Architectural monuments of the 18th century. Russian architecture of the 18th century

Russian architecture is still ahead. Let's go back to the origins - the first Russian architects, who by their example proved that Russian architecture existed, exists and, hopefully, will exist in the future. In the end, the Russian expanses are a huge field for activity.

Fedor Horse (1540-1606)

Smolensk. Fortress. Tower. XVI-XVII centuries

In fact, the first Russian architect-builder of fortresses. As the son of a peasant, he fled to Europe, where he received a brilliant private education. Then he worked in France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Italy, where he has established himself as an excellent master. Fyodor, who returned to Russia, was naturally imprisoned, but was soon released and allowed to create. For a couple of years he built shops and sheds, and then suddenly received an order to build the walls of the White City in Moscow. And then off we go - the walls of Boldinsky, Pafnutyevo-Borovsky and Simonov monasteries, as well as the pearl of Russian architecture - the Smolensk Kremlin. The main "trick" of the Horse was the combination of convenience, strength and beauty - this is how he decorated purely defense towers with kokoshniks and patterns.

And yes, the nickname Horse, perfectly characterized Fedor: he was tall, strong and hardworking.

Dmitry Ukhtomsky (1719-1774)

Bell tower of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, 1741 - 1768

An incredibly prolific representative of the Rurikovich family, Ukhtomsky is considered one of the brightest Russian architects, who worked in the Elizabethan Baroque style. A boy from an impoverished princely family was sent to Moscow, where he quickly mastered engineering and art history. Starting with a little practice, he soon already built triumphal arches (including the famous Red Gate) and pavilions in honor of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna. For her and, according to rumors, her favorite Stepan Apraksin, he erected the famous chest of drawers on Pokrovka, which is considered one of the most interesting buildings in the capital. Ukhtomsky owns the project of the tallest bell tower in Russia, built in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

In 1745 he became the chief architect of Moscow and headed his own "team". The prince also developed the first general plan of Moscow, restored the Kremlin and opened the country's first architectural school.

Vasily Bazhenov (1737-1799)

Pashkov's house. 1784 - 1786

Relatively little is known about one of the most famous Russian architects, and the authorship of most of his projects has not been documented. As a boy, Bazhenov was noticed by the famous architect Ukhtomsky at whose school he studied. Then the traditional practice in Europe and the triumphant return home. As a narcissistic perfectionist, he often disagreed with the mighty. So, having received orders for the restructuring of the Kremlin and the erection of the Tsarist residence of Tsaritsyno, he never completed these projects, and because of the conflict with Catherine II, he was even dismissed from service. Not many of Bazhenov's buildings have come down to us, but each of them is a true masterpiece: the Pashkov house and the Bolshoi Tsaritsinsky Bridge in Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg, etc.

Petrovsky Traveling Palace, 1776-1780s An example of Russian neo-gothic architecture.

The buildings of the most famous Russian architect are scattered practically throughout the entire historical part of Moscow. From the Senate in the Kremlin to the Petrovsky Travel Palace in the Dynamo metro area. As a student of Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov took over from his teacher the love of pseudo-Gothic, but most of all he gravitated towards strict symmetry and classicism. Combining both ideas into one, he rebuilt Tsaritsyno and erected dozens of unique buildings in completely opposite styles. And this despite the fact that the architect never left Russia and could only admire the masterpieces of European architects from pictures. Many of the architect's buildings have not survived to this day, but once the style of Matvey Fedorovich determined the appearance of the so-called "Kazakov's Moscow".

The prominent architect met his death in Ryazan in 1812. Upon learning that the fire destroyed his beloved city, Kazakov felt bad and he died.

Osip Bove (1784-1834)

Moscow Triumphal Gates, 1829 - 1834 in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812.

The first "non-Russian" nationality on our list is an architect. However, in spirit, Osip, nee Giuseppe, was a worthy son of Russia. Born into the family of a Neapolitan artist, he early became involved in art. During World War II, he participated in the Moscow militia, and after the fire, Bove was assigned to rebuild the central part of the city northwest of the Kremlin. Not surprisingly, the authorities soon noticed his talent and entrusted the Italian with "facade work" to restore the Mother See. It was thanks to him that Moscow acquired the look of a European city with colonnades of classicist mansions, squares, monuments and squares. His best projects include the complex of the First City Hospital, the Manezh and the Alexander Garden.

Fedor Shekhtel (1859-1926)

The most famous monument of Moscow Art Nouveau, built in 1902 for the millionaire Sergei Ryabushinsky.

