Presentation on the Crimean Peninsula. Presentation on the topic "geographical location of the Crimea" Download the message and presentation on the topic of Crimea

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In March 2014, rallies in support of Crimea were held in many Russian cities.

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On March 16, 2014, a referendum was held in Crimea on the possible secession from Ukraine and entry into the Russian Federation.

CHRONICLE OF EVENTS.

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• On March 19, the Constitutional Court recognized the agreement as complying with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
• On March 20-21, the Treaty was ratified by the State Duma and the Federation Council.
• March 21, 2014 - President Vladimir Putin signed the law on the ratification of the treaty on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation

CHRONICLE OF EVENTS.

• On March 18, 2014, an interstate agreement was signed in the Kremlin on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, according to which new subjects of the Russian Federation are formed - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

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• 84 constituent entities of the Russian Federation - REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA
• 85 constituent entity of the Russian Federation - the city of federal significance SEVASTOPOL

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The Crimean Peninsula is located in the south of Eastern Europe.

In the north, the peninsula is connected to the mainland by a narrow Perekop isthmus, in the east - the Kerch Strait.

From the west and south, the peninsula is washed by the Black Sea, from the north-east - by the waters of the Azov Sea.

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The name "Crimea" comes from the Turkic - shaft, wall, ditch.

Perekop shaft was built 2 thousand years ago.

Until the XIII century. the peninsula was named Tavrika, after the ancient tribes of the Taurus who lived here.

Since the 15th century, the peninsula began to be called Tavria, and after its incorporation into Russia in 1783 - Tavrida.

A bit of history.

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The first Russian possessions in eastern Crimea appeared in the 10th century and entered the principality of Tmutarakan, created under Svyatoslav.

In ancient Chersonesos (now part of Sevastopol) in 988, the Grand Duke Vladimir I was baptized.

The ruler of Crimea (Tmutarakini) was Mstislav Udaloy, brother of Yaroslav the Wise.

A bit of history.

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In the XIII-XIV centuries. Crimea was part of the Golden Horde.

And after its collapse - as part of the Crimean Khanate.

In 1478, the Crimean Khanate became a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.

Since the end of the 15th century, the Crimean Khanate made constant raids on the Russian state and Poland. The main purpose of the raids is to capture slaves and resell them in Turkish markets.

A bit of history.

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Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774.

During the war, the Russian army under the command of Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov defeated the Turkish troops in the battles of Larga, Cahul and Kozludzhi, and the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet under the command of Alexei Orlov and Grigory Spiridovan defeated the Turkish fleet at Chiosk and at Chesk.

As a result of the war, which ended with the victory of the Russian Empire, Novorossiya and the North Caucasus were included in it, and the Crimean Khanate passed under its protectorate.

A bit of history.

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A bit of history.

From the Manifesto of Catherine II on the annexation of the Crimea.

“... the eternal peace between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires, a prisoner that We sincerely wish to preserve forever, no less than in exchange and satisfaction of Our losses, We decided to take our Crimean peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under our power ... [...]

... Proclaiming to the inhabitants of those places ... we promise sacredly and unshakably for ourselves and the Successors of Our Throne to keep them on a par with our natural subjects, to protect and protect their faces, property, temples and natural faith ...

Given in our patronal city of St. Peter, April 8 DAY from the Nativity of Christ, 1783, and our statehood in the twenty-first summer. Catherine II"

Catherine the Great called Crimea “the best pearl” of her crown.

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A bit of history.

Potemkin Grigory Alexandrovich, Prince of the Tauride favorite and closest assistant to Empress Catherine II. Supervised the development of the Northern Black Sea region and the construction of the Black Sea Fleet. Commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791

In 1776 he became Governor-General of Novorossiysk, Azov and Astrakhan provinces.

At the mouth of the Dnieper Potemkin founded Kherson with a shipyard, supervised the construction of Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk) and the construction of Sevastopol as a military and seaport of Russia, the creation of the Black Sea Fleet, both military and commercial.

The invitation of colonists, the founding of cities, the cultivation of forests and vineyards, the encouragement of silkworm breeding, the establishment of schools, factories, printing houses, shipyards - all this was undertaken in an extremely sweeping manner, on a large scale, sparing neither money, nor labor, nor people.

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A bit of history.

Fireworks in honor of Catherine II during her trip to Crimea.

In 1787, the famous trip of Catherine II to the Crimea was undertaken, which turned into Potemkin's triumph.

Created by order of the prince, the Amazon company gave considerable pleasure to the empress, Kherson, with its fortress, surprised even foreigners, and the view of the Sevastopol raid with a squadron of 15 large and 20 small ships was the most spectacular sight of the entire journey. When parting with the Empress in Kharkov, Potemkin received the honorary nickname Tauride.

"POTEMKINSKIE VILLAGES"

The luxurious appearance of the settlements and the well-groomed of their inhabitants were so amazing that they raised doubts about the authenticity of the presented picture. Therefore, envious people began to claim that these were dummies installed by order of Potemkin, models of houses, and there were no villages in reality.

However, the fact remains that cities and towns were built, the population settled down, and the borders of Russia were strengthened. Moreover, it was a serious diplomatic step. It was necessary to show foreign guests (including the Austrian Emperor Joseph II) that Russia stands firmly on the newly acquired lands and intends to maintain them in the best possible way.

