Liferafts and shipboard lifeboats. Lifeboats: an educational program from estimata amateur Designs and types of lifeboats

A lifeboat is a lifeboat capable of keeping people in distress alive from the moment they leave the ship. It is this purpose that determines all the requirements for the design and equipment of lifeboats.

The number of lifeboats on board a ship is determined by the navigation area, type, ship and the number of people on board. Cargo ships of unlimited navigation area are equipped with lifeboats that provide the entire crew from each side (100% + 100% \u003d 200%). Passenger ships are equipped with lifeboats with a capacity of 50% of passengers and crew on each side (50% + 50% \u003d 100%).

Fig. Open and closed lifeboats

All lifeboats must:

Have good stability and buoyancy even when filled with water, high maneuverability;

Provide reliable self-recovery on an even keel when capsizing;

Have a mechanical engine with remote control from the wheelhouse; be colored orange.

The lifeboat must be equipped with a compression ignition internal combustion engine:

The engine must run for at least 5 minutes from the start in a cold state when the boat is out of the water;

The speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people and supplies must be at least 6 knots;

The fuel supply must be sufficient to run the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

If the ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits should be equipped with a top with at least two life pendants attached to it.

The lifeboat's buoyancy is provided by air boxes - sealed compartments filled with air or foam, the volume of which is determined taking into account that the heads of the people sitting in the boat are above the surface of the water, even if the boat is completely flooded.

Information about the capacity of the boat, as well as its main dimensions, are applied on its sides in the bow with indelible paint, the name of the vessel, the port of registration (in Latin letters) and the ship's number of the boat are also indicated there. The marking by which it is possible to identify the vessel to which the boat belongs and its number must be visible from above.

Around the perimeter of the boat, under the fender bar and on the deck, strips of reflective material are glued. In the bow and stern parts, crosses made of reflective material are applied on the upper part of the closure.

Fig. Lifeboat marking

An electric light is installed inside the boat. The battery charge provides operation for at least 12 hours. On the upper part of the closure, a signal lamp with a manual switch is installed, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light. The battery charge provides operation for at least 12 hours.

The lifeboats for oil tankers are fire retardant, equipped with an irrigation system that allows passage through continuously burning oil for 8 minutes, and compressed air, ensuring the safety of people and the operation of engines for 10 minutes. The hulls of the boats are made of double, they must have high strength, the wheelhouse must provide all-round visibility, the windows are made of fire-resistant glass.

To ensure the use of the boat by unskilled people (for example, passengers), instructions for starting and operating the engine must be provided in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, and the controls must be marked accordingly.

Weeklyall lifeboats and rafts, rescue boats and launching appliances are visually inspected to ensure they are always ready for use. All lifeboats and rescue boats must run for at least 3 minutes. Lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, must be removed from their positions. The results of the check are recorded in the ship's log.

Monthlyall lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, are thrown out of their place of installation without people in the boat. A supply check is carried out to ensure that they are complete and in good condition.

Each lifeboat, with the exception of free-fall boats, is lowered and then maneuvered in the water with a designated control team at least once every 3 months.

Launching the boat.Boats launched by mechanical means are installed horizontally on both sides of the vessel. A davit is a device designed for storing a dinghy, which has beams tilting overboard, used for lowering and raising the dinghy.

Fig. Securing the lifeboat on board the ship

In the stowed position, the boats are installed on davits; for this, the latter have one-sided keel blocks on which the boat rests. For a more snug fit of the boat to the keelblocks, the latter are equipped with a felt cushion covered with canvas. The boat is fixed with lashings with a verb-hook, which must be given before launching.

Before launching the boat, you must first:

To deliver to the boat the equipment and supplies necessary for survival after the abandonment of the vessel: a portable VHF radio station and a transponder radar beacon, warm clothes, an additional supply of food and water, an additional supply of pyrotechnic alarms;

Remove the railing of the landing deck; prepare a ladder; give lashings; give up the davits stopper.

The lifeboat must be equipped drain valve,which is installed in the lower part of the bottom of the boat for launching water. The valve automatically opens when the boat is out of the water and automatically closes when the boat is afloat. When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

The dumping of the lifeboat occurs only under the influence of gravity and is carried out with the help of boat hoists. Before starting the descent, they release the stopper on the davits and smoothly release the hoist lapper, for which the boat winch brake is gradually released. Uniform etching of the bow and stern hoists is achieved by the fact that both lappers are fixed on the drum of one boat winch. After the davit reaches its limit position, the vertical lowering of the boat into the water begins.

Lopari - steel cables attached to the boat at its extremities and led to the winch, intended for lowering and lifting the boat. Lopari should be periodically tied

In order to exclude the possibility of lowering the lifeboat until it is completely dumped overboard, there is a horn on the davit, on which the shackle of the movable block of davits is hung. The length and shape of the horn is chosen in such a way that the movable block falls off it only at the lower limit position of the davit.

The launching of the lifeboat on hoists can be controlled both from the deck of the vessel and from the boat. This makes it possible, under favorable weather conditions, not to leave the descent support team on board.

Fig. Launching the lifeboat Fig. Boat winch

After launching the boat into the water, lay out the lower blocks of the sloptals. It is very important, especially in the excitement, to lay out both blocks at the same time. For this, the boats have folding hooks with a common drive. In this case, the simultaneous recoil of both hooks is carried out by turning the drive handle.

Landing of people is carried out by storm ladders. On the move and on excitement, boats are usually lowered with people. In this case, people are embarked either in a boat mounted on keelblocks, or after the boat has been lowered to the deck level from which it is most convenient to land.

Fig. Crew embarkation and boat launch

Each boat in the area of \u200b\u200bits installation has a landing ladder, the bowstrings of which are made of a Manila cable with a thickness of at least 65 mm, and the balusters of hard wood with a size of 480x115x25 mm. The upper end of the ladder should be fixed in its proper place (under the boat), and the ladder itself should be rolled up, always ready for use.

