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Hungary - a state in Central Europe, bordering on Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia.

The Danube River crosses Hungary almost in the middle, another river, the Tisza, flows to the east; both from north to south. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country was equally divided by lowlands and mountains of medium height.

Most of the right bank of the Danube is occupied by a hilly plain - Transdanubia, which is crossed by a strip of limestone mountains with plateau-like massifs and a height of 400-700 m. Higher mountains stretch along the north-eastern border of Hungary, reaching their maximum value in the Matra massif. The highest point of Hungary - Mount Kekesh (1015 m) is also located here.

To the west of the Danube is Lake Balaton - the largest not only in the country, but throughout Central Europe. It is the warmest lake in the region.

Airports in Hungary: Budapest

Hotels in Hungary 1 - 5 stars (HOTEL):

Hungary Weather

Spring can be quite rainy, but long rains are rare. In summer the weather is hot and thunderstorms are possible. Fogs are frequent in autumn. The coldest month of the year is January.

Language of Hungary

State language: Hungarian

Many Hungarians speak English, German or Russian.

Currency of Hungary

International name: HUF

1 forint \u003d 100 fillers. Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 forints. Banknotes: 100, 200, 500,1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 HUF.

Currency exchange can only be made at official exchange offices, and a currency exchange certificate must be kept until leaving the country.

Do I need a visa to enter: Yes

Visa

Required documents for obtaining a visa to Hungary:

A passport that expires at least 6 months after the intended return from the country.
- 1 questionnaire filled in with your own hand.
- 1 photo 3x4 cm.
- A copy of the internal passport of all pages.
- Original invitation (guest, from a medical organization in case of treatment in the country, business or travel).
- Certificate of income from the place of work.
- For children - a birth certificate.
- For students - a certificate from the place of study and a copy of the student ID. For those who are not working, it is necessary to provide other documents certifying the person's solvency - credit cards, bank statements, etc.
- Air or railway ticket with fixed arrival and departure dates.
- Certificate of purchase of currency for an amount of $ 50 per day.

Customs restrictions

Persons over 16 years old are allowed to import 250 pieces of cigarettes, 50 pieces. cigars or 250 g of tobacco, 1 liter of spirits and 2 liters of wine. In addition to the above, you can carry: 1 liter of strong alcoholic drinks, 1 liter of wine, 5 liters of beer 500 pcs. cigarettes or 100 pcs. cigars, or 500 g of tobacco, 1 kg each of coffee, tea, cocoa, spices (except for red ground pepper), other products with a total value of a maximum of 270 thousand forints, including for certain value categories: 10 products at a price of 5 thousand forints / pcs., 5 items at the price of 20 thousand HUF / piece, 2 items at the price of 50 thousand HUF / item, one item each worth more than 50 thousand HUF.

Customs duty is charged for the carriage of products, the value of which exceeds the specified limits, and which are considered a commodity quantity. Allowed to import 350 thousand forints per person without restrictions on the denomination of banknotes.

Mains voltage: 220V

Tip

In restaurants, service is not included in the bill, therefore, as a rule, tea is given 10-20% of the final amount. The same applies to hairdressing, beauty salons, taxis and other types of services.

Purchases

VAT on industrial goods in Hungary is 25%, on products and services - 12%. Foreigners leaving Hungary can claim the amount of tax if the unit value of the goods exceeds 50 thousand Ft. This rule does not apply to antiques and works of art. There are several offices in Budapest where you can arrange a tax-free purchase. But the refund will not be more than 18% out of 25%.

You can get your tax refund from customs when you leave the country. Refunds are made in HUF only. If you paid with a credit card when purchasing, the amount can be transferred to your bank account. In this case, make sure to stamp the check at customs.

Opening hours of institutions

In Budapest, grocery stores and shopping centers are usually open on weekdays from 07:00 to 19:00, on Saturday from 07:00 to 13:00. On Sundays until 14:00, only a few large supermarkets are open. Clothing and other consumer goods stores and department stores are open from 10 am to 6 pm on weekdays, and on Saturdays from 9 am to 1 pm.

Museums are usually open daily from 10 am to 6 pm, Monday is a day off. Many museums are open for free one day a week. Banks are open on weekdays from 10 am to 3 pm, on Fridays from 8 am to 1 pm, banks are closed on Saturdays and Sundays.

Safety

Hungary is characterized by a fairly low crime rate, but the number of crimes related to theft of personal property is increasing.

Code of the country: +36

Geographic first level domain name: .hu

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HUNGARY - (Magyarorszag), Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Nepkoztarsasag), Hungary, state in the Center. Europe, in the bass. Danube. Pl. 93 t km2. Us. 10.7 million hours (1983). Capital Budapest (2.07 million, 1982). V. socialist. state, developed industry. agr. ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

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HUNGARY - Republic of Hungary (Hungarian Magyar Keztarshag), a state in the east-central part of Europe, covering an area of \u200b\u200b93,030 sq. km. It shares borders with Slovakia in the north, Ukraine in the north east, Romania in the south east, Yugoslavia and Croatia on ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Books

• Hungary, Ageev Kirill, Sartakova Maria. Hungary is a small charming country in Central Europe, the interest in which from Russian tourists is constantly growing. Coming to Budapest, they are convinced that this is not the whole story ...

The official name is the Republic of Hungary (Maqyar Koztarsasaq). Located in Central Europe. The area is 93 thousand km2, the population is 10.15 million people. (2003). The official language is Hungarian. The capital is Budapest (1.7 million people, 2003). State holiday - Day of the founder of the state of St. Stephen (Stephen), celebrated on August 20. National holidays are March 15 - Day of the beginning of the revolution and liberation struggle 1848-49, as well as October 23 - Day of the beginning of the revolution and liberation struggle in 1956 and the proclamation of the Hungarian Republic in 1989. The monetary unit is the forint.

Member of the UN (since 1955), WTO (since 1973), IMF and IBRD (since 1982), Council of Europe (since 1991), OECD (since 1996), NATO (since 1999), EU (since 2004).

Hungary landmarks

Geography of Hungary

It is located between 45 ° 48 'and 49 ° 35' north latitude and 16 ° 05 'and 22 ° 58' east longitude. The total length of state borders is 2242 km. In the north, it borders with Slovakia (608 km), in the east - with Ukraine (215 km) and Romania (432 km), in the south - with Serbia and Montenegro (161 km), Croatia (339 km) and Slovenia (102 km), in the west - with Austria (366 km). The length of the country from east to west is 528 km, from north to south - 268 km.