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SEVASTOPOL is a city of Russian glory.

In the 5th century BC. e. Greek colonists built their fortress-colony Chersonesos (part of the territory of modern Sevastopol)

Immediately after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Catherine II gave instructions to find a place to build a military port. The founder of the city was Rear Admiral Foma Fomich Mekenzi, who on June 14, 1783 laid the foundation for the first four stone buildings of Sevastopol.

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Crimea is a peninsula deeply protruding into the Black Sea, the eastern part of which - the Kerch Peninsula - separates the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov from the Black Sea basin. The Crimean peninsula is connected to the mainland in the north through the narrow Perekop Isthmus (7 km), and the even narrower Kerch Strait (4.5 km) separates the Crimea from the Taman Peninsula in the east. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Crimean peninsula is 27,000 km², the length of the coastline is about 2,500 km. Crimea has a unique location, varied relief (mountains up to 1545 m in the south and flat steppe in the north) and a varied climate (dry temperate continental in the north and subtropical on the southern coast). All this, as well as the rich historical and cultural heritage, make Crimea an outstanding resort and tourist area, and its strategic position in the Black Sea region gives Crimea a great economic and military-political importance.

At the moment, almost the entire territory of Crimea is part of the Republic of Crimea (until March 17, 2014 - the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, or ARC), except for the north of the narrow and long spit Arabatskaya Strelka, which administratively belongs to the Kherson region of Ukraine, as well as the federal city of Sevastopol ... As a result of the degradation of Ukrainian statehood, which lasted all 23 years of the history of independent Ukraine, on February 18-23, 2014, oligarchic and Bandera forces carried out a coup d'etat in Kiev. In response, the Crimeans took power on the peninsula into their own hands. On March 16, 2014, a referendum was held in which the Crimean people chose whether Crimea would be a fully autonomous and state-sovereign republic within Ukraine or would become part of the Russian Federation as a constituent entity of the federation. 96.77% of Crimeans and 95.6% of Sevastopol citizens voted for the reunification of Crimea with Russia. The turnout in Crimea was 82.71% (including Sevastopol). It should be noted that exactly 70 years ago, on March 16, 1944, the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief issued an order to begin the operation to liberate Crimea. Since the signing of the relevant interstate agreement on March 18, 2014, the Republic of Crimea, including the city of Sevastopol, is part of Russia. On March 21, the Federation Council adopted and Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the law on the acceptance of Crimea and Sevastopol into Russia.

XII century BC e. Steppe Crimea is inhabited by Cimmerians, and on the southern coast and in the Crimean mountains there live the Taurian tribes, from which the most ancient name of the Crimea - Tavrida comes from (the modern name of the peninsula, apparently, comes from the Turkic word kyrym - shaft, wall, ditch). VIII-VII centuries BC e. The Greeks began to colonize the southern coast of the Crimea, and the Scythians came to the Crimean steppes. 5th century BC e. Greek cities in the eastern Crimea are united into the Bosporan Kingdom. 422 BC e. The Greek city of Tauric Chersonesos was founded, later the most famous ancient city of Crimea, the ruins of which are located on the territory of modern Sevastopol. III-II centuries BC e. Steppe Crimea becomes the center of the Scythian state. Greek cities are protected from the Scythians with the help of the Pontic king Mithridates VI, who takes control of the Crimean harbors.

63 BC e. The Pontic kingdom was conquered by the Roman Empire, the Crimean cities came under the control of Rome. 1st century AD e. The Sarmatians invade the steppe Crimea. 98 years old. According to legend, Saint Clement I, the 4th Pope of Rome, was exiled from Rome to the Inkerman quarries in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Sevastopol. He was the first to start spreading Christianity on the territory of the future Russian world, except for the legend about the Apostle Andrew the First-Called. 3rd century. The Goths invade Crimea and seize the Bosporus kingdom and all the possessions of the Sarmatians and Romans (except for Chersonesos). 375 year. The Huns invade Crimea and plunder the Bosporan kingdom. IV-V centuries. The Roman (Byzantine) Empire regains control over the southern coast and the mountainous part of Crimea. End of the 6th century. The troops of the Turkic Kaganate invade the eastern Crimea and finally destroy the Bosporus kingdom. End of the 7th century. The Khazars seize Crimea, only Chersonesos remains under the rule of Byzantium. X century. The defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by the Russians, the Pechenegs come to the steppe Crimea.

960s. Tmutarakan principality (according to some sources later, but no later than 988). At the Kerch Strait, the Russian Tmutarakan principality emerged with its capital in Tmutarakan on the Taman Peninsula and part of the territory in the Crimea on the Kerch Peninsula. The principality arose as a result of the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav (according to other sources, as a result of the Korsun (Chersonese) campaign of Prince Vladimir). The Tmutarakan principality existed at least until 1094, then these lands passed to Byzantium, and then to the Polovtsians. However, both under Byzantium and under the Polovtsians, Russians lived in Tmutarakan and the Crimea, and according to some sources, the princely dynasty that ruled Tmutarakan under the Polovtsy was related to the Russian princes. 988 year. Baptism of Russia. In Chersonesos Tauride, the baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir takes place, from which the Baptism of Rus begins. As a result of the Korsun campaign of St. Vladimir, the influence and presence of Russians in Crimea is consolidated, and the Russian Tmutarakan principality is strengthened (or, according to other sources, is created).