It is to this man that Muscovites owe the best examples of Moscow Art Nouveau. German by birth, Franz Albert converted to Orthodoxy at the age of ten and literally fell in love with Russian culture. No wonder it was he who built houses for prominent Old Believers who loved comfort combined with traditional ornaments and motifs. Shekhtel worked on the smallest details in his projects - from dozens of options for latches, to staircases and the location of mirrors. Often he was invited to design ready-made buildings. His best Moscow projects include the Ryabushinsky and Morozov mansions, the Yaroslavsky railway station, the building of the Moscow Art Theater. Chekhov and others.

Alexey Shchusev (1873-1949)

Church of the Intercession of the Martha and Mary Convent. 1908 - 1912

The most "convenient" Russian architect at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. His legacy includes chapels and temples, as well as the building of the NKVD in Lubyanka and the Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station. Alexei Shchusev was never afraid to experiment with styles - while his colleagues were guided by French Art Nouveau, he created his own style, gravitating towards the architecture of Novgorod Rus (for example, the Martha and Mary Convent on Bolshaya Ordynka in Moscow).

Even before the revolution, Shchusev received an order for the construction of the Kazan railway station - a kind of tower with turrets. The "Soviets" also had a demand for the architect - the project of Lenin's mausoleum forever immortalized his name and protected him from reprisals. Following the architectural fashion, Shchusev entered constructivism, and then the Stalinist Empire style, invariably winning design competitions. Thanks to him, many Moscow buildings and churches were preserved and restored.

: it was there that the leading architects of Russia lived and worked. However, they also built buildings in other cities. 10 buildings of the Russian hinterland from architects of the first magnitude - in the selection of the portal "Culture.RF".

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Rostov-on-Don

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Architect Konstantin Ton. 1854-1860. Photo: Dmitry Artemiev / Wikipedia

In the middle of the 19th century, Konstantin Ton was one of the most famous Russian architects. He mainly worked in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but among his works there are buildings in other cities. In 1854-1860, a temple was erected in Rostov-on-Don according to the standard project of Ton. The five-domed church in the neo-Byzantine style is very similar to other buildings of the architect - the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, as well as the unpreserved Vvedensky Cathedral in St. Petersburg and Svyatodukhovsky Cathedral in Petrozavodsk.

The temple was built with the money of local merchants. Konstantin Ton himself did not participate in the construction of the Rostov cathedral - the work was supervised by the architect Alexander Kutepov, and the 75-meter bell tower was later built by Anton Campioni. In Soviet times, a zoo worked on the territory of the temple, and a warehouse was located in the church itself.

Rukavishnikov bank in Nizhny Novgorod

The building of the former Rukavishnikov tenement house. Architect Fyodor Shekhtel. 1911-1913. Photo: Igor Lijashkov / Lori Photo Bank

Fyodor Shekhtel designed Moscow buildings in the Art Nouveau style: the Ryabushinsky mansion, the mansion on Spiridonovka and others. And in Nizhny Novgorod, he designed a banking complex and a tenement house. His customers were the Rukavishnikovs - representatives of one of the richest local dynasties.

The facade of the Shechtel building was decorated with white glazed tiles from Villeroy Bosh and floral ornaments. Another metropolitan master, Sergey Konenkov, took part in the creation of the sculptural decoration. He created cast-iron figures of a man and a woman placed above the entrance, symbolizing the union of industry and agriculture. On the first floor of the building there were shops, on the second and third - branches of the Russian Commercial and Industrial Bank.

Spassky Old Fair Cathedral in Nizhny Novgorod

The creator of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Auguste Montferrand, also influenced the formation of the architectural appearance of Nizhny Novgorod. In 1818-1822, he built here the five-domed Spassky Old Fair Cathedral in the classicism style. The famous engineer Augustine Bettencourt became a co-author of Montferrand.

The iconostasis for the church was made by the Italian artist Torricelli. It was decorated with murals according to the canons of European art: some of the characters had parts of their bodies bared. This very much embarrassed the local god-fearing merchants, many of them even took their icons to the church and prayed only to them. It was decided to order a new iconostasis - it was created for the Old Fair Church by the architect Vasily Stasov.

Borisoglebsky monastery in Torzhok

Borisoglebsky monastery. Architect Nikolay Lvov. 1785-1796. Photo: Alexander Shchepin / Lori Photo Bank

Borisoglebsky Cathedral of the monastery of the same name in Torzhok was erected according to the project of Nikolai Lvov in 1796 on the site of the destroyed old church. The first bricks in its foundation were laid by Catherine II personally. The construction was supervised by the local architect Franz Butsi. The domes of the five-domed Borisoglebsk cathedral are crowned with gilded balls with openwork crosses; the altar for it was built in the form of a rotunda. According to the researchers, according to the project of Lviv, the monastery gate church-bell tower was also erected.