After the last person moves from the ship to the boat, the falini are freed (in extreme cases, they are chopped with axes located at the ends of the boat), and the boat departs from the ship. It is recommended to keep the falini as they may still be needed.

Supply of boats... Each lifeboat must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention SOLAS-74, including:

On rowboats, one floating oar per rower plus two spare and one steering, on motor boats - four oars with oarlocks attached to the hull of the boat with strings (chains); two retaining hooks;

A floating anchor with a cable equal to three lengths of the boat and a guy line fixed to the top of the anchor cone; two falins with a length of at least 15 meters;

Two axes, one at each end of the boat, for chopping off the faline when the ship is abandoned;

Food ration and supply of drinking water 3 liters for each; stainless steel ladle with stem and stainless graduated vessel; fishing equipment;

Signal equipment: four red parachute rockets, six red hand flares, two smoke bombs, an electric flashlight with a device for signaling Morse code in a watertight design (with a set of spare batteries and a spare lamp), one signal mirror - heliograph- with instructions for its use, signal whistle or equivalent signaling device, rescue signal tables;

Searchlight capable of continuous operation for 3 hours;

First aid kit, 6 seasickness tablets and one hygiene bag per person;

A folding knife, pinned to the boat, and three openers;

Manual bilge pump, two buckets and a scoop;

Fire extinguisher for extinguishing burning oil;

A set of spare parts and tools for the engine;

Radar reflector or SART;

Binnacle with compass;

Individual thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the boat's passenger capacity (but not less than two).

Fig. Lifeboat inside

Free fall boats... The hull of the lifeboat has a more robust design and well-streamlined smooth contours to prevent a strong impact when the boat enters the water. Since overloads occur when hitting the water, special chairs are installed in the boat with shock-absorbing pads.

Fig. Free fall boat

Before leaving the boat from the ramp, the crew must securely fasten themselves with seat belts and a special head restraint. Free-fall boats guarantee the safety of people when falling from a height of up to 20 meters.

Free-fall boats are considered to be the most reliable rescue device that ensures the evacuation of people from a sinking vessel in all weather conditions.

Rescue lifeboat. It is a type of lifeboat designed for rescuing people from the water (overboard or found at sea) and for collecting lifeboats and rafts.

Fig. Rescue lifeboat

The advantage of the rescue boat is the speed and reliability of launching and boarding on the move with little waves. A powerful stationary or outboard motor allows you to quickly examine the area of \u200b\u200ba person falling overboard, lift him up and deliver him to the ship's side. The rescue boat is capable of performing rescue operations in stormy conditions and with limited visibility. The rescue boats are always ready. Preparation and launching of the boat takes 5 minutes.

The lifeboat provides a place for transporting the rescued person in a recumbent position. The engine power provides a speed of at least 8 knots, and the fuel supply is sufficient for 3 hours of full speed. The propeller is protected to prevent injury to people at sea.

Life rafts

A liferaft is a raft capable of keeping people in distress alive from the moment they leave the ship. Its design must be such as to withstand the influence of the environment afloat for at least 30 days under any hydrometeorological conditions.

Fig. Installation of PSN on board the vessel

The rafts are made with a capacity of at least 6 and usually up to 25 people (on passenger ships, rafts with a capacity of up to 150 people can be found). The number of rafts is calculated so that the total capacity of the liferafts on each side is sufficient to accommodate 150% of the total number of people on board.

On ships where the distance from the bow or stern to the nearest raft is more than 100 m, an additional raft must be installed. At least 2 vests and 2 wetsuits should be kept nearby, and there should also be landing gear on each side (on high-sided vessels - boarding ramps, on low-sided vessels - rescue pendants with musings.

The total mass of the raft, its container and supplies shall not exceed 185 kg, unless the raft is intended to be launched with an approved launching device or when it is not required to be carried from side to side.

According to the method of delivery to the water, liferafts are divided into mechanically launched (with the help of davits) and dropped. Launch rafts are mainly installed on passenger ships, since boarding is carried out at deck level, which is a great advantage when rescuing passengers who may find themselves in a wide variety of physical and mental conditions.

The main distribution, due to their compactness, were inflatable rafts (PSN - inflatable life raft).

The main elements of the liferaft are:

Buoyancy chamber (ensures the buoyancy of the raft);

The bottom is a waterproof element that provides insulation from cold water;

Awning is a waterproof element that insulates the underfloor space from heat and cold.

Fig. Inflatable life raft

The buoyancy chamber of an inflatable raft consists of at least two independent compartments, so that if one compartment is damaged, the remaining compartments can provide a positive freeboard and keep the regular number of people and supplies afloat. Usually, the compartments are arranged in rings one above the other, which allows not only to provide sufficient buoyancy, but also to preserve the area for accommodating people in case of damage to one compartment.

To ensure the possibility of maintaining the operating pressure in the compartments, valves are installed for manual pumping with a pump or bellows.

The problem of thermal insulation of the under-tent space is usually solved by installing an awning consisting of two layers of waterproof material with an air gap. The outer color of the awning is orange. For the installation of an awning in inflatable rafts, arch-type supports are made, which are inflated automatically together with the buoyancy chamber. The height of the awning is made so that a person can be in a sitting position in any part of the awning space.

The awning should have:

At least one viewing window;

A device for collecting rainwater;

Device for installing a radar reflector or SART;

Stripes of white reflective material.

A signal light is installed on the top of the awning, which automatically turns on when the awning is opened. The battery charge provides operation for at least 12 hours.

An internal light source with a manual switch is installed inside the raft, capable of continuously operating for at least 12 hours.

A lifeline is attached to the outer perimeter of the buoyancy chamber of the raft to help you get to the entrance. A lifeline is also installed along the inner perimeter to help people hold on to during a storm.

The entrances to the life rafts are equipped with special devices that help people get out of the water into the raft. At least one of the entrances at the water level must have a landing area. Entrances that are not equipped with a landing area must have boarding ramps, the bottom step of which is at least 0.4 meters below the waterline.