XI century. The defeat of the Pechenegs by the Russians, the steppe Crimea was conquered by the Polovtsy (Kipchaks). XIII century. The defeat of Constantinople by the crusaders, as a result of which, after the weakening of Byzantium, part of its possessions in the Crimea became an independent principality of Gothia (Theodoro), and part of it passed to the Genoese. 1238 year. Crimea was conquered by the Mongols of Khan Batu, the steppe part of the peninsula is part of the Golden Horde. Most of the Crimean population, including Russians, is either destroyed or enslaved. 1441. The Crimean Khanate becomes independent. 1475 year. Ottoman Turks conquer the southern coast of Crimea (Genoese possessions and the principality of Theodoro), and the Crimean Khanate becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. Over the next three centuries, the Crimean Tatars constantly raided Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1772 year. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war (1768-1774), under the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy treaty, the Crimean Khanate gains independence from the Ottoman Empire, and garrisons of Russian troops are located on the Crimean coast.

The year is 1783. Entry of Crimea into Russia. On April 8, 1783, Crimea and the adjacent Azov steppes are part of Russia (in 1784 they become the Tauride region, since 1802 - the Tauride province). At the same time, Taman and the entire Kuban are part of Russia. On May 23, 1783, the foundation of Simferopol is planned (construction began in 1784). Sevastopol was founded on June 3 (14), 1783. 1853-1856 years. Crimean (Eastern) war of Turkey and the Anglo-French coalition against Russia. Although on almost all fronts - near Kronstadt and the Solovetsky Islands, in Kamchatka and in the Caucasus - the Allies do not achieve success and are defeated, in the Crimea, thanks to the superiority in the number of ships, the British and French manage to occupy the southern part of the peninsula, with the exception of Sevastopol. 1854-1855 years. First defense of Sevastopol. From October 17, 1854 to September 9, 1855, the Anglo-French-Turkish coalition besieges Sevastopol. The entrance to the Sevastopol Bay is blocked by the sunken ships of the Black Sea Fleet, during the defense admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov and Istomin die. The enemy manages to occupy only the southern part of Sevastopol, Russian soldiers and sailors hold the North side. As a result, Crimea and Sevastopol remain part of Russia, but the country loses the right to have a navy in the Black Sea (however, in 1870 Russia regains this right).

1917-1920 years. There is a Civil War in Russia. In Crimea, "white" and "red" governments replace each other several times. November 7 - November 17, 1920 The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army during the Perekop-Chongar operation takes control of the Crimea, the white troops of General Wrangel leave the peninsula by sea. 1921 year. On October 18, 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed as part of the RSFSR. 1941-1942 years. Second defense of Crimea and Sevastopol. September 12, 1941 - July 9, 1942 was the battle for the Crimea and the second heroic defense of Sevastopol. As a result, the territory of Crimea was occupied by Nazi Germany and Romania, but the persistent resistance of the Sevastopol residents diverted significant German forces from actions in the Stalingrad direction, which ultimately contributed to the victory at Stalingrad and in the Great Patriotic War in general. 1944 year. Crimea was liberated by Soviet troops. In order to ensure internal security and prevent conflicts, Crimean Tatars who collaborated with the Germans were deported to Central Asia (May 18), as well as Armenians, Bulgarians and Greeks (June 26). Several decades later, the deported peoples returned to Crimea. 1946 year. The autonomy of the Crimean ASSR was abolished, the Crimean region was created on June 25, 1946.

1948 year. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated October 29, 1948, Sevastopol was made a city of republican subordination - thus, the status of Sevastopol became equal to the status of the Crimean region. 1954 year. By decrees of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 19 and April 26, 1954, almost exactly 60 years before the key events of 2014, "as a sign of friendship" and in honor of the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Pereyaslav Rada in 1654 (that is, the reunification of Russia and Ukraine), Crimea was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time, the expression of the will of the population of Crimea was not taken into account, referendums were not held. The political motives behind the transfer of Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR remain largely unclear, and the legal legality of this step is extremely controversial - according to the Constitution of the USSR, the territory of the republics could not be changed without their consent, and the Presidium of the Supreme Council did not have the right to change the territories of the republics. Controversial was also the legal status of the transfer of Sevastopol to the Ukrainian SSR, which was a city of republican subordination of the RSFSR and was not mentioned in any way in the decrees on the transfer of Crimea

1978 year. On April 12 and 20, respectively, new constitutions of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR were adopted, in which Crimea and Sevastopol were assigned to the Ukrainian SSR, but the decree on the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of October 29, 1948 N 761/2 on the republican subordination of Sevastopol was never canceled. Self-defense of Crimea with shields painted in the colors of the Crimean flag 1991. According to the results of the referendum, the Crimean region was transformed into the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a subject of the USSR to join the project of a new renewed USSR - the Union of Sovereign States (UIT), which, however, did not take place due to the position of a number of republics of the USSR, the August 1991 putsch and other reasons. 1992 year. After the collapse of the USSR, the Crimean autonomy, which became part of Ukraine, signed an agreement with Ukraine. 1994 year. The Supreme Soviet of Ukraine renamed the Crimean ASSR (Republic of Crimea) into the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The pro-Russian Yuri Meshkov was elected Crimean president; on March 27, a referendum was held in Crimea, in which Crimeans voted for increased autonomy, dual Russian and Ukrainian citizenship, and equating the status of decrees of the Crimean president to laws.