Manor Gorodnya in the Kaluga region

The Kaluga estate of Natalya Golitsyna, the famous "mustachioed princess" who became the prototype of Pushkin's Queen of Spades, was built according to the project of Andrey Voronikhin. In the 1790s, he was still a young architect who had just received his freedom from Count Stroganov. Voronikhin continued to fulfill the orders of the count and his relatives, and Pavel Stroganov was married to the daughter of the princess.

For Natalia Golitsyna, the young architect built a modest but sophisticated two-story building in which ceremonial receptions were to take place. On the sides of it, two symmetrical residential wings were erected. An English park was laid out around the house, but it has not survived to this day. The interiors of the estate were also completely destroyed during the war. What the interior decor looked like can only be recognized from a few surviving photographs.

Church of the Resurrection in Pochep

Temple of the Resurrection. Architect Antonio Rinaldi. Photo: Eleonora Lukina / Lori Photo Bank

The Resurrection Cathedral in the Russian Baroque style and the four-tiered bell tower were built by the decree of the last Ukrainian hetman, Kirill Razumovsky. Previously, it was believed that the author of the project was the architect Jean Baptiste Wallen-Delamot. However, later researchers began to lean towards the opinion that it was built by Antonio Rinaldi, and the iconostasis of the cathedral was created by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. The church was originally part of palace ensemble, but the building of the manor house and the park were lost during the Great Patriotic War. In Soviet times, the temple was closed, but today services are held there again.

Irkutsk Academic Drama Theater

Irkutsk Academic Drama Theater. Architect Viktor Schreter. 1894-1897. Photo: Mikhail Markovsky / Lori Photo Bank

Viktor Schreter was the chief architect of the Directorate of the Imperial Theaters, so new theater buildings were built according to his designs not only in the capital, but also in the provinces. In 1897, he built a drama theater in Irkutsk at the expense of local merchants. Schröter built a small functional building for 800 people. Outwardly, it stood out from other city buildings in that its walls were not plastered - they were just brick. The theater impressed contemporaries not only with its innovative appearance and elegant decoration, but also with its technical equipment and impeccable acoustics.

The palace ensemble in Bogoroditsk

The palace ensemble in Bogoroditsk. Architect Ivan Starov. Photo: Natalia Ilyukhina / Lori photo bank

Architect Ivan Starov built many country estates - mainly on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. In 1773, according to his project, a country palace was erected in the Tula region, which was ordered by Catherine II. In her letters to Voltaire, she called Bogoroditsk "a pure flower garden."

A two-storey house with a belvedere - a turret over the roof of the building - was erected on the bank of the Upertaya River. In 1774, according to the project of Ivan Starov, a small one-domed Kazan church was laid next to it. During the Great Patriotic War, Bogoroditsk was almost completely destroyed, and the once magnificent palace turned into ruins. In the 1960s and 70s, the building was restored, today it houses

Prince Mikhail Golitsyn

Stackenschneider built a neo-baroque palace with Corinthian columns. The roof of the building was framed by a balustrade - figured railings. The inside of the building looked as majestic as the outside: in the 19th century, the best balls in the city were held in its halls. In Soviet times, the building housed the local history and local history museum, which is still there.

Transfiguration Church in the village of Krasnoye

Transfiguration Church in the village of Krasnoye. Architect Yuri Felten. Photo: Elena Solodovnikova / Lori Photo Bank

The Transfiguration Church in the village of Krasnoye was built in 1787–1780; it was almost an exact copy of the Chesme Church of Yuri Felten. Probably, this decision was made by the owners of the Krasnoye estate - the Poltoratskys in order to attract the attention of Catherine II and earn her favor. The main difference from the St. Petersburg church was the yellow color in which the walls of the Gothic church were painted - the Chesme church was red. In Soviet times, the temple was closed and until 1998 it was used as a warehouse. Today, services are held in the church again.

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Architecture XVIII The art of designing and constructing various buildings, structures and their complexes. Peter and Paul Cathedral (Saint Petersburg, Russia)

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The architecture is divided into Narshkin (Russian) Baroque. Classicism 18th century architectural styles. Baroque Rastrelli F.B. Smolny monastery,

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Architecture Classicism Artistic style in European art of the 17th century. He considered antiquity as an ethical and artistic norm. It is characterized by heroic pathos, plastic harmony and clarity. Baroque. One of the artistic styles of the late 16th and mid-18th centuries, which gravitated towards ceremonial solemnity, decorativeness, tension and dynamism of images. The baroque is characterized by a gravitation towards the ensemble and the synthesis of arts.