The territory of Hungary forms part of a vast subsidence area located between the Carpathians, the Alps and the Dinar-Balkan Mountains. In general, 84% of the territory of Hungary lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The Danube divides the country into two parts: to the east there is a vast flat Great Middle Danube Lowland (Alföld), to the west - the hilly plain of Dunantul (Transdanubia) with separate low ridges (the Bakony, Vertesh, Mechek massifs, etc.). The northeast of the country is the outskirts of the young volcanic Carpathians (Berzhen, Matra, Zemplen massifs) with characteristic cone-shaped peaks, reaching heights of 900-1000 m in some places. The highest point of Hungary is Mount Kekesh in the Matra massif (1015 m).

The main waterways are the Danube rivers (the length of the Hungarian section is 417 km) and the Tisza (the length of the Hungarian section is 595 km). Hungary has one of the largest lakes in Europe - Lake Balaton. Its area is 598 km2, 77 km long and 1.5 to 14 km wide. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of \u200b\u200binternational importance. Many small lakes, especially between the Danube and Tisza rivers, are also surrounded by recreation areas.

Hungary is rich in underground waters, thermal and healing springs. Groundwater reserves are found almost throughout the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500-1500 m. The temperature of water layers is from 30 to 80 ° C. The daily inflow of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters.

The soil cover is very diverse (there are about 35 soil regions with their own complex of soils). The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, which cover about 40% of the country's territory. OK. 25% of Hungary's area is occupied by chernozems (the humus content is 4-7%, the average thickness of the humus horizon is 60-80 cm). Various brown forest soils are also widespread. Almost 3/5 of the country's territory is occupied by arable land.

The relatively low elevations prevent the emergence of natural forest, which occupies approximately 15-18% of the country's territory. Forests cover mainly mountains and some hilly areas, oak, beech, linden and other deciduous species prevail. Forest-steppe and steppes are almost everywhere replaced by cultivated vegetation.

The fauna is typical for Central Europe and is rich thanks to intensive hunting. The main species are red deer, roe deer, wild boar, hare. In the mountains - mouflon, in inland waters - catfish, pike, pike perch, carp. The most common birds are pheasant, gray partridge, mallard, stork. Hungary has five national parks, one of which, Hortobagy, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Hungary is not rich in natural resources: deposits of bauxite, lignites, as well as already highly depleted reserves of natural gas and oil, are of industrial importance. Deposits of uranium and copper-polymetallic ores are currently not being developed.

The climate is temperate continental with the influence of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Spring is early, relatively rainy, with variable weather. Summer is hot, but with periods of cold snaps and bad weather. Autumn is long and warm, but fogs and rains are frequent. Winters are comparatively cold, cloudy and humid. The average temperature in July is + 20-22.5 ° C (the recorded maximum is + 42 ° C), in January - –2-4 ° C (the recorded minimum is –35 ° C), the average annual temperature is + 10 ° C. Snow rarely falls in winter: 2-5 times a year. The sun shines in Budapest for 2,054 hours a year, of which 1,526 hours fall between April and September. Precipitation on the plains ranges from 900 mm per year in the southwest to 450 mm per year in the northeast.

Population of Hungary

Since 1980, there has been a natural decline in the population, not compensated by the balance of migration.

Fertility - 9.5 ‰; mortality - 13.1 ‰, infant mortality - 7.2 people. per 1000 newborns (2003). Average life expectancy: men - 67 years, women - 76 years (2001).

In the age and sex structure of the population, the share of women (1990 - 52%, 2001 - 52.3%, 2003 - 52.5%) and elderly people (persons under 14 years old - 16.1%, 15 - 59 years old - 63, 1%, 60 years and older - 20.8%).

OK. 60% of all residents live in cities, incl. 29.1% in cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people. (including 17.1% of capital residents), 30.2% - in cities with a population of 10 to 100 thousand people, 33.1% - in villages with a population of 1 to 10 thousand people. and 7.6% - in settlements with less than 1,000 inhabitants.

The retirement age is 62 years (women born before December 31, 1946 may retire earlier if they have a fixed length of service or other conditions).

The ethnic composition is homogeneous: according to the results of the last census, in 2001 97.0% of the population recognized themselves as Hungarians (self-name - Magyars). The Law "On National and Ethnic Minorities" (1993) identifies 13 minorities: Roma (190 thousand people), Germans (62.2 thousand people), Slovaks (17.7 thousand people), Croats (15, 6 thousand people), Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovenes, Ukrainians. The Jewish community, not included in official statistics, numbers approx. 55 thousand people and is the largest in Eastern Europe.

More than 3 million Hungarians live in neighboring states: Romania (1.6 million people), Slovakia (600 thousand people), Serbia (350 thousand people), Ukraine (170 thousand people), in Austria (50 thousand people), Croatia (25 thousand people) and Slovenia (10 thousand people). More than 1.5 million people of Hungarian descent live in the USA, Canada, Israel, Australia, South Africa and other countries.

Religion: the country has approx. 260 cult organizations and religious associations, covering 74% of the population with their influence. Among believers, 73% are Catholics and Greek Catholics, 22% are reformers and Protestants of other trends, 4% are evangelicals (Lutherans). Approximately 0.2% each includes Baptists, Orthodox Christians of various persuasions, and Judaists. There is a small Buddhist community.

History of Hungary

Hungarians emerged from the ancient Finno-Ugric ethnic community at the turn of the 2nd millennium BC. During the Great Migration of Nations, they left their ancestral home - the foothills of the Southern Urals - and to the end. 9 c. settled in the Carpathian basin. The Hungarian medieval state was formed here. After it began in the 10th century. Christianization of the pagan Hungarians Istvan I (at baptism - Stephen) - a descendant of Prince Arpad, who headed the union of tribes during the "finding of the homeland" - in 1000 he became king of Hungary (ruled 997-1038), having received the crown from the hands of Pope Sylvester II.

The struggle for power between his successors that began after his death and widespread uprisings of the pagans who did not want to depart from the old "faith of the fathers" weakened the state. The entire middle of the 11th century passed under the sign of this struggle. Only by the end of the century, kings Laszlo I (1077-95) and Kalman, nicknamed the Scribe for his scholarship (1095-1116), managed to restore order and stability.

K ser. 13th century thanks to active campaigns of conquest, the territory of the Hungarian kingdom reached the largest area, covering also Transylvania, Slovakia, Transcarpathia, Burgenland, Vojvodina and Croatia. In 1241-42 the country survived the invasion of the Tatar-Mongol troops led by Batu, losing almost half of the population. King Bela IV (1235-70) managed to restore what was destroyed, launched the construction of fortresses, stimulated the influx of population from neighboring states, contributed to the development of cities, etc.

In the beginning. 14th century with the death of King Endre III (1290-1301), the Arpad dynasty ended, whose representatives occupied the throne by right of succession. The feudal elite, in the interests of strengthening its own power, began to invite kings from foreign dynasties that did not have real power: the Czech king Laszlo Cech, the Bavarian duke Otto III. However, under the reign of representatives of the Anjou dynasty, grandson of King of Naples Karoi (Charles) Robert (1307-42) and his son Lajos (Louis) the Great (1342-82), who managed to achieve relative independence of the royal power and provide the treasury with income, Hungary experienced a period of strengthening and flourishing of the centralized feudal state.

