The four-masted barque "Sedov. Brigantine sets sail
Let's disassemble "Sedov" "by the bones": from the hold to the captain's cabin. When looking at a sailboat from the side it may seem that it has two outer decks: an upper and a lower. In general, this is true, only the lower deck is the "Upper", and the upper is called the "bow deck" - on the bow or "poop deck" - the rest. In the previous one, you saw how and when the deck of the poop changed, as well as the evolution of the interior of the barge was shown there. In addition to these two decks, there are three more on the sailing ship - "lower deck", "platform" and "hold". We must say right away that only the Upper and Lower Decks are residential (and partly the deck of the poop on which the captain's cabin is located), and the rest of the decks are occupied by public and utility rooms.
However, it is impossible to travel around the ship by walking on the decks. From bow to stern, you can only walk along the upper deck. Deeper, the ship is divided by partitions into 7 compartments. Therefore, it is more convenient to look at the premises from top to bottom. And that is exactly what we will do in this review. Some of the schemes presented below can be downloaded in full size by clicking and thoroughly studied at your leisure.
Brief facts. "Sedov" is the oldest and largest among the training sailing ships. In absolute terms, this is the second largest operating sailing ship (after the replica barque "Royal Clipper" built in 1999). Length with bowsprit 117.5 meters, and without it 97.9 m Width 14.66 meters, draft 7.5 meters (with cargo). Displacement 7320 tons. Other data, there they are on historical German documents.
General layout of the vessel. I apologize right away for the quality of this and some of the following schemes, but they are so large and covered with glare polycarbonate, so I had to shoot in fragments and then mix in Photoshop.
The ship's hull is steel, riveted.
And immediately another scheme of tanks (tanks). As you can see, there are a lot of them and by the type of liquid stored in them you can distinguish:
- Drinking water: 6 tanks with a total capacity of 318.6 m3 (318 600 liters)
- Washing (for household) water: 10 tanks 574.6 m3
- Fuel tanks: 6 tanks 259.4 m3
- Oil-contaminated water 2 tanks 89.1 m3
- Ballast: 13 tanks 1337 m3
- Feces 4 tanks 45 m3
- Oil tank 13 m3
- Boiler water 9.6 m3
A --- The bow of the ship.
1.
Tank deck. As you might guess, the main purpose of the deck is mooring devices - bollards and anchor equipment. In addition, there is a lookout post with a bell (see part 6)
Let's talk about anchors separately. It can be seen that Sedov has two anchors located outside the sides. These are classic Admiralty type anchors, each weighing 3.5 tons. Moving the anchor, as well as raising it to the stowed position, is carried out by a crane located here - its red arrow is located just to the left of the mast in the photo
2.
But, when sailing across the oceans, where the waves are of great length and strength and can knock out the anchor (especially since it is located with its paws against the course), the anchor is dragged onto the deck and placed on supports - such a black trapezoid between the bollard and the rope. To the right, directly at the side, there is a trigger mechanism - if you remove the stoppers, the anchor will begin to fall, unwinding the chain. This is only permissible at depths of no more than 40 meters. At greater depths, the inertial force will be such that it can destroy the winch, so the anchor is carefully lowered using the winch. The maximum depth is up to 80 meters - one third of the total length of the one-piece anchor chain, each 250 meters.
3.
4.
Directly under the deck of the tank and located an anchor winch - windlass. It is electric on "Sedov".
5.
In addition to the windlass, there are toilets, which are mainly used by cadets (trainees), storage rooms, trash cans.
6.
Place of the base of the bowsprit.
7.
Here, right at the descent from the deck of the tank, there is a double descent to the lower deck, where there are two large cadets' quarters (), a washroom, dressing rooms for overalls, storage rooms, and in the very bow there is a chain box.
Even lower are the production facilities: skipper's, carpentry's, sailing workshop (), storage room, cable storage.
And even lower there are tanks with mostly drinking water.
B--
Now let's move on to the first mast - the foremast. There are two superstructures on the upper deck. The medical service farthest from us (closer to the nose) is occupied by the medical service. ()
8.
And the second superstructure (in this photo it is on the right) is almost entirely occupied by the training and navigator class. On the Internet you can find information that earlier on the roof of this wheelhouse there was a training bridge for cadets. Perhaps, but now they simply store the necessary things there. In addition, there is a small souvenir shop (brown door) and two entrances to the stairs leading to the lower decks. Let's go down.
(top left is the captain of "Sedov" Viktor Yuryevich Nikolin and boatswain of the foremast Nikolai Mitrofanovich Lushchenko).
9.
On the lower deck, on the sides, there are 16 cabins for the middle and lower level crew: mechanics, electricians, minders, sailors, etc. Here is the baker's cabin and next to it is a bakery and a flour pantry. In the center there is a toilet, a pantry for overalls, a rest room, an ironing room. And a sauna with a mini-pool.
10.
