The highest mountain in Russia. What are mountains? The highest peaks of the Caucasus Altai and Ural

The vast majority of the peaks included in the list of the highest mountains of Russia on the map belong to one mountain system - the Greater Caucasus. This huge mountain range is located between the Black and Caspian Seas. The southerners are barely overtaken by three Kamchatka hills - Klyuchevskaya, Kamen and Ploskaya Middle (13th, 18th and 70th places) and two peaks of the Altai Mountains - Belukha and Tavan-Bogdo-Uul (19th and 67th places).

So that Russian climbers do not get bored of the monotony, the Mountaineering Federation decided to include in the conditions for obtaining the most honorary mountaineering title the conquest of not only the eight highest mountains on the list, but also the assault on Belukha and Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

10. Shota Rustaveli, height - 4860 m

Shota Rustaveli Peak is one of the peaks that make up the so-called Bezengi wall - a giant mountain range stretching for 13 km. In addition to Shota Rustaveli peak, the wall is formed by Dzhangitau (fifth place in the ranking), Katyntau (ninth) and Shkhara (sixth).

9. Katyn-Tau - 4970 m

A sad legend is connected with the name of this mountain among the Kabardino-Balkarians. The mountain peak Tetnuld (“white”), one of the most beautiful, invariably admired by tourists for its whiteness, decided to leave his old wife, Katyn (“wife”), for the sake of a young one, Dzhanga (“new”, “young”). Perhaps Tetnuld was a climber - the height of Katyn does not reach 5 km, but Dzhangy, or Dzhangitau, ranks fifth in the list of the highest mountains in Russia.

8. Mizhirgi - 5025 m

The list of Russian "five-thousanders" begins with Mizhirga - the highest and most dangerous mountains in Russia, which every climber dreams of climbing. Mizhirgi, despite the modest eighth place in height, the mountain is very capricious and bypasses higher peaks in terms of difficulty.

7. Kazbek - 5034 m

This is one of the most beautiful peaks of the Greater Caucasus Range. Her image flaunts on many covers of travel magazines, photographs, postcards and stamps. A lone white peak of a regular conical shape (once Kazbek was a volcano) stands out sharply against the background of verdant foothills. Unfortunately, due to the difficult geopolitical situation, climbing Mount Kazbek is no longer as frequent as it used to be.

6. Shkhara - 5068 m

One of the most favorite peaks for climbers, and the highest mountain in the central part of the Caucasus Range. You can climb it with a variety of routes, and several peaks will allow you to appreciate the beauty of the surrounding places from new points of view.

According to the results of recent measurements, Shkhara can move from sixth place to third - according to the latest data, its height is 5193.2 m. However, there is no doubt which is the highest mountain in Russia - the first place is ahead of all the others with a margin of almost half a kilometer.

5. Dzhangitau - 5085 m

Like Mizhirgi, Dzhangitau is considered one of the most difficult and dangerous peaks. Just three years ago, an experienced climber fell off its slopes (with a fatal outcome), and a couple of years before he had to rescue a climbing group by helicopter.

4. Pushkin Peak - 5100 m

Most often, they prefer to climb Pushkin Peak from the south side. However, experienced climbers prefer the north side - in addition to a slightly more difficult route, you can admire the enchanting beauty of the surrounding nature.

3. Koshtantau - 5152 m

The top three among the highest mountains in Russia is opened by Koshtantau. Sometimes she is merciful to climbers and endows them with beautiful weather, making the ascent easy and enjoyable. However, this rarely happens; most often, a capricious beauty prefers to dress up in an ice robe, which makes the ascent much more difficult.

The conquest of Koshtantau began with a tragedy - two English climbers and their Swiss guides died while trying to climb it. Since then, several routes have been laid on the mountain, but they all have increased difficulty - from 4B to 6A (for comparison: the lowest category is 1B, the highest is 6B, and category 6A is in second place, up to 6B).

2. Dykhtau - 5204 m

The poetic genius of the Balkar people decided to rest on the name Dykhtau. Translated from this language, the name simply means "steep mountain". It's almost like a nickname.

The mountain looks severe - granite-gneiss rocks, of which Dykhtau is composed, are dark in color. And in contrast to the white snow and clouds (occurring at a lower height than the top), they look especially gloomy.

The difficulty of climbing the mountain corresponds to its serious appearance - more than ten routes have been laid to the double peaks of Dykhtau, but even the easiest of them belongs to category 4A, above average.

1. The highest mountain in Russia - Elbrus, 5642 m

On the border between the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, there is the Lateral Range of the Caucasus Mountain Range, where Elbrus, the highest mountain in Russia, is located. Elbrus has two peaks - western and eastern; the difference between them is 21 m.