In the 15th century. Hungary is gradually turning into an estate monarchy, where the prerogative of the election of the king belonged to the magnates and nobles. The country was ruled by foreign kings (Duke of Austria, King Albert, King of Poland Ulaslo I, King of Bohemia Ladislav), the Council of State of 5 magnates and 7 military leaders (1445-46), an influential magnate and outstanding military leader Janos Hunyadi (in the rank of ruler of Hungary; 1446-52 ). His son, Matthias Hunyadi, nicknamed Corvin (Raven), was elected king in 1458 and ruled until his death in 1490. Relying on the small and middle nobility, he managed to weaken the power of the large feudal lords and temporarily end the internecine struggle.

In 1514 Hungary was shaken by one of the largest peasant uprisings, led by Gyorgy Doga. Intending to make a crusade against the Turks, the peasants and the townspeople who joined them turned their weapons against the magnates. Despite the initial victories, the uprising was suppressed, and its defeat was used as a pretext for the final enslavement of the peasants.

In the 15th and 16th centuries. the Hungarians rather successfully repelled the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire, which was then gaining strength, but after the defeat of the royal army in the battle of Mohacs (1526), \u200b\u200ba significant part of the country fell under Ottoman influence. By 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts: in the southern and central regions, the rule of the Turks was established for a century and a half, the northern and western lands were under the rule of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, and in the east the Transylvanian principality with limited independence was formed. After the Austro-Turkish War of 1683-99 and the suppression of the anti-Habsburg movement of 1703-11, led by Ferenc Rakoczi II, all of Hungary fell under the rule of the Habsburgs.

1st floor 19th century in Hungary was characterized by the strengthening of the movement for national independence, social progress, economic freedom and was called the "era of reforms." They were initiated by Count Istvan Szechenyi (1791-1860), who represented the views of a part of the Hungarian liberal nobility and the bourgeoisie. Prominent figures - supporters of the reforms were also Lajos Kossuth (1802-94), Ferenc Deak (1803-76), Miklos Vesseleni (1796-1850), Mihai Tancic (1799-1884) and others.

The opposition of the Viennese court to reforms, the conservatism of a part of the Hungarian political elite led to the national democratic revolution of 1848-49. The defeat of the revolution caused a surge of repressions, the "Germanization" of the country, the rejection of many of the achievements of the revolution. Under the Austro-Hungarian agreement of 1867, Hungary became one of the constituent parts of the two-pronged monarchy - Austria-Hungary. Both states enjoyed independence in internal affairs, ruled by their own parliaments and governments, but had a common monarch and common military, financial and foreign policy departments.

In October 1918, as a result of the defeat of Austria-Hungary in the First World War, a peaceful bourgeois revolution took place in the country, which proclaimed state independence. But the post-war borders of Hungary were determined by the Trianon Treaty of 1920, which deprived the country of 2/3 of its territory, incl. a number of areas with a predominantly Hungarian population. The struggle for their return became the core of all Hungarian policy in the interwar period.

On March 21, 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed, which existed for only 133 days. After its defeat, the reactionary regime of Miklos Horthy was established in the country, which led it on the eve of World War II to an alliance with the powers of the Hitlerite "axis". In 1938-40, following the results of two Vienna arbitrations, Hungary annexed southern Slovakia, Transcarpathia and Northern Transylvania, and in the spring of 1941 captured the Bacik region from Yugoslavia.

On June 27, 1941, the country entered the war against the USSR. After the defeat of the 2nd Hungarian Army during the Soviet counteroffensive on the Don in January 1943, Hungary tried to withdraw from the war. The German occupation (March 1944) and the dictatorship of the Nilashists (fascist parties) followed. In September 1944, the Soviet army entered the territory of Hungary, the complete liberation of which was completed on April 4, 1945. The Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 as a whole confirmed the country's Trianon borders.

The Provisional National Government carried out a number of transformations (nationalization of transport, mines, banks, private enterprises, agrarian reform, etc.). By 1948, the power of the Communist Party was established in Hungary, and the Hungarian People's Republic (Hungarian People's Republic) was created in August 1949. The policy of the one-party regime of the Communist Party, infringement of national dignity, repressive domestic and voluntarist economic policies caused widespread public discontent, which resulted in a popular uprising in October 1956 demanding democratic freedoms. It was suppressed by the Soviet armed forces.

The new Hungarian leadership, headed by Janos Kadar (1912-89), managed to stabilize the situation and, in conditions of relative liberalization, achieve a significant increase in the welfare of the population. From the 2nd floor. 1960s the development and implementation of deep economic reform began in the country. However, later the possibilities of reforming the existing socio-political system were exhausted, and in 1989-90 a peaceful transformation of the social system took place in Hungary.

After the first free elections in 1990, a national-conservative coalition came to power, heading for the so-called. return to Europe. The social consequences of such a policy led to the fact that in the 1994 elections the population voted for the socialists, who came from the reformist wing of the former ruling Communist Party, who, in alliance with the Liberal Party of Free Democrats, continued market reforms in the economy and preparations for Hungary's accession to NATO and the EU. In the 1998 parliamentary elections, the opposition came to power, led by the Hungarian Civil Party (FIDES), which proclaimed the goal of finalizing the transition to a market and civil society, integration into the military-political and economic structures of the West. The aggressive nationalist policies of the ruling coalition in the 2002 elections brought the socialists back to power.

State structure and political system of Hungary

Hungary is an independent democratic rule of law, a parliamentary republic. The Constitution is in force, adopted in 1949, as amended in 1989 and 1997.

Administrative division - 19 regions (counties) and the capital, which has a special status. Large cities: Budapest, Debrecen (211 thousand people) Miskolc (184 thousand people), Szeged (168 thousand people), Pecs (162 thousand people), Gyor (129 thousand people).

The highest legislative body is the National Assembly. Elected every 4 years, it is a unicameral parliament with 386 members. Hungary has a complex proportional-majoritarian electoral system: 176 deputies are elected in single-mandate constituencies, 152 deputies are elected from territorial lists, and 58 deputies receive mandates in accordance with the share of votes cast on party lists.

The State Assembly elects the country's president, prime minister, members of the Constitutional Court, ombudsmen (i.e. three commissioners: for political rights, ethnic minority rights and protection of personal data), the chairman of the Supreme Court, and the attorney general.

The State Assembly sits constantly, its regular sessions are held from February 1 to June 15 and from September 1 to December 15. The Chairman of the State Assembly is Catalin Seeley.

