative height from 0 to 40 m above sea level, differ exceptional plainness and are represented by one zone - semi-deserted disconnecting steppes zone.

Plocory plains stretched from the Tarkhankut Peninsula, through the plains of the Central Crimea and to the water-registered plains of the Kerch Peninsula. Their height ranges from 40 to 150 m. They are characterized by the dismembered valley-beam and dentition-remaining relief. One zone is expressed - typical poorly discouraged steppes.

The pre-gloomy landscape level of the Crimea takes both the northern foothill plains and hills and the lowland of the southern shore of the Crimea. The height reaches 600 m, the dismemberment and mosaic of the relief and the landscape increases. Two natural zones are expressed - foothill forest-steppe and pistashkovo-oak and oak-juniper forests of the southern coast of Crimea. Features of the climate, soils and vegetation of these zones are determined by the change in the position of individual territories in relation to the mountains and the incoming air masses. Differences in soils and vegetation reaches a latitudinal and zonal level.

The middle house landscape level in Crimea is represented by the main grocery of the Crimean Mountains, which stretched from Balaklava to the old Crimea at an altitude of 400 to 1500 m. In the relief, mediterranean and steep slopes prevail, and on flat vertices - fragments of plains with numerous karst forms. The differentiation of the average harassment landscape level on natural zones is the change in position, the elevation of the relief. At this level, three zones are highlighted. The most significant differences are observed between the mountain forest-steppe oval zone, on the one hand, and the forest zones of the slopes - on the other. The differences between the mediterranean zones barely reach a latitant-tuber level.

In each region of the peninsula, specialized territories are formed. At the zonda level of the structural organization biodiversity, the number of protected areas varies depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone and its biosotic structure, but does not reach international criteria. In general, calculations show that the minimum amount of protected areas within the zones of the plain Crimea should reach 14-26%, the foothill -14-30%, mining - up to 60%, which is consistent with a number of expert assessments. The natural zones of the Crimea are distinguished by the laws of an intraregional organization, which change when moving from one landscape level to another. On hydromorphic plains, the leading factor of the organization is the depth of groundwater. With its accounting, a hydromorphic explanation is formed, associated with a change in saline groundwater from 0 to 6-8 m. The landscape structure of these plains is determined by the combination of three main hydromorphic belts: an unfamiliar, weakly coined and relatively drained belt belt. In the belt of unfamiliar plains, groundwater (saline sulfate-chloride) are located at a depth of 0.2-0.5 m, the salt marshes and halophyte meadows are widespread. In the belt of weak-shaped plains, the groundwater level (saline chloride sulfate) ranges from 0.2-0.5 m to 2.5-3.0 m, the pillace-tipper steppes are dominated in the complex with hailophyte meadows. In the belt relative to the drained plains, the soil waters are lowered to a depth of 3-8 m from the surface, salpute salinization, the depleted variants of the counter-sickening real steppes were dominated, characteristic of the placory plains, but the soil profile retains the features of the former hydromorphism. At the plain planes, the leading factors of the landscaped organization are the relative height, lithology, degree and nature of the dismissal of relief. In accordance with the vertical differences in landscapes associated with a change in geomorphological conditions (the degree and nature of the dissection, lithology of rocks, speed and direction of geomorphological processes, etc.), landscape uniform is formed. Landscape uniform is manifested where a slight height oscillation above sea level does not affect climate change and, therefore, on the structure of the landscape.

The three-tiene plains of Tarkhankuta hills and bunk central plains of the Crimea are distinguished in Crimea. The upper tar of the Tarkhankuta hill is represented by structural underdeveloped plains with low-developed soils of chernozem-type and turf-cereal poorly discouraged steppes. The second tier is located on lower eluvial-denudation plains. It is characterized by more powerful soils of a black earth type and a swollen steppe. The lower tier of the Tarkhankut hill is formed by deanuding-acumulative loose-beam plains. These plains are characterized by relatively motley soil and vegetable cover, which varies from petrophite steppes on steep slopes to meadow steppes on the beams.

The landscapes of the Central-Crimean Plains are represented by a two-tier structure in the form of real weathered steppes in a complex with savanna-shaped steppes on leslaysheasted low-developed plains and these poorly disconnecting steppes in a complex with rocked meadow deckpes on accumulative-deductible deck-beam plains.

Within the foothill landscape level, the main factors of the landscaped organization are the position of foothill plains in relation to the mountains and the direction of the dominant winds and the height above sea level, and in some cases - the depth of groundwater. Due to the change in the relative height, the slope microscone is formed. In Crimea, the sloping microzonality is well shown on the plains, in the foothills and on the southern coast of the Crimea. For example, two genetically separate microson groups are well distinguished in the southern coast of the Crimea in the conditions of low relief. The lower group includes the bottom of the beams and the balm slopes where brown clay and cartilage soils are common on delustices and the prolutions of clay shale and sandstones. In vegetable cover, saiber-forest complexes are dominated.

During the historical time there was a significant reduction in natural landscapes and the widespread development of derivatives formed as a result of the interaction of newly created (constructive) and weakly converted landscapes. Natural, weakly converted, landscapes take up only 2.5% of the territory. This is, first of all, mountainwide forests, mountain forest-steppe on eggs, salt marshes and halophyte meadows of the prierce and Kerch Peninsula.

Most of the territory of Crimea (62%) is mastered under the structural landscapes: arable land, gardens, cities, roads, etc. They require constant mapping for a certain plan for additional energy to maintain their new structure and operation. This is the widest type that includes residential, water management, recreational and beach, road transport, industrial and communal, mining and industrial classes. This includes park classes of land, to which the following types are counted: Gardens, vineyards, arable land and plantations of tobacco and. Effined plants, nurseries, greenhouses, greenhouses, warehouses, trapped forestbuses, livestock complexes. Especially highlighted terraced complexes.