This mountain is not simple; it is a legacy of those times when the young Caucasus mountains were still fire-breathing. Elbrus is a huge volcano, fortunately extinct a long time ago. Over the past tens of millennia, Elbrus has been covered with a shell of ice of enormous thickness - in some places it reaches 250 m, which is equal to the height of an eighty-story building.

Despite the awesome height (Elbrus is considered the highest mountain not only in Russia, but also in Europe, and is also among the top ten), the temperament of the mountain is not evil and the path to the top has long been found. The first ascent of Elbrus took place in the first third of the 19th century. Since then, no one has been there! People climbed not only on foot, but also on horses, motorcycles and cars. They carried ATVs and even 75-kilogram barbells with them. And since the beginning of the 1990s, there have been regular competitions in high-speed ascent to the snow giant. From the foot to the top of Elbrus, the journey takes exactly 3 hours 28 minutes 41 seconds.

List of 80 highest mountain peaks in Russia

The table shows mountain peaks with a height of at least 4000 meters and located on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Place	Vertex	Height, m	The subject of the Russian Federation	mountain system
1		5642	Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia	Greater Caucasus
2		5204	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
3		5152	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
4		5100	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
5		5085	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
6		5068	Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia), Svaneti (Georgia)	Greater Caucasus
7		5034	North Ossetia, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
8		5025	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
9		4970	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
10		4860	Kabardino-Balkaria, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
11	Gestola	4860	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
12	Jimara	4780	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
13	Klyuchevskaya Sopka	4750	Kamchatka Krai	East Ridge
14	Wilpath	4646	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
15	Sauhoh	4636	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
16	Kukurtli-Kolbashi	4624	Karachay-Cherkessia	Greater Caucasus
17	Mailikhoh	4598	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
18	Stone	4575	Kamchatka Krai	East Ridge
19	Beluga whale	4509	Altai	Altai mountains
20	Sallyngantau	4507	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
21	Tebulosmta	4492	Chechnya, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
22	Sugan	4489	North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
23	Bazarduzu	4466	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
24	Chanchakhi	4461	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
25	Donguzorun-Cheget-Karabashi	4454	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
26	shang	4452	Ingushetia, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
27	warm	4431	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
28	Chatyntau	4411	Karachay-Cherkessia, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
29	Adai-hoh	4408	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
30	Songuchi	4405	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
31	Tyutyubashi	4404	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
32	Vologata	4396	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
33	Karaug	4364	North Ossetia, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
34	Adyrsubashi	4349
35	Laboda	4313	North Ossetia, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
36	Bachahi	4291
37	Diklosmta	4285		Greater Caucasus
38	Caucasus Peak	4280		Greater Caucasus
39	Jorashti	4278
40	Bzhedukh	4271
41	Komito	4261	Chechnya	Greater Caucasus
42	Sullukolbashi	4251
43	Kayaartybashi	4250
44	Bashiltau	4248
45	Zeigalankhokh	4244	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
46	Zaromag	4203	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
47	Donchentyhoh	4192	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
48	kalota	4182	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
49	denunciation	4179	Chechnya, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
50	Addala-Shuhgelmeer	4151	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
51	Chkalov Peak (Anchobala-anda)	4150	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
52	Pukhgarty Kom	4149
53	Sirkhibarzond	4148	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
54	Shalbuzdag	4142	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
55	Tseyakhoh	4140	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
56	Fytnargin	4134	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
57	Dyultydag	4127	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
58	Tsmiakomkhokh	4117	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
59	Barrels	4116	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
60	Musostau	4110	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
61	Baidukov Peak (Kasaraku-meer)	4104	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
62	Bishney-Jenolshob	4104	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
63	Belyakov Peak (Belengi)	4100	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
64	Chimismeer	4099	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
65	Chachkhogh	4098	North Ossetia, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
66	Tsunklata	4084	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
67	Tavan-Bogdo-Ula	4082	Altai	Altai mountains
68	maistismta	4081	Chechnya, Georgia	Greater Caucasus
69	Charundag	4080	Dagestan, Azerbaijan	Greater Caucasus
70	flat middle	4057	Kamchatka Krai	East Ridge
71	Taklik	4049	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
72	Dombay-Ulgen	4046	Karachay-Cherkessia, Republic of Abkhazia	Greater Caucasus
73	Goukli	4046	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
74	Kurmutau	4045	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
75	Archon	4040	North Ossetia	Greater Caucasus
76	Ijenameer	4025	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
77	Dougie	4020	Dagestan, Azerbaijan	Greater Caucasus
78	Deavgay	4016	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus
79	Kezgenbashi	4013	Kabardino-Balkaria	Greater Caucasus
80	Balial	4007	Dagestan	Greater Caucasus

The highest mountains in Russia are located in the Caucasus. They have always attracted brave climbers who are looking for thrills and eager to conquer new peaks. The Caucasian highlands are called "five-thousanders", because the height of these mountains, relative to sea level, exceeds 5,000 m. Each peak has a difficult terrain, so they are very dangerous for climbers, especially for those who do not have enough experience in this sphere.