The highest body of executive power is the government headed by the Prime Minister, who is, according to the Constitution, the main official in the country. The representative of the winning party becomes the prime minister, who is elected by the parliament simultaneously with the adoption of the government program on the proposal of the president. The prime minister submits proposals on the composition of the government to the president for approval. Since June 2002, the Prime Minister is Peter Medyeshi (a non-party nominee from the Hungarian Socialist Party).

The head of state is a president with rather limited constitutional powers. Elected by parliament for a five-year term (but no more than two times). The current President of Hungary is Ferenc Madl (elected in 2000). In addition to him, there were four more presidents in the history of Hungary: Mihai Karolyi (January-March 1919), Zoltan Tildy (1946-48), Arpad Sakasic (1948-49), Arpad Gönz (1990-2000).

Local government bodies are based on equal urban and rural self-governments (mayors and municipal assemblies are elected for 4 years by direct vote) with considerable powers. The regional link does not have executive bodies. The next municipal elections were held in October 2002.

The highest judicial bodies are the Supreme Court (its competence includes civil and criminal cases) and the Constitutional Court (supervision over the observance of the Constitution, examination of normative acts for compliance with the Constitution and decision-making in case of disputes between individual government bodies).

There are 150 registered political parties in Hungary. In the last elections in 2002, 16 parties voted for the All-Hungarian lists, 4 of them overcame the 5% threshold of parliamentary representation.

The Hungarian Socialist Party (HSP) was formed in 1989 with the dissolution of the then Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (HSPP). Focuses on social democratic values. In the 2002 elections, she received 178 seats. As the party that won the elections, the party formed a coalition (together with the JVC) government, in which it has 11 posts, including the post of prime minister. Chairman - Laszlo Kovacs.

The Hungarian Civil Party (Fidesz) was founded in 1988 by a group of young dissidents. It is a right-wing liberal party. Has 164 mandates in the State Assembly. The main opposition party. The leader of the party, who does not officially hold any post, is Viktor Orban.

The Hungarian Democratic Forum (WDF) took shape as a party in 1988 from the opposition intelligentsia movement. Adheres to a national-conservative orientation. Has 24 mandates in parliament. Together with Fidesz constitutes the opposition. The party chairman is Iboya David.

The Union of Free Democrats (UDF) was formed in 1988 on the basis of the dissident movement. Has 20 mandates in the State Assembly. Together with the SCJ, it forms a ruling coalition. In the government, he holds 4 ministerial posts out of 15. The chairman of the party is Gabor Kunze.

Of the parties not represented in parliament, the most significant are: the Independent Party of Smallholders (NPMH; recreated in 1988 as the successor to the historical NPMH. Party of the National Conservative Sense), Party of Hungarian Truth and Life (formed in 1993 after the extreme nationalists left the WDF) , The Hungarian Workers' Party (the communist "splinter" of the HSWP), as well as the national-radical Christian Democratic People's Party and the moderately conservative Hungarian Democratic People's Party.

The political system in Hungary is quite stable, the peaceful mechanism of power change has been worked out, the branches of power are balanced, the opposition is behaving in a mostly constructive and civilized manner.

The trade unions in Hungary unite approx. 3 million people, incl. up to 50% of the employed population, 30% of all pensioners and 10-15% of the unemployed.

The largest trade union associations: the Federation of Hungarian Trade Unions (covers 1.3 million people), the Trade Union Cooperation Forum (unites 800 thousand employees employed in the public sector), the Union of Autonomous Trade Unions (has about 300 thousand members, mainly workers), the League trade unions (represents the interests of 60 thousand representatives of the intelligentsia, united in 122 trade unions).

The interests of the business community are represented by the Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) and the Hungarian Agrarian Chamber (similar organizations operate at the capital level). In addition, there are many associations of national producers, functioning, as a rule, on a sectoral basis: for example, the All-Hungarian Union of Construction Organizations, the Hungarian Cement Association, the Union of Hungarian Exporters, the Federation of Electricity Companies, the Union of Hungarian Realtors, etc. To serve entrepreneurs from foreign countries, representative offices of foreign CCIs (USA, Great Britain, Canada) were opened and joint CCIs were created (Germany, France, Israel, Romania, Venezuela, Sweden, Switzerland).

Since 1990, a tripartite Conciliation Council has been created in Hungary - a permanent forum for social partnership between government, employers and workers.

Public order is guarded by the police (about 40 thousand people). The All-Hungarian High Command of the Police is an independent state body functioning within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It consists of a central apparatus and 19 regional departments (the metropolitan police are led by a separate main department of dual subordination).

The regular Hungarian army (about 45 thousand people) is staffed with cadres and conscripts called up on the basis of general military service for a period of 6 months. The share of conscripts in 1994-2002 decreased from 52.8 to 30%. The army has two branches of the Armed Forces: the Ground Forces and the Air Force (including air defense). It is armed with equipment of Russian (Soviet) production (artillery guns of various calibers, T-55 and T-72 tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, MiG fighters, Mi helicopters of various modifications), but the purchase of Western weapons or the modernization of Russian technology under NATO standards. An American military base is located in the city of Tasar.

Hungarian soldiers in 1988-2002 were members of 16 peacekeeping contingents under the auspices of the UN, OSCE and other international organizations.

In wartime, the Armed Forces include border troops, police, prison guards and customs.

The basic direction of foreign policy is integration into Euro-Atlantic structures (NATO, EU, Council of Europe, etc.), maintaining good-neighborly relations with neighboring countries and protecting the rights of Hungarian minorities abroad.

The country takes part in regional cooperation structures: the Visegrad Agreement, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the Central European Initiative (CEI), the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe (SEECP), the Danube Commission (its headquarters are located in Budapest).

Hungary has diplomatic relations with more than 150 states, incl. with the Russian Federation. In 1991, the Treaty on Friendly Relations and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and Hungary was signed (ratified by the Russian Parliament in 1995). Diplomatic relations between Hungary and the USSR existed in 1934-41 and 1948-91.

Hungary Economy

Hungary is a moderately developed industrial-agrarian state that actively participates in international trade. GDP - 62.5 billion dollars, GDP per capita - 6.2 thousand dollars (2002). With the share of national production in world GDP of 0.15%, the share of the country's foreign trade in world trade is 0.47% (2000). The inflation rate has been gradually decreasing from 28.2% in 1995 to 5.3% in 2002.

GDP structure (2001): agriculture and forestry - 4.3%, industry and construction - 32.0%, trade and public services - 12.8%, transport and communications - 9.1%, financial activities - 21, 7%. The most noticeable changes in the structure of Hungary's GDP in the 1990s. the share of the agricultural sector decreased and the share of services increased.