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Rastrelli F.B. Russian architect of Italian origin (1700 - 1771) Born presumably in Paris. He received his primary education under the guidance of his father, the sculptor Carl-Bartholomew Rastrelli. I helped him in fulfilling orders. Invited to Russia in 1830. Several outstanding ensembles were built in St. Petersburg, including the Smolny Monastery, as well as the Peterhof (1747-1752) and Tsarskoye Selo palaces (1752-1757), a building Winter Palace, St. Andrew's Cathedral in Kiev (1774-1748) and Smolny Monastery (1748-1755)

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Charles Cameron (1746 - 1812) Born in London, the son of a construction contractor. Initially, he worked as an artist, creating sketches of objects of decorative and applied art, then he was an architectural draftsman and engraver. In 1779 he was invited to Russia to build the thermal baths in Tsarskoe Selo as the most famous researcher of this type of buildings in Europe. In 1779 he was appointed the architect of the imperial court, responsible for the "buildings" of Tsarskoye Selo. His most outstanding works in this ensemble are the thermal complex, which includes Cold Baths, Agate Rooms (1779-1785), the Walking Cameron Gallery and Hanging Garden (1783-1786), as well as a ramp. From 1779 until 1786 Cameron worked in Pavlovsk for the grand dukes. After the accession of Paul I, Cameron was dismissed from the position of court architect, but in 1800 he was again taken to serve in the Imperial Cabinet. In 1803-1806 he was the chief architect of the Admiralty. He played a significant role in the development of mature classicism in Russian architecture, combining Palladian ideas with the desire for an archaeologically accurate "revival" of antiquity.

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Charles Cameron is an English architect who spent most of his life in Russia (1746 - 1812) Cameron Gallery. Staircase 1782 - 1785 Russia, Tsarskoe Selo

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Charles Cameron is an English architect who worked most of his life in Russia (1746 - 1812) Palace in Pavlovsk 1779 - 1786 Russia, Pavlovsk

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G. Quarenghi is an Italian architect, worked in Russia, a prominent representative of classicism of the 18th century (1744 - 1817). Born near Bergamo in a family of artists. According to family tradition, he was supposed to become a clergyman, but seeing his son's craving for drawing, his father sent him to Rome, where he became interested in architecture. During his travels in Italy he met Baron Grimm, who invited the architect to Russia (1780), where Quarenghi became the court architect of Catherine II. He built many structures for the courtyard and courtiers, mainly in St. Petersburg, Peterhof and Tsarskoe Selo; building of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Smolny Institute (1806-1808). Along with the buildings, he left a significant graphic heritage. He was engaged in engravings and etchings, prepared and published engraved albums "Hermitage Theater" (1787), "Assignation Bank" (1791), "George Hall of the Winter Palace" (1791), "Hospitable House named after Countess Sheremeteva" (1800s). Quarenghi's buildings are distinguished by the clarity of planning solutions, simplicity and clarity of compositions, monumental plasticity of forms, which is achieved by the introduction of solemn colonnades, which stand out against the background of smooth surfaces of the walls. Quarenghi brought to Russian architecture the highest achievements of Western and Italian architecture and his ardent adherence to the techniques of A. Palladio.

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Bazhenov V.I. the great Russian architect of the 18th century, draftsman, theorist of architecture (1738 - 1799) Bazhenov is the first international name in the history of Russian architecture. He raised Russian architecture to European craftsmanship and brought in distinctive national features, thanks to which one can speak of "Russian classicism". The generosity of his talent, the breadth of his creative scope were closely intertwined with the failures of his personal fate. non-recognition of contemporaries. But the great architectural designs of Bazhenov, such as the Grand Kremlin Palace, the ensemble in Tsaritsyn, were not realized.

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Bazhenov V.I. the great Russian architect of the 18th century, draftsman, theorist of architecture (1738 - 1799) In 1767, Bazhenov, on behalf of Catherine II, began the reconstruction of the Kremlin. According to Bazhenov's project, the Kremlin was turning into a new center of Moscow. The main part of the palace occupied the space from the Spassky Gate along the Moscow embankment to the Vodovzvodnaya Tower. The Kremlin wall remained only from the side of Red Square. The center of the entire composition was to be the Oval Square - the square of public gatherings. It was connected through huge arches by three beams of avenues running from Troitsky and Nikolsky to the Spassky Gate with smaller squares. However, the colossal size of the proposed palace made the construction economically unrealistic. The Empress soon cooled down to this zastes, and in 1775 construction was stopped ..

