Sights of the Kuril Islands: list and description. Volcanoes of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Active and potentially active volcanoes of the Kuril Islands
Kurile Islands
If you look at the map of Russia, then in the Far East itself, between Kamchatka and Japan, you can see a chain of islands, which are the Kuriles. The archipelago forms two ridges: the Greater Kuril and the Lesser Kuril. The Great Kuril Ridge includes about 30 islands, as well as a large number of small islands and rocks. The Small Kuril Ridge stretches parallel to the Big one. It includes 6 small islands and many rocks. At the moment, all the Kuril Islands are controlled by Russia and are included in its Sakhalin region, some of the islands are the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Japan. The Kuril Islands are administratively part of the Sakhalin Oblast. They are divided into three districts: Severokurilsky, Kurilsky and Yuzhno-Kurilsky.
The Kuril Islands, which are an area of active volcanic activity. A significant role in the formation of the relief of the islands is played by sea terraces of different heights. The coastline is replete with bays and capes, the coasts are often rocky and steep, with narrow boulder-pebble, rarely sandy beaches. Volcanoes are located almost exclusively on the islands of the Greater Kuril Ridge. Most of these islands are active or extinct volcanoes, and only the northernmost and southernmost islands are composed of sedimentary formations. Most of the volcanoes of the Kuril Islands arose directly on the seabed. The Kuril Islands themselves are the peaks and ridges of a solid mountain range hidden still under water. The Great Kuril Ridge is a remarkable and vivid example of the formation of a ridge on the earth's surface. There are 21 known active volcanoes on the Kuril Islands. The most active volcanoes of the Kuril ridge include Alaid, Sarychev Peak, Fuss, Snow and Milna. Attenuated volcanoes, which are in the solfataric stage of activity, are located mainly in the southern half of the Kuril chain. There are many extinct volcanoes Atsonupuri Aka Roko and others on the Kuril Islands.
The climate of the Kuril Islands is moderately cold, monsoonal. It is determined by their location between two huge bodies of water - the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. The average temperature in February is from -5 to -7 degrees C. The average temperature in August is from 10 degrees C. The features of the monsoon climate are more pronounced in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, which is more influenced by the Asian continent cooling in winter, from which cold and dry western winds. Only the climate of the southernmost islands is somewhat mitigated by the warm Soya current fading here.
Significant amounts of precipitation and a high runoff coefficient favor the development of a dense network of small streams on the islands. In total, there are more than 900 rivers here. The mountainousness of the islands also determines the steep slope of the rivers and the high speed of their flow; rapids and waterfalls are frequent in the riverbeds. Rivers of the flat type are a rare exception. The main food of the river is received from rains, snow nutrition also plays a significant role, especially from snowfields occurring in the mountains. Only slowly flowing streams within the flat areas are covered with ice every year. The water of many rivers is undrinkable due to high salinity and high sulfur content. There are several dozen lakes of various origins on the islands. Some of them are associated with volcanic activity.
There are about 100 underwater volcanoes in the waters of the Kuril Islands. Volcanoes that erupted in the memory of people are classified as active, volcanoes that are showing signs of activity at the present time are classified as potentially active.