1995 year. As a result of the conflict between the Crimean Autonomy and the central Ukrainian authorities, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine on March 17, 1995, abolished the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, abolished the office of President of Crimea and all previously adopted in Crimea normative legal acts.

year 2014. "The third defense of Sevastopol and Crimea." Reunification with Russia. On the Day of Defender of the Fatherland, February 23, in Sevastopol, mass rallies began against the Bandera, who seized power in Kiev. On February 24, 2014, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea refused to submit to the new illegitimate Ukrainian government. Within a few days, self-defense units were formed in Crimea, which took under protection administrative buildings and entrances to Sevastopol and Crimea, and also blocked Ukrainian military units and almost the entire Black Sea fleet of Ukraine. On March 6, 2014, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea made a decision in principle to join Russia as a constituent entity of the federation. On March 16, a referendum on reunification with Russia was held in Crimea. The turnout in the hero city of Sevastopol at the referendum was 89.5%, in the Republic of Crimea - 81.36%, in Crimea as a whole 82.71%, and the highest turnout was shown by the hero city of Kerch - 94.59%. According to preliminary data, 95.7% of Crimeans voted for the reunification of Crimea with Russia. The referendum was held in a peaceful and festive atmosphere. It should be noted that exactly 70 years ago, on March 16, 1944, the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief issued an order to begin the operation to liberate Crimea. Since the signing on March 18, 2014 of an agreement on joining Russia, Crimea, including Sevastopol, is part of the Russian Federation.

Population of Crimea As of November 1, 2013, the population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was 1,967,119 people, and the population of the Sevastopol City Council was 385,462 people (total - 2,352,581 people). The share of Russians in Crimea according to the 2001 census According to the 2001 census (the results of which were maximally adjusted to the positions of Ukrainizers) 58.5% of Russians, 24.3% of Ukrainians, 12.1% of Crimean Tatars, 1.4% lived in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea Belarusians, 1.1% Armenians, 0.6% Tatars, and 2% representatives of other ethnic groups. According to the same data, in 2001, 71.58% of Russians, 22.38% of Ukrainians, 1.54% of Belarusians and 5.5% of representatives of other ethnic groups lived in Sevastopol. The majority of the population of Crimea and Sevastopol has an extremely positive attitude towards Russia.

Crimea Economy Industry Below are the main enterprises of the most important industries of the peninsula. Shipbuilding and ship repair The shipbuilding industry in Russia last years to a large extent overloaded with orders - the same Mistrals were simply nowhere to build in the country - therefore, some increase at the expense of the Crimea, whose factories, although not as large as in Nikolaev, came in handy for the Russian economy.

Sevastopol Marine Plant, Sevastopol - has been engaged in shipbuilding and ship repair since 1783. Shipyard "South Sevastopol", Sevastopol. Shipbuilding plant "More", town. Primorsky, Feodosia - specializes in hydrofoil and hovercraft. Zaliv shipyard, Kerch. Kerch Shipyard, Kerch. 13 shipyard of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Ministry of Defense, Sevastopol. Shipyard "VALM", Sevastopol. Design and technological bureau "Sudokompozit", Feodosia Feodosia ship mechanical plant, Feodosia Fiberglass, Feodosia Special production and technical base "Flame", town. Primorsky, Feodosia - production of ship fire-fighting systems. Central Design Bureau "Chernomorets", Sevastopol

Other mechanical engineering and metallurgy Molot plant, Sevastopol - production of pumping equipment for shipbuilding and mines. Kerch Switch Plant, Kerch - production of elements of the superstructure of the railway track and cast parts for various purposes. Plant "Pnevmatika", Simferopol - produces pneumatic equipment. Machine-building plant Progress, Simferopol - produces lines for the production of building materials, as well as special vehicles and trailers. Plant "Simferopolselmash", Simferopol - produces components for agricultural machinery, including for "Rostselmash". Simferopol Plant of Automobile Steering Wheels, Simferopol - manufacturer of automotive components for KrAZ. Kerch Metallurgical Plant - production of enameled dishes. Evpatoria Aviation Repair Plant - aircraft repair and maintenance. Sevastopol Aviation Enterprise - repair of helicopters and communications equipment. Radio communication design bureau, Sevastopol.

Instrumentation Plant "Fiolent", Simferopol - production of ship automation systems and electromechanical components. Large manufacturer of hand-held power tools. Crimean electrotechnical plant "SATURN", Sevastopol - production of electric motors. Tavrida Electric, Sevastopol - electrical equipment for 0.4-10 kV networks. Plant "Monsoon", Sevastopol - manufacturer of marine radio equipment. Feodosia Optical Plant - optics, including military ones. Feodosia State Optical Plant - microscopes.

Chemical industry "Crimean Titan", the city of Armyansk

Crimean Soda Plant, Krasnoperekopsk - provides 2.5% of the world market for soda ash. Crimean Titan, Armyansk is the largest titanium dioxide producer in Eastern Europe. Among other things, titanium dioxide is widely known as a white pigment in building enamels. Perekopsky bromine plant (PJSC "Brom"), Krasnoperekopsk - produces bromine and its compounds.