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Bazhenov V.I. In all the descriptions of the city published after the 80s of the 18th century, the Pashkov House is called “the most beautiful building in Moscow”, “the pearl of Russian architecture”. It crowns Vagankovsky Hill opposite the Kremlin. In the 1780s-1790s, after the failures that befell Bazhenov, he accepted private orders for the construction of mansions. Among the customers - the guard lieutenant-captain P.E. Pashkov, the grandson of Denshik Peter 1. That is why this building is still called the Pashkov House. The palace was the center of the city estate, which included outbuildings, outbuildings, a garden with ponds, fountains, and outlandish birds. The building was decorated with statues of ancient gods - Mars, Flora, Minerva. Pashkov Palace 1784 - 1786

Details Category: Fine art and architecture of the late XVI-XVIII centuries Published on 04/07/2017 15:31 Views: 3023

In Western European art of the 17th-18th centuries. the main artistic directions and trends were baroque and classicism. In many European countries, the Academy of Arts and Architecture was created. But none of these styles existed in the art of England in the 17th and 18th centuries. in its pure form, because they came to English soil much later than to other countries.

For English art of this period, attention to the emotional life of people is characteristic, especially in portraiture. In addition, the English Enlightenment paid special attention to the ideas of moral education of the individual, the problems of ethics and morality. Another leading genre of English painting of this period was the genre of genre. About the most famous artists (T. Gainsborough, D. Reynolds, W. Hogarth), we told on our website.

Architecture

In the XVII and XVIII centuries. England was one of the largest centers of European architecture. But different architectural styles and trends sometimes existed here simultaneously.
The origin of the British architectural tradition was Inigo Jones (1573-1652), English architect, designer and artist.

Posthumous portrait of Inigo Jones by William Hogarth (based on Van Dyck's lifetime portrait)

Inigo Jones was born in London in 1573 into a cloth maker's family. In 1603-1605 Jones studied drawing and decoration in Italy. Returning to his homeland, he was engaged in the creation of scenery for theatrical performances, he played a significant role in the development of European theater.
In the years 1613-1615. Jones is back in Italy, studying the works of Andrea Palladio, antique and Renaissance architecture. In 1615, Jones became the chief caretaker of the royal buildings, in Greenwich he soon began construction of the country mansion of Queen Anne, wife of James I.

Queens house

The two-story Queens House is a monolithic cube, completely white and almost devoid of architectural decorations. There is a loggia in the center of the park facade. Queens House was the first English classicism building.

Tulip Staircase of Queens House in Greenwich

The next work of the architect - Banquet House in London (1619-1622). Its two-storey facade is almost entirely covered with architectural decoration. In the interior, the two-tiered colonnade reproduces the appearance of an ancient temple. Jones' buildings corresponded to the tastes of the English court of the time. But Jones's work was appreciated only in the 18th century: it was rediscovered by Palladian admirers, and his works became models for the buildings of English Palladianism.

Banquet house

At the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. theatrical performances ("masks") played an important role in the history of the palace. Particularly famous were the sets and costumes created by Inigo Jones, a talented theater artist.
The banquet house is 34 m long, 17 m wide and the same height. Two floors rise above the high plinth. Wide windows are arranged rhythmically along the facade. The center of the building is highlighted by 8 columns of the Ionic order in the lower row, Corinthian - in the upper. A frieze in the form of garlands carved in stone has been created above the windows of the upper floor. A graceful balustrade completes the entire composition. The only hall of this building was decorated by Rubens.
At the end of the XIX century. the building housed the exposition of the military history museum.

A new stage in the history of English architecture began in the second half of the 17th century, when the first buildings appeared sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723), one of the most famous and respected English architects.

Gottfried Kneller "Portrait of Christopher Wren" (1711)

Sir Christopher Wren, architect and mathematician, rebuilt the center of London after the great fire of 1666. He created the national style of English architecture - Rena classicism.
Ren was a scientist, engaged in mathematics and astronomy, turned to architecture when he was already over thirty. Over the course of a long and fruitful activity, he managed to realize almost all of his plans. He built palaces and temples, libraries and theaters, hospitals and town halls, and equipped residential areas in London. Taken together, Rena's numerous buildings could make up a medium-sized city. After the "Great Fire" of 1666, Wren took an active part in the reconstruction of London: he rebuilt over 50 of the 87 burnt churches. The culmination of this activity was the grandiose and majestic Cathedral of St. Paul, which became the greatest religious building of the Protestant world.