Active and potentially active volcanoes of the Kuril Islands
| Name | Height, m | Location, island |
Last thing eruption |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alaid | 2339 | Atlasova | 1986 |
| Ebeko | 1156 | Paramushir | 2009 |
| Chikurachki | 1816 | Paramushir | 2008 |
| Tatarinov | 1530 | Paramushir | - |
| Fussa | 1772 | Paramushir | 1854 |
| Karpinsky | 1345 | Paramushir | 1952 |
| Nemo | 1019 | Onekotan | 1906 |
| Krenitsyn | 1324 | Onekotan | 1952 |
| Severgin | 1157 | Harimkotan | 1933 |
| Chirinkotan | 724 | Chirinkotan | 2004 |
| Ekarma | 1170 | Ekarma | 1980 |
| Sinarka | 934 | Shiashkotan | 1878 |
| Kuntomintar | 828 | Shiashkotan | 1927 |
| Raikoke | 551 | Raikoke | 1924 |
| Sarychev | 1446 | Matua | 2009 |
| Rasshua | 948 | Rasshua | 1846 |
| Ushishir | 388 | Yankich | - |
| Pallas | 990 | Ketoi | 1960 |
| Prevost | 1360 | Simushir | 1st floor 19th century |
| Zavaritsky | 625 | Simushir | 1957 |
| Burning Sopka | 873 | Simushir | 1883 |
| Black | 624 | Chirpoy | 1857 |
| snow | 395 | Chirpoy | 1982 |
| Berga | 980 | Urup | 2005 |
| Curly | 986 | Iturup | 1999 |
| Little Brother | 562 | Iturup | - |
| Chirip | 1589 | Iturup | - |
| Bohdan Khmelnytsky | 1585 | Iturup | 1860 |
| Baransky | 1134 | Iturup | 1951 |
| Ivan the Terrible | 1159 | Iturup | 1989 |
| Stockup | 1634 | Iturup | - |
| Atsonupuri | 1205 | Iturup | 1932 |
| berutarube | 1223 | Iturup | - |
| Rurui | 1485 | Kunashir | - |
| tyatya | 1819 | Kunashir | 1973 |
| Mendeleev | 886 | Kunashir | - |
| Golovnina | 541 | Kunashir | - |
Write a review on the article "Volcanoes of the Kuril Islands"
Notes
Literature
- Atlas of the Kuril Islands / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geography RAS. Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS; Editors: V. M. Kotlyakov (chairman), P. Ya. Baklanov, N. N. Komedchikov (chief editor) and others; Rep. editor-cartographer Fedorova E. Ya .. - M .; Vladivostok: CPI "DIK", 2009. - 516 p. - 300 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89658-034-8.
Links
- SVERT-
- Global Volcanism Program
- KVERT-
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Chirip is an active volcano located on Iturup Island, the Chirip Peninsula of the Greater Kuril Ridge, in the north of the Dvuhumpovy Ridge. To the south of it, 4 kilometers away is the Bogdan Khmelnitsky volcano.
It is a Holocene stratovolcano composed of basalts and andesites. Its height reaches 1,589 meters.
The western slopes of Chirip are steep and steep, the height of their plumb lines is 500-600 meters. In the eastern part of its slopes are more gentle and overgrown with elfin. At the top is a crater with a fresh lake.
To date, thermal and fumarole activity has been observed on the volcano. Chirip belongs to the category of active volcanoes, as thermal waters and gas emissions were recorded on it.
Coordinates: 45.37722200,147.91222200
Volcano Kuntomintar
Kuntomintar is one of the active volcanoes on the island of Shiashkotan, located in the Greater Kuril Ridge, Sakhalin Oblast in Russia. Kuntominthar is a complex stratovolcano located in a caldera. Its height is 828 meters. The volcano is located in the central region of the Nikonov Peninsula.
In 1927, the last, so far, eruption of Kuntomintara took place. The eruption in 1872, during which the Ainu village was wiped off the face of the earth, is erroneously attributed to him. In fact, the eruption took place on the nearby Sinarka volcano. This was first confirmed by the Soviet scientist Georgy Gorshkov, who stated that the Ainu village was actually located in the northern part of the island of Shiashkotan.
At the moment, thermal and fumarole activity is recorded on the volcano.
Coordinates: 48.75828200,154.01423000
Volcano Uratman
Uratman is a long-extinct stratovolcano located in the northern part of Simushir Island, in the Great Range of the Kuril Islands. Uratman is a somma-type volcano.
Not far from the volcano is Broughton Bay. Vegetation of the taiga type, thickets of birch, cedar and alder elfin, evergreen Kuril bamboo grows from its top into the bay. Among the animals at the foot of the volcano live foxes, arctic foxes, small rodents and some bird species such as cormorants, gulls, puffins.
According to recent research results and independent expert estimates, the last eruption on Uratman occurred about three thousand years ago.
Coordinates: 47.12083300,152.24611100
Volcano Rasshua
Rasshua is a currently active volcano located on the Rasshua Island of the same name, in the region of the Kuril Archipelago, Sakhalin Region of the Russian Federation.
Rasshua is a complex, pronounced stratovolcano located in a caldera. Its height is 948 meters, and there are two cones in its crater. Herbaceous vegetation, meadows, thickets of alder and dwarf creeping birch forests predominate on the slopes of the volcano.
Only one eruption of Raschois is known and studied, in 1846. In 1957, an increase in the activity of fumaroles was noted on its surface. At the moment, fumarolic and thermal activity is recorded on the volcano.