The rest of the territory (35.5%) is represented by derivatives of landscapes. Derivatives are natural complexes reflecting different stages of the digression or one of the stages of their denaturalation. They were formed in the natural use of forest landscapes under the pastures and in guys of unsystematic logging and fires. This type includes the cooling classes (from polydominant shiblyaks to erosion badlend) and renaturalized land (from a frigan-shaped petrophite steppe to the restored forest). Currently, for the most part of the territory, the natural forests are replaced by shrub thickets of the type of shiblyak, in which the shrub forms of oak fluffy, rabinnik, skumpies, holding a tree, suma and rosehip are dominated.

Destructive land - these are negative side territorial products of human activity. They are the last stage of landscape degradation.

Ground and amphibian landscapes are allocated in Crimea. The latter includes landscapes of rivers, lakes and coastal sections of the sea, on which the functioning of the bottom complexes is directly related to surface layers of water and sunlight. Zonal-belt conditions (position in a moderate belt on the border with subtropical with an insufficient amount of atmospheric precipitation) determine the domination in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bsubtlonal semi-samide landscapes. Crimean mountains make perturbations into the structure of zonal circulation processes: high-altitude and barrier effects lead to a change in thermal and water regime within the mountains. Along with the subtlety conditions, boreal, except for the semi-samid, semi-humid and humid appear appear.

In Crimea, there is one zonal type of landscape - a semi-diarid steppe, occupying the flat part of the peninsula. In this part of the peninsula, dry (semi-samidal) conditions are observed: with a gradation value of 850-900 mm / year of precipitation drops 400-450 mm / year. In the seeding, the amount of precipitation decreases to 350 mm / year, and the humidification coefficient is up to 0.35-0.40. This brings the conditions in this area to the subborne arid semi-desert. But on soil and vegetable cover, other factors are more influenced: the proximity of groundwater and the residual salinity of the soils. They lead to the formation of complexes of wormwood-ticker steppes, hailophyte meadows and salt marshes.

Other types of landscapes are formed in the foothill and mountain parts of the peninsula, which is associated with the imposition of exposure circulation differentiation on the zonal background (anticipation precipitation, increase in precipitation on winding slopes and decrease on leeward), height above sea level (decrease in temperature with height), meridional sectorate, Positions in relation to the sea. Geographically, these factors are manifested within tens of kilometers. The mountains make perturbations into the structure of meteorological fields, as a result of this, the amount of atmospheric precipitations increases by 1.5-3 times, there is a spatial differentiation of the thermal regime. Therefore, in different parts of the mountains and the premediation, the conditions of heat supply and moisture supply, close to the subboroneal-semi-human forest-steppe (central and eastern part of the foothill), a subborneal humid forest (Northern MacroClon of the main ridge and the upper part of the southern macroscone - approximately 800 m), subborneal southern Humidal Forest (the lower forest part of the southern macroscone of the main ridge - at an altitude of 400-800 m), subborneal. "Southern semi-humid forest-steppe (south-western foothills - the area of \u200b\u200bSevastopol, Bakhchisaraya, the Baidar valley and the southeastern part of the South Coast, except! The most arid Primorskaya part - see below), Sub-Non-South Semi-ayridal steppe (district of Meganoma, Koktebel, Ordzhonikidze). At the extreme south-west of the peninsula in the seaside zone; (up to a height of about 300 m) conditions of heat supply, approaching subtropical (Mishor: temperature summary Above 10 degrees is about 4000, the temperature of the cold month is achieved T 4.5 degrees). From the west to the East, the amount of precipitation decreases, and their maximum shifts for the summer, which reduces their effectiveness and brings the conditions for semi-samid (east of Alushta to Sudak and Karadag).

At the heights of 900-1000 m and the humid boreal and boreal-subboral conditions are more dominated. Under the conditions of heat supply, three groups, or a series, landscapes are allocated: boreal, boreal-subboroneal and subtreat. The subboral can be divided into subgroups - typical and south. Within the subtlety southern forest-steppe subsensity, subsened-generated variety is allocated. According to the conditions of moisturizing, semi-samid, semi-humid and humid rows are allocated.

Thus, on the basis of the analysis of the position on heat supply scales (temperature sum of more than 10 degrees) and moisture supply (high-oxidian hydration coefficient) found that there are prerequisites for highlighting 8 zonal (1 and 2 levels) types of landscapes: Boreal, borial Subtarone, three subtlety, three subtreatic southern.

Within steppe typical landscapes in the plain Crimea, semi-desert steppes and halophyte meadows are common. Their appearance is connected not so much with the deterioration of moisturizing conditions (which goes in the northeast direction), but with the influence of saline soils and groundwater, that is, with factors of a formic and hydrogeological nature.

On the eggs, climatic conditions correspond to the boreal (taiga) and boreal-subborneal (subtepted) landscapes, but hydro-lithological and geomorphological conditions lead to a sharp decrease in the amount of moisture, which can be used by plants, as a result of which the meadow steppe and forest-steppe was formed. Hard microclimatic conditions are distressed with the growing of woody rocks: large wind speed in winter with high humidity. The landscapes are also evolutionary factors related to the laws of self-development of the landscape components. After removing the anthropogenic press, sucessional shifts begin, ending with the formation of communities in one way or another close to the initial one. Since anthropogenic impacts are manifested over the past millennia (and especially centuries), a patchwork system of plant communities from different stages of succession rows of vegetation types was obtained on the territory of the peninsula.