It was not the tiles that were laid so crookedly; it was the Sedov that went with such a roll to starboard that day. In addition to the pool, there is a dressing room and shower room.
11.
well, the steam room itself is an electric heater with open stones, however, most of the building is lined with brick, the "fonit" should be less.
12.
We go down even lower to the "Platform. Here, on the starboard side, there are two classrooms (see part 8), on the left is a" rocking chair "gym (and Lenin's room ... A few more storerooms, a tank with a service water. And also a library (sorry for the quality) with 4 shelves. Books are used, but mostly educational.
13.
C ---
On the deck of the poop, in the central part of the ship, there is a Navigator's cabin with a navigating bridge.
14.
15.
View from the bridge forward.
16.
17.
This is a complex structure - we will discuss it with the main helm station located on a raised bench right in front of the Bridge.
In the navigator's cabin there is the navigator's cabin itself and the captain's cabin, which consists of an office, a bedroom and a bathroom.
18.
Let's go down to the lower deck. This can be done directly from this wheelhouse (the captain's cabin door is located directly in front of this staircase, as well as at the entrance to the navigator's wheelhouse), or from the "street" - two entrances are to the right and left of the helm.
19.
Lower deck. The main crew quarters are located here on the sides. All cabins are generally standard: a bed, a table with a TV, a washbasin. The First Mate, the Chief Engineer and the Chief Boatswain have double cabins - with a bedroom and a bathroom. There are also two dining rooms on the sides closer to the bow. Starboard for senior staff
20.
21.
and strictly opposite, on the port side for everyone else. The room is exactly the same, only the decoration is a little simpler and the table is not one common, but separate ones are installed across.
In the middle, between these canteens, there are the galley premises (. From the galley you can also go down to the Platform where the food pantries are located. Further, a spacious room is occupied by a backup generator (), a charging station and the largest cabin "Flagship". Who is "Flagman", if you believe English spelling of this room "Shipowner" (ship owner) is the cabin of the rector of the Murmansk Technical University S.A. Agarkov. s room.
The continuous upper deck allows you to move further to the stern, but in order not to violate the logic of the narrative, we will not do this, but go down to the Lower deck.
22.
And we will immediately find ourselves in the dining room of cadets and foreign practitioners (with a dishwasher and a distributor. And next, as I already wrote, the cabins of foreign practitioners and their shower
And even lower we get to the heel where there are three toilets, the entrance to the museum and the assembly hall. The museum was described in detail in, where they also said that the adjacent room is the "Captain's Salon". This is a luxurious room, very warm in atmosphere, retrograde. Wonderful.
23.
The wind rose on the inlaid parquet denotes the geometric center of the ship.
24.
Here is a bar, souvenirs, awards, gifts that were not included in the museum. In general, this room is not used, which is a pity. In my opinion, the wardroom for foreign practitioners should be done here, and not in the Lenin room (at least with the level of repair that it has now), because this is the prestige and face of the country. But we'll talk about this much later.
25.
And with the assembly hall there was an "epicfail" - I have been there many times, but it turns out I did not photograph it separately. Here is just a photo from a small cadet skit.
26.
And right there is a hatch to the Hold. You can walk along the U-shaped corridor along the cisterns. On the left there is a cistern with oily water, on the right with a water supply.
27.
On the left are ballast tanks, on the right with a host.
28.
Since we again remembered about the tanks, then their filling holes can be found on the deck.
29.
In the gray box, there are rods (cables) from the steering wheel to the tiller compartment.
30.
D --- Feed
On the deck of the utah behind the navigator's superstructure there is a superstructure in which there are several rooms. The main ones are the control room of the ship on duty - from here, invitations for eating, exercising, classes and so on go through the radio broadcasting network; Radio room - you can send a telegram from here; a small battery, in fact a storage room.
31.
Also, since 2014, there is an Orthodox chapel consecrated in honor of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God, called "Hodegetria" and means this "Guide"
32.
This person is in charge of her (unfortunately I did not remember his name)
33.
Further on the deck of the quarter are the observation windows of the engine room and the steering room.
34.
Let's go down to the upper deck. Here, as we have already said, the crew cabins continue to stretch along the sides. And it is also very hot here because there is a ventilation room with a boiler located below. Further, that is, closer to the stern, on the left side there is an ironing and drying room, and on the starboard side there are toilets and a washstand. At the very stern - tiller (
A warship is now called a ship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when mankind was still filling the white spaces on the sailing lines with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. On board each of them were guns, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready to do anything for the sake of profit and romance of distant wanderings. At the same time, in these turbulent centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would turn out to be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe some rowing boats could be added.
Galleys
To get on them is an unenviable share. Such punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, and in Finkia, and in Hellas, they were already. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those very convicts, but they were sometimes helped by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. According to modern concepts, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the dimensions of the ships were not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of the galleys is represented by ballistae and bow battering rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The course, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.