Building materials industry Altzem Cement Plant, Kerch - a very large cement plant is under construction, the first stage was to be commissioned in the summer of 2014. Mining Kamysh-Burunsky iron ore plant - mining and primary processing of iron ore in the Kerch region. Chernomornaftogaz - production of gas, oil and gas condensate on the shelf of the peninsula.

Winemaking The main building of the Massandra winery

Sevastopol Wine Factory Massandra Wine Factory Factory of Vintage Wines and Cognacs “Koktebel” Inkerman Factory of Vintage Wines Factory “Novy Svet” National Institute of Vine and Wine “Magarach” is not only a research center, but also a wine producer.

Fishing and fish processing enterprises "Interrybflot" plant, Sevastopol. Fish cannery "New", Sevastopol. Fish cannery "Akhtiar", Sevastopol. Fish canning plant "Proliv", Kerch Fish canning plant "Vostok NPP", Kerch

Agriculture The natural and geographical conditions of the Crimea, divided into the northern steppe and southern mountainous parts, as well as the lack of moisture, especially in dry years, determine the direction of local agriculture. During the years of the independence of Ukraine, livestock farming, which traditionally for the peninsula was represented by dairy cattle, as well as poultry and sheep breeding, fell into significant decline due to the lack of natural feed. In the field of plant growing, the southern mountainous part of Crimea is characterized by gardening, viticulture, growing tobacco and vegetables. In the northern part of the peninsula, cereals, vegetables and fodder crops for animal husbandry are grown to a greater extent. In Soviet times, for the organization of irrigated agriculture on the peninsula, the North Crimean canal was built, supplying water for irrigation from the Dnieper, but at the moment it has largely degraded.

Sea ports

Kerch ferry crossing. Kerch commercial sea port. Kerch sea fishing port. Feodosia sea trade port. Yalta sea trade port. Sevastopol Commercial Sea Port. Sevastopol sea fishing port. Evpatoria sea trade port.

Research Institute of Aeroelastic Systems, Feodosia - research in the development of parachute systems. Research Center "Helicopter", smt. Primorsky Feodosia - testing and revision of helicopter technology. Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (KrAO), town. Scientific, Bakhchisarai region - at one time one of the largest astronomical centers in the USSR and around the world. It possesses unique equipment, including the largest mirror telescope in Europe with a diameter of 2.6 meters, which studies the chemical composition and magnetism of stars, as well as the physics of active galactic nuclei (this telescope is also the second largest in Eurasia after the 6-meter BTA telescope in Karachay Circassia on the Caucasian ridge - the border between Europe and Asia). The observatory under the rule of Ukraine has seriously suffered from underfunding and in recent years was forced to curtail many programs, but now hopes for changes for the better, is going to join the Russian Academy of Sciences and strengthen its staff with specialists from Russia. The Simeiz observatory on the southern coast of the Crimea is currently a structural unit of the KrAO. In Soviet times, numerous discoveries of asteroids, comets and nebulae were made at the Crimean and Simeiz observatories.

The Center for Long-Range Space Communication in Yevpatoria (National Center for Control and Testing of Space Facilities) is the most well-equipped center for communication with spacecraft outside the geostationary orbit on the territory of the former USSR. It is a serious radio observatory, since it is equipped with radio telescopes (antennas) up to 70 meters in diameter.

Reunification of Crimea with Russia 100% of votes were counted in the all-Crimean referendum. For reunification with Russia, 96.77% of the residents of the Republic of Crimea voted with a turnout of 83.1%, as well as 95.6% of Sevastopol residents with a turnout of 89.5%. The Supreme Council of Crimea and the City Council of Sevastopol announced their intention to join Russia as subjects of the federation. According to the head of the commission for organizing the referendum, Mikhail Malyshev, “This is the choice of the Crimeans, and the words inscribed on the emblem of Crimea -“ Prosperity in unity ”, now sound like“ Prosperity in unity with Russia. ”Since the signing of the interstate agreement on March 18, 2014 The Republic of Crimea, including the city of Sevastopol, is part of Russia. Ukraine does not recognize this fact. Third countries may make various statements on this issue, but no documents with the participation of third parties determine the outline of the Russian-Ukrainian border.

What reunification with Crimea will give Russia Russia gets the opportunity of strategic control over the entire Black Sea region, which is due to the location of the southern part of Crimea practically in the center of the Azov-Black Sea basin. Russia's ability to control the sea and air space in the Black Sea area is sharply increasing, including with deployment on the peninsula radar stations missile attack warnings. Russia gains full unrestricted control over the Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol, and also receives all seaports and military bases in Crimea. It is no longer necessary to pay Ukraine for the lease of the Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol, and there is no need to pay duties for supplies to this base. The lease price was about $ 100 million per year, and several tens of millions of dollars were spent on duties. The same applies to the training ground for naval aviation pilots for flights from the NITKA aircraft carriers. In addition, huge funds (many billions of dollars) are potentially freed up to equip the Black Sea Fleet base in Novorossiysk and strengthen the infrastructure of the Southern Military District, which would have to be spent if Crimea remained part of Ukraine under the rule of an illegitimate government unfriendly to Russia.