Many factors differentiate landscapes within local territories. River erosion leads to the formation of the valleys, the slopes of the meso and microwescale of different steepness and exposure. The formation of the slopes is under the influence of many other factors. The sloping differentiation contributes to the uneven flow of solar radiation due to different steepness and exposure, the redistribution of solid (snow) and liquid precipitation dropped on the surface. There are effects of shielding solar radiation by ridges, reducing radiation income on the bottom of river valleys. All this creates a significant territorial differentiation of moisturizing landscape complexes on a very small distance, often within hundreds and even tens of meters, there is a sharp change in the temperature conditions, soil moisture. This causes a change in the nature of the soil-forming processes, the formation of loose surface sediments, the migration of chemical elements and the formation of a geochemical situation in general.

Especially noticeable territorial changes occurred within the foothill, since here the steppe complexes are replaced by forests (that is, the landscape system has an ecoton nature), and any differentiation of conditions within the ecotone causes a rather sharp change of complexes. The change of landscape complexes occurs often within small distances.

On plaster properties, classes and subclasses of landscapes are allocated. There are three class of landscapes in Crimea: plain, foothill and mountainous. They are divided into subclasses. Plain landscapes are divided into lowlands (pride) and sublime (Tarkhankut Peninsula, Central Crimean Plain. Kerch Peninsula). The class of foothill landscapes is divided into a coesty monoclinal and intergundum. The class of mountain landscapes in Crimea is represented by two subclasses - lowland (main part of the mountains) and medium-mountain (iula and the highest ridges). Within a lowland subclass, you can allocate a mining and seaside variety (South Coast regions).

According to the positional properties, groups, subgroups, family, subfaming, categories and varieties of landscapes are distinguished.

A semi-deserted variety of semi-diarrhea steppe landscapes occupies a victim. This is a lowland plain, gradually increasing from the coast of Siva and the Carcinite Bay of the Black Sea to 40 meters. It is composed of Eolo-deluel Suglinkas and clays. Valley of rivers and beams are filled with alluvial loams and sandwiches, lifric sands and clays. Within the territory, climatic and geomorphological differences are weak, the main value in the differentiation of landscaped conditions has the depth of groundwater. Directly at the coastline, in the lower reaches, the groundwater are located a few dozen centimeters from the surface. Therefore, Solonchaki, halofithic meadows prevail here. Wetlands have formed with thickets of reeds and other hydrophitis, which serve the habitat of numerous birds. At higher sites dominate the hint-tipper steppes. Even above, they are replaced by the head-sickening steppes.

The vegetation and animal world of these landscape areas are preserved in small areas, since 50-70% occupy arable land and 20-30% - pastures with a strong manifestation of a grazing digression. Here you can observe the desertification processes. At the same time, the widespread development of irrigation (approximately 30% of the Square Square) led over the past few tens of 20th century to the formation of landscape complexes of humid type. In the process of irrigation there was a flooding of many areas. Most of the territory is occupied by agroecosystems. The largest interest in the point of view of preserving biodiversity represents sites in the central part of the prier, which serve as a place of temporary habitat for migratory birds. For wetlands, which formed due to desalination of Sivan, the local species of birds are characteristic of dumping waters.

The greatest problems for the biological and landscape diversity of this zone are the change of hydrological and hydrogeological regime under irrigation conditions, the deterioration in the quality of surface and underground in connection with the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Prior to the early 90s, the area of \u200b\u200bnatural biocenoses was reduced due to an increase in the area of \u200b\u200barable land, but in recent years there has been a reverse process of throwing agricultural land, accompanied by the formation of rueral and creative vegetation and weed biocenoses on them. Chemical pollution is largely associated with drawback. There is a task of gradual replacement of drawback by other types of land use. However, it would be wrong to simply stop cultivating rice by throwing these sites. In this case, these lands are inevitably formed by weed phytocenoses and the process of strong secondary salinization will begin.

Sub-needed steppe typical landscapes are the only zonal first level type of landscape in the Crimea, which occupies about 60% of the territory of the peninsula, stretching from Tarkhankut to the Kerch Peninsula and occupying the entire flat part of the Crimea with the exception of the prier. The natural vegetation of these landscapes has been preserved in small sections. It is replaced by fields, gardens, vineyards, pastures and is characterized by a strongly depleted species. This territory is more disseminated compared to the prior - here are dominated by sublime plains. The irrigation of the fields led to the formation of complexes that differ significantly from zonal.

In the limits of this zone, experts are distinguished by three landscape areas, characterized by different set of landscaping areas and a tract:

1. 1.Tarkutskaya elevated plain, folded by limestone, red-brown clays, lesing loams. Dummy hills are combined on the peninsula with deep-covered valleys (teuberty). The area is characterized by hot dry in summer and relatively warm winter without a clear period with negative air temperatures. Moisturizing Insufficient - evaporation of about two times higher than the amount of precipitation drops. The territory corresponds to the subboroneal semi-diarid steppe type of the landscape. The initial vegetation is almost preserved. Arable land occupy about 50% of the territory. Among crops are predominated by cereals. Pretty substantial areas (about a third of the territory) are occupied by pastures represented by poor divergent steppes, often their petrophite options.
2. 2. The central-Crimean territory is composed of brown continental clays and forest-like loams covered in many places with layers of anthropogenic proluvivial-deluvial deposits. A wavy-deck relief is dominated with heights from 50 to 120 m. The climate is different from the Tarkhankut hill a slightly large amount of precipitation: up to 500-550 mm per year and a somewhat more severe winter. Plain-deck, valle-beams, plane, valle-tee and coastal halogenous areas prevail on the territory. This is the most plowed area - 75% (the predominance of crops crops, part of the lands are engaged by vineyards and gardens, technical crops). Natural steppe areas have been preserved in small stains.

The greatest number of habitats is observed in river valleys. Here is the most contrasting conditions for moisturizing, geomorphology, lithology. At the same time, the majority of settlements are confined to river valleys, that is, in the valleys there is a peculiar neighborhood of small areas of natural and contrasting landscape complexes and settlements.

