Classification of life-saving equipment. Topic: Ship life-saving appliances

Ship life-saving equipment is designed to rescue people evacuated to sea from aboard an emergency ship or who, for some reason, find themselves overboard the ship. Life-saving equipment is divided into individual and collective.

Personal rescue equipment is used for:

Keeping a person afloat in the water (supporting life-saving equipment)

Protecting him from hypothermia (insulating life-saving equipment)

Combination of both functions (supporting and isolating means).

Supportive life-saving equipment includes:

Lifebuoys (used to provide immediate assistance to a person who is overboard, to keep the person afloat)

Life jackets (designed to save people who may find themselves in the water during evacuation from a ship, to keep a person on the water in a safe position)

Isolating life-saving equipment includes:

Thermal protective equipment (a bag or suit made of waterproof material with a low thermal conductivity coefficient; they serve to reduce heat loss from the body of a person on a lifeboat or life raft).

Protective suit - storm suit, designed for use on duty boats of passenger ships of the RO-RO type and on marine evacuation systems (MES), by crew members - retains and reduces heat loss from the human body in cold water;

A supporting and insulating rescue device is a immersion suit. Wetsuit - designed to hold a person on the water in a safe position and reduce heat loss from the human body in cold water

Requirements for lifebuoys.

Each lifebuoy must:

Have an outer diameter of no more than 800 mm (Dn.),

Internal diameter (dv.) not less than 400 mm;

Be made of buoyant material other than cork chips, reeds, loose or crushed materials or inflatable air chambers;

Have a mass of at least 2.5 kg;

Do not maintain combustion or melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

Have a sufficient mass, if it is intended to operate a device for quickly disconnecting an automatically operating smoke bomb and a self-igniting signal light from the ship (SDB - light-smoking buoy), as a rule, more than 4 kg;

Maintain a load of iron weighing at least 14.5 kg in fresh water for 24 hours (a person’s weight in water is 4-6 kg);

Withstand being dropped into the water from a height of 30m without deteriorating the performance characteristics of the lifebuoy and the equipment attached to it; have a lifeline diameter > 9.5 mm and a length equal to 4 Dn. (Dн. - diameter of the outer circle) fixed around the perimeter in four equally spaced places, forming four identical loops.

Requirements for self-igniting signal lights (luminous buoys).

Self-igniting lifebuoy warning lights must: be white, luminous intensity 2 cd (candelas) in all directions or have a flashing light of 50-70 flashes per minute; have an energy source for 2 hours (on tankers, self-igniting lights must be powered by electric batteries (accumulators)); withstand the drop test from a height of 30m.

Requirements for automatic operating smoke bombs

Automatic operating smoke bombs: must produce clearly visible smoke within 15 minutes; do not burn in flashes or throw out flames, do not fill with water during excitement; continue to generate smoke when completely immersed in water for 10 seconds.

Requirements for lifelines of lifebuoys.

Floating lifelines: must be non-twisting; have a diameter of at least 8mm;

have a breaking force of at least 5 kN (kilonewton)

According to the rule of Ch. 3 MK SOLAS on a passenger ship:

According to rule 32 ch. III. SOLAS on a cargo ship:

Requirements for the distribution of lifebuoys on ships.

Lifebuoys: should be distributed in such a way as to be easily accessible on both sides of the ship and, if possible, on all open decks extending to the side; at least one SC must be located near the stern of the vessel; fastened in such a way that they can be quickly reset (should not be firmly attached); one lifebuoy on each side of the vessel must be equipped with a 30m long floating lifeline; 50% of lifebuoys must be equipped with self-igniting lights, at least 2 of them must be equipped with automatically operating smoke bombs, and be able to be quickly released from the navigation bridge; Each lifebuoy must be marked in block letters of the Latin alphabet with the name of the vessel and home port;

Requirements for life jackets (JVs).

According to the design, SFs are manufactured in two types:

Rigid (with elastic or hard buoyant material)

Inflatable, with at least 2 buoyancy chambers.

The coolant should not sustain combustion and not continue to melt, after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds. The design of the lifejacket must be such that:

a) at least 75% of people unfamiliar with the design could use it correctly within no more than 1 minute, without any help, hints or demonstration;

b) after demonstrating donning, all persons were able to put it on correctly and without assistance within no more than 1 minute;

c) it was absolutely clear that it could only be worn on one side or that, as far as possible, the possibility of incorrect donning was excluded;

d) it was comfortable to wear;

e) it was possible to jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m. without causing bodily harm and without disturbing or damaging the life jacket;

The fluid must have sufficient buoyancy and stability in fresh water and support the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person at a distance of at least 120 mm from the water so that the person’s body is tilted back at an angle of at least 20 0 from its vertical position; and turn the body of an unconscious person in water from any position to one in which his mouth is above the water in no more than 5 seconds.

The lifejacket must be of a size that allows you to swim a short distance and climb into a lifeboat or life raft. The buoyancy of a lifejacket should not decrease by more than 5% after immersion in fresh water for 24 hours. An inflatable lifejacket must have at least two separate buoyancy chambers and inflate: automatically when immersed in water; have a device for inflation that is manually activated with one movement and the mouth (through a tube).

Each life jacket is equipped with a signal light, which must:

a) have a luminous intensity of at least 0.75 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere;

b) have an energy source capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 cd for at least 8 hours;

c) be visible, when attached to the lifejacket, over as much of the upper hemisphere segment as practicable;

d) be white;

e) if the signal light is flashing, it must be equipped with a manual switch and flash at least 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute (luminous intensity not less than 0.75 cd);

Each life jacket is equipped with a whistle, which is securely attached to the life jacket using a cord.

The number of life jackets on ships, their placement.

A lifeguard must be provided for each person on board; children should be provided with a “Child” travel insurance, in the amount of 10% of the number of passengers). Additionally:

For watch personnel (on the bridge, engine control station and any other position where the watch is on duty);

In remote locations where life rafts are located.

Life jackets should be placed so that they are easily accessible and their storage location should be clearly marked; when using lifeboats in lifeboats, they should not impede entry into the rescue boat, and should not interfere with sitting down and fastening seat belts; Each passenger ship must additionally carry life jackets for at least 5% of the total number of passengers, which are stored in a visible place on the deck or in muster areas; if SF are stored in cabins remote from direct communication routes between public premises and assembly points, then for such passengers SF should be stored either: in public places - gathering places, or directly along the route of movement. Life fluids should be stored in such a way that their distribution and donning do not impede the orderly movement to the points of assembly and boarding of lifeboats and rafts;

Requirements for wetsuits (GKS).

The wetsuit must be made of waterproof materials such that:

a) it can be unpacked and donned without assistance within no more than 2 minutes, together with appropriate clothing and a life jacket, if the GKS requires its use;

b) did not sustain combustion or continue to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

c) covered the entire body, except for the face. Hands must also be covered unless gloves are permanently attached to the GCS;

d) had a device in the leg area for bleeding off excess air;

e) after jumping into water from a height of at least 4.5 m, an excessive amount of water did not enter him;

A person wearing a wetsuit (with a life jacket, if the GKS requires its use) must be able to:

Climb and descend a vertical ladder at least 5 m long;

Perform routine duties associated with abandonment of a vessel;

Jump into water from a height of at least 4.5 m, without damaging or displacing the main body and without bodily harm;

Swim a short distance and climb into a collective flotation device.

Wetsuits are made of two types: from materials with thermal insulation properties (with thermal insulation) and from materials that do not have thermal insulation properties (without thermal insulation). A wetsuit without thermal insulation must be marked indicating that it must be worn over warm clothing and provide sufficient thermal protection after one jump into the water from a height of 4.5 m so that the person’s body temperature does not drop by more than 2 0 C after being in it. for an hour in circulating water with a temperature of 5 0 C, in the absence of disturbance. A wetsuit with thermal insulation must provide sufficient thermal protection after one jump from a height of 4.5 m so that the core temperature of a person’s body does not drop by more than 2 0 C after being in circulating water for 6 hours from 0 to 2 0 C in the absence unrest;

A wetsuit that is buoyant and intended to be used without a lifejacket must be equipped with a signal light and whistle as prescribed in paragraph If the wetsuit requires the use of a lifejacket, the lifejacket must be worn over the wetsuit, without assistance.

A person wearing a wetsuit or a wetsuit with a life jacket must be able to roll over in fresh water from a face-down position to a face-up position in no more than 5 seconds.

Requirements for protective suits. (ZKS).

The protective suit must be made of waterproof materials such that:

Its own buoyancy of at least 70 N (7 kg) was ensured;

The material used reduced the risk of overheating the body during rescue operations and evacuation;

The entire body was covered with the exception of the face, hands, and if the Administration allows, legs

There was a pocket for a portable VHF radiotelephone;

Provided lateral vision in a sector of at least 120 degrees.

The cover must allow the person wearing it to:

Climb and descend a vertical ladder at least 5 m long;

Jump into water from a height of 4.5 m without receiving bodily harm;

Swim in the water for at least 25 m and climb into a boat or raft;

Perform all watch duties related to abandoning the ship, assisting others, and using the rescue boat. ZK provides thermal protection after jumping into water with complete immersion in such a way that a person’s body temperature does not fall faster than 1.5? C after the first half-hour stay in water with a temperature of 5? WITH.

Requirements for heat protective agents (TPS).

TZS is made of waterproof material with a thermal conductivity coefficient of no higher than 7800 W/(m 2 K) and has a design that would reduce heat loss from the human body, both conventionally and through evaporation;

Cover the person's entire body with a life jacket, except for the face.

Must be such that it can be unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a lifeboat or raft or in a rescue boat;

Be such that a person can remove it in the water in no more than 2 minutes if it interferes with his ability to swim; perform its functions at temperatures from - 30? C to +20? C.

At least three (3) lifeboats must be provided for each lifeboat on board all passenger ships and, in addition, a thermal protection device for each person not having a lifeboat.

At least three immersion suits shall be provided for each cargo ship lifeboat carried on board. Or, if the administration considers it necessary and practically possible, one wetsuit for each person on board the vessel. For other persons, heat protective equipment. GCS and heat-protective means may not be provided if there are closed boats or one free-fall boat on each side. On cargo ships (L<85м, кроме танкеров), должно быть предусмотрено по одному ГК на каждое находящейся, на борту лицо.

Collective rescue craft are displacement floating craft designed for the joint rescue of people forced to abandon a sinking ship. They must protect the people on them from the elements of the sea and have supplies that ensure their livelihoods.

Collective rescue equipment is divided into:

Active, able to move and maneuver independently on the water

Passive, moving under the influence of wind, waves and currents.

An active life-saving device is a lifeboat, a small self-propelled undecked floating craft. Motor boats are used as rescue boats. According to the design and method of protecting people from the effects of adverse external factors, lifeboats can be:

Completely closed;

Partially closed;

Completely closed with an autonomous air supply system;

Fully enclosed fireproof.

In accordance with the requirements of the Rules of the SOLAS-74 Convention, the use of fully open lifeboats is permitted only on ships whose keels were laid before July 1, 1986.

The design of self-righting partially or fully enclosed lifeboats allows them to return independently to an even keel even from an upside-down position.

Depending on the method of launching, a distinction is made between boats lowered using slings - cables passed through blocks of the lifting and launching mechanism - and boats lowered using the free fall method.

Passive life-saving devices are life rafts.

In terms of design, there are differences between inflatable and rigid life rafts, and according to the method of moving overboard, they can be dropped or lowered.

Rescue boats are designed to rescue people stranded in the water and collect life rafts and lifeboats on the water after the crew and passengers abandon the sinking ship. Rescue boats must have sufficient maneuverability and be designed to be quickly launched and ready for emergency use. They can be hard, puffy, or a combination.

General requirements for ship life-saving appliances

The requirements that all life-saving appliances must meet are established by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 74). They are reproduced in the Rules for the Equipment of Sea Vessels of the Maritime Register of Shipping.

Requirements for lifeboats.

All lifeboats must be of proper construction and of such shape and aspect ratio that they have sufficient stability in rough seas and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment.

All lifeboats shall be rigid-hulled and shall maintain positive stability in an upright position in calm water when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment and be holed at any one point below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyant material has occurred, and there are no other damage.

Each lifeboat shall carry information, confirmed by the Administration, containing at least:

Manufacturer's name and address;

The boat model and its serial number, month and year of manufacture;

Number of persons approved for the boat

All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

They could be launched safely when loaded with their full complement of men and supplies;

They could be launched and towed at forward speed of the ship at a speed of 5 knots in calm water.

Enclosures and rigid closures must be flame retardant or non-combustible.

Seating for people must be equipped on transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats and be of such a design as to withstand:

For a boat intended to be lowered on hoists - a load of 100 kg on any seat when it is dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m;

For a lifeboat intended to be launched by free fall - a load of 100 kg on any seat when it is released from a height at least 1.3 times greater than that approved in the certificate.

Each lifeboat must be of sufficient strength to withstand the load specified below without permanent deformation after removal:

For boats with a metal hull - a load of 1.25 times the total mass of such a boat when loaded with its full complement of people and equipment; or

For other boats - a load of 2 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and equipment.

Every lifeboat, other than those intended for free fall launching, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and equipped, where applicable, with skids or external fenders, shall be of sufficient strength to withstand an impact against the side of the lifeboat vessel in a direction perpendicular to the side. vessel, at a speed of at least 3.5 m/s, as well as dropping into the water from a height of at least 3 m.

The number of persons permitted to be accommodated on a hoist-launched lifeboat shall be the lesser of the following numbers:

The number of persons with an average mass of 75 kg who can sit in a normal position wearing lifejackets without interfering with the lifeboat's means of propulsion or the operation of any of its equipment;

The number of seats that can be equipped on banks and seats. Seating areas may overlap, provided there is sufficient legroom and footrests provided and the vertical distance between the upper and lower seat is at least 350mm.

Lifeboats with a capacity of more than 150 people are not allowed,

Each seating area must be clearly marked in the lifeboat.

Each lifeboat on a passenger ship must be arranged and located in such a way that all persons assigned to the boat can quickly board it. It must also be possible to quickly disembark people from the lifeboat.

Each lifeboat of a cargo ship must be arranged and located in such a way that all people assigned to the boat can board it within no more than 3 minutes from the moment the command to board is given. It must also be possible to quickly disembark people from the lifeboat.

Lifeboats must have a boarding ladder that allows people in the water to board the boat and that can be used for any boarding entry. The bottom step of this ladder must be at least 0.4 m below the waterline of the lifeboat when unladen. All surfaces on which people can walk must have a non-slip surface.