Barges
So, a bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a ship with the number of masts from three to five. All of its sails are straight, except for the oblique rigging of the mizzen (stern mast). Barges are rather large vessels, for example "Kruzenshtern" has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, there is also an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts in its design, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the ship does not seem low even today, under sail the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers by sea.
Brigantine sets sail
In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. They all differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines are distinguished by their speed and lightness. The rig is mixed, on the foremast the sails are straight, and on the mainsail they are oblique. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyctros and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.
Frigates
As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example is a frigate. This concept outlived later types such as battleships, dreadnoughts, and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In the original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. For a long time, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” since the 17th century, meaning the predominant use of the naval theater of military operations in a separate zone adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they were called simply frigates. Displacement - average for that time, approximately The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on it in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E. V. Putyatin.
Caravels
"She passed like a caravel ..." - is sung in a famous pop song. It is harmless to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment was somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a cargo-carrying, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel has a nose high, in which you can also see an unwanted hint.
However, in general, this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is best known for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on exactly three caravels ("Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Niña"). Outwardly, they can be distinguished by the aforementioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by the sail equipment. There are three masts, foresail with straight, and the rest with Latin (oblique) sails.
Purpose - long-distance sea and transoceanic cruises.
From the word "caravel" morphologically comes the Russian word "ship". It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.
Clippers
All types of vessels are created for fast sailing, but they are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word "cruiser", and then everyone around will think something - some "Aurora", others "Varyag". As for clippers, there is only one option - "Cutty Sark". This vessel with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly delivering mail to distant colonies and carrying out the queen's especially delicate assignments was the lot of clippers and their teams. And these ships carried out their work until the very appearance of steamships, and in some cases even later.
Galleons
Looking through the old types of warships, one cannot but recall the Great Armada, which rivaled the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare in perfection with it. At its core, it is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (that very "raised nose" has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, the old Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced resistance to waves and, as a result, increased speed. The maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the XVI century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a drawback, it is easier to hit such a target). The outlines of the poop (stern superstructure) have acquired a rectangular shape, and the conditions of the crew have become more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.
The displacement of these "battleships of the XVI century" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were adorned with skillful carvings, and a magnificent sculpture crowned their nose.
Schooners
There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of goods. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, differing in that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmsel or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He reached the greatest distribution in the American merchant navy, in particular, Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team hunts on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (if you believe J. London, this process is available even to a lone sailor). Most often the schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902 when a ship with seven masts was launched ("Thomas Double Lawson", Quincy shipyard).
Other types of ships
Photos of sailing ships who arrived at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on the pages of websites. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, caches, yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to the past centuries, full of adventures and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, this is the opinion in many countries, including ours. Climbing up the shrouds, deploying the sails and breathing in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of dry cargo vessels, bulk carrier tankers and cruise liners. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.
The four-masted barque "Sedov" is a training sailing ship. For 2017 - the largest of the operating barges. The sailing ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. The first owner of the sailing ship Karl Wynnen named it after his daughter - Magdalenna Wynnen II. But there was a crisis of the 30s and the shipowner had to sell several sailing ships, including the barque “Magdalena Winnen” - in 1936. The four-masted barque was bought by the shipping company Norddeucher Lloyd. The new shipowner equipped the barque with cabins for 70 cadets and the ship began to be used simultaneously as a cargo and training vessel. The sailboat was given the name "Commondor Johnsen".
After the Second World War, the USSR received the "Commondor Johnsen" as a reparation. The training sailing ship bark “Sedov” was named after the polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. In January 1946 "Sedov" was transferred to the category of training sailing ships. In 1991, the bark was transferred to the Murmansk State Technical University. In connection with the change of the founder of the Moscow State Technical University (Rosrybolovstvo to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation), in 2017 the bark changed the postscript from Murmansk to Kaliningrad in order to continue working as a training sailing vessel for sailing practice by cadets of marine specialties.
The history of the sailing ship "Sedov"
The four-masted vessel “Magdalena Winnen II” (named after the customer's daughter) was launched in the spring of 1921 in the city of Kiel (Germany) at the Krupp shipyard. September 1 of the same year for the first time went to sea. The sailboat transported goods from European ports to Australia, Oceania, South America and Asia - wood, coal, pyrite, wheat, etc., but the crisis of the 30s happened and the shipowner had to sell several sailing ships, including the barque “Magdalena Winnen” - in 1936. The company "Norddeucher Lloyd", which got into the hands of the sailing ship, renamed it "Commodore Johnsen" and turned the ship into a training ship.
About 100 cadets could undergo maritime practice on a sailing ship. Having taken on board a group of young cadets, the sailboat set off for Australia for a cargo of grain, but in the North Atlantic the sailing vessel came face to face with a severe storm. The crew was literally a stone's throw from death, but thanks to the excellent work of the crew, the ship managed to keep the ship afloat. The Second World War "Commodore Johnsen" fought in the Baltic Sea. In December 1945, the ship passed to the Soviet Union as reparations, and from January 11, 1946, the ship began to belong to the Soviet Navy and bear the name of the Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov.