3. The Kerch zone occupies the Kerch peninsula. Two main parts of the peninsula are distinguished: the southwestern part, which is served by heavy saline, Maicopian clays, and the northeastern part, folded by clays, sands, marlamles and limestone. Arable land occupy 35% on the peninsula. In the southwestern part, the desert steppes dominate, halophyte meadows, typical poorly dish-cereal steppes. In the north-eastern part, petrophite shrub-divergent-cereal steppes are predomined on the remaining-water-seed sections, the welcoming-tanta steppes on the inclined plains, the Ticker-hint-desert steppes in the basins. These territories are mostly used for pastures and are in different stages of a grazing digression.

Special ecotopes are formed in the coastal parts of the zone of typical steppe landscapes. Here, in many areas, abrasive processes led to the formation of dismembered rotary coast treated with water erosion. Big dismemberment determined the weak fitness of the sections for economic use, which contributed to the preservation of plant and animal and biocenoses here. The contrast of the relief, and thereby microclimatic conditions, favors the survival of animals in the conditions of weather fluctuations and seasons shifts of the year. In many sections of the coast of the Peninsula, high biodiversity has been preserved (the extreme western part of the coast of the Tarkhankut Peninsula - Dzhangul districts, Athlesh; sites of the Azov and Black Sea coasts of the Kerch Peninsula - Plots of the Karalar, Cellina, Opuk).

Sub-dealer forest-steppe typical landscapes are landscapes of a zonal type of second level, they occupy footpath. Here there is a change in plain landscapes mountains. There are external and inner cooker ridges through the territory, separated by an intergundable decrease. The ridges are stacked by limestone, marlamles and clays, intergundable decrease - mergels. The climate of the territory becomes more wet and cool compared to the steppe: the amount of atmospheric precipitation increases to 550-650 mm / year, and the humidification coefficient is up to 0.55. It is characterized by a more significant territorial differentiation of landscapes, since there is a dismembered relief, a sharp change in meteorological fields occurs due to the transition from the flat part to the mountain.

Large differences are folded between the northern and southern slopes of Couston due to the different number of incoming solar radiation. But in many cases, it is the southern cool slopes of Cuest obsendlies, whereas the northern gerier usually breaks. This is explained by the practical impossibility of using steep southern slopes for agricultural activities. Blind slopes used to be used for grazing of livestock, and the obsesshed retained relatively natural appearance. In the 60s of the 60s, there were terraceing and planting of pine on many chamber southern slopes, which had very different consequences for landscape and biological diversity in various sections. Cool slopes Cuest have the greatest number of types of locations and habitats. This zone is significantly transformed. This is the most urbanized part of the peninsula with many transport arteries. There are quite a few quarry for the development of building materials.

Subsalistic typical forest zonal landscapes of the second level occupy the bulk of the northern macroscone of the Crimean Mountains. Forest landscapes in the area received the most vivid manifestation and preserved in the best possible way. The main importance for the formation of the diversity of ecotopes here has the following factors:

Height above sea level (height difference is 500-600 m). It is quite good here (better than in other areas of the peninsula) is a high-rise lower: fluffy forest-scoln-robber-grab-beech forests;

Exposure differences: between the slopes of the northern and southern expositions there are very significant differences in the value of solar radiation (up to 50-60%);

The effects of the closedness of the slopes.

This is the most rich forest part of the peninsula. Along with the relatively favorable climatic conditions, weak availability of many areas for humans favored (for example, the Central Crimean Both). Locals and agricultural areas occupy only narrow ribbons of river valleys.

Yayla - on the background climatic conditions correspond to the boreal and boreal-subborneal: the amount of precipitation is 600-1500 mm / year, the temperature of the coldest month - from -2 to -5 ° C, the temperature of the warmest month - from 12-13 to 16-17 ° С. The magnitude of evaporation varies within 500-700 mm / year, the background climatic moisturizing is normal or excessive. Yayl landscapes have a pronounced avison character associated with lithological and geomorphological conditions. Plowing atmospheric precipitates fall on cracks and through underground cavities move to a flue watery, unloading on the slopes of the Yayl. The differentiation of ecotopes is associated with lithological differences (limestone have a different degree of fracture and exposure to karst manifestations), the existence of a large number of karst funnels. Steppe and forest-steppe landscapes of ials form a kind of island among the surrounding forest landscapes, which determines their known isolation and contributes to the formation of endemic species of organisms.

Forest parel on the southern clothy slopes of the Yayl are the abonal communities. The latter are associated with litomorphic and geomorphological factors. Plowing atmospheric precipitates are poorly delayed in place due to the large surface of the surface, the slope processes are strongly manifested: the rocks, screeching, washing the soil and loose sediments. These are very unstable landscapes. It does not recommend any anthropogenic load.

The subtlety forest south landscapes occupy the lower part of the southern macroscone of the mountains - from 800 m to 400 m. Characterized by the significant participation of pine forests. In the limits of this zone, a fairly high percentage occupy lower and steep slopes, which determines the strengthening of erosion processes, a significant manifestation of stonepads, odors. On gentle slopes are formed more favorable forestworking conditions. The territory is located in close proximity to the settlements of the South Bank, to recreational complexes. It is permeated by numerous tourist trails, despite the protected regime of many sites. Therefore, it is subjected to a rather significant anthropogenic effect. Especially dangerous for these fires associated with tourists. South Landscapes South Landscapes occupy the south-western foothills (Sevastopol district, the bottom of the pool of Belbek and Kacha), the entire southeastern part of the South-Eastern Southwerry (from Alushtydo Karadag, with the exception of Meganoma and Kiik Atlama. For this zone, large territorial contrasts associated with this zone With a variety of relief, rocks. Of great importance is of soft winter - the temperature in the cold period does not fall here below 20 ° C, and the average January temperature is 2-3.5 ° C. Due to the soft winter in these areas, the share of winter-green plants increases .