All lifeboats must have their own buoyancy or be equipped with buoyancy material resistant to seawater, oil or petroleum products in sufficient quantities to keep the lifeboat and all its equipment afloat when flooded and exposed to the sea.

In addition, additional buoyant material must be provided in quantities to provide a buoyancy force equal to 280 N for each person permitted to be accommodated on the lifeboat. Floating material shall not be stowed outside the lifeboat hull except in excess of the quantity required above.

All lifeboats must be stable and have a positive metacentric height (GM) when loaded with 50% of the number of persons permitted to be accommodated on the lifeboat, seated in a normal position on one side of its centreline.

Every lifeboat must be equipped with a compression ignition internal combustion engine. The use of engines running on fuel with a flash point of 43? C or lower (when tested in a closed crucible) is not allowed.

The engine must be equipped with either a manual starting device or a starting device driven by two independent rechargeable sources. Any accessories necessary for starting the engine must also be provided. Starting devices and accessories must ensure starting the engine at an ambient temperature of 15? C within 2 minutes from the start.

The engine must be capable of operating for at least 5 minutes from start-up in a cold state when the boat is out of the water.

The engine must be capable of operating when the lifeboat is flooded to the axis of the crankshaft.

The propeller shaft line must be arranged so that the propeller can be disconnected from the engine. It must be possible to move the lifeboat forward and backward.

All lifeboats must be designed to ensure the safety of occupants and to prevent the possibility of floating debris damaging the propeller.

The forward speed of a lifeboat in calm water, when loaded with a full complement of people and equipment and when its engine-powered auxiliaries are operating, shall be not less than 6 knots and not less than 2 knots when towing a liferaft with a capacity of 25 persons, loaded with a full complement of people and supplies. Sufficient fuel suitable for use at temperatures expected in the area where the ship is operating shall be provided to keep the lifeboat fully loaded at 6 knots for at least 24 hours.

The lifeboat's engine, transmission and engine-related devices must be protected by a fire-retardant enclosure. This must also ensure that people are protected from accidental contact with hot or moving parts and that the engine is protected from bad weather and sea influences. Suitable means must be provided to reduce engine noise so that a loud command can be heard. Starter batteries must be provided with enclosures that form a watertight seal around the base and sides of the batteries. Battery casings must have a tight-fitting lid to ensure adequate gas removal.

The lifeboat's engine and associated equipment must be designed to limit electromagnetic emissions so that engine operation does not interfere with the operation of radio equipment used on the lifeboat.

A means must be provided for recharging all starter batteries, radio equipment and searchlight. Radio equipment batteries should not be used as a source of energy to start the engine. A means must be provided for recharging the batteries installed in the lifeboat either from the ship's electrical network with a voltage not exceeding 50 volts, disconnected from the place of boarding the lifeboats or by means of a solar panel.

There must be water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the engine, which must be located in a clearly visible place near the engine starting controls.

Lifeboat equipment.

All lifeboats, except those launched by free fall, must be equipped with at least one release valve located near the lowest point of the hull. The valve should open automatically to release water from the lifeboat when it is out of water, and automatically close to prevent water from entering the lifeboat when it is afloat. Each release valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close it, which shall be secured to the lifeboat by a chain or other suitable means. Drain valves should be easily accessible from inside the boat and their location should be clearly marked.

All lifeboats must have a rudder and tiller. If there is also a steering wheel or other means of remote control of the steering wheel, then in the event of failure of such a means, it must be possible to control the steering wheel using the tiller.

A suitable handrail or a floating lifeline must be provided externally around the lifeboat above the waterline and within reach of a person in the water, except in the area near the rudder and propeller.

The lifeboat shall have provisions for collecting rainwater and, if required by the Administration, an additional manual watermaker.

Every lifeboat, other than a free-fall lifeboat intended to be launched by single-point suspension or hoists, shall be equipped with a release mechanism which shall be so arranged that all hooks are released simultaneously. The release mechanism should operate automatically when there is no load on the hooks and under load. The release mechanism controls must be clearly marked in a color that contrasts with the surrounding objects;

Structural elements for attaching the release mechanism to the lifeboat must be designed with a six-fold safety factor relative to the tensile strength of the materials used, assuming that the mass of the lifeboat is evenly distributed between the hoists;

The use of a single-point suspension system device for launching a lifeboat or rescue boat in combination with a suitable painter does not require release under load. In this case, a sufficient option for uncoupling a lifeboat or rescue boat is only to uncouple it when they are fully afloat.

Each lifeboat must be equipped with a painter mounting device in the bow of the hull. This device must be such that the boat can be towed safely and without compromising its stability characteristics by a ship at a speed of up to 5 knots in calm water. With the exception of free-fall lifeboats, the painter securing device must include a mechanism to ensure that the painter is released from inside the lifeboat when it is towed by a vessel at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.

Each lifeboat equipped with permanently installed VHF equipment with an antenna mounted separately must be equipped with provisions for mounting and securely securing the antenna in its operating position. The boat is equipped with a place for installing a radar transponder (SRT).

Lifeboats intended to be launched along the side of a ship must have skids and external fenders necessary to facilitate launching the boat and prevent damage to it.

A light with a manual switch must be installed on the top of the boat. The fire must be white with a continuous duration of at least 12 hours and an intensity of at least 4.3 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere. If the light is a flashing light, it must produce at least 50 but not more than 70 flashes per minute for 12 hours at an intensity equivalent to a constant light.

A light bulb or other light source must be installed inside the lifeboat to provide sufficient illumination for at least 12 hours to read life-saving instructions and operating instructions. However, the use of kerosene lamps for these purposes should not be allowed. Each lifeboat must be arranged so that there is sufficient visibility from the helm station to the bow, stern and both sides to ensure safe launching and maneuvering.

Supply of lifeboats.

The equipment of each lifeboat must include:

With the exception of free-fall boats, there are a sufficient number of buoyant oars to ensure movement of the boat in calm water. Each oar must be provided with a “kochet” type oarlock, a rotary oarlock or other equivalent device. The oarlocks must be attached to the boat with pins or chains;

Two release hooks;

Floating bailer and two buckets;

Instructions for saving life;

A compass that is illuminated or equipped with appropriate means of illumination.

On fully enclosed lifeboats the compass shall be permanently mounted at the helm station; on all other lifeboats the compass shall be in the binnacle if protection from weather is required and shall have suitable mounting arrangements;

A sea anchor of sufficient size with a draught that can withstand jerking, which allows you to firmly grip it with your hands when wet. The strength of the floating anchor, mainsail and niral, if provided, must be sufficient under all sea conditions;

Two reliable painters of length not less than twice the distance from the lifeboat stowage point to the waterline at the ship's lightest seagoing draft, or 15 m, whichever is greater. On free-fall lifeboats, both painters must be in the bow of the boat in a ready-to-use condition; on all other lifeboats, one painter must be attached to the release device in accordance with paragraph 2.3.3.8, and the other firmly to the stem.

Two axes - one at each end of the lifeboat;

Watertight receptacles containing a total quantity of fresh water equal to 3 liters for each person permitted to be accommodated on the lifeboat, of which 1 liter of this quantity per person may be replaced by water obtained from a desalination apparatus capable of producing the total quantity of fresh water within two days, or 2 liters of this norm per person can be replaced with water obtained from a manual desalination plant.

Stainless steel ladle with pin;

Stainless steel graduated drinking vessel;

A food ration with a calorie content of at least 10,000 kJ for each person allowed to be accommodated on a lifeboat; In this case, the food ration should be in breathable packaging and stored in a waterproof container;

Four parachute rockets

Six flares

Two floating smoke bombs

One daylight signaling mirror with instructions for its use to signal ships and aircraft;

One copy of the table of life-saving signals referred to in regulation V/16 of the Convention, in a waterproof version or in a waterproof package;

One whistle or other equivalent sound signal;

A first aid kit in a waterproof container that can be tightly closed again after opening;

Anti-seasickness medication sufficient for at least 48 hours and one hygiene pack for each person;

A folding knife attached to the boat by a pin;

Three can openers;

Two floating life rings attached to a floating line at least 30m long;

A hand pump of appropriate capacity if the boat is not a self-draining type;

One set of fishing accessories with enough tools to make minor adjustments to the engine and related devices;

Portable fire extinguisher, spotlight, radar reflector, 2 heat protectants.

Partially enclosed lifeboat Fully enclosed lifeboat

Features of preparation, landing, lowering and recovery of side launch lifeboats

At the signal “General ship alarm”, or in case of impatient circumstances, at the command of the captain “Abandon ship”, lifeboats are prepared for launching together with launching devices, for which:

1) The boat winch is uncovered and the absence of the manual drive handle on the winch shaft is checked.

2) The bow painter spreads.

3) The lashings of the boat are released and removed.

4) The charger cable is disconnected (if connected).

5) The mechanical stop levers are retracted.

6) Mechanical davit stoppers are released.

7) Make sure that the engine fuel valve is open.

8) The bottom plug is closed.

9) Start the engine and check its operation.

10) By external inspection, make sure that the paddles are correctly positioned on the winch drums and guide pulleys, and that there are no external defects or foreign objects that would interfere with the landing and lowering of the boat.

11) The landing hatches are opened or the awning is folded back (on partially closed boats).

12) The boat crew takes their places in the boat.

13) If provided, the outer railing in the area of ​​the boat is removed.

If landing is carried out at the place where the boat is installed :

1) Upon command, people are boarded into the boat.

2) The winch remote release cable is transmitted to the boat.

3) The head of the launch makes sure that there are no obstacles outside the ship, releases the davit stoppers and reports on the readiness of the boat

If landing from the boat deck:

1) The davit stoppers are released.

2) By lifting the winch brake handle (unless otherwise provided), the davits and boat fall overboard.

3) The boat is pulled towards the side of the vessel by the hoists of the pulling device.

4) Upon command, passengers are boarded into the boat.

5) The winch remote release cable is transmitted to the boat.

6) The head of the descent makes sure that there are no obstacles to the descent outside the ship and reports on readiness for the descent.

7) Descent and departure from the side of the vessel.

Sequencing:

1) The boat's engine is started and its proper operation is checked.

2) When boarding a boat, a pull-up device is released from the boat deck.

3) The boat is lowered by lifting the winch brake lever or by pulling down the remote brake release cable from inside the boat.

4) At the moment the boat touches the water, the lifting hooks are released from the davits in accordance with the boat’s operating instructions.

5) The painter is released from inside the boat using a release device.

6) Move away from the sinking ship to a safe distance (250-300m), removing the launching slide.

Features of preparation, landing, launching of free-fall lifeboats.

Preparation for descent and landing.

Procedure:

1) Disconnect the charger cable (if it was connected)

2) Remove the lashings of the boat in a stowed manner;

3) Open the fuel valve (if it was closed), and when lowering a boat equipped with irrigation into the flames, open the seawater valve;

4) Disconnect the lifting slings from the sling suspension and make sure that they do not interfere with the descent;

5) Make sure that the launch path and the area astern are clear of obstructions;

6) Release the boat from the backup holding device (if provided);

7) Get people on board, close all doors, hatches and other openings, fasten seat belts, press their heads against the headrests;

8) Start the engine.

If the boat is lowered in a controlled manner using a lowering device, the lifting slings are not disconnected, but their connection to the sling suspension is checked. A cable for remote release from the sling suspension is transmitted to the boat. If the descent is controlled from the boat, then the winch brake control cable is also transmitted to it. The helmsman's hatch remains open to control the release and release of the lift hook.

Descent and departure from the side of the ship.

In accordance with the instructions for activating the release device, the boat is released and falls into the water.

After the boat leaves the water, the gear lever is moved to the “FORWARD” position and the boat moves away from the vessel to a safe distance.

When the boat is lowered in a controlled manner, the holding device is released and by pulling the winch remote release cable (or the lifting brake lever - when controlling the descent from the side of the ship), the boat is lowered to the water, the lifting hook is released and the boat moves away from the ship to a safe distance.

Life rafts.

Requirements for life rafts (SP).

Structurally, life rafts are made: rigid, inflatable, automatically self-righting and with a two-sided awning. The design of each joint venture must ensure:

1) the ability to withstand environmental influences afloat for 30 days under any sea conditions;

2) normal performance of both the raft itself and its equipment after dropping the raft into the water from a height of 18 m above the waterline;

3) the ability to withstand multiple jumps while afloat, both with an open awning and with an unopened awning from a height of at least 4.5 m from its bottom;

4) Towing (by towing equipment) at a speed of 3 knots in calm water with one sea anchor out, when the raft is loaded with a full complement of people and supplies.

The liferaft must have an awning to protect the people on it from the influence of the external environment; The awning must be installed automatically after the raft is launched and must meet the following requirements:

5) it must provide insulation of the under-awning space from heat and cold using either two layers of material separated by an air gap, or using other means of equivalent effectiveness. Means must be provided to prevent the accumulation of water in the air gap;

6) the color of the inner surface of the awning should not cause discomfort to people on the raft;

7) each entrance must be clearly marked and equipped with an effective adjustable closing device that can be easily and quickly opened from inside and outside by a person wearing a wetsuit and closed from inside the raft. At the same time, ventilation of the raft must be ensured while preventing the penetration of sea water, wind and cold. Life rafts with a capacity of more than 8 people must have at least two entrances diametrically opposite each other;

8) it must constantly pass a sufficient amount of air for people on the liferaft even with closed entrances;

9) it must be provided with at least one viewing window;

10) it must be equipped with devices for collecting rainwater;

11) it must have a device for installing a radar transponder at a height of at least 1 m above the sea surface;

12) it must be of sufficient height to accommodate people in a sitting position in any part of the canopy space.

Minimum capacity and weight of life rafts.

Life rafts with a capacity of less than 6 persons shall not be approved.

The total mass of the liferaft, its container and equipment must not exceed 185 kg, unless the liferaft is intended to be launched by an approved launching device (raft) or it is not required to be carried from side to side.

Life raft equipment.

Life rafts (RS) are equipped with:

1. securely fastened lifelines, surrounded with slacks around the life raft, both from the inside and from the outside.

2. a reliable painter with a length of at least 10 m plus the distance from the place of its installation to the waterline at the vessel’s lightest operational draft, or 15 m, whichever is greater. The breaking load for all elements excluding the weak link must be not less than 15 kN for rafts with a capacity of more than 25 people, not less than 10 kN for rafts with a capacity of 9 to 25 people and not less than 7.5 kN for any other rafts.