Many had no hope that the ship would be able to serve for a long time, but thanks to the career officer of the Navy Pyotr Sergeevich Mitrofanov, who devoted his whole life to the development of Soviet sailing, the sailing ship was restored after the war. After the war, the Baltic Sea was all in mines, and the passage of a ship of this size, and even with an inexperienced crew on board, was very dangerous. But despite all the difficulties, the team coped. Young sailors learned to handle sails on the fly. Since 1957, the Sedov bark began to perform the functions of an oceanographic research vessel. The data obtained at that time are still used to forecast wind waves in different areas of the World Ocean. Together with a team of scientists, the cadets on board erased white spots from maps of the Atlantic Ocean.
Photo: Russian Geographical Society / LiveJournal Sergey Dolya
In 1966, the bark as a training ship for the fishing fleet was transferred to the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, and in this role it served the country for another ten years. Opinions were divided when the question arose about the next repair of the sailboat. The new owners wanted to cut the ship into metal, they say, no one will need it for sure, but Captain Mitrofanov and more than a hundred well-known sailors, for whom Sedov became a part of life, were against such an outcome. Their requests were heard and the sailboat for six years (from 1975-1981) was overhauled at the Kronstadt Marine Plant. From the "Magdalena" only the body of the "windjammer" was left, the rest had to be replaced. The ship received crew quarters for 164 cadets, training rooms, an assembly hall, a wardroom, dining rooms, a gym, a museum and a sauna.
In 1981 the sailing ship Sedov was put into operation again and set off on a voyage around Europe. On the way back from Sevastopol, the Sedov bark got into a heavy storm. Wind gusts reached 35 m / s, and the ship's roll was at 25 degrees. But the ship again took over the elements. They started talking about the sailing ship again in all European countries, because since 1986 the restored ship has proudly visited European ports, participating in many regattas, competitions and exhibitions. The sailboat has twice won The Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Races regatta, having managed to reach a speed of 18 knots under sail. In 2012-2013, the legendary "Sedov" passed the first circumnavigation. In 2015, the sailboat made an expedition in honor of the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Every year the sailing ship "Sedov" is visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists all over the world. “Sedov” was even listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest training sailing ship that has survived to this day.
Technical characteristics of the barque "Sedov"
Sailboat scheme
1 - Nationality: Russia
2 - Port of registration: Kaliningrad
3 - Year of construction: 1921
4 - Shipyard: Germaniawerft, Kiel
5 - Type of vessel: 4-masted barque
6 - Case: steel
7 - Displacement: 6148 t
8 - Length: 117.5 m
9 - Width: 14.7 m.
10 - Draft: 6.7 m.
11 - Height of masts: 58 m
12 - Sail area: 4.192 m²
13 - Number of sails: 32 pieces
14 - Engine brand: Vyartsilya
15 - Engine power: 2.800 HP
16 - Wind power: 8.000 hp
17 - Sailing speed: up to 18 knots
18 - Speed \u200b\u200bunder the engine: up to 10 knots
19 - Tonnage: 3556 bp. T
20 - Crew: 54
21 - Cadets: 102
22 - Trainees: 46
23 - Official site of the barque "Sedov": http://www.sts-sedov.info
Ship spaces and sail names
Upper deck:
1 - Navigation room
2 - Radio control room
3 - Captain's cabin
Main deck:
4 - Hospital
5 - Officers' wardroom
6 - Galley
7 - Toilet
8 - Cabins for a private company
9 - Training navigational cabin
10 - Crew cabins
Lower deck:
11 - Cubicles of cadets
12 - Trainees' cabins
13 - Cabins for a company of cadets and trainees
14 - Toilet
15 - Crew cabins
XXX century. there was no longer a place for "Urania", "Phoenix", "Kronshlot" and "Epiphany". There are no such gigantic sailing ships of the past as the five-masted sailing ships "France-i" (France, 5633 per. T, 1912-1922, crashed on the reefs off New Caledonia), "R. C. Rickmers "(Germany, 5548 reg.t, 1906-1917, torpedoed at the entrance to the English Channel)," Preussen "(Germany, 5081 per. Tons, 1902-1910, killed in a collision in the English Channel) , Thomas W. Pawson (USA, 5218 per. T, 1902-1907, died on the rocks at the entrance to the English Channel), Maria Rickmers (Germany, 3822 per. Tons, 1892-1892, disappeared on the first flight). For some time the five-masted barges Potosi (Germany, 4026 per. Tons, 1895-1924), “Copenhagen” (Denmark, 3965 per. Tons, 1921 -1929) and the six-masted wooden schooner remained in the ocean formation Wyoming (USA, 3730 per. Tons, 1909-1924). In March 1924, in a heavy storm, the old ship Wyoming sank off the eastern coast of CLUA due to a leak in the parted grooves of the wooden planking. The next year, 1925, off the coast of Argentina, a fire destroyed the beautiful Potosi. In less than five years, the last of the glorious Windjammers, the five-mast Copenhagen, went missing in the "Roaring Forties" zone.
