Zelva - Grodno train and train schedule. The town of Zelva - history in photographs - LiveJournal History of development - Zelva

Zelwa - in the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a town in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, Volkov. povet. In 1766, there were 522 Jews in the Kahal of Z. and its subordinate areas. The 3rd Kahal was under the jurisdiction of the Grodno Kahal. At the beginning of the 18th century. The main fair was introduced for 4 weeks (from August 4). According to “Dziennik handlowy” of 1786, it attracted people from the second half of the 18th century. merchants from distant countries, occupying, according to visitors, second place after Leipzig. After the abolition of the organization of the Lithuanian Vaad in 1764, the rabbis of the main Lithuanian cities gathered in Z. during the fair. communities to resolve religious matters. When in 1781 in Vilna a herem was declared against the Hasidim and authorized representatives were sent to spread it throughout all communities, in Z., where the Grodno, Brest, Pinsk and Slutsk rabbis were then in full force, on the 1st day of Elul ( mid-August) the act of excommunication was read on the fairground before the rabbis and the crowd. In 1796, the struggle against Hasidism resumed and Israel Leibel (q.v.) again arrived in Z. during the fair, apparently finding here moral and material support for his goals. See Hasidism. - Wed: Vilna Center. arch., book. 3633 (Bershadsky boom); Valinski-Lipiński, Staroż. Polska, IV2; Dubnov, “History of Khas. Schism", "Voskh.", 1890, 8 et seq. ("Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron" Russia, St. Petersburg 1906-1913).

Market in Zelva. These buildings no longer exist - in this place, in the very center, there is a large square with sculptures. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: ~1935

Zelva is a town in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno province. In 1847, the "Zelv. Jewish Society" consisted of 846 souls; and already in 1897 he lived. 2,803, of which Heb. 1.844.

Here is how Wikipedia interprets the concept of a settlement “Mestechko”:
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE

Zelva is a town in the Grodno province, Volkovysk district, 21 versts from the district town, on the left bank of the Zelvyanka River. In the 16th century, Zelva belonged to the royal estates, then it passed to the Sapiehas, and in 1863 it was confiscated. The fair, established at the beginning of the 17th century, was for a long time the main place for trade transactions of merchants of the provinces of Grodno, Vilna and the Kingdom of Poland. Nowadays it has fallen greatly, but still serves as an important market for Grodno and adjacent provinces, as a place to sell agricultural products. Import does not exceed 500,000 rubles, sale - 260,000 rubles. Zhit 1011; prvsl. church, church and Jewish synagogue (according to F. Schuchardt).
link: http://www.wikiznanie.ru/ru-wz/index.php/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0

Local government building in Polish times. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: ~1935

3.

2-storey house of Ferdinand Schuchardt. The largest structure of the Schuchardt building complex in the center of Zelva. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo shooting: ~1930, photo by Vladimir N. Schuchardt

A little history: ZELVA, urban village, center of Zelva district, Grodno region, on the river. Zelvyanka. 132 km southeast of Grodno; railway station on the Volkovysk-Baranovichi line. Population 7.7 thousand people (2006).
Known since 1470 as the village of Bolshaya Zelva, it belonged to M. Nachevich. The neighboring Malaya Zelva estate has been known since 1477. From the 16th century Bolshaya and Malaya Zelva were owned by the Vishnevskys, Ilinichs, Zaberezinskys, Zenovichs, Komarovskys and others. From the 1st half of the 17th century. possession of Sapega. Since 1524 Bolshaya Zelva (from the 16th century in sources simply Zelva) has been a town in Volkovysk district. In 1643, K. Sapega received the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Vladislav VI here. In 1720 Zelva was given the privilege of trading and fairs. In 1739, a PR residence was founded in the town. Since 1795 in the Russian Empire, the center of the Volkovysk district. In 1831, Zelva was confiscated and transferred to the treasury for Sapega’s participation in the uprising of 1830-31. Since 1921 as part of Poland, since 1939 in the BSSR, since 1940 an urban settlement, the center of the region. In 1962-66 in Volkovysk district.