Elbrus and Dykhtau are the leaders of the rating

The highest mountain in Russia is Elbrus, which is 5,642 meters high. It is located on the territory of 2 republics at once - Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkaria. It is interesting that in each of them Elbrus got its name. So in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, it is known as Oshkhamakho, which means "mountain of happiness", and in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - Mingi Tau, i.e. "eternal mountain" A ski resort was organized in the adjacent territories of Elbrus, which is very popular among climbers and tourists.

Various myths and legends are associated with Mount Elbrus. For example, it is believed that gods and giants lived on its peaks, and at the foot there was a fabulous temple city, which today is known as the lost city of Ruskolani. Here you can see the ruins left from the fortresses, near which there is a natural spring with mineral water, it is believed that it has healing properties.

The second highest mountain in Russia is called Dykhtau, and it is located in Kabardino-Balkaria. Its peak reaches a height of 5,204 m, and besides, it has rather steep slopes, so few people dare to climb it. In 2011, in the Republic of Palau, $5 coins were issued with the image of the top of this mountain. Despite the dangerous and rather difficult climb to Dykhtau, there are still daredevils who decide to conquer it. It should be noted that their risk is fully justified, because a stunning panorama opens up from the top of the mountain.

Koshtantau, Pushkin Peak and Dzhangitau

In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, on the territory of the city of Bezengi, there is Mount Koshtantau, which has the most picturesque peak. Among other mountain heights, it takes the 3rd place in height, which is 5,152 m. Koshtantau is distinguished by its unique beauty, which attracts experienced climbers. Not all daredevils are able to overcome the difficult climb up the mountain and withstand the dangers they encounter on the way, so fatal cases occur quite often. In 1988, a great tragedy occurred - 2 climbers and 2 of their escorts died during the conquest of Koshtantau.

The next mountain is Pushkin Peak, whose height is 5,100 m. It received its name in 1938 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Russian writer A.S. Pushkin. This mountain is located in the center of the Caucasus, namely in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. An incredible number of tourists and climbers Pushkin Peak attracts with its beauties - snow-capped peaks sparkling under the rays of the sun and stunning nature.

Mount Dzhangitau rightfully belongs to the 5th place in the ranking of the most majestic peaks of Russia, since its height is 5,085 m. It is part of a huge massif called the Bezengi wall, which is located in Kabardino-Balkaria and stretches for 12 km. Many who want to conquer this mountain, but not everyone dares. A climber who ascended Dzhangitau receives an award in the form of an honorary badge "Snow Leopard of Russia", which is a huge incentive for the majority. The first to receive such an award is the climber Aleksey Bukinich, who lives in the city of Sochi.

Beautiful Shkhara and majestic Kazbek

The Main Range of the Caucasus includes Mount Shkhara, which is distinguished by indescribable beauty. It occupies the 6th place in the ranking, since its height is 5068 m, this mark is the highest in the Republic of Georgia. Shkhara is located between Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, thus drawing the border. The mountain slopes are paved with granite rocks and crystalline schists, which sparkle in the sun, forming an enchanting phenomenon. Shkhara has dangerous cliffs and icy rivers descending from the very top, they can be seen even from afar. This mountain hill is very popular among travelers and climbers who love extreme recreation.

Completes the list of the highest mountain heights of the Russian Federation - Kazbek. In fact, this is an extinct volcano, which is associated with many myths and legends about Prometheus. So, according to ancient legends, the titan, who gave fire to people, was chained to this mountain. In terms of its height, which is 5,034 m, Kazbek ranks 7th. The mountain is located on the territory of North Ossetia, which is part of the Georgian Republic. The first climber to conquer Kazbek was an Englishman, and a few decades later Andrei Pastukhov, a resident of Russia, decided to repeat his feat.

During the exploration of the hill, gorges and caves were discovered, in which ancient settlements and monasteries were located. These places are often visited by tourist groups coming from different parts of the world. Also, the snowy peaks and the picturesque area of ​​Kazbek always attract researchers and travelers.