On the bottom of the inflatable raft, water-filled pockets are installed around the perimeter. They are bags hanging down with holes in the upper part. The holes are made large enough so that within 25 seconds after the raft is deployed in the water, the pockets are at least 60% full.

Pockets have two functions:

Provide stability, which is especially important during a storm, when the open raft is on the water without people;

An open raft has a very large surface sail compared to the submerged part, which results in strong wind drift. Water-filled pockets significantly reduce wind drift of the raft. To inflate the raft, a non-toxic gas cylinder is attached to its bottom, closed with a special starting valve,which opens by pulling the starting line attached to it. When the start valve is opened, the gas fills the compartments within 1 to 3 minutes.

The starting line has a dual purpose:

Used to open a valve on a gas cylinder;

Used to keep the raft on the water at the side of the vessel.

The length of the launch line is at least 15 meters.

Installation of PSN.On the vessel PSN (inflatable life raft) is stored in a plastic container, consisting of two halves, hermetically connected and fastened with bandage straps.

The strength of the tapes, or links connecting the ends of the tape, is calculated for rupture from the internal gas pressure when the raft is inflated.

The container with the raft is installed on a special frame, pressed against it with lashings inserted onto the recoil device.

Fig. The scheme of attaching the PSN to the vessel: 1 - lashings; 2 - verb-hack; 3 - starting line; 4 - hydrostat; 5 - weak link; 6 - bandage tape

The launching device of liferafts must ensure the safe launching of the raft with a full complement of people and equipment with a roll of up to 20 ° on any side and a differential of up to 10 °.

The installation of the raft provides for two methods of release from the lashings, manual and automatic.

For manual releaseraft from lashings, it is enough to throw off the fixing link from the verb-hook. There are devices in which the release of the lashings occurs by turning a special handle, as a result of which the pins holding the root ends of the lashes are pulled out. Such a device is used when several rafts are placed on one frame one after another. This design provides for both sequential dumping of rafts and dumping of all rafts by turning one handle.

For automatic releasethe raft when the vessel is submerged under water, the release device is switched on hydrostat -a device that releases the lashings at a depth of no more than 4 meters.

According to the principle of operation, hydrostats are of the uncoupling type and the cutting type.

IN cutting type hydrostatin the initial state, the spring-loaded knife is held by a locking pin attached to the spring-loaded diaphragm. The space above the membrane is hermetically sealed, therefore, when immersed in water, the pressure begins to rise only under the membrane. The stiffness of the spring holding the diaphragm is calculated so that, at a depth of 4 meters, external pressure squeezes the diaphragm and releases the knife. The compressed spring of the knife, after being released, is sharply straightened, and the rope loop holding the lashings is cut by the blow of the knife.

Fig. Cutting type hydrostat

Release type hydrostat... The housings of the decoupling type hydrostats are quite diverse, but they all use the mechanical principle of decoupling when a predetermined pressure on the sensing element is reached. The body of this hydrostat is divided by a membrane into two chambers, one of which is sealed, and the other can receive water during immersion.

Fig. Release type hydrostat

The detachable head, to which the lashings are attached, is held from the inside by a locking device mechanically connected to the membrane.

The stiffness of the spring holding the diaphragm is designed so that the pressure of the water will release the detachable head of the hydrostat, which will free the raft from the lashings.

When the vessel is submerged, the container with the PSN floats, while the launching line is pulled out of the container. The connection of the launch line to the vessel is carried out through weak link.The breaking strength of the weak link is sufficient to pull the start line out of the container and open the start valve. With further tension, the weak link breaks and the raft is released from its attachment to the side of the ship.

There are designs where the weak link is part of the root end of the launch line itself. The weak link is not strong enough to keep the raft close to the side in high wind and sea conditions. Therefore, with manual recoil, the first thing to do before releasing the lashings is to select a small section of the launch line from the container and reliably tie it above the weak link to the ship structure (isolate the weak link). If you do not tie the launch line in the area of \u200b\u200bnormal strength, the raft will be torn off and carried away.

The weak link can be easily distinguished visually: it can be a thinner insert in the starting line or a notch in the line.

Launching the PSN into the water.Boarding into a dumped liferaft is done after it has been deployed on the water, which makes boarding more difficult, but easier and more reliable in stormy conditions.

The strength of the dropped raft must be sufficient to withstand being dropped in a container from a height of at least 18 meters and withstand repeated jumps of people onto it from a height of at least 4.5 meters.

Brief instructions for bringing the raft into working condition and landing in it are applied to the raft container and next to the installation site.

The procedure for launching the PSN into the water and landing in it provides for the following actions:

Free the lashings;

Push the raft overboard. For a high-sided vessel, it is not recommended to drop the raft when heeling more than 15 ° from the side of the side that has emerged from the water. Jumping to the water without touching the side is in this case unlikely, and slipping on the side that has come out of the water, overgrown with shells, can lead to serious injuries;

Pull the launching line out of the container and pull strongly;

Pull the opened raft to the side and fix the line. If the raft has opened upside down, then on the bottom of the raft there are special straps, by grasping which with your hands and resting on the edge of the bottom with your feet, you can turn the raft into a normal position. Since the raft has a large windage, before turning it over, it must be turned so that it is on the leeward side. In this case, the wind will help to turn the raft;

Move into the raft, aiming to get into it dry:

You can jump on a raft from a height of up to 4.5 meters, if you are sure that there are no people in it;

You can go down the storm ladder;

You can go down the rescue pendant with musings;

You can jump into the water next to the raft, and then climb into the raft;

Help other survivors get into the raft (use a life ring with a line from the raft's emergency supply).

After all the survivors are on the raft or in the water, but holding on to the raft's lifeline, it is necessary to move away from the sinking ship to a safe distance, for which it is necessary:

Cut off the starting line. The knife is in a pocket on the awning of the raft at the point of attachment of the line;

Choose a floating anchor;

Tighten up water pockets;

Use emergency oars.