From that time to the present day, the list of operating sailing ships of the world fleet has been invariably headed by the four-masted bark Sedov, the leader of a detachment of Soviet training sailing ships.
Talking about him, the authors find it difficult to keep within the cold impartiality, and there are good reasons for this. One of them was lucky four decades ago, in the post-war years, to take command of the Sedov barque and become an active participant in the epic of his return to life, and two decades ago had to lead a group of enthusiasts, thanks to whose actions the “unpromising” ship was saved. For another of the authors, "Sedov" became the first maritime school, where there were the first gangway and deck, boat and oar, navigational instruments and sophisticated sailing terminology. The sailing ship Sedov helped the Kronstadt schoolchild to choose the profession of a shipbuilder.
In February 1921 in Kiel (Germany) a solemn ceremony of launching a four-masted barge, named "Magdalena Winnen", took place. Its customer, the German ship owner F.A.Winnen, assumed that the Magdalena Winnen would operate on the lines connecting European ports with ports in South America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Oceania.
It should not be forgotten that the years of construction of the sailing ship fell on the second decade of the 20th century, the century of steam and electricity, as it was called then. For more than 50 years the Suez Canal functioned, which predetermined the end of the clipper voyages of the "tea" fleet. Using the canal, even very seedy steamships, unable to go around southern Africa, provided "tea" freight, methodically running between the ports of Europe and the countries of the Asian continent. Already behind was the era of "wool" clippers, specially built to make jumps across the ocean without intermediate bunkers, without which steamers could not do without. The testing of the Panama Canal has already taken place, with its appearance threatening to make senseless the heroism of the sailors sailing around Cape Horn. In a word, the steam engine pushed the sail. But he, contrary to the expectations of many, did not disappear. Sailboats (we will not talk about the future now) still made long voyages with cargoes, which were not insisted on by their senders and recipients: South American saltpeter, Australian wheat, heavy ores and coal. Sailboats also worked successfully, taking 3-5 thousand tons of Australian grain and arriving in Europe each at their own time, which even played into the hands of the owners of receiving elevators, who could not cope with cargo handling during the season due to the simultaneous arrival of several vessels at ports ... They were inferior in displacement to steamers, the dimensions of which were becoming more and more impressive, but on the other hand, they could enter shallow-water ports. In other words, the fate of the “windsweeper” - the windjammer was prepared for the four-masted barge.
In those years in Europe, shipping companies still enjoyed a solid reputation, trying in the new conditions to continue to profit from the operation of traditional "clean" sailing ships that did not have even the smallest machine to help mighty sails. Such ships remained among the active ones, they even continued to be built. To increase profitability, the creators went to increase the size of sailboats, tried to improve the sailing equipment. Along with this, there were other companies that succumbed to new trends. They tried to "combine" the sail and the car. The sails, of course, played the role of the main mover, the mechanical installation was used as an auxiliary element. At the same time, additional costs were inevitable: for the creation of an engine room on the ship, fuel, operation and repair of the engine, remuneration of ship mechanics. The hopes of the innovators were also understandable - the mechanized sail was losing its hopeless dependence on the whims of the wind. It provided a more solid foundation for the commercial success of the enterprise.
The beginning of the ocean service of the four-masted barge was successful. As planned, he transported bulk cargo with extremely low freight from Europe to Australia, South America, to the islands of Oceania. First,
15 years, the period of its operation confirmed the full compliance of the vessel with the selected operating mode. It had good economic performance.
In the 30s. the world economic crisis has come. A large number of ships were then laid up, and their crews were at the labor exchange. F. A. Wynnen sold several of its sailing ships at very low prices. In 1936, Magdalena Wynnen had to be sold too. It was acquired by the state-subsidized firm Norddeucher Lloyd. The four-masted barque became known as "Commodore Jensen" and was turned into a training ship, but the holds were kept for the transport of goods.
It took some time to re-equip: two superstructures - a sparkler and a yut - were connected by a common deck. Thanks to this, it was possible to fence off a room for 60, and later for 100 trainees. Hanging bunks, dining tables and cans, a 40-ton drinking water tank, and bathrooms appeared.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the division of the military and auxiliary German fleets between the allies was carried out. The Soviet Union, in order to compensate for the sailing ships lost during the war, received the four-masted barque "Padua" (3257 per. T), which acquired the name "Kruzenshtern", the barque "Gorch Fock" (1392 per. T), its new name is "Comrade-I "And" Commodore Jensen ", renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877-1914).