The history of the Zelva region begins in the 12th century. The Ipatiev Chronicle testifies that on the site of today's village of Zelva, a settlement already existed in 1258. The beginning of the settlement was a mountain that rises 20-25 meters above the area." The first written information about Zelva dates back to 1470, when Mikhail Nochovich founded a church in the village of Bolshaya Zelva. During the period of feudal fragmentation of Rus', Zelva belonged to the Galician-Volyn principality, in the end In the 13th century, the estate was in the possession of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Zelva often passed from one magnate to another.
In the first half of the 17th century, the Sapiehas became its owners. It is with the activities of these princes that the flourishing of Zelva is associated. In 1720 the right to auctions and fairs was obtained. From the second half of the 18th century, the Zelva Fair became one of the largest in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where horses were traded mainly. Over time, the range of goods expanded. Merchants came from distant countries: Ukraine, Russian provinces, the Polish kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Prussia, Austria, France and other states. In recent years, the traditions of holding the Annensky Fair have been renewed.
In addition to the Annen fairs, the development of Zelva was also facilitated by its favorable geographical location. It was located on the important trade route Minsk-Slonim - Volkovysk - Grodno-Bialystok. In addition, the Zelvyanka River was at one time a navigable tributary of the Neman and transformed the town into a prominent river port. The Zelva land has repeatedly become an arena for clashes between warring parties and a field of action for rebels.
In 1794, the people of Zelven were participants and witnesses of the uprising under the leadership of T. Kosciuszko. In 1812, the lands of the Zelven region became the arena of the Patriotic War. In the village of Derechin, in the cemetery, a monument to the Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 has been preserved. General Ermolai Ermolaevich Gamper.
In 1886, the Zelva station was opened on the Baranovichi – Bialystok railway section. The post office was working.
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by revolutionary actions. The workers of the Zelven region took part in the Social Democratic movement of 1905-1907. During the First World War from 1915 to 1918. The territory of Zelva was under German occupation. At the end of 1918 it was liberated by the Red Army. According to the Treaty of Riga, from March 18, 1921 to September 17, 1939, the Zelven region was part of Poland. In 1940, the Zelva district was created, and the urban village of Zelva became the regional center.
The Great Patriotic War, which began in 1941, interrupted the creative work of the residents of the region. From the first days of the war, stubborn battles with the Nazis took place on the territory of the Zelven region. Residents offered worthy resistance to the enemy. The first partisan group appeared in March 1942. The Pobeda detachment operated in Lipichanskaya Pushcha, and from December 1943 to July 12, 1944, the Pobeda brigade under the leadership of Pavel Ivanovich Bulak, a resident of the village of Ostrovo. There is a granite bust on his grave. The lives of about four thousand civilians were laid on the altar of Victory. More than nine hundred natives of the region did not return to their homes from the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
The shrine of the village is the memorial to the fallen soldiers of the Red Army and partisans. 504 soldiers who died during the liberation of the area in July 1944 are buried in the mass grave.
In g.p. Zelva, a memorial plaque was installed on the house where Hero of the Soviet Union Pavel Ilyich Zhdanov lived. In 2010, it was revealed that the Hero of the Soviet Union, a native of Kazakhstan, Nurzhanov Kazbek Beysenovich, was buried in a mass grave in the village of Derechin. The people of Zelva were also affected by the war in Afghanistan. At the local cemetery in the village of Rudevichi there is the burial place of the deceased internationalist warrior Vladimir Mikhailovich Lyakh, whose name was given to the Mizherichsky secondary school. The commander of a motorized rifle platoon, Lieutenant Mikhail Ivanovich Babilo, a graduate of Golynkovskaya Secondary School, went missing. The rich history of the Zelven land is told by 54 historical monuments, 12 architectural monuments, and 11 archaeological monuments preserved for posterity. Today, the territory of the Zelven region occupies an area of ​​872 square meters. km. The district is located in the southern part of the Grodno region and borders in the north with the Mostovsky and Dyatlovsky districts, in the east with the Slonim district, in the west with the Volkovysk district, and in the south with the Pruzhansky district of the Brest region.
A unique landscape is created by the Zelva Reservoir - the largest reservoir in the Grodno region, the area of ​​which is 1190 hectares and ranks 18th in area in the republic. The basin of the reservoir is the river's floodplain. Zelvyanka. Sports and amateur fishing is largely developed. Sports fishing competitions are held regularly. On the shore of the reservoir there is a recreation center designed for 166 people. There is a children's health camp "Blue Wave". 18% of the area is occupied by forests, which are home to rare and endangered species of animals and plants. On the territory of the district there is a state biological reserve of republican significance Medukhovo, a hunting reserve of regional significance Staroselsky.

4.


In front of the local government building. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: ~1935

5.


Fire brigade in Zelva. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: ~1938

6.