Fig. In a liferaft and on the water

Water pockets create significant resistance to movement. A pin is attached to the bottom of each pocket, secured by the top in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nearest raft entrance. It is necessary to pull the pin, squeeze the water out of the pocket, press the pocket to the bottom and fix the pin in this state.

Being in the immediate vicinity of the vessel is dangerous for the following reasons:

Funnel formation when the vessel is submerged under water;

Possibility of explosion in case of fire;

Emergence from a sinking vessel of large floating objects;

Possibility of loading the vessel on board.

After retreating to a safe distance, all life-saving appliances must be united and held at the site of the ship's wreck. Combining life-saving appliances allows:

Distribute people, water, food, etc. evenly;

More rational use of signaling means;

More rational allocation of human resources for the performance of work (watch keeping, fishing, etc.).

The organization of the search and rescue operation will start from the coordinates of the place where the ship was wrecked, therefore, to reduce wind drift, it is necessary to set floating anchors and lower water pockets.

1.FRP body, non-flammable, durable to withstand:

impact on the side of the vessel at a descent speed of at least 3.5 m / s and dropping into the water from a height of at least 3 m, load without deformation 2 times when it is fully loaded with people and equipment, buoyancy compartments filled with foam with buoyancy 28 kg per person, seats with belts and clearly marked.

2. Elements of the case.

access hatches for boarding people, including on stretchers, ventilation heads, portholes (hatches for oars), air pipes of fuel tanks, gas outlet pipe of a battery box, a receiver for connecting a hose from a ship's fire water system, a kingston hole with a valve.

3. Mechanical installation.

Mechanical installation - diesel "Lister" with a reverse-reduction gear 3: 1 36 hp. with., mounted equipment, supporting systems and two couplings (for the shaft line to the propeller and to the water sprinkler pump). The diesel engine is controlled remotely from the helm station. The internal combustion engine is 3-cylinder, in-line, 4-stroke.

4. ICE systems and boats.

Fuel system - 2 tanks of 130 liters each for 24 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine. Internal combustion engine cooling system - 2-circuit (antifreeze and water). Internal combustion engine gas outlet pipeline - metal hose, muffler, exhaust pipe. Bilge system - hand pump, drain hose, branch pipe and float drain valve. Natural ventilation system

through hatches and ventilation drain valves.

5. Boat device:

lifting and launching device - hooks, their control cables and a device control handle in the steering wheelhouse, steering device - a steering wheel, a column for transferring rotation to a rudder with a nozzle, a mooring and towing device - for a halyard and two tugs (on the bow and stern), a handrail device - handrails, hanging ladders, handrails, anchor device - a floating anchor with a track and nyral.

6. Boat equipment.

one). Electrical equipment - 12 volt network.

a) Sources - generator and storage battery.

b) Consumers - lamps, starter, searchlight.

Note:

A 12 V DC on-board power supply cable is connected to the boat.

2). Reflectives - stripes of reflective material.

3). Navigation equipment - backlit magnetic compass.

1.4. Closed lifeboat of project 02340. (not tanker).

1. The structure of the boat hull.

one). The outer shell is 8 mm thick fiberglass, the filling (rigid polyurethane foam) and the inner one is 4 mm thick.

2). Two side hatches for boarding / disembarking the crew and passengers and receiving people from the water.

2. Steering wheelhouse:

Swivel chair with seat belts

Diesel control station on the left side (handle: forward - neutral, forward, backward - reverse)

Handwheel for control of a nozzle with a steering wheel

Hook control handle

Boat Electrical Switch - Left

Magnetic compass

Dashboard of instrumentation and signaling devices of the diesel engine.

3. Steering hatch cover:

Masthead Lantern

Spotlight

Bushing for cable entry for remote control of the winch.

4. The left side of the wheelhouse has a connector for the cable input, the aft wall of the wheelhouse has a bracket for a radar reflector.

5. 15 places to accommodate the crew and passengers.

7. The engine compartment and shafting are in the stern of the boat.

8. Manual bilge pump - on the stern wall of the boat.

9. Storage boxes - in the bow of the boat.

10. Side beads for collecting rainwater.

11. On the side walls of the slide, and inside the mechanisms for their recoil (handles).

A number of requirements are imposed on the housing design, some of which are listed below:

1) All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

• they could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of people and supplies; and
• they could be launched and towed on the forward course of the vessel at a speed of 5 knots in calm water.

2) The hull of the lifeboat must be rigid, of non-combustible or non-combustible material.

3) The boat must have a closure on top that protects people from the effects of the external environment:

• If the closure is completely rigid, then such a boat is a closed type boat.

• If part of the cover is a soft canopy, then such a boat is a partially closed type boat. In this case, the bow and stern ends must be protected by at least 20% of the length by rigid closure elements. The awning is usually made of two layers of waterproof fabric with an air gap. When open, the awning is twisted and fixed above the entrance.

Passenger ships can be equipped with boats of both types, and cargo ships - only with closed type boats (SOLAS-74 Chapter III, regulations 21 and 31).

The placement of partially enclosed lifeboats on passenger ships gives a great advantage in the speed of embarkation of passengers during evacuation.

4) Lifeboats must have a buoyancy sufficient to keep a fully flooded lifeboat with supplies and people in it afloat.

This additional buoyancy is provided by lightweight floating materials that are resistant to sea water and oil products. These buoyancy elements are usually located around the inner perimeter of the boat under the seats.

5) Lifeboats must be stable when they are filled with 50% of the number of people allowed for stowage, sitting in a normal position on one side of its centerline.

6) Enclosed lifeboats shall be self-healing when capsized.

Overturning can occur, for example, under the impact of a collapsing wave crest, which is most likely when the boat enters the wave deformation zone in shallow water.

Boat equipment

Diagram of the device of a fire-protected lifeboat launched on lopars

Seats.

Seats are equipped on transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats. The seating technique is usually associated with the type of boat.