3. There must be a signal light with a manual switch on the top of the liferaft canopy. This light must be white, with a continuous duration of at least 12 hours and an intensity of at least 4.3 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere. If the signal light is a flashing light, it must produce not less than 50 but not more than 70 flashes per minute of equivalent intensity over a period of 12 hours. The signal light should automatically turn on when the awning is opened. Its batteries should not deteriorate from dampness or humidity when the raft is stored.

4. There must be a light bulb inside the raft with a manual switch that can remain on continuously for at least 12 hours. It must turn on automatically when the canopy is opened and have a light intensity sufficient to read the instructions. Its batteries should not deteriorate from dampness and humidity when storing the raft.

Additional requirements for launched life rafts.

In addition to the above requirements, a liferaft intended for use with an approved launching device must:

When loaded with its full complement of people and equipment, withstand an impact against the side of the ship in a direction perpendicular to the side of the ship at a life raft speed of at least 3.5 m/s, as well as being dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m, without receiving damage , which would affect its working condition;

Be equipped with means (2 bowlines) for pulling it to the side of the ship at the landing deck and holding it securely during landing.

On passenger ships, each raft-launched life raft must be arranged so that all persons assigned to it can board quickly.

On cargo ships, each life raft lowered using a raft must be arranged so that all persons assigned to it can board it within no more than 3 minutes from the moment the command to board is given.

Supplies provided for at the joint venture.

The normal equipment of each liferaft should include:

One floating life ring attached to a floating life line at least 30 m long;

One non-folding knife with a floating handle and drawer, attached and stored in a pocket on the outside of the awning near the point where the painter is attached to the life raft. In addition, a liferaft with a capacity of 13 persons or more must have a second knife, which may be folding;

One buoyant bailer for a life raft with a capacity of not more than 12 persons and two buoyant bailers for a life raft with a capacity of 13 persons or more;

Two sponges;

Two drogues, each with a thruster capable of withstanding jerking and a nyral, if equipped, one of the drogues to be a spare and the other permanently attached to the liferaft so that when inflated after launching the liferaft is held in the most stable position position to the wind. The strength of each floating anchor, their mains and nirals, if any, must be sufficient under all sea conditions. Floating anchors must have devices that prevent the cable from twisting and turning inside out between the lines. On life rafts launched by rafts and installed on passenger ships, drogues must be arranged so that they can only be deployed manually. All other life rafts must have drogues that deploy automatically once the raft is afloat;

Two floating strokes;

Three can openers and a pair of scissors. Knives with can openers in a safe version are allowed;

One first aid kit in a waterproof container that can be tightly closed again after opening;

One whistle or equivalent sound signal;

Four parachute rockets meeting the requirements of paragraph 2.10;

Six flares that meet the requirements of paragraph 2.11;

Two floating smoke bombs that meet the requirements of paragraph 2.12;

One waterproof electric torch, suitable for Morse code signaling, with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in waterproof packaging;

An effective radar reflector if the liferaft does not have a radar transponder installed;

One daytime signaling mirror with instructions for its use to signal ships and aircraft;

One copy of the rescue signal table, in a waterproof version or in a waterproof package;

One set of fishing accessories;

Food ration with a calorie content of at least 10,000 kJ for each person allowed to be accommodated on the life raft. This diet must be palatable and edible within the expiration date and packaged in a manner that is divisible and easy to open. The food ration should be in airtight packaging and stored in a waterproof container;

Waterproof vessels containing a total amount of fresh water at the rate of 1.5 liters for each person allowed to be placed on the life raft. From which 0.5 liters of this norm can be replaced by water obtained from a desalination plant capable of producing a total amount of fresh water within two days. Or 1 liter per person can be replaced with water obtained from a manual vacuum desalination machine;

One stainless steel graduated drinking vessel;

Anti-sea sickness medication for at least 48 hours and one hygiene bag per person according to the life raft's permissible capacity;

Instructions for preserving life and priority actions;

Thermal protective equipment that meets the requirements of paragraph 2.1.15, in an amount sufficient for 10% of the number of people allowed to be placed on the life raft, or two, whichever is greater.

Markings on life rafts equipped with the listed equipment must consist of the inscription “SOLAS A PACK” in block letters of the Latin alphabet.

For passenger ships engaged on short international voyages of such a nature and duration that, in the opinion of the Administration, not all items are necessary. The Administration may permit the supplies of life rafts carried on such ships to include items providing for -50% of the supplies. The marking on such life rafts must consist of the inscription “SOLAS IN PACK”, made in block letters of the Latin alphabet.

The supplies must be stored in a container which, if not an integral part of the liferaft or permanently attached, must be secured within the liferaft and capable of floating for at least 30 minutes without damaging its contents.

Devices that ensure free floating of life rafts.

1. Painter and related devices;

The life raft painter and related accessories must ensure fastening of the life raft to the ship and be arranged so that the life raft, after being separated from the ship and inflated, if it is inflatable, is not pulled into the water by a sinking ship.

2. Weak link;

If the devices ensuring the free floating of the liferaft include a weak link, then it must:

Not rupture under the force required to pull the painter out of the life raft container;

Be of sufficient strength to allow the life raft to inflate and break at a force of 2.2 ± 0.4 kN.

3. Hydrostatic release devices (hydrostats);

If the devices ensuring the free floating of the liferaft include a hydrostatic release device, it must:

1. be made of appropriate materials so that the possibility of incorrect operation of the device is excluded. Galvanization of metal coating on parts of the hydrostatic release device is not allowed;

2. automatically disconnect the life raft from the ship at a depth of no more than 4 m;

3. be able to drain the hydrostatic chamber, which prevents the accumulation of water in it during the period when the device is in its normal position;

4. have a design that prevents the life raft from being disconnected from the ship when the device is flooded by waves;

5. have permanent markings on the case indicating its type and serial number;

6. be permanently marked on the hull or on a securely attached plate indicating the date of manufacture, type and serial number, and whether the hydrostat is suitable for use on a raft with a capacity of more than 25 people;

7. if subject to timely replacement (write-off), be marked indicating the expiration date.

Additional requirements for inflatable rafts according to their design.

Inflatable liferafts must meet the general requirements and, in addition, the requirements of this section.

The main buoyancy chamber must be divided into at least two separate compartments, each inflated through its own non-return valve. The buoyancy chambers must be so arranged that if any one of the compartments is damaged or if any one of the compartments fails to inflate, the undamaged compartments will maintain the liferaft afloat with positive freeboard around its entire perimeter when the raft loaded with a permissible number of people weighing 75 kg, sitting in a normal position.

The bottom of the liferaft must be watertight and provide sufficient insulation from the cold.

The life raft must be such that it can be inflated by one person. The life raft must be inflated with non-toxic gas. Inflating a life raft should take no more than 1 minute at an ambient temperature of -18 to +20°C and no more than 3 minutes at an ambient temperature of -30°C. Once inflated, the liferaft must maintain its shape when loaded with its full complement of people and equipment. Each compartment of the inflatable raft must withstand a pressure of at least three times the operating pressure, but must be protected from twice the operating pressure, either by relief valves or by limiting the amount of gas supplied. To maintain operating pressure in the compartments, it must be possible to pump them up with a pump or bellows.

Calculation of the capacity of an inflatable life raft.

The number of persons permitted on a life raft must be the lesser of the following numbers:

1 the largest integer obtained by dividing by 0.096 the volume of the main buoyancy tubes in the inflated state in cubic meters (for this purpose, the volume value does not include the volumes of either the arch or the volumes of the transverse cans, if any); or

2 the largest integer obtained by dividing by 0.372 the internal horizontal cross-sectional area of ​​the liferaft in square meters (for these purposes this area may include the area of ​​the transverse can or cans, if any), measured to the inner edge of the buoyancy tubes; or

3 the number of people with an average weight of 75 kg wearing wetsuits and life jackets or only life jackets for cases of placement in rafts launched by a raft beam, who can sit quite comfortably, having a height of the under-canopy space that does not restrict the use of the raft equipment.

Access to rigid life rafts

At least one entrance must have a rigid, sloping landing platform to allow occupants in the water to climb onto the life raft. On a raft-launched liferaft that has more than one entrance, the landing platform must be equipped at the entrance opposite the side by which the raft is pulled to the side and where there are devices for boarding from the vessel to the raft.

Entries not equipped with a boarding platform must have a boarding ladder, the bottom step of which must be at least 0.4 m below the waterline of the light liferaft.

There must be devices inside the liferaft to allow people to climb onto the liferaft from the boarding ladder.

Stability of rigid life rafts

Except where a liferaft can be safely operated no matter which side up it floats, its strength and stability must be such that it can either self-righting or be easily turned upright by one person, both in rough water and in rough seas. calm water.

The stability of the liferaft, when loaded with its full complement of people and equipment, must be such that it can be towed at a speed of up to 3 knots in calm water.

Marking of rigid life rafts

The liferaft must be marked indicating:

1 the name of the vessel and the port of registry to which it belongs;

2 manufacturer's name or trademark;

3 serial number;

4 name of the approving body;

5 the number of people allowed to be accommodated, marked above each entrance in a font at least 100 mm high and in a color contrasting with the color of the life raft;

6 word “SOLAS”;

7 type of emergency supply kit included;

8 painter length;

9 maximum permissible installation height above the waterline (height from which the drop test was carried out);

10 instructions for descent.

Rigid life rafts launched using a raft

In addition to the above requirements, a rigid liferaft intended for use with an approved launching device when suspended from a lifting hook or sling must be able to withstand a load of four times the weight of its full complement of persons and equipment.

Actions for releasing and lowering inflatable life rafts.

LIFE RAFT VIKING DK

Inflatable life raft VIKING DK

1. Release the raft lashings.

Release the raft container from the deck chair by handing over the manual verb-hack of the lashings.

2. Check the painter is made fast.

Secure the launch line (orange) to the ship structure (rail).

3. Sure chain railings are open.

Give up the railing.

4. Throw container with raft into the sea.

Throw the container with the raft overboard.

5. Pull on the painter until fart inflates.

Take the slack out of the starting painter and pull hard - the raft will fill with air.

6. Prepare emergency pilot ladder and board the raft.

If no possible to reach raft by ladder, jump over the board near the raft and board it.

Throw the emergency storm ladder overboard and land, trying to get on board the raft dry. If there is no such landing opportunity, then jump into the water next to the raft and climb on board.

7. Just boarded, cut off the painter and departure vessel in emergency.

After landing, cut off the painter with a knife and move away from the side of the emergency vessel.

8. Departure on safety distance, engage the drogue.

LIFE RAFT VIKING DKF LAUNCHING.

LAUNCHING THE VIKING DKF RAF WITH A RAFT.

1. Carry the Viking DKF raft to the davit and insert raft shackle on the davit hook.

Bring the raft under the beam and put the raft eyelet (located under the protective cover) on the open hook of the beam.

2. Hoist the raft under the deck, using the handle engaged in davit winch.

Raise the raft off the deck using the winch handle.

3. The hand pump"s control lever should be in “out” position. Using the hand pump, move the davit outboard with raft located on hook.

Move the hydraulic pump control handle to the overboard position and, using the lever, dump the beam with the raft on the hook overboard, to the deck level.

4. Inflate the raft pulling the Painter.

Put the raft into action by jerking the starting line, having first taken out its slack.

5. Release the chain railings and board the raft.

Having given up the handrail, board the raft located at deck level.

6. Lower the raft pulling remote control wire or lifting up brake lever. Painter should be slightly tightened.

Launch the raft into the water using the winch's remote release line or by manually lifting the brake handle on the deck of the vessel.

The slack of the starting line must be selected.

7. Hook should be released automatically when the raft reaches the water. It may be done by pulling release line.

The hook will release automatically as soon as the raft touches the water. If this does not happen, release the hook by tensioning the release cable.

8. Cut off the painter and departure vessel in emergency.

Cut off the painter with a knife and move away from the side of the emergency vessel.

9. Departure on safety distance, engage the drogue.

Having moved to a safe distance, arm the sea anchor.

§ 122. Lifeboat equipment and life-saving equipment of sea vessels

The lifeboat arrangement of a modern transport vessel consists of boats (rescue and work), devices for storing lifeboats in their regular places, devices for launching boats and lifting them aboard the ship, and deck mechanisms (boat winches).

When placing lifeboats, take into account the accessibility and ability to quickly board passengers and crew, the ease, speed and safety of launching boats under unfavorable conditions of list and trim, and the safety of storage. The boats are positioned so that they do not interfere with the work of other boats. The decks on which boats are located must be illuminated.

Boats are stored on both sides on one of the highest decks in the middle part of the vessel. Lifeboats should not be located in the bow within 1/5 of the length of the ship, as here they can be damaged or washed by waves. When boats are placed in the stern, they may get caught under the propellers during lowering.

Tankers with a deadweight of more than 3,000 tons must have at least four lifeboats: two on the stern superstructure and two amidships. On large-tonnage vessels, it is allowed to arrange boats in two tiers, two under one pair of davits.

In their regular places, the boats must be installed in such a way that under any difficult voyage conditions they remain motionless and are not damaged. They are placed on two or three rostral blocks (keel blocks), which must have a simple design and be precisely fitted to the shape of the boat’s contours. The boats are fastened in a traveling manner with the help of lashings that have a hook for their quick release.

Davits of various designs are used to lift and lower boats into the water. The boat is suspended from the heads of two davits on hoists. Davits must ensure that the boat can quickly be thrown overboard and lowered with full equipment and the set for people for which it is designed; lowering boats from both sides of the vessel with a list of up to 15°.

Davits are divided into three groups.

Rice. 173.

Rotary(ordinary) davits (Fig. 173) consist of curved steel beams rotating around their longitudinal axis.

Collapsed davits also paired, but they rotate on a hinge at the heel. 1 This type of davit includes a sector davit (Fig. 174), in which a gear sector rolls along a gear rack mounted on the deck of a ship due to the rotation of the handle of a screw rod passing through a threaded holder. The third group includes gravitational (sliding) davits(with a rolling cart). There are several varieties of such davits.

Rice. 174.

One of the types is shown in Fig. 175. The boat is lowered under the influence of its own weight when the braking device of the boat winches is loosened. The advantage of this group of davits is that when using them, the boats cannot be damaged or washed away, since they are stored above the highest deck of the ship and far from the side.

Rice. 175.

The boat is lowered and raised manually or using boat winches. The boat is lowered to such a height that its keel is slightly above the level of the wave crest, and then smoothly but quickly lowered to the base of the wave. This eliminates the possibility of an approaching wave hitting the bottom of the boat. It is important to lay out the lower blocks of boat hoists in a timely manner, which is greatly simplified if there is a device for simultaneous laying out of boat hoists. When lowering the boat into the water, a painter is first brought to the bow of the vessel, which is passed through the bow eye of the boat and secured with a boat assembly to the second jar.