G. Ya. Sedov was born into the family of an Azov fisherman, graduated from the nautical classes of Rostov-on-Don, in 1901 he passed exams for the course of the Naval Cadet Corps, ■ after which he was promoted to lieutenant in the Admiralty-I state. During the Russo-Japanese War, he commanded a mine carrier on the Amur. In 1902-1903 he took part in the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean, in 1909 he examined the mouth of the Kolyma River, in 1910 he surveyed the Krestovaya Bay near the western bank of the New In 1912, G. Ya-Sedov led the Russian expedition to the North Pole, equipped with funds from private donations. The expedition ship "St. Foka" spent the winter in 1912/13 near the western shores of the northern island of Novaya Zemlya, exploring the coast. the second wintering the ship was put up in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land.On February 16, 1914 G. Ya.Sedov, being already sick, accompanied by two sailors on a sleigh, undertook a despairing rush to the North.He died on March 5, 1914 at 3 km from Rudolf Island, and was buried at Cape Auk.
In 1938, a flagpole was found at the burial site, with the help of which the hero of the tragic epic intended to hoist the Russian flag at the North Pole. It is interesting that the flagpole was nevertheless delivered there, but already in 1977 by the nuclear-powered icebreaker "Arktika" ...
Initially, on January 11, 1946, the Sedov sailing ship was handed over to the Soviet Navy in the training rank. It is known how difficult the post-war years were for the country as a whole, and the fleet had to solve a wide range of problems. Despite this, funds for the restoration of the sailboat and the necessary materials were allocated.
The former commanders-in-chief of the USSR Navy, Admirals of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov and S.G. Gorshkov, rendered great assistance to the sailors in this.
The rework was fundamental. Rigging and sailing facilities, which had fallen into disrepair during the war years, demanded special care. It also took time to train a crew capable of operating a four-masted barge in any conditions. But even when both the ship and the crew were ready, they had to postpone going to sea. The post-war Baltic was still full of mines. Sailing of a large sailing ship with a large number of cadets on board in a difficult mine situation until the beginning of the 50s. was an extremely risky endeavor. In addition, the sailboat would be deprived of freedom of maneuver due to the limitation of the fairway.
But 1952 came, and the long-awaited launch of the barque took place. In the first test voyage across the Baltic Sea, the young sailors were assigned the task of mastering in practice the navigational techniques of navigation. These tasks were successfully solved.
In a short time, thousands of cadets of the first and second courses of military schools passed the school of the first naval training on this sailing ship. Among the pets of the sailing ship of that period are the current captains of the 1st rank and admirals. The vessel with cadets on board sailed to the shores of North and South America, Africa, visited many ports and harbors. It was also a school for the education of sailors, where P. V. Vlasov, P. M. Mironov, V. I. Nechaev, A. B. Perevozchikov, V. T. Roev, Ya. A. Smelteris were formed as sailing captains for long-distance voyages. , I. G. Schneider, D. O. Tsaune. Kind words deserve sailing masters - boatswains V. I. Kalinin, I. I. Koshil, K.S. Yakubov.
In 1957, the Sedov, while remaining in the class of a training vessel, as if concurrently began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. His first such experience was associated with participation in the program of the III International Geophysical Year. The members of the voyages remember the atmosphere on the ship. Then the remarkable Soviet scientist, the creator of the physics of the sea as a science, Academician V.V. Shuleikin took part in the work. The scientific work of the main team of the expedition was led by an energetic and knowledgeable oceanographer, a charming and never discouraged person, a candidate of physical and mathematical
sciences associate professor M. M. Kazansky. In the course of oceanographic research, the team of "Sedovites" - sailors and scientists - erased many "blank spots" from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1966 the four-masted barque "Sedov" was transferred as a training barque to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries. But before talking about a new stage in his life, it is necessary to restore the picture of past years. It is not difficult to do this, it is enough to refer to the documentary footage, shot under the direction of the then beginning director A.A. soot and snow on the deck. The ship was docked in Leningrad at the Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge with anchors hanging from the haws, a broken forehead, rusty sides that once glittered with immaculate whiteness. In general, it was a monument testifying to the indifference of its new owners to it. Instead of worrying about his fate, the people who occupied the cabins of the sailing ship prepared for repair, in fact, planned to scrap it, proving in clerical reports the futility of the idea of \u200b\u200bupdating the training ship. More than 100 famous sailors, heads of naval schools, stood up to defend this idea. Their efforts had an effect. The vessel was delivered to Kronstadt for repairs. The shipbuilders of the Kronstadt Marine Plant took on the trouble of performing non-standard repair and restoration operations.
The "headquarters" of the ship's repair was first led by Captain P. S, Mitrofanov, then by Captain V. T. Roev. One of the assistants was V.A.Tsvirkunov, a graduate of the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute and the Higher Art School named after V.A. V. I. Mukhina, an engineer and artistically gifted person, "sick" couple
Constructive drawing of the Sedov sailing ship, longitudinal section and side views. On the shoulders of this boatswain, sailing ship master and designer in one person, the worries of restoring the spars and rigging, designing interior elements, and solving operational problems lay down.