Coordinates: 47.75805600,153.02472200
Volcano Trident
Trident is a volcano located in the South Kuril region of Russia, Sakhalin region. It is located on the Urup Island of the Great Ridge of the Kuril Islands.
The height of the Trident is 1.220 meters. The volcano is active, but there is no information on recent eruptions. The formation has hot springs and solfataras.
The slopes of the volcano are covered with alder, thickets of Kuril bamboo and elfin cedar. Foxes, small rodents live here, as well as cormorants, gulls and puffins nest.
To date, fumarole and thermal activity, emissions of gases and thermal waters have been recorded on the Trident volcano.
Coordinates: 46.11667300,150.20000300
Volcano Golovnin
On the island of Kunashir there is an active volcano Golovnin. It is the southernmost volcano of the Kuril Islands; its last eruption occurred in 1998.
The volcano is located in a caldera with a diameter of up to 4.7 kilometers, surrounded by a ridge with a height of 541 meters. At the bottom of the caldera there are 2 explosive craters with lakes Boiling and Goryachee and 4 volcanic domes.
Hot springs, steam-gas jets and mud pots beat in the caldera. Their chemical composition includes sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide. The chloride-sulphate composition of hot springs and lakes is determined by the fact that gases dissolve when passing through water. Sulfur and its compounds with water metals are constantly falling out - the surface of Lake Boiling is covered with black sulfide-sulphur foam, the shores of the lakes are covered with yellowish-black sand.
The volcano arose at the bottom of the sea, throwing out a large amount of pumice. From this, a large cone grew, but due to new eruptions and the emptying of the magma chamber, as a result of the collapse, in the place where there was a volcanic mountain, a volcanic basin arose, which was filled with the waters of the lake. The waters left the caldera into the Sea of Okhotsk, after which extrusive domes grew in the caldera. They grew and exploded. Boiling Lake appeared in one of these craters. All this happened hundreds and thousands of years ago.
Coordinates: 43.84443600,145.50631200
Volcano Nemo
Nemo is a beautiful active volcano on the island of Onekotan, which is part of the Kuril Islands. Despite the largest size of the volcano at 1018 meters, the volcano makes a strong impression on tourists.
The memorable name "Nemo" is given to the volcano in honor of the hero of the novel by Jules Verne. The English captain Henry Snow gave the name to the volcano, as well as to other places on the island. Paganel Bay, Blakiston Bay, and Cape Camberlain have "Jullvernian" names.
Silence and tranquility reign in the Nemo Volcano area. This is a great place for ecotourism. People do not live on the island in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Nemo volcano, but foxes live.
Coordinates: 49.66051700,154.80749100
Volcano Karpinsky
Karpinsky Volcano is an active volcano on the Paramushir Island of the Greater Kuril Ridge in the Sakhalin Region. It is located in the southern part of the Karpinsky Ridge. The height of the volcano is about 1345 meters. By age, it belongs to the era of the Upper Pleistocene - Holocene. It was named after the geologist A.P. Karpinsky.
The volcano consists of two gentle cones with craters. It is composed of basaltic andesite and andesite rocks. The volcano erupted in 1952. Thermal and fumarolic activity is observed today. In the eastern part of the volcano, fountains of liquid sulfur and hot gases come out. Jets of hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric gases - solfataras form sulfur cones, the height of which reaches 3-5 meters. The slopes of the volcano are cut by traces left after ancient glaciers.
Coordinates: 50.13003600,155.37001400
Volcano Krenitsyn
The Krenitsyn Volcano is not just an active volcano located on the Kuril island of Onekotan in Sakhalin. It is the largest volcano in the world with a height of 1324 meters. It is five times the size of the Eiffel Tower and almost twice the size of the tallest skyscraper, the Burj Khalifa. Therefore, the volcano is worthy of the attention of even the most sophisticated travelers. The stunning nature of Lake Koltsevoe surrounding the volcano and the cleanest air around make a trip to the Kuril Island Onekotan useful for health and makes an unforgettable impression for a lifetime.
Coordinates: 49.42526700,154.69762800
Volcano Raikoke
Raikoke is an active, at the moment, volcano located on the island of the same name, in the northern part of the Greater Kuril Islands, the Sakhalin region of the Russian Federation.
Raikoke is a stratovolcano with a pronounced summit crater. Its height is about 551 meters. The main rock of which the volcano is composed is basalt. The crater of the volcano reaches about 700 meters in diameter, and its depth in some places is 200 meters.