The share of the private sector in GDP is over 80% (in 1990 - 10%). Privatization peaked in 1995, and by 1999 this process was largely completed. In 2002, 190 enterprises were state-owned (most of them were low-profit). The government of P.Mediesi intends to leave in the state ownership by 2006 approx. 40 enterprises (mainly forestry enterprises and transport companies "Volan").

The share of foreigners in the ownership structure of the Hungarian economy has reached 30%. Of the 200 largest Hungarian enterprises, approx. 160 are in partial or full foreign ownership, every tenth company in Hungary has a foreign partner, co-founder or owner. Foreign capital controls 90% of the communications and long-distance communications industry, 70% of the banking and financial sector, 60% of the country's energy sector. 2/3 of the production of Hungarian manufacturing industry comes from foreign-owned enterprises.

The employment rate is 56.3%, or 3.9 million people. (2002). The average annual number of unemployed is 239 thousand people. Lasted from mid. 1999 the process of reducing the unemployment rate in the late. 2002 changed the trend and amounted to 5.8%.

In industry, the most developed industries are manufacturing (provide 90.6% of gross industrial output), including automobiles, machine tools and instrument making (42.6%), food processing (15.0%), petrochemicals (13.8 %). After the recession, the end. 1990s production is stabilized in metallurgy and light industry, which operates almost exclusively on tolling raw materials. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually phasing out.

Large enterprises (employing more than 300 people) produce 2/3 of all industrial products, the process of concentration of production continues, especially in mechanical engineering, energy and petrochemistry.

Hungarian industry is quite dependent on the state of the world market: more than half (52%) of all industrial production is exported. Large enterprises export - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are mainly satisfied by small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employees, respectively, up to 50 and up to 300 people).

With the beginning of the processes of social and political transformation, agriculture is experiencing problems. The main reasons include the hasty liquidation of agricultural cooperatives, lapses in land policy, insufficient funding for the sector, and droughts over the years. This led to a reduction in the share of agricultural products (excluding the food industry) in GDP (in 1993-2002 from 17.7 to 4.3%), the share of agricultural products in exports, the number of employees, the size of agricultural land, livestock, etc. ... The government's agricultural policy is aimed at strengthening the role of agriculture in the economy, especially in the sectors traditional for Hungary: the production of corn, wheat, meat, vegetables, fruits, and wine.

Agricultural land is 6.1 million hectares, of which more than 50% is arable land. Ear crops occupy 1.5 million hectares, corn - 1.0 million hectares.

Crop production is represented mainly by grain farming, as well as vegetable growing and horticulture (including viticulture). Livestock provides over 60% of domestic agricultural income. The most developed are pig breeding, cattle breeding for beef and dairy production, and poultry farming. Sheep breeding and fish breeding in artificial reservoirs also satisfy the needs of the domestic market.

Hungary has a well-developed transport network. The length of public roads is more than 30 thousand km, 90% of them have a hard surface. Railways - 7.9 thousand km. The length of inland waterways is 1.6 thousand km. The main river port is Budapest. Domestic air transportation is not carried out, there is a network of small airfields for receiving small aircraft. Ferihegy International Airport is located near Budapest.

Convenient transport location enhances the transit role of the country. The Druzhba-I (from Ukraine), Druzhba-II (from Slovakia) and Adria (from Croatia) oil pipelines, the Brotherhood (from Ukraine) and Baumgartner-Gyor gas pipelines (from Austria) pass through the territory of Hungary. ); total length of pipelines 7.2 thousand km. The construction of high-speed highways is being actively carried out within the framework of the so-called. Helsinki transport corridors: in 2002 already 60% of the Hungarian sections of the "corridors" met the established European requirements.

The total freight turnover is 26.9 billion ton-kilometers (2002). Structure by type of transport: road - 51%, rail - 30%, pipeline - 15%, water - 3%. Structure by directions of transportation: international - 60%, domestic - 40%. Water and air transport is practically not used in domestic cargo transportation. Passenger traffic on intercity transportation is 785 million people, on intracity transportation - 2.8 billion people. (2002).

The development of telecommunications in Hungary is dynamic: with a relatively modest growth in traditional telephony, mobile communications are developing at an accelerated pace. The number of mobile phone subscribers in 2000-02 increased from 2.5 to 5.5 million people. The volume of radio broadcasting has reached 800 thousand hours, television broadcasts - 1.8 million hours. Hungarian television broadcasts on three state channels. In addition, there are three private channels and many commercial cable networks. Radio broadcasting is carried out by three state stations and a number of commercial ones. Control over the political content of programs of state electronic media is exercised by boards of trustees, to which the government and the opposition delegate their representatives on an equal footing.

After the recession of 1987-97, retail trade is constantly expanding (in 2002 - $ 24.8 million). This is facilitated by the growth of monetary incomes of the population, the emergence of new types of trade (hypermarkets, shopping centers) and improved quality of service. The structure of trade (2002): 33.4% - food, 28.4% - vehicles, spare parts and fuel for them, 16.4% - furniture and household appliances, 9.5% - cultural and educational goods.

The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of the Hungarian economy. It employs 300 thousand people. (7% of the economically active population) and creates almost 10% of the country's GDP. A well-developed tourist infrastructure (hotels, catering outlets, beach, health, entertainment complexes, swimming pools, hunting lodges, fishing places, etc.) is aimed at visitors with different incomes. Hungary annually receives 10-15 million foreign tourists. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism are 3.4 billion dollars (2002).

Since 1987, a two-tier banking system has been operating in Hungary: the Hungarian National Bank (VNB) implements emission and credit policies, general control over the financial market, and authorized financial institutions lend directly to economic entities.

In 1991-94, a government program of bank consolidation was implemented, aimed at improving the crisis state of most banks and increasing their assets, and improving the loan portfolio. Since 1995, the sale of stakes in consolidated banks to reputable Western financial institutions began. By 1998, the privatization of Hungarian banks was practically over. The level of presence of foreign capital in the banking system is 63%.

At the beginning. 2000 Hungarian system of credit institutions consisted of 43 banks (90.3% of all financial and credit operations), 226 savings cooperatives (5.6%), 9 specialized financial institutions (3.6%) and 4 housing savings banks (0, 5%).

The degree of concentration of banks in Hungary is quite high: the top six banks together own almost 60% of the assets of the banking system.

The system of public finance structurally consists of four subsystems: the central government (central level), local government (local level), separate state funds, and social insurance bodies.

In 1998-2001, the overall level of the central government budget deficit declined consistently from 4.8% to 3.3% of GDP. In 2002, a sharp surge followed - up to 9.6% of GDP, caused by a change in government and a massive increase in social benefits. A target of 4.5% of GDP is planned for 2003 in order to reach the level of the Maastricht criteria for EU membership in 2004 (3% of GDP).