The result of the renovation was the third birth of a 60-year-old four-masted barge. Comfortable classrooms, a training room and a bridge, an extensive library and a spacious cinema hall appeared on it. The cadets received cockpits that meet all established standards (164 places). For full-fledged trainings, a training navigator's cabin was provided with full-scale operating state-of-the-art navigation devices. Each of the classrooms turned out to be interesting in its own way: maritime practice, navigation, ship-mechanical and radio engineering. It was a holiday of sun and color, which was recorded on the film by the same tireless AA Saltykova-Lazo.
In the summer of 1981, the first test sail of the sailboat took place at sea. A meeting was held at the Kronstadt Marine Plant. Turning to the workers, the captain of "Sedov" VT Roev said: "Our barque owes you its new birth, because you have built, I repeat, you have built the ship again!"
His first voyage, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the Ministry of Fisheries of the USSR, "Sedov" with cadets. Leningrad and Tallinn nautical schools, preparing fishermen, made to Denmark, where at that time celebrated the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681 -1741), who served in the Russian fleet and led the 1st and 2nd Kamchatka expeditions (1725-1730 and 1733-1741). The strait between the eastern point of Asia and North America, earlier, in 1648, discovered by Semyon Dezhnev, was named after this navigator and discoverer.
This was the beginning, followed by no less interesting flights. In 1984, the "Sedov", commanded by AB Perevozchikov, sailed, also timed to coincide with the anniversary, this time to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The voyage, which began in the Baltic, took place around Scandinavia. In July the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.
During the stay, the Arkhangelsk residents and guests of the city visited the ship, who left numerous entries in the guest journal reflecting the degree of their admiration for the ship. The acuity of the sensation of what he saw was intensified by the fact that the Sedov was standing at the Red Pier, the same one from which once on the sailing-steam ship St. Fock "began his campaign Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov.
During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque Sedov signed on the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.
The entire flight lasted 87 days, 5790 miles were covered in 41 running days. For jubilee troubles and other pleasant, but time-consuming concerns, the crew and cadets did not forget the main thing - study. She walked strictly on schedule.
So "Sedov", one might say that survived the third birth, once again joined the strict rhythm of maritime educational affairs. Every year his track record became more and more impressive, and I would like the flagship of the Soviet sailing fleet to enter the new, 21st century as strong as it is today.
The four-masted barque "Sedov", according to the English naval historian G. Underhill, is "one of the finest and largest four-masted boats of our century."
The ship's hull is steel riveted, with a forecastle and an elongated poop. During the modernization of 1936, the yut was connected to the middle superstructure, which made the hull somewhat "heavier", but did not deprive the ship of its former grace. Corps recruited
no transverse system. The outer skin, also made of steel, has a thickness of 14-16 mm. The hull has two continuous decks: the main and the lower (twin deck). The platforms above the deep tanks were built into the former four cargo holds during retrofitting. The ship's hull is divided by six watertight bulkheads into seven compartments. The forged steel stem has the shape of a clipper stem. Elliptical stern, cast steel sternpost with ruderpis and semi-balanced rudder guard. After the modernization, a fixed-pitch propeller with a diameter of 2200 mm with four removable blades was installed on the sailing ship. The section of the outer squared keel is 75X250 mm.
The upper deck is covered with pine decking. The first of the two deckhouses, installed on the upper deck of the waist, includes a medical room. The second wheelhouse is a training navigator, for 12 posts. The top of the first wheelhouse is adapted for the cadets' bridge. On the upper deck of the elongated poop, the former wheelhouse is preserved, which includes the navigator's and the captain's living quarters, and above is the navigating bridge. Behind the second mainmast there is another wheelhouse, which contains the radio room and the wheelhouse of the ship duty officer. Two skylights are located behind the mizzen mast and at the stern.
During a major overhaul, an electric windlass was installed on the ship. The vessel has two anchors, traditional for Admiralty-type sailing ships, weighing 3.5 tons. The weight of the spare, stored at the bulkhead of the forecastle, the stop-anchor is 1250 kg, the weight of the verp at the stern is 500 kg. Solid anchor chains with 57 mm counterparts, 250 m long each. The cut-beam with cut-hoists is installed on the forecastle. On the deck there are foresail and mainmast sheet pins for tacking and tightening the lower sails sheets.
General arrangement: top view and deck plan
The main helm station is located on the raised banquet of the open poop deck in front of the navigating bridge. The mechanism of the manual drive is mahogany steering wheels with a diameter of 1.8 m, planted on one shaft. The manual steering machine consists of a gear transmission and a cylinder, on which the ends of the steering cable are wound.