There is an opportunity to abandon the Kharkov agreements (a discount on gas in exchange for the prolongation of the agreement on the Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol) and return to European gas prices for Ukraine. The 2010 agreements provided for a reduction in the price of Russian gas for Ukraine by 30%, but no more than $ 100 per thousand cubic meters - taking into account Russia's refusal to maintain the gas discount given in December 2013, this means that gas prices for Ukraine will again will be the same as for most other European countries. The abolition of both discounts could theoretically give Russia up to $ 4-6 billion a year, which within several years would fully compensate for any economic costs of integrating Crimea into Russia. In practice, however, Ukraine in its current state will most likely simply not be able to pay the European price for gas, and pricing will most likely become a subject of political bargaining again. Part of the Ukrainian army (up to 16,000 fighters out of 18,000 deployed in the Crimea), part of the military equipment and almost the entire Black Sea Fleet of Ukraine will come under Russian control. However, most of the Ukrainian combat aircraft in Crimea are inoperative, and in general, Ukraine's military equipment is outdated.

Russia gains almost complete control over the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, entry and exit from it through the Kerch Strait. At the moment, Russia pays annually, according to various estimates, from 20 to 70 million dollars for the pilotage of Russian ships through the Kerch-Yenikalsky Canal. After reunification with Crimea, in fact, Russia receives not only the ports of Crimea, but also indirect control over the activities of all Ukrainian ports of the Azov Sea (if they remain part of Ukraine, which is falling apart under the rule of Bandera). Strategic encirclement of the territory of Ukraine - more than half of its borders are surrounded by the countries of the Customs Union. This gives Ukraine additional economic incentives to join the Customs Union, in which Russia and other CU countries are very interested.

The possibility of laying a gas pipeline through Crimea is an alternative route for South Stream, which significantly reduces the cost of the project. Now the largest transit gas pipeline "South Stream" is supposed to be built in the deep central part of the Black Sea in neutral waters (but in the Turkish economic zone). In the case of the annexation of Crimea to Russia, the gas pipeline can be laid over land in the territory of Crimea or along the Crimean shelf through the relatively shallow northern part of the Black Sea. This would reduce the cost of the project by almost $ 20 billion (compared to the current project cost of 56 billion). It is unlikely, however, that this will happen with the first string of the gas pipeline - in order to change the route, it will be necessary to significantly postpone the commissioning of the project, in addition, it will be necessary to renegotiate with partners and abandon agreements with Turkey, which was still generally on the side of Russia in the Crimean crisis. But the subsequent branches of the South Stream have a good chance of passing along a cheaper route. The gas pipeline is designed to completely cover the needs Southern Europe in gas supplies and will allow Russia to almost completely abandon transit through Ukraine.

About 3/4 of the exclusive economic zone of Ukraine in the Black and Azov Seas, including oil and gas fields, goes to Russia. Chernomorneftegaz, a company registered in Simferopol, is currently developing gas on the Crimean shelf. Explored oil reserves are relatively small (up to several million tons), but gas reserves are more significant (tens of billions of cubic meters in the Kazantip region). In addition, there are still not developed and not fully explored oil and gas fields, the reserves of which are already estimated at hundreds of millions of tons of oil and hundreds of billions of cubic meters of gas. The exclusive economic zone is also the right to fish in these waters (which, however, at the moment is not a significant resource due to the depletion of fish stocks and the deteriorating environmental situation in the Black Sea). Russia receives large chemical plants in the north of Crimea (see above ), which occupy a significant part of the world market of components for fertilizers and reagents for oil refining.

Crimea's shipbuilding and ship-repairing enterprises will not be superfluous in Russia, where at the moment a significant part of shipbuilding enterprises is overloaded with orders. Center for deep space communications in Yevpatoria (National Center for Control and Testing of Space Facilities) - a radio engineering center built in Soviet times is critically important for the development of domestic programs for deep space exploration, since it is equipped with very expensive equipment and has few analogues in Russia - there are telescopes of a similar size only in Medvezhye Ozyory in the Moscow region and near Ussuriysk, and there should be many such centers for effective communication with spacecraft due to the rotation of the Earth. Currently, the center is used for work with the Radioastron orbiting telescope. 3,000 hectares of vineyards and major wineries, including the famous Massandra winery with the world's largest collection of wines. The following wineries operate in Crimea - Inkerman Vintage Wine Factory, Koktebel, Massandra, Novy Svet. All of them are brands in the post-Soviet space, and some outside it.

The entire resort and tourist complex of Crimea, including 2500 km of coastline with numerous beaches and seaside resorts... For the cold northern country, which is Russia, the return of a huge seaside resort area is of great importance. At the moment, the role of sea resort regions in Russia is played only by the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and, in the future, the southern part of the Dagestan coast. With certain investments, Crimea can easily be turned into a first-class resort region at the level of the best world standards (as recently happened with Sochi thanks to the Olympics). Probably, at first, the Crimea will continue to play the role of a place for relatively cheap and "non-pathetic" rest. The entry of Crimea into Russia will lead to the fact that a significant part of the money that Russians spend on holidays will not go abroad, but will remain in the country's economy. The entry of Crimea into the ruble zone will strengthen the ruble's position among world currencies.