The Mediterranean version of the subboroneal typical southern forest-steppe landscapes approximately corresponds to the subsened-generated type of landscape.

The landscapes of the Western part of the SKK - already a forest-steppe type - the sub-southern southern forest-steppe, but they have more pronounced heat supply (the amount of temperatures above 10 °), a well-pronounced winter maximum precipitation, evaporation 900-950 mm / year, the annual amount of precipitation 450-650 mm . The coefficient, moisturizing is 0.5-0.7, which corresponds to the forest-steppe. Heat supply does not reach the amount of temperatures 4600, which is characteristic of the lower border of the subtropical climate. Therefore, this area is a special version of the subtlety southern forest-steppe landscapes. These landscapes are characterized by the presence of a relatively large number of evergreen species. This zone has undergone a large conversion. There are quite a lot of parks with intro-fuses, some of the territory is occupied by vineyards. On another part, natural communities are preserved, but they are strongly transformed. The relief dismembestity is very high, which determines the presence of a large number of types of habitats associated with the bottoms of river valleys (with coopolding channels), slopes of different steepness and exposure. Transformations are associated with the construction of roads, cities, water pipes. The landslides were activated, there was a restructuring of groundwater fluxes, which led to large changes in soil moisturizing, to the formation of new plant communities. The latter adapt to large recreational loads, which is reflected in the species.

South landscapes are distributed in small sites in the Southeast Crimea in the Southeast Crimea. They are characterized by elevated vapors of evaporation - up to 1000 mm / year and more, reduction of the annual amount of precipitation up to 350 mm. Landscape complexes of the seaside strip of the mountainous part of the Crimea are formed due to the salt impact of the sea and the special character of the microclimate, a large role of abrasion processes. The largest contrast of landscape conditions here is manifested within the narrow coastal area.

River valley landscapes of the mountain range - a specific type of landscape, formed in the eternal valleys. Its specificity is related to the following factors:

1) the location is below other landscape complexes, which leads to the transfer of an additional amount of water here; the formation of accumulative deposits - alluvial, proluravial;

2) watercourses reorganize the bottoms and the slopes of the valleys, which leads to permanent restructures of landscapes;

3) in the Crimea, where moisture is the main limiting environmental factor, the river valleys have more favorable conditions for plant growth;

4) Landscape complexes of valleys are very small width and a large length, the low width of the complexes determines the territorial proximity of landscape complexes, the possibility for animals to migrate from one landscape to another depending on the need.

Ecotons - boundary systems, which are transition zones between adjacent landscape systems, characterized as a voltage band with maximum gradients change the parameters of landscape systems. When analyzing biodiversity, it turns out that it is in the ecotons that its magnitude is most often the greatest. In addition, ecoton landscape systems are characterized by specific properties, a more complex diverse territorial structure, which creates conditions for the formation of more diverse and favorable habitats for biota than in bordering landscape systems. Ecotons are more dynamic always more unstable in space-time. It is the ecotonic systems that are the first to respond to changing external conditions and therefore are indicators of changes in the ecological state of bordering landscape systems. They are playing peculiar buffers on the path of natural and economic exposure. Often, ecotions play the role of refugiums.

Crimea can be viewed as complex ecooton. The peninsula is at the junction of moderate and subtropical belts and is a climatic ecootic. The neighborhood of sushi and the sea throughout the kilometers led to the formation of a variety of robust territorial landscape zkotons of the coast.

Four-water-territorial landscape macroecoton are distinguished: South Coast (from cape Ayia in the south to Cape Ilya in the northeast); Kalayitsko-Carcinite (from Sevastopol to the Carcinite Bay); Kerch (covers the coast of the Kerch Peninsula); Sivash. Similar origin (on the contact of contrast media sushi-water), they are quite different in landscape terms.

The most great landscape variety of South Coast Ecoton (up to a height of 350-400 m above G.), in which 9 types of landscaped areas are distinguished. Sivash Ecoton is interesting because several factors are involved in his education: the effect of the sea, the change in the degree of halogidromorphism, the climatic factor. Moreover, the action and imposition of factors occurs in one direction, which affects the formation of a significant width of ecotone (from 10 km in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arabat arrow to 30 km). The landscape variety of ecotone is quite large, albeit less than the South Coast. It highlighted 7 types of landscaped areas. Caalaste-carcinite landscape ecootic is a coastal strip of 4-6 km wide, including a system of shallow salt lakes. It is characterized by the smallest landscaped diversity. Within this ecotone, 5 types of landscape areas are distinguished. Kerch Ecoton is formed by the interaction of different tectonic structures of the Crimean Mountains and the plain Crimea, which formed the macroexoton of the foothill. The entire mountain Crimea is a phytoexotone, formed on the border between the circumboard and Mediterranean floral areas and focused most of the chickens of the Crimea - 92.7%. These ecotons are bound by the boundaries of the physico-geographical areas of the Crimea, landscape levels and belts. The anthropogenic effects are formed by divergent ecotons, in which the abundance of species and individuals compared with the bordering natural community decreases.

A special situation is in the plain Crimea. Here, the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the landscape structure is the greatest, and the territory is almost a solid agricandshaft. Suffice it to say that the percentage of land wasteness exceeds 80%, and there are practically no forests and protected territories. In such conditions, areas with preserved natural vegetation (as well as forest belts) themselves become ecotons between different types of land use.

Literature

1. 1. The Biological and Landscape Diversity of the Crimea: Problems and Prospects. Simferopol: Sonat, 1999. - 180 p.
2. 2.Podetsky P.D. Crimea: nature. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1988.