	Layout of seats in a Lapp boat In a Lapp boat, most of the seats are located on banks located along the sides (back to the side). On boats of large capacity, when the width allows, additional space can be equipped on the longitudinal banks in the middle (facing the side), or on the transverse banks.
	Arrangement of seats in a free-fall boat In free-fall boats, seats with backs and head restraints are installed. They are installed in transverse rows so that people sit facing the stern, which ensures that the back of the person's inertia is taken when the boat enters the water.

Fully enclosed boats require seat belts to be fitted.

Engine

Each lifeboat must be equipped with an internal combustion engine. The lifeboats are equipped with compression ignition engines that meet the following requirements:

1) The engine is capable of operating for at least 5 minutes from the moment of starting in a cold state, when the boat is out of the water.

This allows you to start the engine for periodic checks out of the water, and in case of abandonment of the boat, lower the boat into the water with the engine already running and immediately move away from the vessel.

2) The speed of the lifeboat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots, and at least 2 knots when towing a liferaft of the largest capacity installed on a given vessel, loaded with a full complement of people and equipment.

3) The fuel supply must be sufficient to run the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

To ensure that the boat can be used by unqualified people (for example, passengers), instructions for starting and operating the engine must be provided in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, and the controls must be marked accordingly.

Dehumidification

1) The boat must be either self-draining or have a hand pump to remove water.

2) The lifeboat must be equipped with a release valve.

A release valve (one or two depending on the size of the boat) is installed at the bottom of the bottom of the boat to release water. The valve automatically opens when the boat is out of the water and automatically closes when the boat is afloat. Typically, this task is performed by a float valve.

Each drain valve is equipped with a cap or stopper to close it, attached with a pin or chain next to the valve.

When storing the lifeboat on board the vessel, the drain valve must be open to allow any water that gets into the boat to drain off.

When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

Access to the dinghy

Entrances to the lifeboat are made from both sides and are of such size and position that it is possible to lift people on board the lifeboat in a helpless state, both from the water and on a stretcher.

The lifeboat is designed and positioned in such a way that all people assigned to the lifeboat can board it:

• on a passenger ship - within no more than 10 minutes after giving the command to board;
• on a cargo ship - within no more than 3 minutes after giving the command to board.

The lifeboat must have a boarding ramp to allow people to get into the lifeboat from the water. As a rule, the ladder is removable and stored inside the boat.

On the outside, along the sides of the boat, above the waterline (within the reach of a person in the water), a handrail or a lifeline is installed.

If the lifeboat is not self-healing, then the same handrails should be installed in the lower part of the hull so that people can hold onto the overturned lifeboat.

If the ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits should be equipped with a top with at least two life pendants attached to it.

Toprik - a cable stretched between the ends of the davits.

Rescue pendant - vegetable or synthetic rope with musings (knots), used as an emergency means for lowering from the side of the ship into a boat or into the water.

Signal fire

On the upper part of the closure, a signal lamp with a manual switch is installed, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light. Battery charge provides operation for not less than 12 hours.

Emergency lighting

A light source is installed at the top of the boat to provide sufficient lighting to read the instructions. Battery charge provides operation for not less than 12 hours.

Attachment device for towing hanger

Located at the bow of the boat. This device should provide the ability to release under load (while being towed) from the inside of the boat.

Autonomous air supply system

Lifeboats with an autonomous air supply system shall be so arranged as to ensure normal engine operation with closed entrances and openings. not less than 10 minutes... At the same time, the air must remain safe and breathable.

Such boats are usually found on ships where an accident could render the atmosphere around the ship unbreathable.

An autonomous air supply system is usually based on the use of compressed air cylinders equipped with indicators that allow you to adjust the pressure of the supplied air.

Air supply system starter marking

Fireproof

Fireproof boats are usually installed on ships, where an accident can lead to spills and fires around the ship of oil or oil products. Since, when on fire, the atmosphere outside the boat is unsuitable for breathing, such boats have an autonomous air supply system.

Fire resistance tests

Fire-resistant lifeboats must ensure the safety of people in them for at least 8 minutes, being on the water in the zone of fire covering it from all sides, and the air temperature at the level of the head of a seated person must not exceed 60 ° C. It should be remembered that the permissible time of stay in the fire zone is limited and strive to leave the danger zone as soon as possible. If the edge of the fire zone is not visible, then you should go across the direction of the wind, where there is a higher probability of getting out of the danger zone as soon as possible, since the oil slick will be pulled along the wind line.

Typically, these boats are equipped with a water spray system to increase fire resistance. Seawater is used for irrigation.

The water intake of the system is located at the bottom of the boat in such a way as to exclude the ingress of flammable liquids from the water surface into the system. Further, pressurized water is supplied through external pipes, in which sprayers are installed at regular intervals.

Water sprinkler system trigger marking

Emergency supply

According to the LSA Code, the lifeboat must always contain a certain set of equipment necessary for the survival of people in the event that they leave the ship:

1) Means to ensure the operation of boats:

• floating oars (with the exception of free-fall boats) in sufficient quantity to ensure propulsion;
• 2 retaining hooks;
• 2 falins;
• 2 axes (one at each extremity);
• drogue;
• dehumidification means: floating scoop and 2 buckets;
• tools for making minor adjustments to the engine and related devices;
• fire extinguisher;
• compass.

2) Signaling means

• 4 red parachute rockets;
• 6 red hand flares;
• 2 floating smoke bombs;
• electric waterproof flashlight suitable for signaling in Morse code;
• a searchlight with a power source for at least 3 hours;
• signal whistle or horn;
• rescue signal table;
• radar reflector or radar transponder;
• signal mirror ("heliograph");
• at least one boat on each side must be equipped with a portable radio.

3) water and food

• canned drinking water at the rate of 3 liters per person.

The boat can be equipped with a manual desalination tank. These can be chemical reagents for binding salts or a vacuum desalination plant. In any case, the action of the desalter should not depend on solar energy or on chemical elements other than in sea water.
In this case, the water supply can be reduced by 1 l / person if the desalination plant is able to produce the total amount of water within two days.