The most famous and studied local eruptions were recorded in 1760, 1778 and 1924. At the moment, the volcano exhibits thermal and fumarole activity.
Coordinates: 48.29305600,153.25000000
Fussa Volcano
Fussa Volcano is located in the Sakhalin Region, on Paramushir Island, which belongs to the Great Kuril Ridge. Forms the Fussa Peninsula off the southwestern coast of the island. Named after the mathematician N.I. Fuss. It is a stratovolcano with a crater on top. The height of the volcano is 1772 meters. Age about 40-50 thousand years.
The volcano is composed of such volcanic rocks as andesites, it is a regular truncated cone. The diameter of the crater is about 700 meters, the depth is about 300 meters.
The last major volcanic eruption occurred in 1854. Nowadays it shows fumarolic activity.
Coordinates: 50.26836600,155.24166500
Volcano Curly
Curly is an active volcano located on the Iturup Island of the Great Ridge of the Kuril Islands. It is located in the north of the island, in the center of the Bear Range, two kilometers southwest of the Bear Mountain.
This is a complex stratovolcano composed of two-pyroxene andesites and having several craters. Its height reaches 986 meters.
The dome of the volcano, with a height of 350 meters, resembles an isosceles triangle in its shape. Its southwestern slope is rather steep, while its northeastern slope is almost gentle. At the top there are 2 craters with solfataras. Their bottom is uneven and dissected by bridges due to the fact that the Japanese mined sulfur in them. The southwestern crater has fumaroles. Both craters are separated by a distance of 450 meters.
In 1779 and 1883, eruptions occurred from the volcano, and in 1946 and 1999, phreatic explosions occurred. To date, fumarolic activity has been observed on Kudryavoy.
In 1992, a rhenium deposit was discovered on the volcano. It is represented by a fumarole field, which is constantly affected by sources of high-temperature deep fluids. And this means that the field is still being formed.
Coordinates: 45.38388900,148.81305600
Smirnov Volcano
Smirnov Volcano is an underwater volcano of the Great Range of the Kuril Islands, located on Kunashir Island, 12 kilometers northwest of Makanrushi Island. It was named after S. S. Smirnov, a famous Russian geologist and academician. The height of its peak is 1189 meters.
The composition of this volcano includes the Rurui stratovolcano and the Smirnov stratovolcano. Rurui is considered the main due to the fact that he is taller.
The southern part of the volcano is overlain by volcanic and volcanic-sedimentary deposits. The northern foot is blocked by sedimentary deposits with a thickness of at least 1,000 meters. At a depth of 950 meters there is a flat top of the volcano, it is covered with horizontally layered sediments 100-150 meters thick.
Coordinates: 44.41972200,146.13472200
Black Volcano
Chernoy Volcano is an active stratovolcano located on Chirpoi Island, in the middle of the Great Ridge of the Kuril Islands.
The Chernoy stratovolcano has a summit crater, its height is 624 meters. It is located in the central part of the island.
The last recorded eruptions took place on the volcano in 1712 and 1857. At the moment, strong thermal and fumarole activity is recorded on the volcano directly in the crater and on its western slope.
The volcano is named after the Russian centurion Ivan Cherny, who described the islands of the Black Brothers group in 1770.
The flora and fauna here is rather scarce and is represented mainly by herbaceous vegetation, thickets of elfin cedar and nesting birds, puffins and cormorants.
Coordinates: 46.52194400,150.86638900
Volcano Snow
Snow Volcano is an active volcano located on Chirpoi Island, one of the islands of the Black Brothers group, in the middle of the Great Range of the Kuril Islands.
Snow is a gently sloping stratovolcano, its height is 395 meters, it is located in the southern part of the island.
Only four eruptions of this volcano have been recorded in history, in 1811, 1879, 1960 and 1982. At the moment, its activity is fading rather quickly, and weak thermal and fumarole activity is recorded in the crater and on the slopes.
The volcano is named after the English, famous industrialist G. J. Snow.
The flora and fauna of the Volcano is quite scarce, and is mainly represented by thickets of elfin cedar, as well as nesting birds, gulls and puffins.
Coordinates: 46.51083300,150.86861100
Volcano Ushishir
Ushishir is an active volcano located on the island of Yankich, which is part of the Ushishir group of islands and the ridge of islands of the Kuril archipelago.