In 2002, the budget revenue amounted to $ 17.8 billion, of which approx. 80% - tax receipts (taxes, excise taxes, duties). Measures to stimulate entrepreneurship and improve the efficiency of the private sector have led to a reduction in the degree of centralization of budget revenues: the share of state budget revenues in GDP in 1994-2002 fell from 52.5 to 27%.

The main place in tax revenues to the budget is taken by the general turnover tax (analogue of the Russian VAT), the share of which is 39%, income tax (24% of receipts), consumption tax and excise taxes (19%), tax on business profits (called corporate tax) - ten%.

Hungary uses a treasury system for budget execution, i.e. all funds necessary for state institutions are received and spent from the so-called single treasury account. The technical work to finance the central budget is carried out by the Hungarian State Treasury.

The institutional subdivisions of the Hungarian financial system are also the State Supervision of Financial Organizations (monitors the observance of legislation by participants in the stock and foreign exchange markets), a set of banking and financial institutions, various organizations providing services for the non-governmental management of financial markets (stock and commodity exchanges, the central settlement center , brokerage and dealer firms, etc.), insurance companies and pension funds.

Hungary's public debt in 2002 was HUF 9.2 trillion. ($ 37.5 billion), or 52.2% of GDP. All functions related to public debt management (including currency and forint components) are performed by a specially created Center for Public Debt Management (CDMC). The CUGD has been tasked with a gradual transition from the practice of attracting foreign loans to finance external debt obligations to the issuance of government bonds denominated in the national currency - forints. In 2002, Hungary's central government's gross external debt (ie, without private sector borrowing) fell from € 27.8 billion to € 24.8 billion.

Hungary is distinguished by the comparative smoothness of social contrasts, although property stratification is growing. The minimum wage is $ 200, the minimum pension is $ 82 (2002). The policy of large-scale wage increases for public sector employees and the strengthening of the forint exchange rate in 2001-02 raised the average wage in the country to $ 500 (the average level of nominal wages by economic sector ranges from $ 345 in agriculture to $ 1,000 in the financial sector) ...

Real income growth in 2002 was 13.6%. As a result, turnover increased (an increase of 11%), investments in various forms of accumulation (bank forint deposits (by 13%), life insurance (by 20%), contributions to non-state pension funds (by 27%), etc. ). Government policies to stimulate housing construction have boosted real estate investment.

The ramified system of social benefits is being rebuilt according to the principle of need. The main goals of the reform are to reduce the burden of the state budget and reduce the volume of the shadow economy. However, the ongoing transition to insurance financing of health care is accompanied by a reduction in hospital beds and medical personnel, a revision of the drug compensation system and an expansion of the range of paid services.

The essence of the ongoing pension reform is the transition to a mixed pension system, which implies the introduction of insurance principles for all elements of the pension provision and an increase in the personal responsibility of the future pensioner for the accumulation of pension contributions.

The formed pension system in Hungary combines the principles of pay-as-you-go and funded systems and includes three elements: basic pensions paid under social insurance, based on the principle: one year of work experience - 1% of the pension paid; compulsory pension insurance, implying deduction of 8% of earnings; voluntary pension insurance in approximately 250 non-state pension funds.

The Hungarian economy is distinguished by a high degree of openness and participation in the international division of labor. Foreign trade has a positive trend, but since 1992 it has been chronically passive. The volume of exports in 2002 - 34.3 billion dollars, imports - 37.6 billion dollars.

In the commodity structure of exports in 1998-2002, products with a high degree of added value prevailed: the groups "machinery and equipment" (57-59%; mainly communication facilities, equipment for sound processing, automated data processing systems, household and industrial electrical appliances) and " processed products "(29-31%). Agricultural products accounted for 7-8% of exports.

The main contingent of imports was also made up of “machinery and equipment” (50-52%) and “processed products” (35-38%). The share of energy carriers in imports is 6-8%, with Russian energy accounting for 70% of all energy supplies to Hungary.

In 2002, more than 90% of Hungarian exports went to European countries (EU, countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus). 75% of imports came from there. The most significant foreign trade partners of Hungary are Germany (share in trade turnover 29.6%), Austria (7.0%), Italy (6.7%) and France (5.2%). The place of the Russian Federation in the top five foreign trade partners of Hungary (share - 3.8%) is determined mainly by the dynamics of energy supplies, which occupy 83% of the total volume of Russian supplies to Hungary, as well as the possibilities of increasing Hungarian exports to the Russian Federation (in 2002 - 1, 3% of the total export volume).

Favorable business climate in the country, rather high position in the rating of international agencies attract foreign capital. To the end. 2002, 24.5 billion dollars of foreign investment was accumulated (3rd place in Eastern Europe after Poland and the Czech Republic). In the 2nd floor. 1990s the inflow of foreign investment amounted to approx. $ 2.0 billion annually (maximum in 1995 - more than $ 3.5 billion). 70% of investments are associated with the acquisition of privatized enterprises, 30% - the construction of turnkey enterprises. In 2001-02, in connection with the deterioration of the world economic situation, there was an increase in capital outflow and the transfer of enterprises located in Hungary to other countries.

Science and culture of Hungary

Hungary has significant scientific potential and actively participates in international cooperation programs. Research is carried out at a high level in the field of solid state physics, nuclear physics, optics, physical chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, applied mathematics, sociology, economics, and linguistics. Agrarian science is famous for seed production (corn) and breeding of cattle.

World famous are Ignaz Semmelweis (1811-65; discoveries in obstetrics), Lipot Fejer (1880-1959; founder of the Hungarian school of mathematics), Janos Boyai (1802-60; independently of Lobachevsky developed the principles of "new geometry"), Janos-Gyorgy Kemen (1926-94; creator of the Basic programming language), Lorand Eotvos (1848-1919; creator of the gravitational variometer), Leo Szilard (1898-1964; one of the creators of the first nuclear reactor), Edward Teller (1908-2003; study of thermonuclear reactions ), Zoltan Bai (1900-92; founder of radar astronomy), Janos Neumann (1903-57; mathematical justification of quantum mechanics), Janos Kornai (born 1928; justification of the inevitability of a deficit in a planned economy), Norbert Wiener (1894-1964; creator of cybernetics), etc.

Among the Nobel laureates there are 13 Hungarians (all of them - except for I. Kertes - had citizenship of other countries): 1905 - Philip Lenard (physics), 1914 - Robert Barani (medicine), 1925 - Richard Zsigmondy (chemistry), Albert Szent-Gyordi (medicine ), 1943 - Gyorgy Hevesi (chemistry), 1961 - Gyorgy Bekesy (medicine), 1963 - Enyo Wigner (physics), 1971 - Denesh Gabor (physics), 1986 - John (Janos) Polanyi (chemistry), 1994 - Gyorgy Olah ( chemistry), John (Janos) Harshani (economics), 2002 - Imre Kertes (literature).

At the head of the system of scientific research is the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (founded in 1825), it includes 35 academic institutions.