Mountain systems occupy about 30% of the entire area of ​​the Russian Federation, most of them are located in the central part of Russia - the Urals, which divides the country into European and Asian territories, in the south of the Russian Plain, between the Black and Caspian Seas - the Caucasus Mountains, in the southern part of Siberia - Altai and Sayan, in the Far East and on the Kamchatka Peninsula - mountain ranges with a large number of active and dormant volcanoes, the Kuril Islands lie in the Pacific volcanic ring of fire, here is a zone of high seismic activity.

In total, according to various sources, there are from one to two thousand mountain peaks in 20 mountain systems on the territory of Russia.

(The highest mountains in the world, among them are the 5-thousanders Elbrus and Dekhtau)

The highest mountains of Russia with the highest peaks of both Russia and all of Europe located there are considered to be the young Caucasus Mountains (they are approximately 15 million years old). It is here that the majestic dormant volcano Elbrus (5642 m) is located, to conquer which is an honor for every self-respecting professional climber, very difficult in relief and therefore very dangerous for climbers Jagged Mountain or in other words Dekhtau (5204 m), Mount Koshtantau (5152 m), known for its unique marble glaciers and many others related to the so-called "five-thousanders" (that is, having a height of about 5000 meters above sea level), they are the pride of our country and every year attract a large number of people who dream of getting into to their top, or simply imbued with their greatness and real power.

The highest mountains in Russia

(higher than 5000m)

Elbrus (5642m)

The dormant stratovolcano Elbrus (5642 m, the highest peak in Russia and Europe, the last eruption - 50 AD) is located on the border of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, is part of the Lateral Range of the Greater Caucasus, lies to the north of the Main Caucasian Range. This is a volcanic mountain range with a base with a diameter of 15 km and two peaks: Eastern (5621 m) and Western (5642 m), which are separated by a gentle saddle one and a half kilometers with a height of 5416 meters. The peaks are mostly covered with glaciers (there are 23 in total), they are the main sources of rivers in this region, the slopes of the peaks in the south and east are gentle with a slope of 35 degrees, in the north and west they are more steep, which attract climbers and lovers of extreme views sports.

Dykhtau (5204m)

Dykhtau or Jagged Mountain (5204m) is the second largest mountain peak in the Caucasus, its location is the border of Georgia and Russia, the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria. It has a complex structure and therefore is a very dangerous and difficult object for mountaineers, steep slopes, which are under a large slope, are subject to frequent rockfalls and snow avalanches.

Koshtantau (5152m)

The third largest peak in Russia - Koshtantau (5152 m, translated as "connected mountain") lies on the territory of the city of Bezengi (Kabardino-Balkaria), is distinguished by its picturesqueness and unique views of mountain nature. Unique marble glaciers are located on its northern slopes, which makes it especially popular among professional climbers, although deaths are not uncommon.

Pushkin Peak (5100m)

Pushkin Peak (5100 m) is the fourth highest peak, named after the great Russian poet in 1937 on the centenary of his death. It is located in the center of the Main Caucasian Range in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. This picturesque and colorful part of the Dekhtau mountain range with snow-capped peaks sparkling in the sun is located between Borovikov Peak and Eastern Dekhtau.

Dzhangitau (5085m)

Dzhangitau (5085 m) is the fifth largest peak, located in the center of the Main Caucasian Range, on the border of Russia with Georgia. It consists of two peaks: Western and Eastern, they are part of the Benguez Wall - a unique mountain range, 13 km long. This is the highest point in Georgia and a very attractive object for mountaineering. A large number of turbulent rivers flow from the peaks, fed by glaciers, there are many gorges and caves filled with water.

Shkhara (5068m)

Shkhara (5068 m) is the sixth largest Russian peak, distinguished by great picturesqueness and mountain beauties, located in Kabardino-Balkaria. It is based on granite rocks and crystalline schists, which shine in the sun with a unique and mysterious brilliance, forming an unforgettable, enchanting picture of a mountain landscape. The top is full of mountain cliffs, fast, icy streams descend from a height, forming mountain rivers, this place is very popular among climbers and extreme sportsmen.

Kazbek (5034m)

Kazbek (5034 m) is the seventh largest peak of the Caucasus Mountains, it is an ancient extinct stratovolcano lying in their eastern part, the Military-Georgian road passes around them. It was here that, according to the myths and legends of Ancient Greece, Zeus chained Prometheus, punishing him for stealing the divine fire in the forge of Hephaestus and bestowing it on people. Kazbek is located on the border of Russia and Georgia in the region of North Ossetia, on all sides its snow-capped peaks are covered with glaciers (Gergeti, Chach, Devdorak, Abano, Mayli). In mountain gorges and caves, researchers discovered extensive ancient settlements and ancient Christian monasteries (Holy Trinity Monastery, Betlemi (Bethlehem) monastery complex), now this place is visited by a large number of tourists and history buffs from all over the world.