After laying out the boat hoists, the boat is held parallel to the side of the ship at the required distance by steering. In order not to damage the boat from impacts against the side of the ship, it is lowered from the leeward side, reducing the speed of the small. If the boat is being lowered in heavy seas, it is recommended to release vegetable or mineral oil.

For this purpose, bags of oil are hung along the side of the ship, which, seeping through the walls of the bag, spreads in a thin layer over the surface of the water and weakens the force of the wave impact.

When lifting a boat onto a ship, there must be two people in it. Painting painters are served on board. Lopars of boat hoists are carried along the deck of the ship through rosin blocks (when lifted manually). The boats need to be lifted from the water when it is on the crest of the largest wave. After lifting off the water, the plugs are opened to remove water from the boat.

The life-saving equipment of a modern sea vessel includes boats, rafts, benches, circles, bibs, etc.

Ship's boats- the main life-saving equipment for passengers and crew. Boats are also used for communication with the shore, for bringing in ropes, for performing various works (outboard work, bringing in ends when placing on a barrel, etc.). For the latter purposes, workboats are usually used.

The buoyancy of the boat and its ability to float on the water must be such that the boat does not sink when fully loaded, while being filled with water. The boat must have stability sufficient to carry a sail, not capsize in waves, and allow the free movement of people in it without significant list; be agile and have little drift when sailing; its contours should provide the least resistance to movement under sails and oars; the height of the side of the boat should be such that it is possible to operate the oars, but the wave should not overwhelm it. The hull of the boat must withstand the harsh conditions of sailing in rough seas with a full load, as well as possible shocks during operation or launching. The outer lining should not allow water to pass through and should not dry out during long-term storage on the ship.

The dimensions of the boat for a given number of people accommodated must be minimal so that it takes up as little space as possible on board the ship. People should be comfortably placed in the boat, be able to sit on the cans without interfering with the controls (rowers and helmsman).

Currently, the generally accepted best type of lifeboats has been developed - whaleboats. These best designs are reflected in the rules of the USSR Register and GOSTs.

Vessels traveling abroad are equipped with life-saving equipment in accordance with the rules developed by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Lifeboats are supplied with rigging and food according to GOST standards.

A senior person from among the navigators or qualified oarsmen is appointed to each lifeboat according to the ship's boat alarm schedule. A person who knows how to operate a motor is assigned to a motor boat, and a person who knows how to operate a radio and searchlight installations to a boat equipped with a radiotelegraph installation and a searchlight.

Universal raft used in the closed position as a conventional life raft. In the open position, the raft is used for painting work overboard or dock work.

Inflatable life rafts are manufactured for 6, 10 and 20 people for merchant ships of all types. This is a durable inflatable structure that protects from waves, rain and sun. Rafts are stored on deck in the form of compact bags. The time required to bring the raft into readiness, from the moment of dropping to the end of filling with carbon dioxide, is no more than 30 seconds.

Lifebuoys and a breastplate and is made from piece cork or other equivalent material. The use of circles and bibs filled with reeds, cork sawdust, crushed cork, and with air chambers that require preliminary filling with air is prohibited. The lifebuoy must maintain 14.5 kg of ballast in fresh water for 24 hours. Lifebuoys must have secured handrails. One lifebuoy on each side must be equipped with a lifeline of at least 27.5 m in length.

For all ships, supply standards establish a minimum number of lifebuoys. Half of them, but at least two, must have luminous buoys that automatically light up when the boat falls into the water.

Lifebuoys should be placed so that they are easily accessible.

The rescue bib must support 7.5 kg of iron in fresh water for 24 hours, and then an additional 8 kg of the same kind of load for at least 15 minutes.

The design of the bib should be such that it can be put on from either side. According to calculations, the bib should support the head of a person in an unconscious position above the water.

Life vest made from materials resistant to oil and petroleum products. The life jacket filler is foam with a specific gravity of 0.1 g/cm³.

The supporting force is about 11 kg, the vest weighs 1.5-1.6 kg. It is equipped with a whistle, an electric light bulb with a battery, powered by water.

It is prohibited to release ships if there are no or insufficient number of lifeboats, rafts, breastplates and other life-saving equipment and the starting device is faulty.

On sea vessels there must be an emergency supply (ES) of food products necessary to feed the personnel leaving the ship for several days. For long-distance vessels, the emergency period is calculated for five days, for coastal vessels - for three days. In this case, it is recommended to place food products in wooden boxes of appropriate sizes with rope handles on the sides, based on the calculation of the capacity of each boat and the navigation area of ​​the vessel. The presence of boxes prepared in this way ensures the convenience of storing NC on sea vessels.

Each person is supposed to have the following products in the emergency supply for the day: a) canned meat - 300 g or canned fish - 400 g, canned meat and vegetable - 500 g; b) butter - 50 g; c) crackers or biscuits - 500 g; d) sugar -5 0 g; e) tea-1 g; f) salt - 5 g; g) vitamin preparations - 2 g. The emergency supply also includes sweet condensed milk - 500 g for the entire three-day or five-day period.

In addition to food products, the lifeboat must be provided with a supply of fresh water in anchors at the rate of 3 liters per person.

The emergency reserve is used up in the event of a shipwreck, the need to provide assistance to a ship in distress, and if, due to unforeseen circumstances, the voyage continues longer than expected.

1.2. Classification of life-saving equipment.

Rescue equipment- these are devices that can ensure the preservation of the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship. All life-saving equipment is divided into two main types: collective use and individual. In addition, there is another type of life-saving equipment that does not belong to the above classification: line-throwing installations. The requirements for life-saving appliances and the standards for supplying ships with them are regulated by the SOLAS-74 Convention and the Register Rules. In general, these requirements boil down to the following:

should not become unusable when stored at air temperatures from –30 to +65С;

work at sea water temperatures from –1 to +30С;

be resistant to rot, corrosion, sea water, oil and fungi;

be of a clearly visible color for better detection (usually orange);

be equipped with reflective material;

work on excitement.

Collective rescue equipment. These include lifeboats and rescue boats, life rafts, life-saving equipment, raft cabins (life-saving compartment).

Lifeboats. They are made of metal (steel or aluminum alloys) or fiberglass. Wood is not used to make lifeboats. The lifeboat is unsinkable due to the presence of air boxes under the seats along the sides, so in an inverted, flooded state it remains afloat. The SOLAS 74 Convention defines general requirements for lifeboats and additional requirements for partially enclosed and enclosed boats.

Modern ships are equipped only with closed boats.

Every fully enclosed lifeboat must be equipped with a rigid watertight closure that completely encloses the lifeboat. The closure must be arranged to comply with the following provisions:

it must protect people on the lifeboat from heat and cold;

access to the lifeboat must be provided by hatches that can be hermetically sealed;

access hatches must be located so that it is possible to lower and raise the lifeboat without resorting to the exit of people from the closure;

access hatches must be capable of being opened and closed both from the outside and from the inside of the lifeboat and be equipped with reliable means to keep them in the open position;

it must provide the ability to row;

it must be capable, with the hatches closed and without significant leaks, of supporting the total mass of the lifeboat with its full complement of people and equipment, including machinery, when the boat is in an overturned position;

on both sides of the lifeboat it should have windows or transparent panels allowing sufficient daylight to enter the lifeboat when the hatches are closed so as to eliminate the need for artificial lighting;

the outer surface of the closure must be of a clearly visible color, and the inner surface must be of a color that does not cause discomfort to people on the lifeboat;

it must be equipped with handrails which can be securely held by persons moving outside the lifeboat and which can be used when boarding and disembarking persons;

people should be able to walk from the entrance to their seating areas without climbing over crossbars or other obstacles;

people on the lifeboat must be protected from the effects of rarefaction of air within limits dangerous to humans, which may occur during operation of the lifeboat engine.

The stability of an enclosed lifeboat must be such that it will automatically or automatically return to an upright position when loaded with all or part of its complement of persons and equipment, with all its entrances and openings watertightly sealed and persons secured with safety harnesses.

After being holed anywhere below the waterline, the lifeboat must be able to maintain its full complement of people and equipment afloat and its stability must be such that, in the event of capsizing, it is automatically in a position to allow the lifeboat's occupants to escape through an exit located above. water level.

All engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings must be so arranged that when the lifeboat capsizes and returns to an upright position, there is no possibility of water entering the engine.

The engine and its transmission must be controlled from the steering wheel.

The engine and related equipment shall be capable of operating in any position during capsize of the lifeboat and continuing to operate after the lifeboat has returned to the upright position, or to stop automatically when capsized and then be easily restarted when the lifeboat has returned to the upright position. The design of the fuel and lubrication systems must prevent the possibility of fuel leakage from the engine and no more than 250 ml of lubricating oil leaking during capsize of the lifeboat.

Air-cooled engines must have a duct system to draw in and discharge cooling air outside the lifeboat. Manually operated dampers shall be provided to allow cooling air to be drawn in from inside the lifeboat and discharged also into the lifeboat.

A fully enclosed lifeboat must be constructed and have external fenders such that the lifeboat provides protection against dangerous accelerations when the lifeboat, loaded with its full complement of people and equipment, hits the side of the ship at a speed of at least 3.5 m/s.

Rescue boats(resque boat) are a special life-saving device that must be on board the ship in constant readiness for immediate use and is designed to rescue people who have fallen into the water, people from an emergency vessel, as well as for collecting and towing life rafts in an emergency. The preparation and launching of the rescue boat must be carried out within no more than 5 minutes. On cargo ships with a gross tonnage of more than 20,000 gross tonnage. provision must be made for the launching of all lifeboats, and on other ships - rescue boats, using painters at the forward speed of the ship, moving at a speed of up to 5 knots in calm water. All cargo and passenger ships of less than 500 gross tonnage. t must have one rescue boat, and passenger ships over 500 reg. t must have a rescue boat on each side. Rescue boats can be rigid, inflatable or combined. They must be equipped with a stationary or outboard motor. The outboard motor can be gasoline; in any case, a speed of 6 knots must be ensured for 4 hours. The rescue boat must accommodate 5 people. sitting and one lying down. Inflatable rescue boats must be on board the ship in an inflated state under the launching devices in constant readiness. The strength of the bottom must ensure that people can jump into the boat from a height of 3 m. A lifeboat can be used as a rescue boat if it meets all the requirements for a rescue boat. However, there is one insurmountable obstacle to this: on the vast majority of lifeboat lifting and launching devices, it is impossible to release the hooks of the sloops from one point, and this is a very important requirement for a rescue boat.

Life rafts(Fig. 1.2-1) is a very effective life-saving device, and on small ships it is the main one. Rafts can be soft or hard. Rigid rafts are a rarity and remain only on very old ships. Soft life rafts vary in capacity and launching method. The capacity of inflatable rafts ranges from 6-25 people. There are mainly two types used on Russian cargo ships: PSN-6 and PSN-10, i.e. six- and ten-seater. According to the method of descent, they can be dropped or lowered. The design of the life raft must be such that it is not damaged when dropped from a height of 18 m and can withstand being afloat for 30 days under any sea conditions. It must withstand repeated jumps on it from a height of 4.5 m, both with and without the awning raised. It can be towed at 3 knots in calm waters with a full complement of people. The raft must have an awning to protect the people in it from the influence of the external environment, which is installed automatically when the raft is launched into the water. The total mass of the dropped raft with supplies and container does not exceed 185 kg. The raft inside is divided into compartments, which are inflated through separate valves. If half of the compartments are damaged, the raft must be able to keep all the people allowed to accommodate it afloat. It is inflated with non-toxic gas in 1 minute at a temperature of 18 – 20°C and in 3 minutes at a temperature of – 30°C. Life rafts are attached to the ship's hull using a release device, which is activated by pressing a pedal, or, when the ship goes under water, a hydrostat is activated at a depth of 4 m and releases the raft from its fastening. The raft, having positive buoyancy, floats up and inflates automatically. To ensure positive buoyancy, the amount of supplies inside the raft is reduced to a minimum and, in particular, water reserves are 2 times less than on a lifeboat: 1.5 liters per person.

Rice. 1.2-1. Life raft PSN and its supplies:

1 – floating anchor; 2 – throwing end with a floating ring; 3 – bag with emergency stoppers; 4 – plastic bag with a table of rescue signals and instructions for preserving life on a life raft; 5 – scoop and sponge for removing water from the raft; 6 – pocket with a floating knife; 7 – a bag with folding oars and a second floating anchor; 8 – cross made of reflective material.

Launched rafts are launched into the water with a full number of people; landing in the released rafts is usually done from the water, where you first need to jump. This is a very big disadvantage of jettisoned rafts, since during the landing process people are at risk of hypothermia and cold shock. All inflatable rafts are subject to annual re-inspection along with the hydrostats of the release devices.

Rescue devices- This is essentially a simplified version of rigid life rafts, which do not have supplies, awnings or a bottom, and are smaller in size. Elements of deck furniture that are not attached to the vessel and have air boxes are also used as floating devices: benches, banquettes, tables, etc. They are used on ships where it is impossible to meet the established standards: local ferries and ships transporting pilgrims in areas of traditional Muslim migration to Mecca. These are, for example, the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.

Raft cabin is a technical development of a rescue compartment that can accommodate the entire crew of a ship, articulated with the ship and detachable from the inside from the sinking ship. After disconnection, this compartment begins an autonomous existence, possessing certain seaworthiness. The raft-cabin is intended mainly for large vessels - supertankers, bulk carriers and offshore drilling platforms.

Personal rescue equipment. These include lifebuoys, life jackets, immersion suits, and thermal protective equipment.

Lifebuoys must meet certain requirements. Thus, their outer diameter should be no more than 800 mm, and their inner diameter should be no less than 400 mm. They must support a load weighing 14.5 kg in fresh water for 24 hours, the circle itself must have a mass of at least 2.5 kg, withstand being dropped into the water from a height of 30 m, its buoyancy must be ensured by reeds, cork chips or inflatable air chambers . Must have a lifeline and a lifeline approximately 30 meters long. Have at least 4 reflective stripes on each side. Have a mark, a trademark. The number of lifebuoys depends on the length of the ship and on passenger ships there can be from 8 to 30, and on cargo ships from 8 to 14 pieces.