Development funding is carried out on a competitive basis. Budget funds are distributed through state and mixed funds. The main ones are: the National Research Foundation, the Central Fund for Technical Development, the Higher Education Development Fund, etc.

The education system includes: primary schools (universal compulsory education begins at 6 years old and lasts for 8 years), vocational schools, technical schools or gymnasiums (training lasts 3-4 years and gives secondary education. Most of them are public, but many are church , while there are very few private ones), universities, institutes and higher schools (provide higher education). Reforms are underway to optimize the number of teaching staff and rationalize the education system.

In Hungary, fees for higher education have been abolished and the competitive procedure for admission to universities (except for paid departments) has been preserved, state scholarships are paid to well-performing and needy students. A course has been taken to create large university centers. Financing of universities is carried out on a regulatory basis, taking into account the quality parameters and the number of students, the number of which exceeds 200 thousand people. (2002).

The national culture has rich traditions, but due to the country's peripheral position in Europe and linguistic isolation, it is relatively little known outside Hungary.

The most notable contributions to the development of Hungarian culture were made by the writers and poets Sandor Petofi (1823-48; lyric and revolutionary poems, the poem "Vityaz Janos"), Kalman Miksat (1847-1910; the founder of critical realism in Hungarian literature), Endre Adi (1877- 1919; poems of social protest), Gyula Iyesh (1902-83; realist poet), playwright Imre Madach (1823-64), composers Franz Liszt (1811-86), Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Zoltan Kodai (1882- 1967), Imre Kalman (1882-1953), artist Mihai Munkachi (1844-1900), sculptor Zsigmond Kishfaludi-Strobl (1884-1975), filmmakers Zoltan Fabri (1917-84), Miklos Jancho (born in 1921), etc. ...

Hungary located in Central Europe. In the north it borders on Slovakia, in the northeast - with Ukraine, in the east - with Romania, in the south - with Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, in the west - with Austria.

The country is named after the ethnonym of the people - Hungarians.

Official name: Hungarian Republic

Capital:

The area of \u200b\u200bthe land: 93,030 sq. km

Total population: 10.4 million people

Administrative division: Consists of 25 administrative units, including 19 regions (mezhe) and 6 cities, including the capital, which are equated to mezdes.

Form of government: Parliamentary republic.

Head of State: President elected for 4 years.

Population composition: 88% are Hungarians (Magyars), 4% are Roma, 2.6% are Germans, 2% are Serbs, 0.9% are Slovaks, 0.8% are Romanians, 0.7% are Croats.

Official language: hungarian. English and German are also widely used in the country. In some resort areas, the staff understands Russian.

Religion: 67% are Catholics, Protestants (mainly Lutherans and Calvinists), 25% are Jews.

Internet domain: .hu

Mains voltage: ~ 230 V, 50 Hz

Country dialing code: +36

Country barcode: 599

Climate

The main influence on the formation of the climate in Hungary is exerted by the westerly winds and peculiarities of the geographical position. Located inside the mountain arc of the Carpathians, the country is reliably protected from cold air at any time of the year. Therefore, the Hungarian climate is characterized by mild winters and warm and sometimes hot summers. Hungary has the highest number of sunny days per year among European countries, and the average July temperature is almost 25.7 degrees Celsius.

The coldest winter month is January, during which the average temperature is about 4 degrees. Also, the climate of Hungary is significantly influenced by air ocean masses. The country can be divided into two main climatic zones - continental and temperate. The south of Hungary is influenced by the Mediterranean.

Geography

Most of Hungary is occupied by the Middle Danube Plain, surrounded by mountains. The Danube River divides the country into two parts. To the east of the Danube lies the Great Central Danube Lowland, cut by the channels of the Tisza and its tributaries. It lies at an altitude of about 200 m above sea level. Floods are frequent on the Danube and Tisza. To the north of the plain, in a ridge of low mountains, is the highest point of Hungary - Kekesh (1015 m).

The land to the west of the Danube is a hilly plain. Here is also the largest Lake Balaton in Central Europe with an area of \u200b\u200b600 km². The lands of the Middle Danube lowland are actively cultivated, however, about 18% of the country's territory, especially on the hills, is covered with forests.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Typical of the trans-Danube regions and mountains is deciduous woodland - with oak, birch, linden and chestnut - but these quickly disappear as you approach the Great Plain, where steppe conditions dominate. Archaeological research shows that the Great Plain was formerly forested, like the rest of Hungary, and that the forests here were cleared by the first conquerors from Asia. The destruction of forests continued during the protracted wars with the Turks.

Later, the systematic drainage of swamps on the Great Plain unexpectedly lowered the upper water table, and trees and all other vegetation of the Great Plain died. Light sandy soils, devoid of vegetation, were eroded, and extensive sand dunes formed in the south. Reclamation of sandy deserts through artificial afforestation and irrigation stopped the degradation process of the Great Plain, and the maximum possible area of \u200b\u200bland was introduced into agricultural use.

Animal world

The most common wild animals found in the Hungarian mountain ranges are wild boars - they are also found in all hilly rural areas. There are hares, foxes, deer and some remnants of beavers and otters that once lived in large numbers. The most common bird species in the country are storks, cranes and swallows. Part of Lake Balaton is a bird reserve, especially for marsh species.

sights

Almost the entire territory of the country is full of historical, cultural and natural monuments of world importance. Hungary ("Pannonia") was once the eastern border of the Roman Empire, and even before the arrival of the Hungarians here, the Romans, Germanic and Slavic tribes lived in the middle reaches of the Danube. Treasure seekers are still looking for the grave of Attila, the legendary leader of the Huns who visited here during the great migration of peoples, on the banks of the Tisza. In 896, Hungarian tribes came from the east to the Danube valley.

The turbulent events of history are evidenced by the unique architectural style of Hungarian cities and the luxurious collections of numerous museums and exhibition halls. Monuments from the times of the Roman Empire are side by side here with buildings from the era of Turkish rule, the Romanesque temples of Lebenye, Pannohalme and Yake - with the medieval fortresses of Eger, Shumege and Shiklos.

Luxurious palaces in Sirak, Sheregeyesh and Nagytsenka are "framed" by colorful small towns of typical local architecture, in which each house is unique and original in its own way. The resort region of Lake Balaton, more than 150 mineral springs, the hot lake Heviz, the balneological resorts of Budapest, Balatonfeldvara, Balatonfured, Heviz, Debrecen, Hajduszoboszlo, Sárvár and others, have made Hungary famous as one of the best resort areas in Europe.

Banks and currency

The official currency in Hungary is the forint (HUF 1 \u003d 100 fillers). Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 forints. Banknotes: 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 HUF.