Mizhirgi (5025m)

Kundyum-Mizhirgi or Mizhirgi-Tau (5025 m) is the eighth largest five-thousander peak, it is part of the Bezengi wall. It is located on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, in the northern spurs of the Main Caucasian Range, between the Cherek Balkar and Cherek Bezengi rivers. It consists of a pair of peaks: Western (5025 m) and Eastern (4927 m).

Mountains differ in height, shape, age, origin, geographic location, etc. The article provides a description of the listed types of mountains.

Mountains by height

lowlands

Low mountains or low mountains - the height of the mountains is up to 800 meters above sea level.

Peculiarities:

• The tops of the mountains are rounded, flat,
• The slopes are gentle, not steep, overgrown with forest,
• The presence of river valleys between the mountains is characteristic.

Examples: Northern Urals, spurs of the Tien Shan, some ranges of Transcaucasia, Khibiny on the Kola Peninsula, individual mountains of Central Europe.

Middle mountains

Middle mountains (medium or medium-altitude mountains) - the height of these mountains is from 800 to 3000 meters above sea level.

For medium-altitude mountains, altitudinal zonality is characteristic, i.e. change of landscape with a change in altitude.

Examples of medium mountains: Mountains of the Middle Urals, Polar Urals, mountains of the island of Novaya Zemlya, mountains of Siberia and the Far East, mountains of the Apennine and Iberian Peninsulas, Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe, Appalachians in North America, etc.

highlands

Highlands (high mountains) - the height of these mountains is more than 3000 meters above sea level. These are young mountains, the relief of which is intensively formed under the influence of external and internal processes.

Peculiarities:

• The slopes of the mountains are steep, high,
• The peaks of the mountains are sharp, peaked, have a specific name - "carlings",
• The ridges of the mountains are narrow, jagged,
• Characterized by altitudinal zonality from forests at the foot of the mountains to icy deserts at the peaks.

Examples: Pamir, Tien Shan, Caucasus, Himalayas, Cordillera, Andes, Alps, Karakorum, Rocky Mountains, etc.

Mountains in shape

According to the nature of the summit endings, mountains are: peak-shaped, dome-shaped, plateau-shaped, etc.

Peaked mountain peaks

The peaks of the mountains are the pointed peaks of the mountains, shaped like peaks, from which the name of this type of mountain peaks came from. Inherent mainly in young mountains with steep rocky slopes, sharp ridges and deep crevices in river valleys.

Examples of peaked mountains:

• Communism Peak (mountain system - Pamir, height 7495 meters)
• Pobeda Peak (Tian Shan mountain system, height 7439 meters)
• Mount Kazbek (mountain system - Pamir, height 7134 meters)
• Pushkin Peak (mountain system - Caucasus, height 5100 meters)

domed mountain peaks

Dome-shaped, that is, rounded, the shape of the top can take:

• Laccoliths - not formed volcanoes in the form of a hill with a core of magma inside,
• Extinct ancient heavily destroyed volcanoes,
• Small areas of land that have undergone tectonic uplift of a domed character and, under the influence of erosion processes, have taken on a mountainous image.

Examples of mountains with a domed top:

• Black Hills (USA). This area has undergone dome uplift and much of the sedimentary cover has been removed by further denudation and erosion. The central core was exposed as a result. It consists of metamorphic and igneous rocks.
• Ai-Nikola (Ukrainian Ai-Nikola, Crimean Tatar Ay Nikola, Ai Nikola) is a domed outcast mountain, the southeastern spur of Mount Mogabi near the western outskirts of the village of Oreanda. Composed of Upper Jurassic limestones. Height - 389 meters above sea level.
• Kastel (Ukrainian Kastel, Crimean Tatar Qastel, Kastel) is a 439 m high mountain on the southern outskirts of Alushta, behind the Professor's Corner. The dome of the mountain is covered with a forest cap, and chaos has formed on the eastern slope - stone blocks, sometimes reaching 3-5 m in diameter.
• Ayu-Dag or Bear Mountain (Ukrainian Ayu-Dag, Crimean Tatar Ayuv Dağ, Ayuv Dag) is a mountain on the southern coast of Crimea, located on the border of Greater Alushta and Greater Yalta. The height of the mountain is 577 meters above sea level. This is a classic example of laccolith.
• Kara-Dag (Ukrainian Kara-Dag, Crimean Tatar. Qara dağ, Kara dag) is a mountain-volcanic massif, Crimea. The maximum height is 577 m (Mount Svyataya). It is a strongly destroyed volcanic form with a domed top.
• Mashuk is a remnant magmatic mountain (mountain-laccolith) in the central part of Pyatigorye on the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, in the north-eastern part of the city of Pyatigorsk. The height is 993.7 m. The top has a regular domed shape.