The caldera of the volcano has a diameter of about 1.5 kilometers, and its maximum height is 388 meters. The volcano formed about 9400 years ago, later its southern wall was flooded, which filled with water, and was named Crater Bay. In the center of the bay there are two small domes made of andesitic lava. The remaining two older domes are connected by a shallow to the southern wall of the volcano's caldera.
The last recorded eruption of Ushishir took place in 1884. At the beginning of the 21st century, strong thermal and fumarole activity is recorded here.
Coordinates: 47.51222200,152.81444400
Volcano Ekarma
Ekarma is a large active volcano on the island of the same name in the Sea of Okhotsk. The height of the Ekarma volcano is 1170 meters. The volcano last erupted in 1980, but its thermal activity is still recorded.
Ekarma Volcano is a stratovolcano with a central extrusive dome. The volcano occupies most of the territory of the entire uninhabited island of Ekarma. Few tourists come here, and you have a great chance by visiting Ekarma Island to take the best photos alone with nature.
Coordinates: 49.06306900,153.95605100
Volcano Lesser Brother
Lesser Brother is a volcano located in the Sakhalin region, on the Iturup Island of the Great Ridge of the Kuril Islands. It is located in the northeast of the island, in the west of the Bear Range, two kilometers west of the Kudryavy volcano.
It is an active volcano with an extrusive dome with three craters. Its height reaches 562 meters, diameter - 600 - 700 meters. Lesser Brother has the appearance of a cinder cone, which merges with the base of the Kudryavy volcano cone. Its width increases to 1,300 meters due to the fact that near the base the volcano is surrounded by a thick mantle of breccias. There are two craters on the top, which are separated from each other by a distance of 500 meters. The northwestern crater is heavily destroyed, while the southeastern one has a closed contour and a diameter of 70 meters.
The dome of the formation is covered by three relatively recent lava flows. To date, thermal activity has been observed on the volcano.
Coordinates: 45.38361100,148.78333300
Volcano Rurui
Volcano Rurui is located on the island of Kunashir, it is active and belongs to the Great Kuril Ridge. This is a complex stratovolcano, the height of which reaches 1,485 meters.
The crater of the volcano is open to the north; this is the northern end of the linear-cluster volcanoes of the Dokuchaev Ridge. There is no information about historical eruptions, but on the western slopes of the Rurui at an altitude of 150-350 meters above sea level, fumarole activity was noticed, and hydrothermal activity in the coastal part.
This volcano also includes the Smirny stratovolcano, but Rurui is considered the main one, since its height is greater.
Coordinates: 44.45416700,146.13944400
Volcano Ebeko
The Ebeko Volcano is located in the north of Paramushir Island in the Sakhalin Region. The height of the volcano is 1156 meters. The volcano has three craters, in which thermal springs, hot lakes and solfataras are located. It is composed of such rocks as basalts and andesites. It is an active volcano, one of the most active in the Kuriles. Ebeko volcano has erupted repeatedly.
Volcanic eruptions have been recorded since 1793. The last activity of the volcano was noted in February 2013, when he threw a cloud of gas to a height of about 200 meters. During eruptions, the main danger is represented by sulfur and hydrogen sulfide vapors, ash emissions, and volcanic mud flows. Many side craters of the volcano are centers of thermal and fumarolic activity
According to studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, groundwater extracts elements such as aluminum, iron and manganese from volcanic rocks. Numerous streams flow down the slopes of the volcano, connecting into a river. The river brings to the Sea of Okhotsk approximately 65 tons of aluminum dissolved in water and about 35 tons of iron per day.
Coordinates: 50.68614500,156.01388400
Volcano Tatarinov
Volcano Tatarinov, located in the Sakhalin region, on the island of Paramushir, belonging to the Kuril ridge, was named after Second Major Mikhail Tatarinov. The volcano is located in the northern part of the Karpinsky Ridge, merges with the Chekurachki volcano in the north, and with the Lomonosov volcano in the south. The volcano is located in the northern part of the Karpinsky Ridge. It is an active stratovolcano.
The age of the volcano is attributed to the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene epoch. The height of the Tatarinov volcano is 1530 meters. It is a collection of cones connected to each other. The volcano has lateral craters, several peaks. The last eruption of the Tatarinov volcano dates back to the 17th century. Today it shows thermal activity.