The main characteristics of the barque "Sedov"
Length between perpendiculars, m .......... 97.90
Width amidships, m ................ 14.66
Height, mboard .... -.......... 8.74
bar keel ............... 0.25
Maximum draft with keel, m ........... 7.52
Full displacement, t. .......... 7320.0
Deadweight, t ................... 5340,0
Weight of the vessel unladen, t .............. 1980.0
Capacity, per. bulk (construction) ............. 3709.0
net (building) ............ 2972.0
Bruce's number .......... ....... 3.34
Auxiliary diesel power, hp from.
building ................ 500
after re-equipment in 1980 ........ 1080
Speed, knot under sails (maximum practically reached) 14.2
under the car in calm (building). ... ... ... ... ... 5.0
"" "" (After re-equipment) ... 7.0
Crew, people ................... 64
Trainees, people ................ 160
As noted above, according to the type of armament, the ship is a four-masted ship. It has a foremast, a first and second mainmast, and a mizzen mast. The entire mast (see Appendix 3), including the columns of the masts, tops of all grades, rails, boom, gaff and bowsprit, steel riveted Exceptions are wooden flagpoles, masts and clots. The mass of the mast together with the rigging is ~ 210 tons. The total height of the foremast (taking into account the column of the mast itself, the topmast, the topmast, the bomb-topmast and the flagpole with a tread) from the upper edge of the keel to the tread is 62.6, the first and the second mainmast - 63.5 m, the mizzen-mast - 54.7 m. The masts have a slope: the foremast aft (from the vertical) - 3.5, the first mainmast - 4.0, the second - 5.0 , mizzen mast - 6.0 °.
The masts with topmats, like the bram-topmills with bom-bram-topmats, are made in one tree. By the way, the bowsprit "Sedova", as well as on all modern sailing ships, is also made in a one-tree version, or, as it is also called, "one-horned", that is, without fired jets and bombs. However, to designate the corresponding sections of the monolithic bowsprit, the boundaries of which are fixed by the yokes of the stays, the former names have been retained.
For amateur ship modelers, we remind you that the main plane from which the height of the mast with the topmast is measured is at the level of the upper edge of the keel. The length of each yard is shown in full, that is, from so far to so far. Wanting to get the length of the working part of the yarn to which the sail is tied, it follows from the total length to subtract the sum of the lengths of the knots (right and left).
The spar is painted in the color of the tree, i.e., light orange or dark fawn paint. Flagpoles, pockets and tops, like all turnbuckles, cable-ties, pull-ups and benzels that hold the lower cables together, are white. The section of the first mainmast, where the galley chimney exits, is painted with black lacquer. All parts of the standing rigging, as well as perts, props, non-perts and backs, are covered with a black rigging range, consisting mainly of rosin, soot, fat and other components, depending on the recipe.
The sailing ship looks very elegant, especially if the parts of the standing rigging (forduns, stays, etc.) free from limescale are stained with lead white.
Thirty-two sails of "Sedov" are made of linen canvas. In the future, it is planned to replace them with new ones made of durable and much lighter dacron fabric that is not afraid of moisture. The areas of each of the 32 sails are shown below.
Sailing rig and side view of the four-masted barque "Sedov"
Sail area, m ^, of the four-masted barge "Sedov"
Bom cleaver ................... 73
Cleaver ..................... 64
Midship jib .................. 63
Fore-staysail ................. 75
Fock. ... ... ... ... : ........... 278
Lower fore-topsail ................ 147
Upper fore-topsail ................ 195
Lower fore-brahmsel ................ 105
Upper fore-bramsel ................ 125
For bom bramsel ................. 90
Mainsail-staysail of the 1st mainsail ............. 156
Mainsail-bram-staysail of the 1st mainsail ............. 127
The first grotto ................... 285
Lower topsail of the 1st grotto. ............ 147
Upper topsail of the 1st grotto. ............ 195
Lower Brahmsel of the 1st grotto .............. 105
Upper Brahmsel 1st grotto .............. 125
Mainsail-bom-bramsel of the 1st grotto ............. 90
Mainsail-staysail of the 2nd mainsail ............. 156
Mainsail-bram-staysail of the 2nd mainsail ............. 127
Second grotto .................. 294
Lower topsail of the 2nd grotto. , ............ 147
Upper topsail of the 2nd grotto .............. 195
Lower Brahmsel of the 2nd grotto. ............ 105
Upper Brahmsel of the 2nd grotto .............. 125
Mainsail-bom-bramsel of the 2nd grotto ............. 90
Apsel ..................... 67
Cruise-chen-staysail ................ 77
Four-masted bark "Sedov" under sails. Photo by authors
Cruise-bram-staysail ................ 90
Lower mizzen ........ 107
Upper mizzen. .....4 . ... 78
Mizzen-gaff-topssel ................ 89
Only 4192 Despite the venerable age, every time the representatives of the Register of the USSR think about when inspecting a sailing ship, he is still given the go-ahead to go out into the ocean. Dock inspections and control drills in the hull sheets are a delight for rigorous inspection every time. Metallurgists, probably, could explain this phenomenon, but the fact itself is enough for the Register - the hull of the sailing ship is in excellent condition to this day. There is a hope that the oldest training sailing ship of our country "Sedov" will enter the new XXI century, because a little more than 10 years are left before its arrival.