It is recommended to exchange currency only at official exchange offices, and a currency exchange certificate must be kept until leaving the country. Currency exchange outside official offices is on your own responsibility, which, as a rule, is associated with risk. All banks are closed on Saturdays. In the center of Pest (V district) and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Buda Fortress (I district), many exchange offices are open on weekends. Currency can be exchanged around the clock at hotels, and during the week at travel agencies. Outside working hours, currency exchange machines and ATMs are at your service.

Banks in Hungary are open on weekdays from 8:00 to 16:00. Only a few branches are open on Saturdays and Sundays. Regardless of their work in cities, there are many ATMs and automated exchange offices.

The most popular credit cards in Hungary: AMEX, Diners club, EnRoute, Euro / Mastercard, JCB, VISA. With the help of them, you can receive money from banks and ATMs, as well as pay bills in hotels, restaurants and shops. The doors of the listed places indicate which cards are accepted.

Useful information for tourists

Museums are usually open daily from 10.00 to 18.00, Monday is a day off. Many museums are open for free one day a week.

Grocery stores are usually open from 7.00 to 19.00 on weekdays, on Saturdays until 14.00. Large shopping centers, department stores are open on weekdays from 10.00 to 18.00, on Saturdays - from 9.00 to 13.00. Many supermarkets do not have days off.

Post boxes in Budapest are red. In Hungary, it is customary to write the surname first, and then the first name.

First aid and hospital delivery in Hungary is free for everyone, including tourists. Only subsequent treatment is paid. Therefore, you should take out a medical insurance policy before traveling.

It turns out that there is such a country in the world as Hungary... And often people who love travel or are simply curious, the question arises: what kind of country is this? Does Hungary have a translation, or is it some fictional country of some little-known book?

In contact with

Of course, this word has a translation, and below we will talk about this country, as well as find out where it is located, which city is its capital and many other interesting details.

Hungary: what is it?

You must have noticed that the Americans say “Rushen” about our country. And this word is so unlike our native Russian sound - Russia. And all because this word is very inconvenient for their language. So Hungary or "Hungari" - and this is the transcription of this word - this is Hungary in English.

About Hungary Wikipedia tells usthat in the native language of the Hungarians their country is written as Magyarország (an approximate reading is Magarors, although the Russian language does not have some sounds from this language). This is how the Hungarians call their homeland. Hungary, whose official name is Magyar Népköztársaság, also has its own capital. The main city of this small state with a population of just under 10 million people is Budapest.

Unlike Switzerland, Belgium and other countries, the Hungarians have one official, state language - Hungarian... It belongs to the Finno-Ugric family of languages, Russian belongs to the Indo-European family. The Finno-Ugric language is known to be one of the most mysterious and complex languages, and not only in terms of phonetics, that is, in sound, but also in other parameters.

Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic. The Hungarian Republic has 19 administrative districts, which sound like "mede" in Hungarian, which, in turn, make up 175 yaros, that is, a kind of subregions. There is one more unit, which is not copper, but is equated to it. It is the capital of the republic, the city of Budapest, the largest city in the country. It contains 1/10 of the entire republic. Despite not having the highest concentration of the world's population, Budapest ranks 8th c.

Regarding the question of where Hungary is located, it should be said that this continental state is located in the center of Europe. Its land borders pass through countries such as:

• Ukraine;
• Romania;
• Slovakia;
• Serbia;
• Croatia;
• Slovenia,

The Hungarian Republic has no outlet to the sea, as it is located in the center of the continent.

Hungary is a country of amazing colors and impressions

Aquincum: the largest outpost of the Roman Empire on the Danube banks

This archaeological park, perhaps, has no analogues in the world. A deep province of the then Roman Empire was located on this place many centuries ago. She was called Pannonia Inferor. However, despite the location, it significantly influenced the politics, economy, culture of Rome and the stability of his life in general.

Here lay the northeastern side of the border, which held back the frequent attacks of barbarian tribes for several centuries in a row. Aquincum carried a serious, if not decisive, strategic burden. Its size, moreover, was more impressive than other provincial cities of the empire. The archaeological park contains many objects, walls, architectural samples of that life and allows you to immerse yourself in the ancient era.

Huge synagogue in Catholic Budapest

That's a sight - an inexperienced reader will mutter. And yet - yes, this building and its decoration are worth seeing.

It is important that this is the second largest synagogue in the world. And this gives rise to a number of questions: why is she in Hungary? Why build such a huge building for Jewish prayer in the center of a Catholic country? And the most mysterious phenomenon is the sad tree in the synagogue garden, what is it? ..

To answer these questions, you must come to the country. If you are more than 10 people, then hire a guide who speaks English or Russian and listen to the entire fascinating history of this amazing country.

Hungarian National Museum

Immersion in the old days is also provided by the Hungarian National Museum. Many exhibits and monuments of history, ethnography, archeology and art fascinate with their diversity. But they are not the only main attraction. The building of the museum itself, its decoration will surprise even an experienced tourist. Majesty, the elegance of the building gives out the refined taste of the architect - Mihai Polakka. The building was built in 1802 in the classicism style.

Exhibits and antiques, ancient paintings will send their visitors first to almost 3 thousand years ago, in 804 BC to ancient Pannonia and complete your journey into the history of Hungary in 1990.

Mystery rooms

Did you know that according to statistics, more and more tourists are rushing to lock themselves in the Mystery Rooms in the heart of Hungary?

In the center of the country, in a damp basement, keys, locks and chains are scattered ... The last minutes are passing. Five people bent over the keys in order to unravel the code in the last moments and gain freedom ...

Yes, it is Hungary that is the country that created and distributed quests around the globe... One might wonder why exactly she, and not so influential America with her love of entertainment and spectacle? If you make a preliminary excursion into the rich history of this small but incomparable country, then you still have to think about the likely relationships. In addition, from generation to generation, Hungarians have brought up non-standard thinking people capable of innovation. As you can see, not without result.

A little more about Hungary

Did you know that Hungary has its own personal slogan? We can say that it has a second bottom. And there is no guarantee that there is no third ... Despite the fact that Hungary is a rather small country, it is also a very bright, amazing country, capable of leaving an indelible impression in the heart of everyone who comes to its borders.

Any tourist - both Russian and English - can be impressed by much that this country includes, it is hardly possible to list it briefly. However, to Avinkum, the synagogue, the museum and the Mystery Rooms, you should definitely also mention:

1. Pechvard Abbey.
2. Beethoven Center.
3. Feshteich at Balaton.

All these mysterious names in their entirety will be revealed to the tourist only at their location - in a small but amazing country.

Conclusion

Hungary, that is, Hungary in English is a country created to surprise... She is quiet and humble. We will not hear about it on television or in other media, Hungarian news is hidden from us in the shadow of other states. But the people of this republic live brightly and richly, not for show. But if you come and touch its rich culture, you can get an indelible experience for a lifetime.