Located on the banks of the Thames, the Royal Hospital in Greenwich is Christopher Wren's last major building. The large hospital complex consists of 4 buildings, forming rectangular courtyards with a spacious area between the front buildings, facing the river with porticoes of facades. Wide steps, on either side of which are located majestic domed buildings, lead to the second square between the second pair of courtyards. The twin-column colonnades flanking the square form a very dramatic vista ending with Inigo Jones' Queens House. The architect also took part in the construction of the Greenwich Hospital Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661-1736). He began work during Ren's lifetime and continued after the architect's death.
Ren followed the path of Inigo Jones. But Jones absorbed the spirit of the Italian Renaissance, and Ren worked in the style of classicism.
Christopher Wren's traditions continued James Gibbs (1682-1754) - the most striking and distinctive figure of English architecture of the first half of the 18th century, one of the few representatives of the Baroque style in British architecture. He also built in the Palladian style, borrowing individual elements from him.

A. Soldi "Portrait of James Gibbs"

The greatest influence on the work of Gibbs was the work of Christopher Wren, but Gibbs gradually developed his own style. Its renowned Radcliffe Library at Oxford, austere and monumental, ranks among the finest pieces of English architecture.

The Library is the most significant of Gibbs' buildings in scale and artistic merit. This kind of centric structure consists of a 16-sided base, a cylindrical main part and a dome. The plinth is cut through by large arched door and window openings; the round main part is divided by paired columns into 16 piers, in which windows and niches arranged in two tiers alternate. A dome crowned with a lantern rises above the balustrade.
The library is one of the finest monuments of English architecture.
Another masterpiece by Gibbs is the Church of St. Martin in the Fields.

Church of St. Martin in the Fields

She adorns Trafalgar Square in London. In St. Martin in the Fields, the influence of Christopher Wren can be traced, but the bell tower is not separated into a separate building, it forms a single whole with the church building. Initially, this decision of the architect was criticized by contemporaries, but later the church became a model for numerous Anglican churches in England itself and beyond.

English Palladianism

English Palladianism associated with the name William Kent (c. 1684-1748), architect, archaeologist, painter and publisher.

Villa in Chiswick (1723-1729)

The villa was built by Lord Burlington with the direct participation of William Kent... This is the most famous building of English Palladianism. It almost literally repeats the Villa Rotonda by Andrea Palladio, with the exception of the facades.

Villa Park in Chiswick

The park façade is adorned with a portico with a pediment; a sophisticated and sophisticated staircase leads to the portico. The villa was not intended for living, it has no bedrooms, no kitchen, only premises for Burlington's art collections.
Thanks to the patronage of Lord Burlington, Kent received orders for the construction of public buildings in London, for example, Horse Guards.

Horse guards

Horse Guards - Horse Guards barracks in London. This is William Kent's most mature work.
William Kent built several palaces in London. He carried out orders for the design of the interiors of the country residences of the English nobility. The main work of Kent was the Holkem Hall Estate in Norfolk.

Holkham Hall, Norfolk

It was intended for the art collection of Lord Leicester. Particularly famous are the interiors of Holkem Hall, full of silk, velvet and gilding. Furniture was also made according to Kent's drawings.

English park

The English landscape park is an important achievement of 18th century English architecture. In the landscape park, the illusion of real, untouched nature was created; the presence of man and modern civilization was not felt here.
The first landscape park was arranged in the Palladian era at the estate of the poet Alexander Pop in Twickenham (a suburb of London). The French regular park seemed to him the personification of the state tyranny, which even conquered nature (the Park of Versailles). The poet considered England a free country. An innovator in the art of landscape gardening in England was William Kent... He created the finest landscape parks of that era: Villa Chiswick House Park, Champs Elysees Park in Stowe in Central England.

Park "Champs Elysees"

Especially impressive were the artificial, purpose-built ruins called the Temple of Modern Virtue. Apparently, the ruins symbolized the decline of morals in modern society and were contrasted with the magnificent Temple of Ancient Virtue, built by W. Kent in the antique style.

The Temple of Ancient Virtue, built by W. Kent in the antique style, is a round domed structure surrounded by a colonnade of 16 smooth Ionic columns, set on a low podium. The temple has two entrances in the form of arched openings, to each of which a 12-step staircase leads. Inside the temple there are 4 niches in which statues of ancient Greek celebrities are installed in human growth.
Already in the middle of the XVIII century. landscape parks were common in England, France, Germany, Russia.

The last major representative of Palladianism in English architecture was William Chambers (1723-1796) - Scottish architect, representative of classicism in architecture.