The Crimean Mountains belong to the folded structures of the Alpine geosynclinal belt. They are a major and complex anticline raising - anticlinorium, the southern part of which is omitted and flooded with the waters of the Black Sea.

The Crimean Mountains consist of the main ridge, called Yayla, and two advanced quaista Girdo to the north of it, clearly expressed in the western and middle parts of the mountain Crimea. The Yayla corresponds to the axial zone of the Crimean anticlinorium, the coarse - the monoclication of its northern wing.

The western part of the eggs is a holistic mountain ridge with a plain surface, the eastern will decay on more or less insulated pla on arrays (Chatrdag, Karabiyla, etc.). The highest peak of Yayla rises in the east of the western part - Mount Roman-Kos on Babuganjile (1545 m).

Flat vertex surfaces of iala are composed of predominantly solid urgent limestones, which form cool, often the sheer slopes of the plateau (especially along the southern coast of the Crimea) and the ripples of the canyons, dismembering their edges.

Characteristic landscape feature of egg give karst form relief. The Yayla Cars is expressed very fully and serves as a classic example of naked Mediterranean type aster.

Crimea. Yayla from the north-west side. In the background on the left Chatrdag, on the right - Babuganyl. Fig.
N. A. Govnietsky

The relief of the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula is mostly Grocery-erosion, in many places is complicated by the accumulations of the eggs of limestone limestone, slipping by the Tauric Slants (Upper Triass and Lower Yura), large limestone arrays and landslides in the Tauric Slants themselves. Landslides damage resort buildings, gardens and vineyards.

In the Crimean mountains clearly manifests the high-rise zonality of landscapes. On the southern slope of Yaylah, the lower high-rise zone corresponds to the southern coast of the Crimea, which in climatic conditions can be attributed to the northeast outskirts of the region of the Mediterranean subtropical climate. On the southern shore, protected from winds from the continent of a mountain barrier, largely affects the softening effect of the sea.

Climate of Crimean Gor.

Precipitation (annual yalta in Yalta is about 600 mm) most falls in winter. At this time, Mediterranean cyclones penetrate here. In the spring with a weakening of cyclonic activity in the field of the Mediterranean, the amount of precipitation decreases. The least falls in April - May and August. With large insolation, the summer there is a lack of moisture, so you have to resort to watering fruit trees, tobacco young landing. Due to the unevenness of the precipitation of the river of the South Coast, they are characterized by the Mediterranean regime with winter and spring floods and a steady summer autumn aircraft.

Protected from the North Barrier Yayla South Coast The warmer of other areas of the Crimea. About 150 days a year, the average daily temperature is above 15 °. Winter is soft (the average temperature of January is about 4 °), plants do not cease to vegetate. Sometimes the snow becomes quickly, but it rains in winter. Summer and autumn sunny, warm, average temperatures of July and August about 24 °. The eastern part of the southern coast of Crimea land, with an annual precipitation of 500-600 mm and less.

The climate of the vertex surface of the iah is characterized by a cool summer (at an altitude of about 1200 m. The average temperature of July 4-15.7 °) is not very harsh winter (the average temperature of January at the same height of about -4 °, in the east below), a significant amount of precipitation ( in the western part up to 1000-1200 mm per year), strong winds.

In the West, seasonal distribution of precipitation is the same as in the southern coast, their maximum falls for the winter. In the east, the maximum summer. In the summer of three days one, and in the winter two there are on eggs with precipitation. In winter, the precipitation falls in the form of snow.

Landscapes of Crimean Mountains

In the small space of the Crimean mountains, a variety of landscapes are pronounced (see the scheme). The karst landscape of the vertex surface of Yayla (1) is particularly characterized with carars, funnels and other forms of naked aster, with natural mines, which are often served by the paths of penetration into the mysterious underground world. The flat surface made by the painted surface absorbs rain and tharable snowy water, so there are no ground watercourses and only in funnels with a random bottom, puddles of standing water are formed.

Landscapes:
1 - karst vertex surface of iala; 2 - Mountain-timber slopes of Yaula; 3 - Forestry and forest-steppe (southern type) of Kuesta Girdar; 4 - Mediterranean Forest and Equity; 5 - Mediterranean xerophyte-shrub-steppe

Inherent in naked carrill, carring fields are combined at high arrays with rocky mountain meadows and meadow steppes, at lower - with mining wood-step-steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. The Karst Landscape is common in all areas of the Plateau of the Western Monolithic Part of Yayla and on the disassembled plate arrays of its eastern part, but is particularly pronounced on Ai-Petri, Chatrdag and Carabiale. Here only at the bottom of Karsh Forests and Kotlovin are green grassy grass, on the more low areas from the funnels and the mouth of natural mines sticking the tops of trees and bushes. It makes a variety of naked stony spaces in the landscape, gives them spotty.

The lower yaruses of the plateau of the eggs were more obsessed. The reduction of forests and eating a cattle of wood escapes that prevented the resumption of the forest, as well as the watery of the non-valid gravy of grassy vegetation, was the cause of the larger distribution of bare limestone surfaces and the development of a naked asset and deteriorating the sources by limestone framing. Strict implementation of the introduced ban on the grazing of cattle and carrying out wood-based measures will help improve the water regime of the iala and its karst sources.

Mountain-forest landscapes of Yayla slopes (2) with beech and oak forests and mountain burzems are similar to Caucasian and Carpathian, the forests of the Crimean pine on the southern slope are characteristic of the Crimea and are repeated only in the northern part of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Crimean mountain forests play an extremely large anti-erosion and water protection role. Their protection and restoration are needed, especially in satellite pools. We need to protect the animals inhabiting these forests.