• food ration at the rate of 10,000 kJ per person;
• fishing equipment.

4) Medicines and medical supplies

• first aid kit;
• pills for seasickness with a duration of at least 48 hours per person;
• one hygiene bag per person.

5) Fishing accessories

The list of fishing tackle is not established by the LSA Code. Usually the kit includes: fishing line, hooks, spinners, synthetic baits.

6) Other supplies:

• thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the estimated number of people, but not less than 2 units;
• stainless steel bucket with a pin;
• stainless graduated drinking vessel;
• jackknife;
• 3 can openers;
• 2 life rings with a floating line at least 30 m long;
• life-saving instruction on lifeboats

The location of the emergency supplies may vary from model to lifeboat. However, these differences are insignificant, as striving for optimal placement gives similar results. The following figure may serve as an example of the placement of emergency supplies:

Diagram of the device and location of the emergency supply of a free-fall lifeboat:

1) 1 floating scoop 2) 2 buckets 3) 2 axes 4) 1 container with signaling devices: 6 hand flares; 4 parachute rockets; 2 floating smoke bombs, orange; 1 signal mirror; 1 folding knife with tin opener and cage blade; 1 electric torch with 1 spare lamp and 2 spare batteries 5) 2 can openers 6) 1 fire extinguisher 7) 1 set of fishing accessories 8) 1 whistle 9) 5-liter containers with drinking water (3 liters per person) 10) food ration ( one package per person) 11) 2 drinking cups 12) floating anchor 13) 2 painters, 15 m long, 14 mm diameter 14) 2 life rings with 30 m long, 8 mm diameter floating lines 15) 1 first aid kit for lifeboats with an anti-motion sickness drug (6 doses per person)

16) 1 compass 17) 1 hand bilge pump 18) 1 radar reflector 19) diesel 20) 2 boom hooks 21) 1 search light 22) thermal protection 23) 1 survival / distress signal 24) 1 boarding ladder Loose fittings: 25) 1 seat / fuel tank wrench 26) 1 lifting strap set 27) 1 emergency tiller 28) 2 stretcher straps Spare parts for the engine: 29) 1 V-belt 30) 1 fuel filter 31) 1 pump impeller 32) 1 oil filter 33) 1 tool kit 34) 1 oil drain pump

We live in a rapidly changing world, so when disasters happen, people increasingly rely on science. Engineers and scientists around the planet are constantly working to create the most modern life-saving means, the maritime industry is also not ignored.

Over the course of several millennia, the lifeboat has saved many lives, but its technological evolution has been rather slow. Almost a hundred years after the wreck of a passenger ship, "" has difficulty evacuating passengers in an emergency. Hundreds of passengers and crew members are killed in the attempt to get to the lifeboats. People trapped in a burning or banked ship have to rely on intuition and their own strength.

laboratory "SHEBA" (Ship Evacuation Behavior Assessment Facility)

The typical tourist does not have the skills to survive on a ship in distress, so for this purpose, the efforts of engineers from several leading firms " British Maritime Technology», « BMT Fleet Technology Limited», « Grandi navi veloci», « University of Greenwich"In 2005 developed a marine laboratory called" SHEBA"(Ship Evacuation Behavior Assessment Facility).

This marine laboratory is far from the open ocean, but the smoke-filled corridors and hydraulically tilted structure give the impression of a real emergency.

marine laboratory "SHEBA"

Inside the installation " SHEBA»Passengers stay as if they were on board a modern ship. The design is equipped with video cameras and motion sensors. This allows operators to obtain information about the behavior of people when evacuation from the ship... By assessing the speed and actions of people, scientists can predict how passengers behave on a ship in an emergency and determine when to evacuate from the ship. The obtained experimental data are entered into a computer program called " Sea exodus", Which allows shipbuilders to virtually evaluate their project in terms of salvation before you start creating it. With the help of the program, operators work through many scenarios of emergency situations, and highlighting the most dangerous from them, they establish the cause of their occurrence (blocking of exits due to fires or flooding, due to flaws in the ship's structure).

boat of the future "ResCube"

Today programs such as “ Sea exodus"Are used when creating. However, even on the most modern liners, passengers must cross several decks before reaching the evacuation deck. Today, being in, passenger ships can carry up to 6,000 people, but in the near future this number will increase and the developers of life-saving appliances have to take care of amateurs.

« ResCube»Is a system of free-fall marine lifeboats positioned vertically along the sides of a passenger ship, allowing passengers to enter from six decks at once. Rescue vehicle « ResCube»Allows you to place 330 passengers on board, and protect from bad weather and deadly fire.

« ResCube»Is a completely new approach to rescuing passengers on large ships. Passengers are accommodated in three rotating cylinders. During the rescue operation, the system rotates 90 degrees due to the force of gravity. Rescue weight dinghy is over 50 tons.

free fall boat

modern lifeboat

free fall boats

The first life-saving appliances Free Falls were created specifically for oil as well as offshore platforms, as people in this industry are constantly faced with flammable gas and oil.

A free-fall boat, hanging 16 meters above the water, is designed to eject a crew of cargo ships in case of danger. Rescue vehicle weighing 5.5 tons can also be dropped from a height of 22 meters. A free-fall boat can carry up to 44 people from danger. Inside the boat, people are strapped in and positioned with their backs in the direction of travel.

A typical dinghy differs from a free-fall dinghy in that initially you have to sit in it, then to launch it you need to use a dinghy boom with a winch. It descends into the water rather slowly, and fuel can still burn on the surface of the water. Many injuries can occur during descent, but a free fall lifeboat eliminates all of this. it life-saving device will survive in the most difficult conditions.

The free fall lifeboat is made of polyester fiberglass, a flame retardant material that resists the temperature of a welding torch. As an additional protection, a water spray system is used, which will allow the team to survive from the fuel burning in the water.