Fire brigade in Zelva. In the 1st row, with his daughter on his lap, is Ferdinand Schuchardt, unit commandant. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: ~1938

7.

Erika Schuchardt-Obłamska and Isabela d'Aystetten, daughter of a pharmacist. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: 1941

8.

Erica Schuchardt against the backdrop of a destroyed temple. In the 1920-30s - a “mountain” church. It was located in a cemetery in the eastern part of the town. From the Schuchardt archive
Date of photo taken: 1941

9.


Zelva - church and Zelva Orthodox parish of the Holy Trinity (1899)
Parish Trinity Church in Zelva, a town in Volkovysk district, Volkovysk deanery. The stone church with the same bell tower, in a stone fence, was built in 1815 at the expense of Prince Sapieha. In it there is a particularly locally revered holy icon of the Mother of God, called the Iveron-Athos Goalkeeper, which was from ancient times in the former attributed to the Zelvyanskaya and no longer exists, but existed for centuries, church in the village of Konnaya, located 6 versts from Zelva, used there for a long time At times, the people gained glory from her manifestation of miraculous, grace-filled power, and was written in a strictly Byzantine style. The church is located 24 versts from Volkovysk.
Her parishioners: 2840 males and 2674 females, and all 5514 in 20 villages: Zelva, Berezhki, Bibiki, Borodichy, Voronichi, Gornaya, Dergelyakh, Dolgopolichikh, Zhernoy, Zblyanakh, Konnaya, Kremenitsa, Kreslakh, Krivokonnaya, Lavrinovichi, Marachakh, Talalaika, Tulov, Kholstov and Yanovshchina.
There are: a registered Kazan church in Berezhki, a brotherhood since 1878, 9 church schools: in Berezhki, Borodichy - two, Voronichy, Gornaya, Dolgopolichi, Morachy, Kholstov and Yanovshchina, with 195 students in them boys and 9 girls, and 2 public schools in Zelva and Konnaya.
The clergy consists of 4 persons: two priests and two psalm-readers, with a salary of 995 rubles 68 kopecks, 79 rubles 31 kopecks for the land that went to the treasury, and a percentage of 1383 rubles 81 kopecks, bequeathed by the landowner Nikita Konstantinov for the eternal commemoration of Nikita and Elizabeth. The church land for use is only 67 dessiatinas 1752 sazhens. See Lit. Ep. Ved. 1867 No. 21: 887-913. 1898 No. 8: 71-73.
Grodno Orthodox calendar
Orthodoxy in the Brest-Grodno land at the end of the 19th century, Volume 1
Voronezh, 1899

10.

Here are some more links to war photos:
http://dr-guillotin.livejournal.com/82649.html

12.
Surprising but true. The events, the results of which we can now see in German photographs, are described. And described very well. This was done by a native resident of Zelva, Adam Iosifovich Danyuk. We will return to his memories here, and a short paragraph is dedicated specifically to these tanks: “The Soviet troops stationed here, along with their equipment, also headed east. Since the bridges on the highway and opposite the hospital were blown up, there was nowhere to retreat except along the railway bridge. Heavy equipment did not pass on the sleepers of the bridge. Many tanks crossed the river, and some got stuck in the water upstream from the mill in 1942."
Indeed, the photographs clearly show that there are several tanks and one tractor standing in the river and on the shore. On the left in the photo is a BT-7 tank with a torn off turret. There are three more tanks in the river. However, Adam Iosifovich was a little mistaken with the number of combat vehicles; there are slightly more tanks.

13.
Tanks and other equipment stand near the Zelvin mill, a local landmark built in the 19th century. Judging by the memoirs of A.I. Danyuk, in those days it was four-story. At the end of 17 September Street (Mlynovaya), on the Zelvyanka River there is a mill building (hence the name Mlynovaya). The mill was built at the end of the 19th century; the building had 4 floors. The roof, as now, is gable, covered with galvanized sheet. At the very top of the red brick was laid out the year of construction. I don’t remember the exact number, but it seems like 1884 remains in my memory.”

14.
Now the mill has been rebuilt and has only three floors. However, the characteristic details discernible in old photographs are also visible here. For example, the first floor is made of cobblestones, one wall of which is not straight but at an angle. Or “shoulders” made of red brick that go above the second floor. Or the characteristic two-tone brick ornament above the arches of window openings.