Together with Crimea, the Russian economy will grow and will definitely exceed the size of the German economy, becoming the first economy in Europe. Although Crimea's GRP is now only about $ 12 billion per year (in PPP terms), even this increase is enough for Russia to surpass Germany in terms of GDP (PPP) in the World Bank's ranking. In addition, the Crimean economy within Russia will have significant growth potential. Expansion of the sales market for Russian goods. After the entry of Crimea into Russia, the introduction of the ruble as a currency, etc., there will be a complete removal of customs and administrative barriers between the peninsula and the rest of Russia. This will lead to the fact that a significant part of the products that are now imported by Crimea from Ukraine will be replaced by Russian-made goods. That will contribute to the growth of Russian industry. As a result of the reunification with the people of Crimea, who by misunderstanding found themselves abroad in 1991, the population of Russia will reach 146 million people. This makes it possible in the coming years, due to immigration and natural growth (if it continues), to reach and exceed the historical peak of the population of post-Soviet Russia of 148.5 million people.

Crimea will set an example for other regions of Ukraine and, in part, for unrecognized or partially recognized states in the post-Soviet space. In case of successful integration of Crimea, many other regions of Ukraine, which is now falling apart, will have additional incentives to integrate with Russia in one way or another. In addition, a precedent will be created and appropriate legislation adopted, which, under certain conditions, may provide an opportunity for unification with Russia for Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Return to the Russian borders of the most important monuments of Russian history and symbols of Russian culture, the most important places for the spiritual space of Russia. Ancient Chersonese, in which Prince Vladimir was baptized; the hero city of Sevastopol, which is associated with the glory of the Russian fleet and many of the greatest pages of Russian military history; resort Yalta and the famous pioneer camp Artek; Livadia Palace; "Bird home"; the hero city of Kerch - these and many other places of the Crimea are of great spiritual and symbolic significance for Russia.

What reunification with Russia will give Crimea Russia plans to provide Crimea with $ 6 billion in the near future. 5 billion will be provided in the form of investments, and 1 billion - in the form of assistance to local budgets. As for investments, it should be noted that during the preparation for the Sochi Olympics, Russia gained tremendous experience, modernizing the infrastructure of the entire south of Krasnodar Territory in 7 years and creating a year-round world-class resort in Sochi. This construction and management experience can be used in Crimea. Crimea's budget will be doubled in case of joining Russia. The fact that Russia gave such a guarantee was announced on March 6 by the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Crimea, Vladimir Konstantinov. Social payments to residents of Crimea will be increased 4 times. Pensions in Russia are at least twice as high as in Ukraine, and the retirement age in Russia is lower than in Ukraine. Russia will annually allocate 36 billion rubles for pensions to residents of Crimea. Russian citizens are paid maternity capital at the birth of their second and subsequent children - 430,000 rubles as of 2014.

Salaries in Russia are significantly higher than Ukrainian ones - civil servants, state employees and former Ukrainian military in Crimea can expect a significant increase in income. In particular, the salaries of the Russian military are 3-4 times higher than the salaries of their Ukrainian colleagues. The rates of all major taxes in Russia are lower than in Ukraine - lower taxes will be a significant plus for entrepreneurs in Crimea. “In Russia, value added tax: on exports 0% (in Ukraine 0%), on food products and goods for children 10% (in Ukraine 20%), on goods, works and services 18% (in Ukraine 20%). In Russia, the personal income tax is 13% (in Ukraine 15-17%). In Russia, the tax on profit of enterprises in the field of education, medicine and agriculture is 0% (in Ukraine 18%), for investment activities 20%, of which 18% is transferred to the budget of the subject of the Federation. " The subjects of the federation in Russia also have the right to lower rates for certain taxes. Part of the funds received from Russia is planned to be spent on improving living conditions in the settlements of the Crimean Tatars.

In Sevastopol, the election of its own mayor by the people is fully legitimized. Due to the special status of Sevastopol, for a long time it was the only city in Ukraine without an elected mayor. If it becomes part of Russia as a part of the Republic of Crimea or as a separate subject of the federation, Sevastopol will be able to legitimately elect its own mayor. Kerch Strait. There are various options for building a bridge across the spits in the north or in the center of the strait. Construction of a bridge across the Kerch Strait and a significant increase in transport connectivity of the peninsula with the mainland. The bridge across the Kerch Strait - most likely a rail-road bridge - will make it easy to move overland between the Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, linking the two most important resort areas into a single whole. The bridge is likely to carry electrical cables and other communications as well. Construction and maintenance of the construction site will create a certain number of new jobs in the east of Crimea. According to preliminary estimates, the cost of the bridge will be at least 50 billion rubles, construction will take 5 years.

Possible construction of a gas pipeline from the Taman Peninsula. There is an opportunity to lay a transit gas pipeline through the territory of Crimea and / or the Crimean shelf - a redirected South Stream or some new project. The construction of a new gas pipeline can create a number of new jobs and, if necessary, provide the Crimea with gas bypassing Ukraine (at the moment the peninsula is fully provided with gas from the Crimean shelf fields, but in the future this may not be enough). Construction of a modern cargo port on the west coast in the Tarkhankut area. Reunification with Russia could help implement the existing project to build a large modern port on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, which will greatly contribute to the development of the Crimean economy and create a significant number of new jobs. Construction of new railways and highways. Extension and modernization of existing roads and construction of new approaches to the Kerch Bridge and a possible new port in the west of the peninsula will be required.