Unique Mediterranean Landscape of the South Coast (4) with shale slopes, chaos of stone blocks, landslides, limestone cliffs, laccoliths. Here are preserved oak-juniper forests with evergreen undergrowth, with red bore and brown soils. However, in a significant part, this landscape gave way to an indulgent with vineyards and tobacco plantations, gardens, parks, beautiful resort buildings and well-equipped beaches. The climatic conditions and soils of the southern coast of the Crimea are favorable not only for viticulture (good table and wine-made varieties are grown) and tobacco production, but also for subtropical fruit growing. The fight against landslides, erosion and villages is important for the protection of an indentured landscape of the southern shore. Events recommended for landscapes (1) and (2) should be brought to improving its water regime.

Eastern Alushta along the coast is stretched by a strip of Mediterranean xerophyte-shrub landscape (5). It is characterized by vegetation inherent in the eastern Mediterranean, - Shiblyak, Frigan, in the East in the complex with the steppes. Brown skeletal soils are developed on the weathered shale crushed. The typical erosion relief of the distribution band of this landscape in the Tauride shale is characterized by intensely dismembering the surfaces of the first, second and third orders of valleys and sharply contraarte with respect to almost not affected erosion of the requested surfaces of neighboring iala. For this landscape, it is especially necessary to fight with villages developing in the lane of Tauride shale and sandstones. Need comprehensive anti-leaf protection (hydraulic structures, phytomeliolation on the slopes of sealer catchments, etc.

On the northern face of Yaylas, peculiar forests are common (with the dominance of fluffy oak) and the southern forest-steppe landscapes of the coastal varnishes (3) with brown and humid-carbonate soils. The coupling coupes crowned with a circular slope and sharp ripples of the dissenting canyons create landscapes in which bare limestone walls are contrasting, mercileous slopes, overgrown with trees and bushes of the slopes.

In the spectrum of the high-rise zone of the southern slope of iulas, the zones of the Mediterranean landscape of the southern coast are combined, mountain-forest with oak belts with pine and beech forests, karst landscape of the vertex surface. On the northern slope, the Mediterranean landscape is absent; In the lower high-rise zone, the southern forest-steppe is developed, and in the middle (with the exception of the most western regions) there is no typical for the southern slope of forests from the Crimean Pine. More similarities are observed, as it usually happens in the mountains, in the landscapes of the upper parts of the slopes. Nevertheless, in general, we can talk about different types of structure of the altitude zonality of landscapes of the Northern and South Slops of the Crimean Mountains. Their differences are due to the climatic barrier role of iala. In the East, more continental variants of the selected types are observed.

The mountain Crimea is a natural museum, where a variety of landscapes and a lot of unique monuments of nature are concentrated on a relatively small area.

Ai-Petri

Crimea is a place where many non-manual objects with an unusual form or content and representing the value for the ecosystem and in general for all mankind.

These are not manual objects are called landscape monuments. Landscape monuments include mountains, reserves, forests, rocks, caves, trails, and so on. Peculiarity of Crimea landscapesit is an unusual and that ordinary European plants grows next to the typical Mediterranean and Asian.

Our Peninsula Territory, on which plants still grow, growing here in the smalnik period - is the strawberry small-grade, juniper high, orchid computers. Scientists revealed 142 types of plants, which are not found anywhere in except for the Crimea.

Landscape The peninsula can be divided into the northern part, which is occupied by the plain in size. This is about three quarters of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe Crimea, and on the southern part, which accounts for ¼, where the main ridge of the Crimean mountains (external) passes.

Crimean ridge can be divided into inner (Northern) and external (southern). The inner ridge with a length of 125 kilometers begins from Mecchenzium mountains, near Sevastopol and passes in the area of \u200b\u200bBelogorsk, to Mount Aghards, in the old Crimea.

The inner and outer parts of the Crimean mountains are divided with flat areas, natural hollows are the Baidar Valley, Kyzyl-Kobinskaya Valley and others. These valleys are surrounded by mountains create a unique natural landscape. Crimean mountains are rich in vegetation and their slopes form beautiful mining landscapes.

2. South Coast of Crimea

Waterfall and cave in the valley at the Red Cave

Perhaps the most famous and one of the most beautiful landscaped monuments is Big Yalta, it represents 80 kilometers of the Black Sea. A winding bank, approaching close to the sea, as well as the unique main ridge of the Crimean Mountains plus a dry warm climate attracts with their landscape many connoisseurs of natural earthly beauty.

There are many of the most unique and unusual extreme places Crimeaand even Ukraine. On this territory there is Cape Sarych - it is the southernmost point of the country, Alupka is the most warm place of Ukraine, here, according to scientists, there is a large number of sunny days a year, and Mount Ai-Petri is considered the most windy mountain, here is the most winds. The highest mountain of Crimea also be here is a mountain Roman-Kos.

And not only big Yalta, for long millions of years, the entire coast of the Black Sea took such bizarre outlines, stunning in their beauty in the form of rock cliffs, pebble and sandy beaches, cozy bays.

The fabulous landscape varies along the entire coast of the Crimea, washed first by the Black Sea, then Azov, and then Lake Sivash. With local landscaped monuments are well combined and fit into the natural wealth of palm trees, laurels and cypress trees, brought to the Crimea much later and giving harmony and beautycrimea landscape.

The main ridge of the Crimean Mountains stretches along the coast of Crimea from the south-west to the east, and has a length of about 160 km and a width of 40 - 50 km. The mountains of the Amphitheater are declining to the sea forming beautiful "iulas" is Yalta Yayla reaching the height of 1406m, where the city of Yalta is located.

Ai-Petrinskaya Yayla reaches a height of 1320 m, Alupka, Simeiz appeared picturesquely. Gurzufskaya Yayla has a height of 1540 m - located Gurzuf, Nikitskaya Yayla has a height of 1470 m, here is located, famous far beyond the limits of the Crimea, Nikitsky Botanical garden.