Life jackets must be provided for each person on board. On a passenger ship there must be 10% of children's vests of the total number of passengers. A lifejacket for adults must be equipped with a light with an 8-hour power source and a whistle. If the life jacket is inflatable, then it must have at least two chambers, inflate either automatically when immersed in water, or have a device for inflation from a special can of compressed air, and can also be inflated by mouth. If one of the chambers loses buoyancy, the vest does not lose its properties. The use of inflatable vests on tankers and passenger ships is not permitted. All life jackets, regardless of design, must ensure that an unconscious person who has fallen into the water floats face up and maintains him above the water so that his mouth is at a height of 12 cm and his body is tilted back from the vertical at an angle of 20 to 50°. It should also be possible to rotate the body of an unconscious person from a face-down position within 5 seconds. The lifejacket should allow you to put it on comfortably in no longer than 1 minute.

Wetsuit– a protective suit made of waterproof material designed to protect the human body from hypothermia in cold water. It must cover the entire human body except the face. Hands should also be covered. In the area of ​​the legs it should have a device for bleeding off excess air. In certain cases, a immersion suit can be a lifejacket (if it is designed to be inflated) or used in conjunction with a lifejacket. The immersion suit must provide protection from the cold so that the internal temperature of the human body does not decrease by more than 2°C after being in circulating water at a temperature of 0 - 2°C for 6 hours. The immersion suit must not be damaged when jumping from a height of 4.5 meters , provide the ability to lower a lifeboat, the ability to climb a vertical ladder up to 5 meters high. Equipped with a search light, a signal scroll, a life belt with a carabiner and reflective strips. Wetsuits are subject to re-examination after 12 – 24 months. A immersion suit must be provided for each member of the rescue boat crew. Open lifeboats must have three immersion suits.

Heat protectant- This is a bag or suit made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity. It must cover the entire body of a person wearing a life jacket, with the exception of the face, and operate within the air temperature range from +20 to -30°C. The heat protectant should be able to be put on in air and removed in water in no more than 2 minutes. Designed for heating people in a life-saving device, as well as after lifting a person from the water for transportation to the place of medical care.

Line throwing device serves to supply a thin conductor from ship to ship or from ship to shore for supplying a tug, when constructing a cable car and in other emergency cases. It is designed in such a way that it can be used by 1 person. The kit includes a pistol, four missiles and four lines long enough to provide a throwing range of 230 m. All vessels in the offshore navigation area are equipped with a line throwing device.

1.3. Standards for supplying ships with lifeboats and rafts.

Lifeboat capacity requirements are different for cargo and passenger ships. Thus, the total capacity of all lifeboats on a cargo ship must be 200% of the crew size, i.e. the entire crew must fit into boats on one side. On passenger ships, the total capacity of lifeboats must be 100% of the number of people on board, i.e. everyone must fit into the boats on both sides. This is explained by the design impossibility of having so many boats on a passenger ship. On cargo ships, boats are located on both sides in the area of ​​residential superstructures, even numbers on the port side and odd numbers on the starboard side, with increasing numbers from bow to stern.

Cargo ships have rafts with a total capacity for 100% of the crew. Passenger ships must have launch rafts for 25% of the total number of people on board.

1.4. Location of personal life-saving equipment.

On each side of the vessel there must be at least one circle with a 30 m line, at least half of the circles must have self-igniting lights, and at least two of them must be equipped with smoke bombs and located on the bridge on each side. The circles should be easily accessible and not secured in place in any way. At least one circle must be located at the stern of the vessel.

Inside each inflatable raft and lifeboat there are 10% of the thermal protection kits of the number of people, but not less than two.

Life jackets for each crew member are stored in the accommodation cabins. At watch positions there must be vests for the full complement of the watch. Wetsuits are also stored, as a rule, in the cabins of the crew members if each crew member has them.

1.5. Equipment of lifeboats and rafts.

Lifeboats shall be equipped, in accordance with SOLAS 74 regulation 41, with at least one release valve, located near the lowest point of the hull, which shall open automatically to release water from the lifeboat when out of the water and automatically close to prevent water from entering water lifeboat when it is afloat. Each release valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close it, which shall be secured to the lifeboat by a pin, chain or other suitable means. Drain valves should be easily accessible from inside the boat and their location should be clearly marked.

All lifeboats must have a rudder and tiller. If a steering wheel or other means of remote control of the steering wheel is also provided, it must be possible to operate the steering wheel using the tiller in the event of failure of such means. The rudder must be permanently attached to the lifeboat. The tiller shall be permanently mounted on or connected to the rudder stock, but if the lifeboat is equipped with a remote rudder control facility, the tiller may be removable and stored secured near the rudder stock. The rudder and tiller must be so constructed that they cannot be damaged by the operation of the release mechanism or propeller.

On the outer side around the lifeboat, with the exception of the area near the location of the rudder and propeller, a floating lifeline must be secured with slacks.

Lifeboats which are not capsize-righting shall be equipped with suitable handrails at the bottom of the hull to enable persons to hold on to the lifeboat. The attachment of these handrails to the lifeboat shall be such that if they are torn from the lifeboat by an impact of sufficient force, damage to the hull of the lifeboat will not result.

All lifeboats should be equipped with a sufficient number of watertight boxes or compartments for storing small supplies, water and provisions. Provision should be made for storing collected rainwater.

Each lifeboat intended to be launched by hoists shall be equipped with a release mechanism that meets the following requirements:

the mechanism must be designed so that all hooks are released simultaneously;

the mechanism must ensure the disconnection of the lifeboat from the hoists in the following two ways:

 conventional, in which disconnection occurs after the lifeboat is launched into the water or when there is no load on the hooks;

 under load, in which disconnection occurs when there is a load on the hooks. This method must be capable of disengaging the lifeboat from the hoists under all load conditions, from no load at all when the lifeboat is in the water to a load of 1.1 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of people and equipment. This method must provide reliable protection against accidental or premature disconnection;

the controls for the release mechanism must be clearly marked in a color that contrasts with the color of the surrounding objects;

the mechanism must be designed with a safety margin of six times the tensile strength of the materials used, assuming that the mass of the lifeboat is evenly distributed between the hoists.

Every lifeboat shall be equipped with a release device to allow the bow painter to be released when under tension.

Every lifeboat equipped with a permanently installed radio shall be equipped with provisions for mounting and securing the antenna securely in its operating position.

Lifeboats intended to be launched along the side of a ship must have skids and external fenders necessary to facilitate launching and prevent damage to the lifeboat.

A light with a manual switch must be installed on the top of the lifeboat closure, visible on a dark night in clear weather for a distance of at least 2 miles for at least 12 hours. If the light is a flashing light, it must flash at a frequency of not less than 50 flashes per minute for a period of at least 12 hours. the first 2 hours of 12 hours of work.

A light bulb or other light source shall be installed inside the lifeboat to provide sufficient illumination for at least 12 hours to enable the reading of life-saving instructions and information relating to the lifeboat's equipment; however, the use of kerosene lamps for these purposes should not be permitted.

Unless expressly provided otherwise, each lifeboat shall be equipped with an effective means of pumping out water or be self-draining.

Every lifeboat must be arranged so that from the control position of the lifeboat and its rudder there is sufficient visibility forward, aft and both sides to ensure the safe launching and maneuvering of the lifeboat.

Life rafts, in accordance with rule 38 of the third chapter of the SOLAS-74 Convention, have the following equipment: .

The liferaft must be equipped with lifelines, enclosed and securely fastened with slacks on the inside and outside around the liferaft.

The liferaft must have a reliable painter with a length of at least twice the distance from its installation site to the waterline at the ship's lightest seagoing draft, or 15 m, whichever is greater.

Life rafts launched using a raft beam.

In addition to the above requirements, a liferaft intended for use with an approved launching device must:

when loaded with its full complement of people and equipment, it was capable of withstanding an impact against the side of the ship at a speed of the life raft in a direction perpendicular to the side of the ship of at least 3.5 m/s, as well as being dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m, without receiving damage damage that would affect its operation;

be equipped with means for pulling the life raft to the side of the ship at the boarding deck and holding it securely during landing.

On passenger ships, each life raft launched using a raft must be arranged so that all persons assigned to it can quickly board the life raft.

On cargo ships, each life raft launched using a raft must be arranged so that all persons assigned to it can board the life raft within no more than 3 minutes from the moment the command to board is given.

Rescue equipment- these are devices that can ensure the preservation of the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship. All life-saving equipment is divided into two main types: collective use and individual.

In addition, there is another type of life-saving equipment that does not belong to the above classification, line-throwing installations.

The requirements for life-saving appliances, as well as the standards for supplying ships with them, are regulated by the SOLAS-74 Convention and the Register Rules.

In general, these requirements boil down to the following:

life-saving equipment should not become unusable when stored at air temperatures from -30 to +65 °C; must operate at sea water temperatures from -1 to +30 °C;

be resistant to rot, corrosion, sea water, oil and fungi;

be of a clearly visible color for better detection (usually orange);

be equipped with reflective material;

must work on excitement.

Collective rescue equipment

These include: lifeboats and rescue boats, life rafts, life-saving equipment, raft cabins.

Lifeboats. They are made of metal (steel or aluminum alloys) or fiberglass. Wood is not used to make lifeboats. The lifeboat is unsinkable due to the presence of air boxes under the seats along the sides. Therefore, in an inverted, flooded state, it remains afloat. The SOLAS 74 Convention defines general requirements for lifeboats and additional requirements for partially enclosed and enclosed boats.

Modern ships are equipped only with closed boats. Every fully enclosed lifeboat must be equipped with a rigid watertight closure that completely encloses the lifeboat.

The watertight closure must be designed to meet the following requirements:

1) protect people on the lifeboat from heat and cold;

2) access to the lifeboat must be provided by hatches that can be hermetically closed;

3) the access hatches must be located so that it is possible to lower and raise the lifeboat without resorting to the exit of people from the closure;

4) access hatches must be capable of being opened and closed both from the outside and from the inside of the lifeboat and be equipped with reliable means to keep them in the open position;

5) provide the opportunity to row;

6) must be capable, with the hatches closed and without significant leaks, of maintaining afloat the total mass of the lifeboat with its full complement of people and equipment, including mechanisms, when the boat is in an overturned position;

7) on both sides the lifeboat must have windows or transparent panels allowing sufficient daylight to enter the lifeboat when the hatches are closed, so as to eliminate the need for artificial lighting;

8) the outer surface of the closure must be of a clearly visible color, and the inner surface must be of a color that does not cause discomfort to people on the lifeboat;

9) must be provided with handrails that can be securely held by people moving outside the lifeboat and that can be used when boarding and disembarking people;

10) people must be able to walk from the entrance to their seating areas without climbing over crossbars or other obstacles;

11) people on the lifeboat must be protected from the effects of rarefaction of air within limits dangerous to humans, which may occur during operation of the lifeboat engine.

The drop boat has a more durable, specially shaped hull. After the fastening is released, the boat slides off the platform, the water falls with acceleration, and upon entering the water, it briefly plunges at an angle to the vertical, while moving away from the vessel and floating to the side of it.

Stability of a closed lifeboat shall be such that the boat will automatically or automatically return to an upright position when it is loaded with all or part of its complement of persons and equipment, and when all its entrances and openings are watertightly closed and persons are fastened with safety belts.

After being holed anywhere below the waterline, the lifeboat must be capable of supporting a full complement of persons and equipment and its stability must be such that, in the event of capsizing, it can automatically assume a position allowing the lifeboat's occupants to escape through an exit located above. water level.

All engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings must be so arranged that when the lifeboat capsizes and returns to an upright position, there is no possibility of water entering the engine.

The engine and its transmission must be controlled from the steering wheel.

The engine and related equipment shall be capable of operating in any position during capsize of the lifeboat and continuing to operate after the lifeboat has returned to the upright position, or to stop automatically when capsized and then be easily restarted when the lifeboat has returned to the upright position.
The design of the fuel and lubrication systems must prevent the possibility of fuel leakage from the engine and no more than 250 ml of lubricating oil leaking during capsize of the lifeboat.

Air-cooled engines must have a duct system to draw in and discharge cooling air outside the lifeboat. Manually operated dampers shall be provided to allow cooling air to be drawn in from inside the lifeboat and discharged also into the lifeboat.

A fully enclosed lifeboat must be of such a design and external fenders as to provide protection against dangerous accelerations occurring when the lifeboat is loaded with its full complement of people and supplies hitting the side of the ship at a speed of at least 3.5 m/s.

(resque boat) are a special life-saving device that must be on board the ship in constant readiness for immediate use and is designed to rescue people who have fallen into the water, people from an emergency vessel, as well as for collecting and towing life rafts in an emergency. The preparation and launching of the rescue boat must be carried out within no more than 5 minutes.

On cargo ships with a gross tonnage of more than 20,000 per. provision must be made for the launching of all lifeboats, and on other ships - rescue boats, with the help of painters at the forward speed of the ship, moving at a speed of up to 5 knots in calm water.
All cargo and passenger ships of less than 500 gross tonnage; t must have one rescue boat, and passenger ships with a capacity of more than 500 per. t must have a rescue boat on each side. Rescue boats can be rigid, inflatable or combined. They must be equipped with a stationary or outboard motor. The outboard motor can be petrol, in any case a speed of 6 knots must be ensured for 4 hours.

The rescue boat must accommodate 5 people sitting and one lying down. Inflatable rescue boats must be on board the ship in an inflated state under the launching devices in constant readiness.
The strength of the bottom must ensure that people can jump into the boat from a height of 3 m. A lifeboat can be used as a duty boat if it meets all the requirements for it.
However, there is one insurmountable obstacle to this: on the vast majority of lifeboat lifting and launching devices, it is impossible to release the hooks of the sloops from one point, and this is a very important requirement for a rescue boat.

Life rafts(Fig. 1.1) is a very effective life-saving device, and on small ships it is the main one. Rafts can be soft or hard. Rigid rafts are a rarity and remain only on very old ships. Soft life rafts vary in capacity and launching method. The capacity of inflatable rafts ranges from 6-25 people.

There are mainly two types used on Russian cargo ships: PSN-6 and PSN-10, i.e. six- and ten-seater. According to the method of descent, they can be dropped or lowered. The design of the life raft must be such that it is not damaged when dropped from a height of 18 m and can withstand being afloat for 30 days under any sea conditions. The life raft must withstand repeated jumps onto it from a height of 4.5 m, both with and without the canopy raised. It can be towed at a speed of 3 knots in calm water with a full complement of people.

The raft must have a canopy to protect people from the influence of the external environment, which is installed automatically when the raft is launched into the water. The total mass of the dropped raft with supplies and container does not exceed 185 kg.