Plateau mountain peaks

The tops of mountains having a flat shape are called plateau-shaped.

• Frontal ridge (English) front range listen)) is a mountain range in the southern part of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, adjoining the Great Plains from the west. The ridge stretches from south to north for 274 km. The highest point is Mount Grace Peak (4349 m). The ridge is composed mainly of granites. The peaks are plateau-like, the eastern slopes are gentle, the western slopes are steep.
• Khibiny (kild. Umptec) is the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep with individual snowfields. At the same time, not a single glacier was found in the Khibiny. The highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).
• Amba (translated from Amharic - Mountain fortress) - the name of flat-topped hills and mesas in Ethiopia. They consist mainly of horizontal sandstones and layers of basalt. This is what determines the flat-topped shape of the mountains. Ambas are located at an altitude of up to 4,500 m.

Mountains by age

By age, the mountains are divided into:

• young mountains,
• Old (ancient) mountains.

Young mountains were formed during the last 50 million years. In these mountain systems, internal processes are developing very actively, accompanied by the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and sometimes even volcanic activity. The youngest mountains on Earth are the mountains belonging to the continental and island ring of the Pacific Ocean. The Caucasus Mountains are recognized as the youngest mountains in Russia. Here is the highest mountain in Russia - Elbrus (5642 m). (In the picture on the left: Himalayas - young mountains, geological age ca. 38 million years)

Features of young mountains:

• the growth process of young mountains is still going on,
• relief is sharp, strongly dissected,
• peaks of the ridges are sharp,
• the slopes of the mountains are steep and high,
• high absolute heights,
• significant amplitude of heights,
• the valleys of numerous rivers are presented in the form of gorges, gorges,
• young mountains are characterized by the development of glaciers.

Examples of young mountains are:

• Alps,
• Caucasian mountains,
• Carpathians,
• Kopet-Dag,
• Pamir,
• Mountains of Kamchatka.

Old (ancient) mountains are several hundred million years old. They differ in that the internal processes in them have long subsided, while the external ones, affecting the destruction of the mountains, are still active. This will continue until the relief is completely leveled. On many modern plains there are areas where, by all indications, there were once ancient mountains. From these mountains, only the roots, covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks, remained in the depths.

Features of old (ancient) mountains:

• were heavily damaged
• have less contrasting relief,
• elevation changes are small
• gentle slopes,
• the river valleys are well developed.

Examples of old (ancient) by age mountains are:

• Ural Mountains,
• Timan,
• Yenisei Ridge,
• Khibiny (Kola Peninsula, geological age about 350 million years).

Origin

Tectonic mountains are formed as a result of the collision of mobile sections of the earth's crust - lithospheric plates. This collision causes the formation of folds on the surface of the earth. This is how folded mountains are formed. When interacting with air, water and under the influence of glaciers, the rock layers that form folded mountains lose their plasticity, which leads to the formation of cracks and faults. At present, folded mountains in their original form have been preserved only in certain parts of the young mountains - the Himalayas, formed in the era of Alpine folding.

With repeated movements of the earth's crust, the hardened folds of rock break into large blocks, which, under the influence of tectonic forces, rise or fall. So there are folded-block mountains. This type of mountains is typical for old (ancient) mountains. An example is the mountains of Altai. The emergence of these mountains fell on the Baikal and Caledonian epochs of mountain building, in the Hercynian and Mesozoic epochs they underwent repeated movements of the earth's crust. The type of folded-blocky mountains was finally accepted during the Alpine folding.

Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanic eruptions. They are usually located along the fault lines of the earth's crust or at the boundaries of the lithospheric plates.

Volcanic mountains are of two types:

Volcanic cones. These mountains acquired a cone-shaped appearance as a result of the eruption of magma through long cylindrical vents. This type of mountains is widespread throughout the world. These are Fujiyama in Japan, Mayon Mountains in the Philippines, Popocatepetl in Mexico, Misty in Peru, Shasta in California, etc.
Shield volcanoes. Formed by repeated outpouring of lava. They differ from volcanic cones in their asymmetrical shape and small size.