Babugan-Yayla has the highest point of Crimea 1545m, located on the mountain Roman-Kos. The amphitheators of these Yalah man has been survived since ancient pore, here the ancient human parking was found.

Crimean Pine

On the south side of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, two belts of vegetation are distinguished: the pine is common, and below - at a height of 300-400 m above the sea, the forests of the Pine Crimean are located above the sea. Then, dropping down towards the sea, goes so-called a shib belt.

Here is the vegetation of Mediterranean type - Juniper high, oak fluffy, iglitsa, strawberry wood, wild pistachio, etc.
In the forests of the southern coast of the Crimea, the relic coniferous plant was preserved - the Tis berry and juniper high, Juniperus Excelsa, separate specimens in the volume reach 3-5 meters.

Some copies of these relics reach 1000 years. They can be found in Laspi's tract, at Cape Sarych, Ai-Todor, Martyan, Montadetor, in the Canakian Beach. Thanks to the relief, in the Crimea you can see a wide variety of landscapes and various vegetation.

3. Landshaft inner ridge of Crimean Mountains

The northern part, inner, the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains falls to Bakhchisaray, and is called the Crimean Floor. Her landscape Rated amazing canyons, mountain ranges and vociferous mountain plateaus, as be it nature intended for human settlements. This is evidenced by the oldest cave cities.

The Crimean Mountains were formed by millions of years, understood from the bottom of the Ancient Sea, where such sediment breeds were accumulated as limestones, sandstones, mergels, clay and clay slates. Rising from the day of the sea, the mountains were exposed to wind, water and different temperatures.

In places of geological faults, river valleys, canyons and mountain ridges appeared under the influence of water. The characteristic feature of the inner part of the Crimean Mountains is a gentle slopes, called Cooked (Socar). From the tight limestones of the upper layers, the cuestes turned out to be accumulations. In the process of rock erosion, the most bizarre figures appeared on the inner ridge: "Sphinxes", "Mushrooms", "Rib", grottoes, mountains - remains.

4. Decava steppes of the Crimea

Landscape The equal part of the Crimea is relatively monotonous, the steppe plain stretches to the north, sometimes there are small hills. In the West there is a Tarkankhut peninsula, it is also flavored, and in the spring and at the beginning of the summer is covered with green vegetation and beautiful flowersthat burn out under the hot Crimean sun by the middle of the summer.

The coast of the sea is broken, high, there are caves, grottoes. Going deep into the Crimean Mountains and the Sea, you fall into the steppe zone where unusual and fast rivers become calm, large arrays of gardens and vineyards appear, there are large stripes of meadows with bright poppies and other vegetation.

Plains are gradually falling from the south to the north, occupying the northern and central part. The nature of the Crimea is unique in the combination of plain landscapes and mountainous arrays. In this part of the Crimea, many garden-park complexes, built even after the joining of the Crimea to Russia, natural landscapes are decorated and extended by landscapes of parks created by the hands of a person. I wrote about one park complex here.

5. Mind, wash the Crimea

From the south, the Crimea is washed by the Black Sea, and from the east there is azov Sea. There is a Kerch Strait between the two seas, a width of 5 to 15 km wide. The depth of the Black Sea in some places comes to 2,200 meters and does not have noticeable tides, or sings. The depth of the Azov Sea is about 13.5 meters.

6.recks of the Crimean Peninsula

Crimean rivers, as a rule, are generally large and in full, they are winding and fast. Most rivers under the scorching rays of the summer sun, almost dries, or go under the ground, in karst cavities. The largest Crimean River, - Salgir, and the most fulfillment, - Belbek.

Crimean rivers passing through constantly changing mountain reliefs, canyons and gorge, then falling, then rising, then spreading on the plain often form whole cascades of waterfalls, attracting numerous groups of tourists.

Crimean rivers, these are small mountain rivers resembling streams. In the summer, most often, drying rivers take off their channel, which is dotted with boulders, stones of a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Sometimes a thin stream streams break through these boulders, then hiding under the ground and unexpectedly again arising on the surface of the earth.

But if there will be plentiful rain in the mountains, the rivers are instantly filled with water, go out of the banks, breaking down on numerous streams, rapidly carry down, then combine large stones in one stream, and feedted with roots trees.

Tourists need to know this choosing a place to sleep and have their own tourist equipment away, it seemed that there was harmless streams. Crimea is also rich in salted lakes.

7. Inventors of the Peninsula

Caves of the Crimean Peninsula

In Crimea Many karst caves are open, which, in their beauty, attractive for speleologists around the world. On the mountain Chatyr-Dag is open and equipped for visits to the tourists of the cave called "Marble". This name is given to it because of its unique beauty, resembling a complex pattern of marble.

The cave has several, equipped for visitors, halls and galleries, with a length of about one and a half kilometers. The depth of the cave is 60 meters, and the explored length is more than two kilometers. A unique marble cave ranks fifth in the world among the most beautiful planet caves.

Well, the longest karst cave Crimea It is red, its length is 16 thousand meters. The record in depth puts the Cave of Soldiers, which go deep into 517 meters. Also one of the unique in Europe on an unusual underground coloring is considered to be the cave Emine-Bair-_Hosar, which is located near the marble cave.

You can quite organize a visit to many landscaped monuments of the Crimea on their own, as the infrastructure in the Crimea is developed and can be reached everywhere on public transport, the roads are not bad.

Visit l.andzaftny monuments It can be paid and free, as a rule, visiting monuments is available from April to October, but there are winter visits. Many landscaped monuments are protected by the state or it turns out a lot of assistance to individuals making the landscape of Crimea in unique, such as .

Categories: / dated 12.02.2013