The drilling platforms are equipped with lifeboatsfree fall, accommodating up to 90 people, which can be dropped from a height of 38 meters. Such reliable life-saving appliances are already available on many ships. They don't just add peace of mind, they will almost certainly help you avoid death in case of danger.

Our world is becoming faster and more dangerous, so humanity must make every effort to prevent tragedies at sea and modern maritime life-saving appliances increase our chances of surviving in a hostile environment.

The free fall lifeboat (FFL) has the following features:

Stronger design to withstand a full complement of people and equipment dropped into water from 1.3 times the approved height;

Entrance from the stern of the boat;

The boat has a stern platform at the waterline level for the purpose of retrieving helpless persons from the sea;

Special seats, backs facing the bow of the boat, with 3 fastening belts.

Other design of the ship isolation system;

Sprinkler water irrigation system.

II. Rescue boats: construction, equipment and their use

A rescue boat is a boat designed to rescue people in distress and collect lifeboats and rafts on the water.... (Clause 19 of Regulation 3. Chapter III of SOLAS-74).

The rescue boat must accommodate at least five people in a seated position and one in a recumbent position on a stretcher. The length of the rescue boat should be between 3.8 and 8.5 m. Boats lacking sufficient sheer should have a bow closure extending no less than 15% of their length. Life rails are attached outside and inside the boat.

The buoyancy of the inflated rescue boat must be ensured either by one buoyancy tube, divided into at least five isolated compartments of approximately equal volume, or by two separate tubes, the volume of each of which must not exceed 60% of their total volume. In the event of damage to any one compartment, the remaining compartments must ensure the maintenance of the number of people, each weighing 75 kg, envisaged for placement on the boat, sitting in a normal position. In this case, a positive freeboard must be maintained along the entire perimeter of the boat.

Each buoyancy compartment is equipped with a non-return valve for manual inflation and descent, as well as a safety valve.

Reinforced strips are provided on the bottom surface of the bottom and in other vulnerable places of the inflated boat.

Strips of reflective material are applied to the surface of the rescue boat in the same way as to the lifeboat.

The rescue boat must be equipped with an inboard or outboard motor. Fuel tanks for an outboard gasoline engine must be specially protected from fire and explosions. The engine must be able to maneuver the lifeboat at a speed of up to 6 knots for at least 4 hours.

The lifeboat must be equipped with a floating line of at least 50 m in length, strong enough to tow the largest liferaft on board, loaded with full men and equipment, at a speed of at least 2 knots.

The rescue boat must be installed so that it is always ready for launching for no more than 5 minutes. The inflated rescue boat must be fully inflated at all times.

The rescue boat launching device shall be equipped with mechanically driven winches of sufficient power to lift the lifeboat out of the water with a full number of people and supplies.

A lifeboat may be a rescue boat provided that it meets the requirements for rescue boats

The boat is used as a lifesaving device when a person falls overboard. And it can only be effectively used when each crew member is well aware of the operation and maintenance of the boat. Only regular training and drills can provide the skill and experience that are essential in a real MOB situation. And the second important point for safety is regular maintenance of the boat to keep it always in trouble-free condition.

Brief description of the rigid rescue boat.

The boat has a positive stability, even when filled with water, it is not sinkable and self-healing. It is intended for rescue purposes and for collecting liferafts and their towing in case of the ship's sinking. It can accommodate up to 6 people on two cross banks or 1 person on a stretcher on the floor, then the other five people on the banks. The boat is made of reinforced fiberglass.

Length - 4.40m (with motor - 4.90m)

Width - 1.75m (with fenders - 1.80m)

Height - 0.75m (with the engine raised - 1.58m)

Weight with equipment - 1000kg

Speed \u200b\u200b- minimum 6 knots

Speed \u200b\u200bwhen towing a 25-person liferaft - 2 knots minimum

The boat's equipment and fittings are made of corrosion-resistant materials. The most important piece of equipment is the boat lifting device. The boat is lowered with one sling. The activation / deactivation of the boat's recoil mechanism is controlled from inside the boat. On the tank there is a hook with a lever for releasing the painter. The boat is propelled by an 18 HP TOHATSU M 18E EPL outboard motor. Fuel tanks with a capacity of 2 x 22.7 liters guarantee 4 hours of engine operation at a speed of 6 knots. The motor is equipped with automatic and manual start. 12 volt DC power is supplied from 57 or 60 amp batteries. The batteries are charged from the ship's mains through a socket in the boat. The portable searchlight can also be powered from this outlet. The navigation light is powered from a separate socket (the light is located on a removable mast).

LSA Code requirements to this kind of boats

(Chapter V from 118-128):

Be stiff, inflated, or combined;

Have sufficient mobility and maneuverability in waves to rescue people in the water, collect liferafts and tow the largest liferaft on the ship, loaded with a full complement of people and supplies or equivalent replacement, at a speed of at least 2 x knots (at on passenger ships, the boat must collect on water no more than 6 liferafts and no more than 9 rafts on ships making short international voyages);

Be at least 3.8 and not more than 8.5 m long;

Provide seating for 5 people and one in a lying position on a stretcher. Except for the helmsman, everything can be placed on the flooring of the bottom, but not on the fender rail, transom or on the side tubes of buoyancy;

In case of insufficient sheerness, to have a bow closure for 15% of the length of the boat;

Be able to maneuver at a speed of 6 knots and maintain this speed for at least 4 hours;

Be equipped with a stationary engine, or an outboard engine, including a gasoline engine with an approved fuel system, if the fuel tanks are specially protected against fire or explosion;

Have fixed towing facilities of sufficient strength to collect or tow liferafts;

Equipped with an efficient means of pumping water or be self-draining;

Equipped with watertight devices for storing small supplies;

Rigid rescue boats shall meet the lifeboat requirements specified in paragraphs 4.4.1-4.4.7.4, 4.4.7.6, 4.4.7.7, 4.4.7.9, 4.4.7.10 and 4.4.9 ..