There are about 100 underwater volcanoes in the waters of the Kuril Islands. Volcanoes that erupted in the memory of people are classified as active, volcanoes that are showing signs of activity at the present time are classified as potentially active.
Active and potentially active volcanoes of the Kuril Islands
| Name | Height, m | Location, island |
Last thing eruption |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alaid | 2339 | Atlasova | 1986 |
| Ebeko | 1156 | Paramushir | 2009 |
| Chikurachki | 1816 | Paramushir | 2008 |
| Tatarinov | 1530 | Paramushir | - |
| Fussa | 1772 | Paramushir | 1854 |
| Karpinsky | 1345 | Paramushir | 1952 |
| Nemo | 1019 | Onekotan | 1906 |
| Krenitsyn | 1324 | Onekotan | 1952 |
| Severgin | 1157 | Harimkotan | 1933 |
| Chirinkotan | 724 | Chirinkotan | 2004 |
| Ekarma | 1170 | Ekarma | 1980 |
| Sinarka | 934 | Shiashkotan | 1878 |
| Kuntomintar | 828 | Shiashkotan | 1927 |
| Raikoke | 551 | Raikoke | 1924 |
| Sarychev | 1446 | Matua | 2009 |
| Rasshua | 948 | Rasshua | 1846 |
| Ushishir | 388 | Yankich | - |
| Pallas | 990 | Ketoi | 1960 |
| Prevost | 1360 | Simushir | 1st floor 19th century |
| Zavaritsky | 625 | Simushir | 1957 |
| Burning Sopka | 873 | Simushir | 1883 |
| Black | 624 | Chirpoy | 1857 |
| snow | 395 | Chirpoy | 1982 |
| Berga | 980 | Urup | 2005 |
| Curly | 986 | Iturup | 1999 |
| Little Brother | 562 | Iturup | - |
| Chirip | 1589 | Iturup | - |
| Bohdan Khmelnytsky | 1585 | Iturup | 1860 |
| Baransky | 1134 | Iturup | 1951 |
| Ivan the Terrible | 1159 | Iturup | 1989 |
| Stockup | 1634 | Iturup | - |
| Atsonupuri | 1205 | Iturup | 1932 |
| berutarube | 1223 | Iturup | - |
| Rurui | 1485 | Kunashir | - |
| tyatya | 1819 | Kunashir | 1973 |
| Mendeleev | 886 | Kunashir | - |
| Golovnina | 541 | Kunashir | - |
Write a review on the article "Volcanoes of the Kuril Islands"
Notes
Literature
- Atlas of the Kuril Islands / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geography RAS. Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS; Editors: V. M. Kotlyakov (chairman), P. Ya. Baklanov, N. N. Komedchikov (chief editor) and others; Rep. editor-cartographer Fedorova E. Ya .. - M .; Vladivostok: CPI "DIK", 2009. - 516 p. - 300 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89658-034-8.
Links
- SVERT-
- Global Volcanism Program
- KVERT-
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An excerpt characterizing the Volcanoes of the Kuril Islands
On the evening of September 1, after his meeting with Kutuzov, Count Rastopchin, upset and offended that he was not invited to the military council, that Kutuzov did not pay any attention to his proposal to take part in the defense of the capital, and surprised by the new look that opened to him in the camp , in which the question of the calmness of the capital and its patriotic mood turned out to be not only secondary, but completely unnecessary and insignificant - upset, offended and surprised by all this, Count Rostopchin returned to Moscow. After supper, the count, without undressing, lay down on the couch and at one o'clock was awakened by a courier who brought him a letter from Kutuzov. The letter said that since the troops were retreating to the Ryazan road beyond Moscow, would it please the count to send police officials to lead the troops through the city. This news was not news to Rostopchin. Not only from yesterday’s meeting with Kutuzov on Poklonnaya Gora, but also from the Battle of Borodino itself, when all the generals who came to Moscow unanimously said that it was impossible to give another battle, and when, with the permission of the count, state property and up to half of the inhabitants were already taken out every night. we left, - Count Rostopchin knew that Moscow would be abandoned; but nevertheless this news, reported in the form of a simple note with an order from Kutuzov and received at night, during the first dream, surprised and annoyed the count.