F. Cotes "Portrait of W. Chambers"

Chambers made a significant contribution to the development of gardening art. Thanks to Chambers, exotic (Chinese) motives have appeared in a traditional English landscape park.

Great weather - the first building in the spirit of Chinese architecture in Europe. Built in Richmond Kew Gardens, 1761-1762. designed by the court architect William Chambers in accordance with the wishes of the mother of King George III, Augusta. Height 50 m, diameter of the lower tier 15 m. Inside the pagoda there is a staircase of 243 steps, the roof is tiled with tiles.
Imitations of the Kew Pagoda have appeared in the English Gardens in Munich and elsewhere in Europe. At the whim of Catherine II, Chambers' compatriot, Charles Cameron, designed a similar structure in the center of the Chinese village of Tsarskoye Selo, but the project was never implemented. But the Chinese houses were still built.

Chinese houses. Chinese village in the Alexander Park of Tsarskoe Selo

Neoclassical architecture

When in the middle of the XVIII century. the first archaeological excavations of ancient monuments began in Italy, all the largest representatives of English neoclassicism went to Rome to see the ruins of ancient structures. Other English architects traveled to Greece to study ancient Greek buildings. In England, neoclassicism was distinguished by the fact that it took lightness and elegance from antiquity, especially in English neoclassical interiors. on the contrary, all the buildings were lighter and more elegant.

G. Willison "Portrait of Robert Adam"

A special role in the architecture of English neoclassicism was played by Robert Adam (1728-1792), Scottish architect from the Palladian Adam dynasty, the largest representative of British classicism of the 18th century. Adam relied on the study of ancient architecture and used strict classical forms. Adam's architectural activity was very wide. Together with brothers James, John and William, he erected manor houses and public buildings, built up entire streets, squares, city blocks of London. His creative method is rationalism, clothed in the forms of Greek antiquity.

House at the Cion House in London. Arch. R. Adam (1762-1764). Reception room. London, Great Britain)

The Reception Room at Sayon House is one of Adam's most famous interiors. The room is adorned with twelve blue marble columns with gilded capitals and sculptures at the top. The trunks of these columns are truly antique - they were found at the bottom of the Tiber River in Rome, while the capitals and sculptures were made according to the drawings of Adam himself. The pillars here do not support the ceiling, but simply against the wall, but they give the room a majestic look.

During the lifetime of the master, many considered the interiors of Adam to be the highest achievement of English architecture. The traditions of their art have long retained their significance in English architecture.
But in the neoclassicism of the 18th century. there were two architects whose style differed from the "style of Adam": George Dance the Younger (1741-1825) and sir John Soun (1753-1837). Dance's most famous building was Newgate Prison in London (not preserved). John Soun followed the dance style in many ways, was the chief architect of the Bank of England building (1795-1827) and devoted much of his life to its construction.

"Gothic Revival" (neo-gothic)

In the middle of the XVIII century. in England, buildings appeared in which motifs of Gothic architecture were used: pointed arches, high roofs with steep slopes, stained glass windows. This period of enthusiasm for Gothic is commonly called "Gothic Revival" (neo-Gothic). It lasted until the beginning of the 20th century. and has become a popular style to this day: in England, buildings in the Gothic style are often built).
The founder of the "Gothic Revival" was Count Horace Walpole (1717-1797) - writer, author of the first horror novel "Castle of Otranto". In 1746-1790. he rebuilt his villa in the Gothic style at Strawberry Hill, Twickham, a suburb of London.

Villa

Font Hill Abbey in Central England was built between 1796 and 1807. architect James Wyeth (1746-1813).

Font Hill Abbey (not preserved to this day)

Already in the 19th century. the gothic style became state. In this style in the middle of the 19th century. the Parliament building was under construction in London (architect Charles Barry) - one of the main buildings of English architecture of that time.

The main features of the development of architecture of the 18th century in Russia

The 18th century is important in the history of Russian architecture, the flourishing of architecture in Russia:

• Three directions are characteristic, which manifested themselves consistently throughout the century: baroque, rococo, classicism. There is a transition from Baroque (Naryshkin and Petrovsky) to classicism of the second half of the 18th century.
• Western and Russian traditions, modern times and the Middle Ages are successfully combined in architecture.
• New cities appear, architectural monuments are born, which today belong to the historical and cultural heritage of Russia.
• St. Petersburg is becoming the main center of construction: palaces with facades and ceremonial buildings have been built, palace and park ensembles have been created.
• Special attention was paid to the construction of civil architecture objects: theaters, factories, shipyards, colleges, public and industrial buildings.
• The transition to planned urban development is beginning.
• Foreign masters are invited to Russia: Italian, German, French, Dutch.
• In the second half of the 18th century, palace and park buildings become an attraction not only in the capital, but also in provincial and district towns.