Requirements for fast rescue boats on ro-ro passenger ships (circular letter MSC / Cirs 809 dated May 29, 1997):

By design, the boat can be rigid, inflated or of a combined type, with a hull length of at least 6 m and no more than 8 m, including inflatable structures;

The boat crew must consist of 3 people (the helmsman and two other crew members)

By design, the lifeboat must meet the requirements of a rigid rescue boat (except for paragraphs 4.4.1.5.3, 4.4.1.6, 4.4.6.8, 4.4.7.2, 5.1.1.6, 5.1.1.10 of the LSA Code);

The boat and its RVC must ensure safe launching and lifting of the boat under adverse weather and sea conditions;

The boat must be self-healing or easily restored by the efforts of 2 people of its crew;

The boat must be self-draining or have the ability to quickly get rid of water;

A rigid boat must be such that, suspended from the lifting point, it has sufficient strength to withstand a load 4 times its mass, with a full complement of people and supplies, without permanent deformation;

The boat must be controlled from the steering wheel, separate from the tiller, and an emergency steering system, water cannon or outboard motor must be provided;

The boat's engine must be stopped automatically or by the helmsman by means of an emergency switch in the event of a boat capsizing. When the boat is returned to its normal position, the engine or motor must be able to start, provided that the emergency stop switch, if fitted, is returned to the operating position;

The design of the fuel and lubrication systems should prevent the release of more than 250ml of fuel or oil in the event of a boat capsizing;

If possible, the boat should be equipped with a stationary, easily and safely operated single point suspension device or equivalent;

The boat must have a non-binding and waterproof VHF radio set;

A fully equipped boat must be capable of maneuvering for at least 4 hours at a speed of at least 20 knots in calm water with a crew of 3 and at a speed of at least 8 knots with a full complement of people and supplies.

Placement of rescue boats on ships.

Inflated rescue boat design.

1. Housing - a buoyancy chamber made of multilayer rubberized fabric, divided by sealed partitions into 5 autonomous compartments with a safety valve and an inflation valve for each and two pockets for lines.

2. Nasal closure with a zipper for 15% of the length of the boat

3. Soft bottom with inflatable keelson to give a sheer appearance

4. Wooden transom (dinghy rear wall) for attaching the outboard motor with drain valve and two brackets for attaching the halyard and towing line

5. Five payol (spacers) installed between the buoyancy chamber and the bottom for bottom rigidity

6. Two aluminum stringers (corners), padded inboard along the sides of the boat to ensure a rigid longitudinal joint payol.

7. Three cans (seats for the boat crew).

Inflated Rescue Boat Equipment

1. Outboard motor with gas tank - to create movement of the boat.

2. Two handles on the starboard side of the boat - to bring the lifeboat to its original position after its capsizing

3. Outdoor lifeline with sags - to keep people on the water

4. Internal lifeline with sags - to keep people in the boat

5. Ladder, attached to the front bank (seat) - for lifting people out of the water and descending from any side

6. Bow and stern towing devices - for fastening the hangers and towing lines.

7. Protective awning - to protect the boat from direct exposure to sunlight and atmospheric precipitation.

8. Compass (on the middle bank) - to determine the course of the boat

9. Two oars with oarlocks and a boat hook - for moving and maneuvering the boat when the engine is not running.

10. Masthead fire(on the starboard transom) with a strut and power source - to mark the boat at night.

11. Radar reflector (on the transom at the port side) with a stand for detecting the boat by radar.

12. Slinging device (4 slings with an eyelet of a single point suspension) - for lowering the boat by gravity and lifting it with an electric drive or manual drive.

The location of the people in the boat

The boat is designed for 6 people, one of whom can lie on the floor on a stretcher. The crew members in the boat should be seated as follows:

3 people on the stern can

3 people on the front bank (two people from the sides facing backward, and one person in the center facing forward in the direction of the boat)

In the case of transporting an injured person: three people on the stern bank, two in the front, the injured person on a stretcher with their feet in the bow of the boat. So that the victim can lie on a stretcher

you need to slightly move the nasal jar.

Lifeboat supply

The lifeboat supply includes the means of operating the raft or lifeboat, the means of life support, and the means of signaling and attracting attention. Supplies should be placed so as not to interfere with ship abandonment activities.

SUPPLIES	QUANTITY
A) Means to ensure the survival of people.
1. Fresh water in waterproof vessels for 1 person
2. Food ration for 1 person with a calorie content of at least
3. Corrosion-proof ladle with a pin.
4. Stainless graduated drinking vessel
5. First aid kit with instructions
6. Medicines for seasickness for 1 person
7. Hygiene package for 1 person
8. A set of fishing accessories
9. Can openers.
10. Thermal protective equipment for 10% of people or
11. A folding knife attached to the boat with a pin
12. Life rings with a floating line at least 30 m long
13. Instructions for preserving life
B. Means to ensure the operation of the boat
1. Floating paddles for propulsion in calm water	Sufficient quantity
2. Lifting hooks
3. Floating scoop
5. Floating anchor with direct and niral.
6. Falini is 2 times the distance from the place of installation of the boat to the waterline at a minimum draft or 15 m
7. Axes at the ends of the boat
8. Hand pump for a non-self-draining boat
9. A set of tools for making minor adjustments to the internal combustion engine and related devices.
10. A portable fire extinguisher suitable for extinguishing oil fires.
B. Means of signaling and attracting attention.
1. Compass illuminated or illuminated
2. Parachute rockets
3. Hand flares
4. Smoke bombs floating
5. Waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse code signaling.
6. Signal mirror with instructions (heliograph)
7. Table of rescue signals, copy
8. Whistle or equivalent sound signal
9. A searchlight with a horizontal and vertical beam sector of at least 6 °, a light intensity of 2500 cd, capable of continuously illuminating for at least 3 hours.
10. Radar reflector if no radar transponder is installed in the boat.

Note: On free-fall lifeboats, floating oars are not provided.

The lifeboat is equipped with a searchlight that provides effective night-time illumination of a light-colored object 18 m wide at a distance of 180 m for at least 3 hours.