Subsequently, explaining his activities during this time, Count Rostopchin wrote several times in his notes that he then had two important goals: De maintenir la tranquillite a Moscou et d "en faire partir les habitants. [Keep calm in Moscow and expel from If we admit this dual purpose, any action of Rostopchin turns out to be irreproachable. Why weren’t the Moscow shrines, weapons, cartridges, gunpowder, grain supplies taken out, why were thousands of residents deceived by the fact that Moscow would not be surrendered, and ruined? in order to keep calm in the capital, answers the explanation of Count Rostopchin. Why were piles of unnecessary papers taken out of government offices and Leppich's ball and other objects? - In order to leave the city empty, the explanation of Count Rostopchin answers. One has only to assume that something threatened people's peace, and every action becomes justified.
All the horrors of terror were based only on concern for the people's peace.
What was the basis of Count Rostopchin's fear of public peace in Moscow in 1812? What reason was there to suppose a tendency to rebellion in the city? Residents were leaving, the troops, retreating, filled Moscow. Why should the people revolt as a result of this?
Not only in Moscow, but throughout Russia, when the enemy entered, there was nothing resembling indignation. On the 1st and 2nd of September, more than ten thousand people remained in Moscow, and, apart from the crowd that had gathered in the courtyard of the commander-in-chief and attracted by him, there was nothing. It is obvious that even less one should have expected unrest among the people if, after the Battle of Borodino, when the abandonment of Moscow became obvious, or at least probably, if then, instead of disturbing the people with the distribution of weapons and posters, Rostopchin took measures to the removal of all sacred things, gunpowder, charges and money, and would directly announce to the people that the city was being abandoned.
Rostopchin, an ardent, sanguine man, who always moved in the highest circles of the administration, although with a patriotic feeling, had not the slightest idea about the people he thought to rule. From the very beginning of the enemy's entry into Smolensk, Rastopchin in his imagination formed for himself the role of the leader of the people's feelings - the heart of Russia. It not only seemed to him (as it seems to every administrator) that he controlled the external actions of the inhabitants of Moscow, but it seemed to him that he directed their mood through his appeals and posters, written in that jarring language, which in its midst despises the people and whom he does not understands when he hears it from above. Rastopchin liked the beautiful role of the leader of popular feeling so much, he got used to it so much that the need to get out of this role, the need to leave Moscow without any heroic effect took him by surprise, and he suddenly lost the ground on which he stood from under his feet, in resolutely did not know what to do. Although he knew, he did not believe with all his heart until the last minute in leaving Moscow and did nothing to this end. Residents moved out against his will. If government offices were taken out, then only at the request of officials, with whom the count reluctantly agreed. He himself was busy only with the role that he had made for himself. As is often the case with people endowed with ardent imagination, he had known for a long time that Moscow would be abandoned, but he knew only by reasoning, but he did not believe in it with all his heart, he was not transported by his imagination to this new situation.
The Kuril Islands is a 1200-kilometer chain of 56 islands stretching from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the Japanese island of Hokkaido. They form two parallel ridges, which are called the Greater Kuril and Lesser Kuril.
All islands are part of the Sakhalin region of the Russian Federation. Many of them have rich and picturesque nature. There are many volcanoes here.
There is evidence of fighting with the Japanese in 1945. The economy of a few settlements is mainly associated with fishing and fish processing. These places have a huge tourist and recreational potential. Several islands in the South Kuriles are disputed by Japan, which considers them part of Hokkaido Prefecture.
In the northern part of Iturup Island on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, there are unusual volcanic phenomena called the White Rocks. They are composed of pumice or a glass-like porous mass and stretch for 28 kilometers.
The ridges created by nature have a fantastic view and are cut by beautiful canyons. The shore near them is a beach covered with white quartz and black titanomagnetite sand. The sight of such an unusually beautiful natural object leaves an indelible impression.
On one of the islands there is an unusually beautiful bay called Crater. It is a biological reserve. Its uniqueness lies in the isolation of flora and fauna from the surrounding nature. Here, along with sea urchins living at the bottom, several new species of animals have been discovered.
South-facing bay deep 56 meters has a shallow entrance width of 300 meters and protrudes into the island for a kilometer. A 388-meter volcano operates in the bay Ushishir, the picturesque slopes of which are covered with dense vegetation, descending directly to the water.
This island volcano is the highest active volcano on the islands. Its height is 2339 meters and the correct shape of the cone, which is often compared with the outlines of the Japanese volcano Fuji.