The raft inside is divided into compartments, which are inflated through separate valves. If half of the compartments are damaged, the raft must be able to keep all the people allowed to accommodate it afloat.
It is inflated with non-toxic gas in 1 minute at a temperature of 18-20°C and in 3 minutes at a temperature of 30°C. Life rafts are attached to the ship's hull using a release device, which is activated by pressing a pedal, or, when the ship goes under water, a hydrostat is activated at a depth of 4 m and releases the raft from its fastening.

The raft, having positive buoyancy, floats up and inflates automatically. To ensure positive buoyancy, the amount of supplies inside the raft is reduced to a minimum and, in particular, water reserves are 2 times less than on a lifeboat, i.e. 1.5 liters per person.

Rice. 1.1. Life raft PSN and its supplies:

1 - floating anchor; 2 - throwing end with a floating ring; 3 - bag with emergency plugs; 4 - a plastic bag with a table of rescue signals and instructions for preserving life on a life raft; 5 - scoop and sponge for removing water; 6 - pocket with a floating knife; 7 - a bag with folding oars and a second floating anchor; 8 - cross made of reflective material.

The launch rafts are launched into the water with a full complement of people. Landing in drop rafts is usually done from the water, where you first need to jump. This is a very big disadvantage of jettisoned rafts, since during the landing process people are at risk of hypothermia and cold shock. All inflatable rafts are subject to annual re-inspection along with the hydrostats of the release devices.

- These are essentially a simplified version of rigid life rafts, which lack supplies, canopies and bottoms, but are smaller in size. Elements of deck furniture that are not attached to the vessel and have air boxes are also used as floating devices: benches, banquettes, tables, etc.

They are used on ships where it is impossible to meet the established standards, namely: on local ferries and ships transporting pilgrims in areas of traditional Muslim migration to Mecca. These are, for example, the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.

It is a technical development of a rescue compartment that can accommodate the entire crew of a ship, articulated with the ship and detachable from the inside from the sinking ship.

Raft cabin (rescue compartment):

a) fastening at the stern of the vessel; b) the shape of the compartment and possible positions when falling into water; 1 - ship hull; 2 - raft-cabin; 3 - possible positions of the raft cabin when a lifeboat enters the water, and on small ships - and the main form of rescue equipment. Rafts of various sizes are manufactured with a capacity from 6 to 25 people

After disconnection, this compartment begins an autonomous existence, possessing certain seaworthiness. The cabin raft is intended mainly for large vessels - supertankers, bulk carriers and offshore drilling platforms.

Personal rescue equipment

These include lifebuoys, life jackets, immersion suits, and thermal protective equipment.

Lifebuoys must meet certain requirements.

Thus, their outer diameter should be no more than 800 mm, and their inner diameter should be no less than 400 mm. They must support a load weighing 14.5 kg in fresh water for 24 hours, the circle itself must have a mass of at least 2.5 kg, withstand being dropped into the water from a height of 30 m, its buoyancy must not be provided by reeds, cork chips or inflatable air cameras.

Lifebuoy. Positive buoyancy - no less than 14500 g.

The lifebuoy must have a lifeline and a lifeline about 30 m long, and at least four reflective stripes on each side. Have a mark, a trademark. The number of lifebuoys depends on the length of the ship. Thus, on passenger ships there can be from 8 to 30, and on cargo ships from 8 to 14 pieces.

Life jackets must be provided for each person on board. On a passenger ship there must be 10% of children's vests of the total number of passengers. A lifejacket for adults must be equipped with a light with an 8-hour power source and a whistle.

Life jacket "Navigator"

If the life jacket is inflatable, then it must have at least two chambers, inflate either automatically when immersed in water, or have a device for inflation from a special can of compressed air, and can also be inflated by mouth. If one of the chambers loses buoyancy, the vest does not lose its properties. The use of inflatable vests on tankers and passenger ships is not permitted.

All life jackets, regardless of design, must be able to float a person who has fallen into the water face up and lose consciousness and maintain him above the water so that the mouth is at a height of 12 cm and the body is tilted back from the vertical at an angle of 20 to 50 °. It should also be possible to rotate the body of a person in an unconscious state from a face-down position within 5 seconds. The lifejacket should allow you to put it on comfortably in no longer than 1 minute.

- a protective suit made of waterproof material, designed to protect the human body from hypothermia in cold water. It must cover the entire human body except the face. Hands should also be covered. In the area of ​​the legs it should have a device for bleeding off excess air. In certain cases, a immersion suit can be a lifejacket (if it is designed to be inflated) or used in conjunction with a lifejacket.

A wetsuit should provide protection from the cold. so that the internal temperature of a person’s body does not decrease by more than 2 ° C after being in circulating water with a temperature of + 5 ° C for 6 hours. The immersion suit should not be damaged when jumping from a height of 4.5 m, provide the ability to lower the life-saving equipment lifeboats, the ability to climb vertical ladders up to 5 meters high. Equipped with search light, signal whistle, life belt with carbine and reflective strips. Wetsuits are subject to re-examination after 12-24 months. A immersion suit must be provided for each member of the rescue boat crew. Open lifeboats must have three immersion suits.

This is a bag or suit made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity. It must cover the entire body of a person wearing a life jacket, with the exception of the face, and operate within an air temperature range of +20 to -30°C.

The heat protectant should allow you to put it on in air and remove it in water in no more than 2 minutes. Designed for heating people in a life-saving device, as well as after lifting a person from the water for transportation to the place of medical care.

Line throwing device serves to supply a thin conductor from ship to ship or from ship to shore to supply a tug when constructing a cable car and in other emergency cases. It is designed in such a way that it can be used by 1 person.

The kit includes a pistol, four missiles and four lines long enough to provide a throwing range of 230 m. All vessels in the offshore navigation area are equipped with a line throwing device.

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Introduction

1. Marine life-saving appliances and general requirements for them

2. Assembling life-saving equipment on the ship

2.1 Personal life-saving appliances

4. Actions when abandoning the ship

5. Actions on the life-saving craft after leaving the emergency vessel

6. Ensuring safety when lowering rafts

7. Actions to ensure survival on a survival craft

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Navigation has been and remains one of the areas of human activity associated with the possibility of accidents and risk to human life. Therefore, it is believed that the probable risk to human life in maritime transport is significantly higher than in air or rail transport, but lower than in road transport. This is due to the fact that even in our age of durable ships with powerful power plants, equipped with a variety of modern instruments, it is not possible to avoid maritime disasters and the loss of life.

There have been, are, and probably will always be emergencies at sea. Statistics show that every year the world fleet loses an average of 200-250 ships, over 7,000 ships suffer accidents, and about 200 thousand people die. 25% of people die directly in the water after a shipwreck, and 30% while already on life-saving equipment. Many accidents result in human casualties, which can be divided into two groups:

1. people who died directly in the accident.

2. those killed due to insufficient efficiency of life-saving equipment and poor organization of rescue operations.

The number of casualties can be reduced by increasing the effectiveness of life-saving equipment and their skillful use.

“Only a fool is not afraid of the sea,” the British say. However, it would be completely wrong to attribute all accidents to the elements of the sea. According to experts, only approximately 10% of accidents can be attributed to so-called force majeure circumstances - an irresistible action of the elements. Another 15% of accidents are the result of design deficiencies; ships or sudden equipment failure. In the remaining 75% of accidents, their direct cause was subjective factors associated with deficiencies in the organization of ship service and human behavior.

Every year the design and technical equipment of sea vessels, the equipment of sea routes with navigation fencing, and the professional training of floating personnel are being improved.

A person’s ability to withstand dangerous factors, and therefore to behave correctly and with dignity in extreme situations, is one of his most important personal qualities. However, these abilities must be developed and strengthened through constant training and exercises so that professional skills and psychological readiness to act in any emergency situation are fully in demand at the right time. Mariners must be able to personally fight for the survivability of the ship, take measures to eliminate the accident or, at least, to localize it, and also correctly use the ship’s life-saving equipment to survive in the event of its imminent destruction. All these actions must be practiced on special simulators for fire, water and personal survival.

For rescue, it is not enough to have the most advanced rescue equipment on board - you need to know how to use it.

The problem of human life at sea was first discussed internationally at the Washington Convention of Governments in 1899 - then the resolution “On the Safety of Life and Property at Sea” was adopted.

The maritime disasters that occurred in the 1920s forced governments to convene a conference at which the 1929 SOLAS Convention was developed. It contained international technical safety regulations not only for passenger ships, but also for cargo ships. Each subsequent International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1948, 1960, 1974) introduced new provisions and increased requirements regarding the design of life-saving craft supply vessels.

At the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of ​​1974, through the collective efforts of the participating states, a form of the SOLAS Convention was created that allows in the future to improve, replenish and expand its technical content, without changing the forms and scope of legal relations of these states in the field of maritime security lives of sailors.

The standards for supplying life-saving equipment of the 1960 Convention are fully preserved in the 1974 Convention and the rules for conventional equipment of sea-going vessels of the USSR Register of 1977 and the RF Register. A comparison of standards shows that the significant progress achieved in the development of life-saving equipment is only partially reflected in standard materials. New types of life-saving equipment have not been used to improve the efficiency of rescue operations on ships, where, due to objective conditions, this task had not been solved earlier.

Chapter 6 of the International Convention STCW-78/95 imposes very stringent requirements for the training of ratings and officers of ship crews in relation to functions related to emergency situations. It requires all seafarers to receive approved initial training on IMO standard courses before being assigned to a ship. This gives them a minimum of knowledge and skills to operate in extreme conditions, allowing seafarers to provide evidence of achieving the standard of competence required by the convention by demonstrating skills and passing an examination. Such training is possible only in specialized training centers that have the appropriate material and technical base and teaching and training staff trained for classes and training.

In the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, a modern training center has been created and licensed to prepare sailors for action in extreme conditions - Kamchatflotservice LLC. Fully complies with the requirements of the international conventions STCW-78/95 and SOLAS 74/83 and is designed to train seafarers in the correct actions in fire and water fighting simulators, as well as in personal survival in the event of abandonment of a damaged ship.

1. Marine life-saving appliances and general requirements for them

Life-saving appliances are devices that can ensure the preservation of the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship. All life-saving equipment is divided into two main types: collective use and individual. In addition, there is another type of life-saving equipment that does not belong to the above classification: line-throwing installations. The requirements for life-saving appliances and the standards for supplying ships with them are regulated by the SOLAS-74/88 Convention and the Rules of the Maritime Register of Shipping in the Russian Federation.

General requirements for life-saving equipment:

§ be manufactured properly and from proper materials;

§ be in working condition when stored at air temperatures from -30 to +65°C;

§ be in working condition at sea water temperatures from - 1 to + 30 ° C, if it is assumed that during use they may be immersed in sea water;

§ where applicable, be resistant to rot, corrosion and not subject to excessive exposure to seawater, oil or fungi;

§ do not lose their qualities if they are exposed to sunlight;

§ be of a clearly visible color wherever this will facilitate their detection;

§ be equipped with reflective material in those places where this will facilitate their detection, as well as in accordance with the recommendations of the organization;

§ if they are intended for use in rough seas, operate satisfactorily in such conditions;

§ have clearly marked approval information, including the name of the Administration that approved the product, as well as indications of any operating restrictions;

§ be provided, where necessary, with protection against damage and injury in the event of an electrical short circuit.

The administration must establish the service life of life-saving appliances that are subject to loss of quality over time. Such life-saving appliances must be marked indicating the expiration date or the date when they must be replaced.

Before the ship leaves the port, as well as throughout the voyage, all life-saving appliances must be in working order and ready for immediate use.

2. Assembling life-saving equipment on the ship

2.1 Indus And visual life-saving appliances

Lifebuoys must

§ have an outer diameter of no more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of at least 400 mm;

§ be made of floating material;

§ the buoyancy of the lifebuoy should not be provided by reeds, cork shavings or chips, any other loose crushed material or inflatable air chambers;

§ maintain a load of iron weighing at least 14.5 kg in fresh water for 24 hours;

§ have a mass of at least 2.5 kg;

§ do not maintain combustion or continue to melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 s.;

§ be so designed as to withstand being dropped into the water from a height above the waterline at the ship's lightest seagoing draft, or from a height of 30 m, whichever is greater, without degrading the performance of the life preserver or its attached equipment;

§ if it is intended to activate a device for quickly releasing an automatically operating smoke bomb and a self-igniting signal light from the ship, have a mass sufficient to activate these devices;

§ have a lifeline with a diameter of at least 9.5 mm and a length of at least four outer diameters of the circle. The rescue lifeline must be secured around the perimeter of the circle in four equally spaced places, forming four identical loops.

The number of lifebuoys depends on the length of the vessel. In this case, on each side of the vessel there must be at least one circle with a line 30 m long, at least half of the circles must have self-igniting lights, and at least two of them must be equipped with smoke bombs and located on the bridge on each side. The circles should be easily accessible and not secured in place in any way. At least one circle must be located at the stern of the vessel.

Self-igniting lifebuoy warning lights (Fig. 2.1.) must:

§ be such that they cannot be extinguished with water;

§ be white in color and must glow continuously with a luminous intensity of at least 2 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or flash at a frequency of not less than 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute, with at least the same effective luminous intensity;

§ have an energy source that provides work for at least 2 hours;

Fig.2.1. Lifebuoy with luminous buoy.

Automatic lifebuoy smoke bombs required by SOLAS 74 III/7.1.3 must:

§ give smoke of clearly visible color evenly for at least 15 minutes, while afloat in calm water:

§ do not burn in flashes or emit flames during the entire duration of the smoke bomb;

§ do not get flooded with water in rough waters;

§ continue to generate smoke when completely immersed in water for at least 10 s.;

§ withstand the drop test.

Floating lifelines must:

§ be non-twisting;

§ have a diameter of at least 8 mm;

§ have a breaking force of at least 5 kN.

Life jackets (Fig. 2.2.) must:

§ do not sustain combustion or melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 s.;

§ persons completely unfamiliar with the design of the vest could use it correctly within no more than one minute without any assistance;

§ it was possible to jump into water from a height of at least 4.5 m without receiving bodily harm and without displacing or damaging the life jacket;

§ must have sufficient buoyancy and stability.

§ so that you can swim a short distance in it and climb into a lifeboat or life raft.

Life jacket warning lights must:

§ have a luminous intensity of at least 0.75 kD in all directions of the upper hemisphere;

§ have an energy source capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 kD for at least 8 hours;

§ be visible, when attached to the lifejacket, over as much of the upper hemisphere segment as practicable;

§ be white.