Restoration, modernization and provision of orders for a number of industrial enterprises in Crimea. First of all, we are talking about the Sevastopol Sevmorzavod, which will be able to work as a base for ship repair and shipbuilding of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Decrease in prices for energy carriers from Russia. At present, Crimea, like Ukraine, receives energy resources from Russia at prices close to world prices. After Crimea joins Russia, the energy carriers supplied to Crimea will not be subject to export duties. In addition, Gazprom will supply natural gas to Crimean consumers at tariffs that are in effect in Russia. Thus, Crimea will be able to receive energy resources at domestic Russian prices, which are significantly lower than world prices. This will contribute to the recovery of the Crimean economy, since the Crimean enterprises will be able to significantly reduce the cost of raw materials. Increasing the sales market for Crimean goods. After the entry of Crimea into Russia, there will be a complete removal of various administrative barriers that impede economic ties between the peninsula and the rest of Russia. For Crimean enterprises, the country's market with a GDP of $ 3 trillion (an order of magnitude more than Ukrainian) will be fully opened. This will contribute to an increase in the export of Crimean goods to Russia and, accordingly, will lead to an increase in the Crimean industry.

Significant investments in the energy sector of Crimea. Crimea is now an energy-deficient region. If Russia will modernize and develop the energy sector of the Crimea by analogy with the energy modernization carried out in the Krasnodar Territory, then one can expect an investment of at least $ 0.5-1 billion for the construction of modern thermal power plants in Crimea. If, following the example of the Kaliningrad region, a nuclear power plant is built in Crimea - for which it will probably be possible to use the site of the unfinished Crimean nuclear power plant - then Crimea may turn into an energy surplus region. On March 21, 2014, the deployment of nine powerful mobile steam-gas power plants (some of which were used at the Sochi Olympics) began in Crimea, and work began on the design of two permanent gas power plants that will be built in the north of Crimea and on the Kerch Peninsula. Significant investments in Crimean real estate, hotel and restaurant business and tourism. There is every reason to believe that after the reunification of Crimea with Russia, one can expect a significant increase in the inflow of private investment by Russians in real estate in Crimea and in the resort business. The start of large-scale growth can probably be expected after the political situation around Crimea has more or less settled down and the bridge across the Kerch Strait is close to completion.

Growth in the value of Crimean real estate and land. This will be a consequence of the previous point. Not all Crimeans will be happy with this, but the owners of land and houses have a chance to become significantly richer. An increase in the number of tourists from Russia. At first, after reunification with Russia, Crimea will be of increased interest among Russians, and possibly also among residents of other countries. The influx of tourists, however, may be hindered by the situation in Ukraine, especially if the railway communication with Crimea from the north is blocked or obstructed (this problem, if it arises, should be solved by the Kerch Bridge in about 5 years). In subsequent years, the increase in the number of tourists will depend on the success of Russian investments in the development of Crimea. The Russian state, big business and the media have already announced the planned measures to support and stimulate the flow of tourists to Crimea from Russia

Demographic growth in Crimea. The demographic crisis in Ukraine has affected Crimea to a lesser extent than most other regions, and the demographic outlook is better here. It is extremely likely that after reunification with Russia with an increase in salaries, pensions and social benefits, as well as with the start of payment of maternity capital to Crimean families, the natural population growth rate in Crimea may significantly improve. The migration of Russians to Crimea who buy real estate here, as well as the flow of refugees from Ukraine, can also significantly increase population growth.

The Crimean peninsula has been attracting the attention of travelers since ancient times. In addition to stunning natural beauties (steppes, mountains, sea coast, high-mountain plateaus and deep caves) in Crimea, there are also monuments of history and architecture of all historical periods.

When traveling to Crimea, I recommend visiting the Alupka Palace Museum. The palace was built in the year by the project of the English architect Edward Blore. The palace harmoniously entered the landscape of the southern coast of the Crimea. We will begin our tour of the palace from the wide front yard. It can be reached on foot from Miskhor or by sea along the southern coast.

Our next visit will be the city of Bakhchisarai or "Palace-Garden" (the capital of the Crimean Khanate located in the Churuk-Su valley). Here is the Bakhchisarai Palace built at the beginning of the 16th century by order of Adil-Sahib-Girey. The architectural style of the palace has been defined as “Asian Baroque” with architectural elements. Seljuks and the peoples of Asia Minor, as well as the Baroque and Renaissance styles.

Our next visit will be the Livadia Palace (the summer residence of the last emperor of Russia. Imperial Nicholas II), which is located in Yalta. It was built by architect. Nikolay Krasnov. Italian Renaissance style. The palace is a whole complex - the Grand Livadia Palace, the building for the suite, the palace for the Minister Baron Fredericks, the Church of the Exaltation and the Italian courtyard. It was in this palace that the Yalta conference of the anti-Hitler coalition countries was held and the decision to create the UN was made.

Be sure to visit the Massandra Palace, which is located between Alushta and Yalta on the highway "Big Yalta" and from Yalta in the direction of the palace there is a trolley bus (stop "Verkhnyaya Massandra"). The palace is surrounded by a 6 hectare park. At the time of construction, the palace was intended only for recreation.