The development of the architecture of Russia in the 18th century can be conditionally divided into three time periods, each of which accounts for the development of one direction or another, namely:

• First third of the 18th century. Baroque.
• Mid-18th century. Baroque and Rococo.
• End of the 18th century. Classicism.

Let's pay attention in more detail to each of the periods.

The main architectural styles of the 18th century in Russia

First third of the 18th century inextricably linked with the name of Peter I. The cities of Russia during this period are undergoing changes in terms of architectural planning and in the socio-economic aspect. The development of industry is associated with the emergence of a large number of industrial cities and towns. Much attention is paid to the appearance, facades of ordinary buildings and structures for residential purposes, as well as theaters, town halls, hospitals, schools, orphanages. The active use of bricks instead of wood in construction falls on 1710, but it concerns, first of all, capital cities, at the same time, for peripheral cities, brick and stone belong to the forbidden category.

Simultaneously with the development of civil construction, considerable attention is paid to the improvement of streets, lighting, trees are planted. Everything was influenced by the Western influence and the will of Peter, which was expressed by the issuance of decrees that revolutionized urban planning.

Remark 1

Russia occupies a worthy place in urban planning and landscaping, thereby catching up with Europe.

The main event at the beginning of the century was the construction of St. Petersburg and the Moscow Lefortovo Sloboda. Peter I sent domestic masters to study in Europe, inviting foreign architects to Russia. Among them are Rastrelli (father), Michetti, Trezzini, Leblon, Schedel. The predominant direction of this period is the baroque, which is characterized by a simultaneous combination of reality and illusion, splendor and contrast.

The construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress in 1703 and the Admiralty in 1704 marks the beginning of the construction of St. Petersburg. Thanks to the well-coordinated work of foreign and Russian masters, Western architectural features merged with the primordial Russian ones, eventually creating the Russian baroque or the baroque of the Peter the Great era. This period includes the creation of the summer palace of Peter the Great, the Kunstkamera, the Menshikov Palace, the building of the Twelve Collegia, the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. At a later period, the ensembles of the Winter Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, the Stroganovs Palace, and the Smolny Monastery were created. The churches of Archangel Gabriel and John the Warrior on Yakimanka are architectural creations in Moscow, the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Kazan.

Figure 1. Admiralty in St. Petersburg. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The death of Peter the Great for the state was an irreparable loss, although in essence it did not have an impact on the development of architecture and urban planning in the middle of the 18th century. The Russian state has strong cadres. Michurin, Blank, Korobov, Zemtsov, Eropkin, Usov are the leading Russian architects of the time.

Rococo is the style that characterizes this period, a combination of baroque and nascent classicism. Gallantry and confidence are the main features of that time. The buildings of that time still possess splendor and pomp, at the same time showing the strict features of classicism.

Rococo period coincides with the reign of Peter's daughter, Elizabeth and is marked by the work of Rastrelli (son), whose projects fit very organically into the history of Russian architecture of the 18th century. Rastrelli was brought up in Russian culture and understood Russian character well. His work kept pace with his contemporaries Ukhtomsky, Chevakinsky, Kvasov. Dome compositions became widespread, replacing the spire-like ones. In Russian history, there are no analogs of the scale and splendor inherent in the ensembles of that time. The high art of Rastrelli and his contemporaries, with all their recognition, was replaced by classicism in the second half of the 18th century.

Remark 2

The most ambitious projects of the period are the new master plan of St. Petersburg and the redevelopment of Moscow.

In the last third of the 18th century in architecture, the features of a new direction - Russian classicism - are beginning to appear, as it was later called. This trend is characterized by the ancient severity of forms, simplicity and rationality of designs. Classicism manifested itself most of all in the Moscow architecture of that time. Among the many famous creations, one should note the Pashkov house, the Tsaritsyn complex, the Razumovsky palace, the Senate building, and the Golitsyn house. At that time, the construction of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the Hermitage, the Hermitage Theater, the Academy of Sciences, the Tauride Palace, the Marble Palace was taking place in St. Petersburg. Kazakov, Ukhtomsky, Bazhenov - famous and outstanding architects of that time.

The changes affected many provincial cities, among them: Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma, Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Oranienbaum (Lomonosov), Odoev Bogoroditsk, Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin).

During this period, the economic and industrial centers of the Russian state were born: Taganrog, Petrozavodsk, Yekaterinburg and others.