Rice. 2.2.Life jacket

Wetsuits must:

§ it can be unpacked and donned without assistance within no more than 2 minutes, together with any appropriate clothing and a lifejacket if the wetsuit requires its use;

§ do not maintain combustion or continue to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

§ cover the entire body except the face. Hands should also be covered unless gloves are permanently attached to the wetsuit;

§ he had a device in the leg area for bleeding off excess air;

§ after jumping into water from a height of at least 4.5 m, an excessive amount of water did not enter him.

A person wearing a wetsuit with a life jacket, if the wetsuit requires the use of one, must be able to:

§ perform normal duties associated with abandoning the ship;

§ jump into water from a height of at least 4.5 m without damaging or displacing the wetsuit and without causing bodily harm;

§ swim a short distance and climb into a collective flotation device.

A wetsuit that is buoyant and intended to be used without a lifejacket must be equipped with a suitable signal light and whistle.

If the wetsuit requires the use of a lifejacket, the lifejacket must be worn over the wetsuit. The person wearing the wetsuit must be able to put on the lifejacket without assistance.

Protective suits must:

§ be made of waterproof materials;

§ have its own buoyancy of at least 70 N;

§ the material used reduced the risk of overheating of the body during rescue operations and evacuation;

§ the entire body was covered with the exception of the face, hands and, if the Administration allows, legs. Gloves and a head hood must be made taking into account the conditions of use of the protective suit;

§ it was possible to unpack and put it on without assistance within 2 minutes;

§ combustion was not maintained or the suit continued to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

§ there was a pocket for a portable VHF radiotelephone;

§ lateral vision was provided in a sector of at least 120°.

A protective suit must allow the person wearing it to:

§ climb and descend a vertical ladder at least 5 m long;

§ jump into the water feet first from a height of at least 4.5 m and without damaging or displacing the suit and without receiving bodily harm;

§ swim in the water for at least 25 m and climb into a lifeboat or raft;

§ put on a life jacket without assistance;

§ Perform all watch duties related to abandoning the ship, assisting others and using the rescue boat.

The protective suit must have a signal light and a whistle.

The protective suit must:

§ be marked;

§ continue to provide sufficient thermal protection to a person after jumping into water with full immersion in such a way that the person’s body temperature does not fall faster than 1.5 0 C after the first half-hour stay in circulating water with a temperature of 5 ° C in the absence of excitement;

§ a person wearing a protective suit that meets the requirements of this rule must be able to roll over in fresh water from a face-down position to a face-up position in no more than 5 seconds and maintain this position. The costume should not cause a person to turn face down during agitation;

Heat protectants

Thermal protection means a bag or suit made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity, designed to restore the body temperature of a person who has been in cold water.

The heat protectant is made of waterproof material with a heat transfer coefficient of no higher than 7800 W/(m 2 -K), and has a design that reduces heat loss by a person both conventionally and through evaporation.

The heat protectant has the following properties:

covers the entire body of a person of any height wearing a life jacket, with the exception of the face. Hands are also covered unless gloves are permanently attached to the heat protectant;

it can be unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a lifeboat, raft or rescue boat;

it can be removed in water in no more than 2 minutes if it interferes with swimming;

it performs its functions at air temperatures from -30 to +20°C.

Usage. Thermal protection products are intended for use on lifeboats, life rafts and rescue boats for people who have been in cold water.

Thermal protectant should be unpacked and placed over the life jacket as it does not have its own buoyancy. Then it should be closed from the inside.

In the event of danger, such as a life raft capsizing, the thermal protection should be removed.

Pyrotechnics

Ship pyrotechnics

§ Red parachute distress flare - 12 pcs.;

§ PRB-40, shelf life 10 years,

§ red flares - 12 pcs., shelf life 10 years;

§ sound distress rocket - 12 pcs.;

Boat pyrotechnics (per boat):

§ Red parachute distress flare - 4 pcs.;

§ red flares - 6 pcs.;

§ floating smoke bombs - 2 pcs.

2.2 Collective life-saving appliances

Lifeboats

A). Construction of lifeboats.

All lifeboats must be of proper construction and of such shape and aspect ratio that they have sufficient stability in rough seas and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall be rigid-hulled and shall maintain positive stability when upright in calm water when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment and holed at any one point below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyant material has occurred and no other damage.

Each lifeboat must carry information confirmed by the Administration, containing at least:

· manufacturer's name and address;

· model of the boat and its serial number;

month and year of manufacture;

· the number of persons approved to be accommodated in the boat.

The organization inspecting the boat must issue an approval certificate, which, in addition to the above information, indicates:

· number of confirmation by the Administration of approval of the boat;

· the material from which the boat hull is made, with details regarding material compatibility issues in the event of repairs;

· total mass of a fully equipped and manned boat.

All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

· they could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of people and supplies;

· they could be launched and towed at forward speed of the vessel at a speed of 5 knots in calm water;

· Enclosures and rigid closures must be flame retardant or non-flammable.

Seating for people must be equipped on transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats and be designed to withstand:

· total static load equivalent to the mass of the number of people approved to accommodate, weighing 100 kg each person, in places in the boat;

· for a boat intended to be launched on hoists - a load of 100 kg on any seat when it is dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m;

· for a lifeboat intended to be launched by free fall - a load of 100 kg on any seat when it is dropped from a height at least 1.3 times greater than that approved in the certificate.

Every lifeboat, other than those intended to be launched by free fall, must be of sufficient strength to withstand the load specified below without permanent deformation after removal:

· for boats with a metal hull - a load of 1.25 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and equipment;

· for other boats - a load of 2 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and equipment.

Every lifeboat, other than those intended for free fall launching, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and equipped, where applicable, with skids or external fenders, shall be of sufficient strength to withstand an impact against the side of the lifeboat vessel in a direction perpendicular to on board the ship at a speed of at least 3.5 m/s, as well as dropping onto the water from a height of at least 3 m.

The vertical distance between the bottom flooring and the inner surface of the cover or awning extending over 50% of the bottom area must be:

· not less than 1.3 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 9 people or less;

· not less than 1.7 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 24 people or more;

· not less than the distance calculated by linear interpolation, between 1.3 and 1.7 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 9 to 24 people.

b). Capacity of lifeboats.

Lifeboats with a capacity of more than 150 people are not permitted.

The number of persons permitted to be accommodated on a hoist-launched lifeboat shall be the lesser of the following numbers:

· the number of persons with an average mass of 75 kg who can sit in a normal position wearing lifejackets without interfering with the operation of the lifeboat's means of propulsion or the operation of any of its equipment;

· the number of seats that can be provided on banks and seats according to the seat areas may overlap, provided that there is sufficient legroom and footrests provided and the vertical distance between the upper and lower seat is at least 350 mm .

V). Lifeboat buoyancy.

All lifeboats must have their own buoyancy or be equipped with buoyancy material resistant to seawater, oil or petroleum products in sufficient quantities to keep the lifeboat and all its equipment afloat when flooded and exposed to the sea. In addition, additional buoyant material must be provided in quantities to provide a buoyancy force equal to 280 N for each person permitted to be accommodated on the lifeboat. Floating material shall not be stowed outside the lifeboat hull except in excess of the quantity required above.

G). Freeboard and stability of a lifeboat.

All lifeboats must be stable and have a positive metacentric height (GM) when loaded with 50% of the number of persons permitted to be accommodated on the lifeboat, seated in a normal position on one side of its centreline.

5. Requirements for boat rations.

According to the SOLAS-74 standard, per one person of boat capacity, “NZ” with a caloric value of 10 mJ (10,000 kJ) is required. The food ration is available in the form of a package. Thus, you need to have one package per person. The total number of food ration packages for each boat is determined by its capacity (the number of people allowed to be accommodated in the boat) or by the number of people for which the ship's life-saving equipment is designed. The bags are manufactured according to GOST and must have a hygienic certificate. The date of manufacture and expiration date are indicated on the package. Shelf life: 5 years. The manufacturer must be recognized by the Russian MRS. Foreign-made packages indicate the year, month of manufacture, expiration date and the amount of mJ. The packages must have a Manufacturer's Certificate, checked by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Service for suitability and compliance with GOST, and approved by the Register.

Canned drinking water is produced according to specifications in tetra bags with a capacity of 250 grams with the inscription “Canned drinking water” and indicating the production date and expiration date. It must have a hygienic certificate reflecting the same expiration dates as those printed on the can. A photocopy of the hygiene certificate, which indicates the date and number of cans received, must be certified by an original seal, the signature of an official and indicate where the original certificate is located.

6. Fully enclosed lifeboats.

Fig.2.3. Hermetically sealed lifeboat.

Every fully enclosed lifeboat must have a rigid watertight closure. The closure must meet the following requirements:

· protect people in the boat from heat and cold;

· access to the boat must be provided through hatches that can be hermetically sealed;

· with the exception of free-fall lifeboats, access hatches must be located so that operations associated with lowering and recovering the boat can be carried out without resorting to the egress of people from it;

· ensure trouble-free and easy opening and closing of access hatch covers from the outside and inside. Hatch covers must be held securely in the open position;

· with the exception of free-fall lifeboats, ensure the ability to row;

· with the hatches closed and without significant water leaks, maintain the full weight of the boat afloat with a full complement of people, equipment and machinery when the boat is in an overturned position;

· have portholes or windows that let daylight in when the hatches are closed;

· the outer surface of the closure must be of a clearly visible color, and the inner surface of a color that does not cause irritation to people in the boat;

· have handrails that can be held by people moving outside the boat and that can be used when boarding and disembarking;

· people should be able to walk from the entrance to their seats without climbing over cross banks or other obstacles;

· the air pressure inside the lifeboat while the engine is running with the inlets closed should not be more than 20 hPa higher or lower than atmospheric pressure.

Capsizing a lifeboat and returning it to an upright position.

With the exception of free-fall lifeboats, seat belts must be provided for each designated seating position. The seat belts must be designed to hold a person weighing 100 kg securely in place when the lifeboat is in the capsized position.

Each set of seat belts for a seat must be a color that contrasts with the seat belts of adjacent seats.

The stability of the lifeboat must be such that it will automatically or automatically return to an upright position when it is wholly or partly manned and equipped, all entrances and openings are watertightly sealed and occupants are fastened with safety belts.

Once damaged, the lifeboat must be able to support its full complement of persons and equipment and its stability must be such that, in the event of capsize, it will automatically assume a position allowing the lifeboat's occupants to escape through an exit located above water level. When the lifeboat is in a stable flooded condition, the water level inside the lifeboat, measured along the back of the seat, should not be more than 500 mm above any seating position.

All engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings must be so arranged that when the lifeboat capsizes and returns to an upright position, there is no possibility of water entering the engine.

The engine and its transmission must be controlled from the boat steering position.

The engine and related equipment shall be capable of operating in any position during capsize of the lifeboat and continuing to operate after the lifeboat has returned to the upright position, or to stop automatically when capsized and then be easily restarted when the lifeboat has returned to the upright position. The design of the fuel and lubrication systems must prevent the possibility of fuel leakage from the engine and leakage of more than 250 ml of lubricating oil during capsize of the lifeboat.

Air-cooled engines shall have a duct system to draw in cooling air and discharge it outside the lifeboat. Manually operated dampers shall be provided to allow cooling air to be drawn in from inside the lifeboat and discharged also into the lifeboat.

A fully enclosed lifeboat must be constructed and have external fenders such that the lifeboat provides protection against dangerous accelerations resulting from an impact of a fully manned lifeboat against the side of the ship at a speed of not less than 3.5 m/s.

Descending devices and landing storm ladders.

Each descending device must be arranged as follows:

1. to ensure the safe launching of lifeboats and rafts or a rescue boat with their full equipment from the ship with a trim of up to 10 and a list of up to 20 on any side;

2. have a non-slip surface, the effectiveness of which is achieved either by longitudinal grooves or by an approved non-slip surface;

3. be at least 480 mm long, at least 115 mm wide and at least 25 mm thick, excluding non-slip surface or coating;

4. be located at equal distances from each other, which should be not less than 300 mm and not more than 380 mm, and secured so as to maintain a horizontal position.

The bowstrings of the storm ladder must be made of two uncoated manila cables with a circumference of at least 65 mm. Each cable must be solid, without any connections below the top baluster. Other materials may be used provided that their dimensions, tensile strength, environmental resistance, elasticity and hand grip are at least equivalent to those of manila wire. All ends of the cables must be sealed to prevent them from unwinding.

Life rafts

All shipboard PSN (inflatable life raft) differ in capacity: 10 people (PSN-10) and 6 people (PSN-6) (Fig. 2.4.). The main material for making the raft is multi-layer rubberized fabric, which is painted bright orange. The raft body consists of buoyancy chambers, a bottom, inflatable arches and an awning.

Rice. 2.4. Inflatable life raft PSN-6M (PSN-10M): a - general view; 6 - arrangement and supplies (raft canopy removed).

The buoyancy chamber (Fig. 2.4.) consists of two compartments, each of which is capable of supporting a raft with a full number of survivors afloat. An inflatable can is located across the raft, increasing its rigidity.

The double bottom provides good insulation from low water temperatures. A ring bank is attached to the bottom along the inner perimeter of the buoyancy chambers, on which people inside the raft can be placed.

Inflatable arches connected to buoyancy chambers are designed to support an awning made of waterproof fabric, which forms a tent that shelters people from bad weather.

Gas cylinders containing carbon dioxide, with the help of which the buoyancy chambers and awning arcs are inflated, are attached to the bottom of the raft. Air is supplied to the double bottom after placing those escaping on the raft using hand bellows, thus increasing the reserve of buoyancy.

The rescue lifeline is attached to the outside of the raft and is designed to support those escaping on the water. At the entrance to the raft there is a ladder, which is necessary for lifting those escaping from the water.

The bottom has handles for turning the raft into its normal position. On other types of rafts, this purpose is served by a straightening sling attached under the bottom of the raft. Along the long sides of the awning there are water collectors that converge in the middle of the awning. Rainwater runs down the inclined grooves of the catch basins and flows through an opening into the raft, where it is collected to replenish drinking water supplies.

An identification light is attached to the top of the awning. The light bulb lights up from a battery, which is fixed under the bottom, and begins to work after sea water enters it.

A floating anchor is connected to the raft hull using a floating anchor.

The towing device consists of straps and rings to which a tow rope can be attached. To stabilize the raft and prevent it from capsizing on a large and steep wave, as well as to reduce wind drift, ballast pockets are used. Four of these pockets located under the bottom are filled with water.

The starting line is attached at its root end to the starting device in the head of the gas cylinder. The second end of the line is tied on board the ship.