At the base and on the slopes there are more than three dozen cinder cones. The volcano is located 70 kilometers from the Kamchatka coast and 30 kilometers from the largest North Kuril island, Paramushir. It is classified as a double stratovolcano, on top of which there is an explosive crater 200 m deep and up to 1300 m in diameter.
The city of Severo-Kurilsk, located on the island of Paramushir, is its administrative center. 2587 people live in it. After the war, fish processing plants operated here on the basis of former Japanese enterprises.
Residential buildings, schools, hospitals, etc. were built. In 1952, a tsunami with a wave height of 10 meters that arose as a result of an earthquake destroyed the city and surrounding settlements. In the 60s of the last century, the city was restored.
In 1982, on some of the islands belonging to the Lesser Kuril Ridge, a federal natural state reserve was founded. Its purpose is to increase the number and conservation of rare birds and marine animals.
Among them are Red Book birds, as well as local sea otters, seals, sea lions, northern fur seals, killer whales, gray dolphins and humpback whales. Most of the reserve is occupied by coniferous and broad-leaved forests. On its territory there are nesting places for sea birds and a rookery for a seal listed in the Red Book.
In the south of the island Iturup a natural reserve has been created, where there are two volcanoes, three mountain ranges, isthmuses, large picturesque lakes and many streams. Spruce and mixed forests covering the island are extraordinarily beautiful. They have a huge amount of mushrooms and berries, there are thickets of bamboo.
There are unique plants like the huge Sakhalin champignon. In Lake Krasivoye, which is 48 meters deep, salmon spawn. You can get to the reserve through a small airport and a pier in Kasatka Bay.
This unique place on the planet got its name due to its ring-shaped form surrounding the Krenitsyn volcano, which is considered one of the largest in the world.
The lake with a volcano is located on a quiet and calm uninhabited island of Onekotan. The depth of the reservoir does not exceed a meter. This is an ideal place for connoisseurs of untouched nature, who admire the surrounding scenery while climbing a huge volcano.
This small island-volcano with a constantly smoking upper cone has a square shape with a side of 3.7 kilometers.
The island is almost impregnable because of the rockiness, you can moor to it only by boat in one place in the absence of wind and waves. At the same time, you need to focus on a beautiful 48-meter rock. The vegetation is sparse, there are mosses and grasses, alder bushes. Hundreds of thousands of birds gather here for bird markets.
This is the name of the border and southernmost of the Kuril Islands. It is separated from Japan by two straits. The city of Yuzhno-Kurilsk is its main settlement. In fact, the island consists of a chain of volcanoes, which bear the names of Golovin, Mendeleev and Tyat.
They are connected by washed sandstone. The island has rich flora and fauna. There are many thermal springs, unique volcanic lakes. One of them - Boiling, is considered the main South Kuril attraction.
This island is the largest in the northern part of the Kuriles. Its length about 120 kilometers, a width of about 30. It has a rich relief, consisting of mountain ranges, which are a chain of volcanoes, some of which are active. There are many grassy meadows, many rivers, streams and lakes.
The forests are predominantly willow. Wild rosemary and rhododendrons bloom beautifully, there are a lot of lingonberries, blueberries and other berries. Salmon fish live in the large river Tukharka. You can meet brown bears, hares, rodents, sea otters, sea lions and seals.
This North Kuril island was an important military facility of the Japanese army. Here was located 8.5 thousandth garrison with aircraft, tanks, guns, mortars, underground fortifications.
This 15 km strait connects the Sea of Okhotsk with the Pacific Ocean. He received the name of the Russian naval officer I.F. Kruzenshtern, who first walked along it in 1805 on the Nadezhda sailboat.
The strait is picturesque, along it there are uninhabited rocky and steep islands, and in the center there are the Trap rocks dangerous for sailors. At its narrowest point, it is 74 kilometers wide. With a maximum depth of 1764 meters, there are two 150-meter shallows.
There are unique thermal springs and reservoirs on the slopes of the Baransky volcano. On a rocky plateau there is a geothermal station that generates electricity.
There are geysers, lakes, sulfur streams, baths with boiling mud. In the lake with the name "Emerald Eye" the temperature reaches 90 degrees. It feeds the picturesque four-kilometer-long rapids river Boiling with hot and sour water.
In one place, it ends with an incredibly beautiful 8-meter waterfall, the water temperature in which is 43 degrees.