In areas of the globe where active volcanic activity occurs, entire chains of volcanoes can form. The most famous is the chain of Hawaiian Islands of volcanic origin with a length of more than 1600 km. These islands are the peaks of underwater volcanoes, the height of which is more than 5500 meters from the surface of the ocean floor.

Erosive (denudation) mountains

Erosion mountains arose as a result of intensive dismemberment of layered plains, plateaus and plateaus by flowing waters. Most of the mountains of this type are characterized by a table shape and the presence of box-shaped and sometimes canyon-shaped valleys between them. The last type of valleys occurs most often when a lava plateau is dissected.

Examples of erosion (denudation) mountains are the mountains of the Central Siberian Plateau (Vilyui, Tungus, Ilim, etc.). Most often, erosional mountains can be found not in the form of separate mountain systems, but within mountain ranges, where they are formed by the dissection of rock layers by mountain rivers.

By geographic location

On this basis, it is customary to group mountains into mountain systems, ridges, mountain ranges and single mountains.

Mountain belts are the largest formations. Allocate the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt, stretching through Europe and Asia, and the Andean-Cordillera mountain belt, passing through North and South America.

Mountain country - many mountain systems.

Mountain system - mountain ranges and groups of mountains that are similar in origin and have the same age (for example, the Appalachians)

Mountain ranges - interconnected mountains, elongated in a line. For example, the mountains of Sangre de Cristo (North America).

Mountain groups - also interconnected mountains, but not elongated in a line, but forming a group of indefinite shape. For example, Mount Henry in Utah and Bear Po in Montana.

Solitary mountains - mountains not associated with other mountains, often of volcanic origin. For example, Mount Hood in Oregon and Rainier in Washington.

As long as humanity remembers its history, so many daredevils existed who were attracted by the majestic mountain peaks. The romance of mountaineering has existed for a long time, and to this day many devote their whole lives to conquering new heights. Russia is a country with a harsh climate and an unimaginable variety of relief, the most attractive and dangerous of which are mountains. Eight peaks are classified as "5-thousanders", while all of them represent a real danger even for the most experienced climbers. Based on the data of a special geographical registry, we will present to your attention the 15 highest mountains in Russia, all of them, except for Klyuchevskaya Sopka, are located in the mountain system of the Greater Caucasus.

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1st place - Elbrus (5642 m)

At the same time it is the highest point in Russia and all of Europe. The peak is located between Kabardino-Balkaria and Cherkessia, in the northern part of the Greater Caucasus Range. The name "Elbrus" is translated from Georgian as "ice", from Kabardian as "mountain of happiness", from Iranian - "high mountain", from Karachay-Circassian - "eternal mountain". One way or another, the summit strikes with its icy grandeur and is remembered for a long time. During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazis climbed Elbrus, after which they installed banners with a swastika at its highest point. The idea of ​​the Nazi scientists was to rename the mountain to "Hitler's Peak", but the enemy was destroyed by Soviet mountaineers in 1943. The conquest of Elbrus is one of the newfangled trends; for this, several routes of varying degrees of difficulty were laid along the mountainside. At the foot of the peak, a ski resort has been operating for many years.

2nd place - Dykhtau (5204 m)

The conquest of Dykhtau took place in 1888, just at the time when Britain was searching for Jack the Ripper, and Brazil issued a decree abolishing slavery. The pyramidal peak is located in Kabardino-Balkaria, in the region of the northern ridge of the Caucasus Mountains. From a technical point of view, climbing the Steep Mountain is not easy, so only professional rock climbers manage to complete this path to the end. Most of Dykhtau is covered with a thick layer of ice, and includes three peaks - the Main, Eastern and separate, named after A.S. Pushkin.

3rd place - Koshtantau (5152 m)

The name translates as "a mountain that looks like a distant dwelling." Koshtantau is considered one of the least accessible among all the peaks of the Caucasus. On the northern part of the mountain there are marble glaciers that have taken dozens of human lives. Few managed to conquer the impregnable peak, tragedies and deaths are not uncommon here. So, for example, 11 years before the first ascent of it, in 1888, two English climbers and two Swiss climbers died here.

4th place - Pushkin Peak (5100 m)

The mountain received its name in 1938, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the death of the great Russian poet. Pushkin Peak is located in the heart of the Main Caucasian Range, on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria and is part of the Dykhtau glacier. Mountain climbers jokingly compare the peak with a high gendarme standing on the ridge due to the fact that Pushkin Peak dominates the rest of the nearby heights.