The valves are designed to fill the raft chambers with gas and air, as well as to regulate the pressure inside the chambers and release gas and air. The inlet valves are non-return valves, so if there is excess pressure, gas or air can escape through the diaphragm type relief valves. Filling time for all chambers is up to 60 s. The materials that provide the raft's buoyancy must be resistant to oil products, and the overall strength of the raft must ensure suitability for use for at least 30 days in any sea conditions.

The fastening of the container in which the raft is stored requires the presence of a release device that is activated when it is immersed to a depth of no more than 3.5 m (Fig. 2.5).

Fig.2.5. Disconnecting device PSN

3. Preparing to leave the ship

1. Information about the condition of the vessel and the planned actions of the crew is provided via broadcast or other means of communication.

2. In accordance with the established procedure, a report is given on the situation, actions and the decision made to abandon the ship.

3. An emergency beacon is activated to indicate the location of persons in distress and facilitate search and rescue operations, which is designed for at least 48 hours of continuous operation (Fig. 3.1).

4. Collective life-saving equipment is brought into readiness for immediate launching and their order is announced. Depending on the situation, a decision is made to pre-launch life-saving equipment to increase their readiness to receive people on the water or to allow passengers and part of the crew to abandon the ship. Such early actions can be caused, for example, by a fire threat to the installation sites of boats and rafts, as well as an increase in the ship's list to 20°. when lowering the boats becomes impossible.

Fig.3.1. Scheme of operation of the rescue system

5. Passengers and crew members not involved in the fight for the survivability of the ship dress warmly (preferably in woolen underwear and low-waterproof clothing) and with life jackets, as well as wetsuits, if provided on this ship, go to the gathering place (Fig. 3.2)

Fig.3.2. To the meeting place

6. Additional supplies of water, food (chocolate, sugar, canned meat and fish, alcohol), signaling and communication equipment, warm linen, blankets, etc. are prepared and loaded onto life-saving equipment.

7. The order and order of abandonment of the vessel is announced.

8. Preparing for a long stay in cold water is that part of the crew that will be the last to leave the ship and that will have to jump into the water (take off shoes, put on a wetsuit, grease exposed parts of the skin, perform other actions depending on the situation).

9. If possible, additional instruction is provided on the procedure for using life-saving equipment that can be dropped from aircraft in the disaster area (Fig. 3.3).

10. Life-saving equipment is boarded in the following order: seriously ill people or those injured during the accident, children, women, old people, other passengers, and then crew members not used and fighting for the survivability of the ship.

Fig.3.3. Dropping life-saving equipment from an aircraft

ship life raft survivability

4. Actions to take when abandoning the ship

The decision to abandon the ship is made only by the captain.

Abandonment of an emergency vessel is carried out by a signal - seven or more short sounds and one long sound, given by the ship's whistle, siren and additionally by an electric bell or bellower (repeated 3-4 times), as well as by radio broadcast in the voice "Abandon ship" (Fig. 4.1, Fig. .4.2), with an announcement about preparations for the launch of specific life-saving equipment.

Fig.4.1. Signaling with a loud bell

Fig.4.2. Signaling with the ship's whistle

Upon receipt of the “Abandon ship” signal, all crew members and passengers comply with the requirements of the memo to crew members and passengers on abandoning the emergency ship, and the commanders of the life-saving craft and persons assigned to the launching and unloading devices and places for boarding people perform their duties according to the ship’s schedule

The wetsuit is put on in the "ready" position so that the chest and face can be fastened at the last moment, after the necessary preparatory work in accordance with the ship's schedule. Some types of wetsuits require a life jacket to be worn over them (be aware of this in advance).

The life jacket is put on and securely fastened with straps. It provides the body with sufficient buoyancy and correct position in the water, even if the person has lost consciousness, and also allows one to remain motionless while waiting for help in order to reduce heat transfer from the body. The relevant commanders check the correctness of putting on personal life-saving equipment (Fig. 4.3, 4.4).

Figure 4.3. Putting on a life jacket

Fig.4.4. Putting on a wetsuit

When boarding people in collective life-saving equipment, crew members, in accordance with the schedule, must:

§ ensure order in the corridors and on the ladders leading to life-saving equipment and landing areas;

§ organize and direct the boarding of people into life-saving equipment, paying attention to the observance of the order;

§ check the absence of people in residential and office premises (loss of consciousness, injury, jammed exit, damage to the broadcast);

§ identify persons who have lost control over their actions, remove piercing, cutting and heavy objects from them, provide assistance to the weak and helpless;

§ prevent panic and excess number of people on the ramps, in passages and on landing chutes in excess of the norm.

A). Leaving the emergency vessel on a lifeboat

1. Give away the lashings, each attached to its own davit or with a single stopper (Fig. 4.5), for which you should give the verb-hook (instead of the verb-hook there may be some other device).

Fig.4.5. Preparing the boat for launching

2. Release the davit stoppers by turning the flywheels (there are boat devices in which the release of the lashings and the release of the davits from the stoppers are interlocked; in such cases, when the davit stoppers are released, the lashings are released).

3. Take apart and secure the painter (on some ships they are in this state all the time).

4. Give away the railing.

5. If possible, load additional supplies (fresh water, pyrotechnics, food, etc.).

6. Raising the centrifugal brake handle, set the gravity davits in motion and throw them overboard (Figure 4.6). If you release the handle, the movement will stop. If you continue to lift the brake handle, the sloop hoists will begin to wear out and the boat will go down. After the boat is afloat, the handle should continue to be held in the “descent” position to allow those in the boat to lay out the hoist (Fig. 4.7). In case of waves, you should try to lower the boat onto the base of the wave and lay out the sloop tackle at the moment the boat rises on the wave.

Fig.4.6. Launching the boat

Fig.4.7. Return of sloop hoists

7. Some types of concealed lifeboats and their launching device are equipped with a mechanism to control the descent from the lifeboat. To descend, you need to pull the handle down. If you release the handle, braking occurs (Fig. 4.8).

Fig.4.8. Boat descent control

8. There are boats that are equipped with a release mechanism that allows the bow and stern hoists to be laid out simultaneously under load, i.e. when the boat has not yet touched the surface of the water (Fig. 4.9).

Fig.4.9. Lowering a boat with a release mechanism

9. People are boarded into the boat from the boat deck (Fig. 4.10) or along the storm ladder, rescue pendants (Fig. 4.11), nets and inflatable chutes.

Fig.4.10. Landing from the boat deck

Fig.4.11. Landing along the storm ladder and pendants

10. The first places in the boat are taken by the descent team, and then by the rest of its crew. Boarding of covered boats is carried out through all hatches simultaneously.

11. Boat commanders ensure that each crew member takes his place, does not walk on the beams and does not interfere with others taking their places (if there are no places on the cans, the remaining ones are placed on the floor of the boat).

12. Radio equipment (emergency radio buoy), additional supplies, food, water, blankets, medicines, etc. are loaded into the boat.

13. Engines and radio equipment are activated and tested.

14. The commander checks that the crew members are wearing life jackets correctly.

15. Depending on the emergency situation and the presence of crew members in the boat, the commander makes a decision to lower it (reset). When lowering, the boat's crew members must be fastened in their usual places and strain to prepare for its impact with the water or the side of the ship.

16. Launched boats are held against the side of the vessel with the help of painters and clamping ends until the crew members and the launching team are fully boarded. In emergency cases, you can use the axes located in the bow and stern of the boat to release the painters.

17. Jumping into a boat is strictly prohibited.

18. When the boat is leaving with oars, it is necessary to stretch along the side towards the bow of the vessel and, having gained sufficient speed, turn it away from the side using the rudder, the release hook and moving the stern painter to the stern and holding it. Oaring begins when the water space between the boat and the ship increases.

19. When leaving a boat with an engine with a right-handed propeller, reverse gear is given if the boat is on the left side, and forward or rear if it is on the starboard side.

20. In the presence of a strong headwind and forward movement, it is necessary to push the bow of the boat away from the vessel and move away from it, maintaining an angle of no more than 30° relative to the centerline of the vessel.

21. In the presence of a strong tailwind, it is more advisable to retreat the boat in reverse, with the stern painter recoil first.

22. When leaving the boat, the captain of the boat must lead and organize reliable surveillance of other life-saving equipment, floating people and objects hanging from the emergency vessel, in order to avoid collisions with them and accidents.

23. Having departed from the side, the lifeboat commander must immediately organize a search for and recovery of people from the water and towing life rafts from the ship.

b). Leaving the emergency vessel on the rescue pilots being lowered

1. The raft in the container is released from its fastening and the floor crane is transferred to the beam.

2. The raft is removed from the container and filled with gas from the cylinder of the included flotation device or a located lowering device.

3. Place the pendant hook behind the eye on the top of the raft tent (Fig. 4.12).

Fig.4.12. Preparing the raft for launching

4. If necessary, the railings in the descent area are removed.

5. The raft is taken overboard and pulled up to board people (Fig. 4.13). At the same time, the next raft is being prepared for launching on the deck.

6. In the established order, the crew is boarded in such a way that the landing area is occupied evenly and people fall out of the raft during descent is prevented.

7. The commander of the KSS checks the presence of all people registered on the boat and takes measures to search for the missing ones.

Fig.4.13. Boarding people in the lowering raft

6. The presence of all piercing and cutting objects, as well as shoes that could cause damage, is checked and confiscated from the KSS crew.

7. The raft is launched into the water by its own weight when the winch drum is released. The winch is controlled from a remote control on the deck or from the raft using a control line.

8. After the raft touches the water, when the load is removed from the pendant hook, the hook will automatically release and the released pendant will return for the next raft.

9. The rotation and unfastening of the crane beam in a given position is carried out using a mechanism. On outdated systems this is done with guy wires.

V). Leaving the emergency vessel on the jettisoned rafts

1. Persons assigned to drop life rafts arrive at the places where they are stored and secured (Fig. 4.14), and the remaining crew members and passengers arrive at the announced landing places.

2. The reliability of fastening the launch line on the ship is checked.

3. The place where the raft is expected to fall is inspected in order to avoid the raft falling on people floating on board, as well as on other life-saving equipment or floating objects at the time of its release.

Fig.4.14. Storage location for the jettisoned raft: 1 - container, 2 - stand, 3 - lashings, 4 - hydrostat, 5 - bandage with burst bolts, b - launch line, 7 - weak link

4. If necessary, handrails or other barriers are provided if they interfere with the shedding of flesh.

5. At the landing site, disembarkation facilities are prepared: outboard ladders, storm ladders, folding bulwarks, nets, inflatable ramps and chutes.

6. The sequence and order of boarding people in rafts is established.

7. The faces painted for dumping free the raft from its fastenings and throw it overboard. When the ship's roll is more than 15°, the rafts should be thrown from one side in the direction of the roll, because the opposite side, overgrown with shells in the underwater part, is dangerous for people to descend.

8. To activate the starting device, it is necessary to select the slack in the starting line and pull it sharply (Fig. 4.15).

9. The raft begins to fill with gas, the bursting bolts of the bandages will open, the container will open and fall away. After 25-35 seconds, the raft will be filled with gas and will be ready to receive people (Fig. 4.16).

Fig.4.15. Triggering the drop raft

Fig.4.16. Deployment of the drop raft

9. Using a launch line, the raft is brought to the landing site at the side of the ship, where the line is secured to any deck device. In this case, the landing site must be illuminated from an emergency source in case the vessel is abandoned in the dark.

10. When a dropped raft capsizes, a trained crew member appointed by the commander descends (jumps) into the water and turns it over to its normal position. To do this, grasping the cover of the gas cylinder, you need to turn the raft into the wind, and then, holding the bottom handles (special cable), climb onto the cylinder and jerk the raft over onto you (Fig. 4.17). A raft capsizing will not cause injury, but in strong winds it will drift quickly. Therefore, in such conditions, it is recommended, in order to avoid losing the raft, to first tie yourself around the waist with a launch line, the end of which is fixed on the side of the vessel.

11. People are being prepared for boarding and are boarded in the raft. At the same time, it is checked that they have personal life-saving equipment, warm clothing and that there are no nails or protruding horseshoes on their shoes. Boarding the raft is carried out using landing craft. The sick, wounded, children, women and swimmers are the first to be evacuated onto the rafts.

12. If the freeboard height at the landing site is no more than two meters, in emergency cases it is allowed to jump onto the raft chamber, and at a height of up to 4.5 meters - onto the inflatable arches.

13. Placement of people is organized so that they do not interfere with the entry of those following them.

14. To move the raft away from the vessel to a safe distance, it is necessary to cut the launch line, for which a special knife is used, stored in a pocket at the entrance near the place where the line is attached (Fig. 4.18).

Fig.4.17. Raft capsizing

Fig.4.18.Cutting the starting line

16. The departure of the life raft from the ship can be facilitated by tightening the bottom ballast pockets, the pins from which are secured to the frame arches.

17. The raft’s departure from the vessel is carried out under the direction of the commander or his deputy, who monitors the situation through the front door (entrance). The two strongest crew members are appointed rowers, positioned with oars at the rear door (entrance) of the raft.

18. The movement of the raft can be achieved by throwing forward and then selecting a floating anchor (Fig. 4.19). In this case, it is not recommended to move along the side of the vessel in order to avoid the floating anchor getting into the gear and rigging lowered from the vessel.

Fig.4.19. Moving with a floating anchor

19. If there is a downwind or contrary wind, you need to stretch along the side into the wind into clear water and go downwind, helping with the oars.

20. When a lifeboat approaches for the purpose of towing a raft, it is necessary to accept the throwing end from it and, with its help, transfer the towing line of the raft to the boat.

21. In the event of a sudden dive of an emergency vessel, to the devices of which the launch line of the raft is attached, it is necessary to cut the latter, and in the absence of a knife, firmly hold on to each other and to the raft, sitting on its bottom, waiting for the spontaneous rupture of the weak link of the launch line.

G). Abandonment of an emergency vessel by evacuation of people into the water

1. Before jumping into the water, it is necessary to inspect the splashdown area so as not to get into people or floating objects.

2. If it is necessary to jump (in case of an accidental fall), each survivor takes a deep breath and jumps with his feet forward, bending them slightly and keeping his head straight (Fig. 4.20).

Fig.4.20. Jumping into the water from the side of a ship

3. When jumping, the life jacket is pressed to the chest to prevent injuries when jerking from hitting the water.

4. It is not recommended to jump from the side opposite the heeled one, as well as the windward one.

5. You must ascend with your eyes open to avoid falling under the hull of the vessel or floating objects.

6. After surfacing, it is recommended to swim away from the emergency vessel to a safe distance (15-20m) in order to avoid getting caught by the side, superstructure, or masts when it dives.

7. Once in the water, you first need to orient yourself regarding the immediate danger in order to avoid it.

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