5th place - Dzhangitau (5085 m)

Translated from Karachay-Balkar, the name of the peak means "new mountain". Dzhangitau is part of a 12-kilometer mountain range belonging to the Bezengi wall. It is considered one of the most popular peaks among climbers, and for its conquest, a professional badge of honor "Snow Leopard of Russia" is awarded. The ascent to the very top was made in 1888 by John Kokin, and the first to receive a well-deserved award for passing the climbing standard was the Russian rock climber Bukinich.

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6th place - Shkhara (5193 meters)

Shkhara (or "striped") - won recognition as one of the most beautiful peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. Its slopes shine from sparkling glaciers, and the geological component of the mountain is granite and schist, along which dazzling ice rivers flow. The entire area of ​​Shkhara is indented with faults, grottoes and caves, and the exits from them are often covered with sparkling waterfalls. The mountain beckons, fascinates and inspires fear at the same time, and at its foot is the small village of Ushguli, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. For the first time the summit was conquered by climbers from the Soviet Union in 1933.

7th place - Kazbek (5032 m)

Kazbek (or "ice peak") - is a stratovolcano, extinct in 650 BC. The first ascent was made by two Englishmen in 1868. The mountain is located on the Georgian-Russian border and, more than all other peaks, is shrouded in legends, myths and legends. Until now, local residents perform a ritual of sacrifice on its slopes, and according to legend, once a young man was chained on Kazbek, punished by the gods for his desire to bring fire to mankind. Today, a military road passes by the top, and on one of the slopes there is a non-functioning weather station.

8th place - Mizhirgi (5025 m)

At first glance, it may seem that the name of the peak has Asian roots, but this is not so. The name of the mountain was given by Tver researchers and is translated from one of the local dialects as "connecting". The ridge is essentially a huge glacier, which once connected with neighboring ones and became even larger. Geological processes are still taking place today, and, according to scientists, in the near future Mizhirgi may become even larger. It is believed that the first person to step on the top of the mountain was the Balkar shepherd Attaev, and this was in the middle of the 19th century.

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9th place - Kukurtli-Kolbashi (4978 m)

The summit belongs to the western spur of the Elbrus massif, located in Karachay-Cherkessia. In different sources, the value of the height of the mountain is the difference from 4624 to 4978 m.

Translated from the Circassian, the name Kyukurtlu is translated as "sulfur mountain".

10th place - Katyn-Tau (4970 m)

The name is translated from the Balkar language as "mountain woman". The summit is located in the Bezengi region and is part of the Bezengi wall. Geographically, Katyn-Tau belongs to Kabardino-Balkaria, and the entire territory of the mountain is located on the territory of a protected area, which also includes the Cherek River.

11th place - Shota Rustaveli Peak (4860 m)

It is located in the central part of the Main Range of the Caucasus Mountains and is the border region between Georgia (Svaneti) and Russia (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria). The name of the peak was given in honor of the great Georgian poet and statesman who lived in the 12th century. The mountain is considered very treacherous due to the likelihood of unforeseen avalanches and glaciers descending into the neighboring canyon. The date of the first ascent is 1937, since then more than a dozen climbers have climbed to the top. The most acceptable time to conquer the peak is summer and early autumn.

12th place - Gestola (4860 m)

It is one of the peaks belonging to the Benzegi wall of the main ridge of the Caucasus Mountains. On the north side, Gestola has the shape of a triangle, which clearly stands out against the background of the Benzegi wall. From a bird's eye view, the peak looks like an almost perfect pyramid, at the base of which is a square, which is oriented to the cardinal points at an angle of 45 degrees. Today, many routes of varying degrees of difficulty have been laid along the slopes of Gestola, while climbing to the top point can be done from several parts, including through Lyalver and Yesenin Peak.

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13th place - Jimara (4780 m)

It is one of the numerous peaks of the Greater Caucasus. Located in North Ossetia, east of Bezengi, on the Khokh Ridge, the distance to Kazbek is about 9 km. Jimara is a cluster of glaciers, each of which has its own name - Midagrabin in the west and Suatisi in the south.

14th place - Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m)

The second name is Klyuchevskoy volcano, located in the eastern part of Kamchatka. It is considered the highest among all volcanoes that act on the Eurasia continent. The approximate age of the giant is about 7 thousand years, the height of the hill periodically changes due to geological activity, and, according to the latest data, is 4835 meters.

15th place - Wilpata (4646 m)

The name of the peak was given by the Ossetian people. Wilpata is located in the Caucasus, in a southwestern direction from the Tseysky Range and is the most dominant among all the peaks of the Karaugomsky plateau. On the slopes of Wilpata, there are many climbing routes with difficulty from 2B to 5B.

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