15.
The only accurately attributed photograph, the caption to which states that this is Zelva in 1941. The rest of the signed photos only give the direction to Grodek, but not the exact location of the shooting. Apparently the photograph shows the end of 17 October Street. A.I. Datyuk describes this place as follows: “At the end of the street, not reaching 50 m from the mill, the road turned to the right and approximately opposite the hospital a bridge was built on stilts.”

16.
The mentioned bridge is also in the photographs. Adam Iosifovich also mentions it several times: “To the mill, the starch factory, and then in a straight line, across the river, the road went to the forest. The first bridge between the mill and the starch factory, apparently, was on stilts, the second was built on stone supports, had three spans with wooden beams and decking." “At the end of the street, not reaching 50 m from the mill, the road turned to the right and approximately opposite the hospital a bridge was built on stilts. Further in a straight line across the second river, a second wooden bridge was built. The wooden piles are still visible.”

17.
Among the military equipment abandoned in the river and near it, even two half-pontoons are visible. Apparently, some units of one of the pontoon-bridge battalions of the corps passed through here. There are three tanks in the river - two BT-7 and one T-26 with a conical turret.

18.
Another half-pontoon lies on the other side of the river. It is clearly visible that the explosion tore off not only the turret of one tank, but also the roof of the turret. There is an abandoned truck on the dam. Another vehicle is standing next to the BT without a turret.

19.
Another fifth tank is clearly visible in this photo. His tower was also torn down.

20.
Another angle of the tank closest to the river without a turret.

21.
You can clearly see how the street ends and the road goes further to the bridge.

22.
View from the other side of the river.

23.
Photo. In the background is the Church of the Holy Trinity in Zelva

24.
Modern Zelven youth. M. Bybus.

The schedule of trains and electric trains Zelva - Grodno currently includes 3 long-distance trains, electric trains (suburban trains, diesel engines) - 3. The first train departs from Zelva station at night at 03:46 and arrives at the final station at 06:37. The last train departs from Zelva station at 19:52 and arrives at its destination in the evening. According to the schedule, the average travel time from the departure point of Zelva to the arrival point of Grodno is 2 hours 47 m: the fastest train travels 2 hours 23 m, the slowest train travels 2 hours 59 m.
Some trains from Zelva station to Grodno station run on separate days (they have a special schedule).
Trains traveling on the route Zelva - Grodno pass through such stations and settlements as: Volkovysk-Gorod.
Schedule of trains and trains along the route Zelva - Grodno, shown here, is updated regularly and summer and winter timetables are always available.
You can buy tickets for the Zelva - Grodno train at the ticket office of the nearest station or online, and for the train - only at the ticket office of the station.

ZELVA

(February, 2008)

ABOUT THE NAME

In order to “get closer to Europe”, we can “pull by the ears” any Belarusian toponym - but in this case we risk deceiving ourselves. When exploring the origins of the names of Belarusian rivers, lakes and settlements, it is important to remain sincere and neutral. For this is the topic that should lead to solving the most important mystery - who are they, the Belarusian people?..

Archaeologist from Grodno I.G. Trusov, in a report at the scientific historical and local history conference “Old History of Zelvenshchyny” on December 12, 1998, reported that the territory of the Zelvensky district was mainly populated in the early Iron Age. The ethnicity of the local first settlers in this pre-Baltic period is indicated not only by archaeological data, but also by toponymy. If the name of the Shchara river can still be described as Baltic (more likely Yatvingian) from “caras” - “narrow”, then the name of the Zelva river is more ancient, given by the aborigines. “Zelva” is a name of Finno-Ugric origin and in translation means "muddy water" or "muddy river".

Examining the ancient word “zel” (in modern Russian and Belarusian interpretation - “sol”), we find that it is a colloidal system consisting of small drops, liquid or gas bubbles. Examples of such a system are foam, smoke, fog.

Having given the name to the local river, the Finno-Ugrians, in fact, already then, in the 5th–6th centuries. BC e., answered questions that scientists were closely studying in the 1980s, when it was created Zelva Reservoir- that is, the Zelva River was reanimated in a separate section in the form in which it existed in the early Iron Age. Studies have shown that in addition to carbonates, the water of the Zelva Reservoir also contains a large proportion of calcium and magnesium ions. Based on the total value of these ions, the total hardness was determined, the degree of which made it possible to characterize the water of the reservoir as soft. It remains to conclude that it is this indicator of water softness that leads to the formation foam on the surface- the same colloidal system, or sol.

OWNERS

(Based on materials from the report of I.P. Kren at the scientific conference “Old Rectors of Zelvenshchyny”)

In the 1470s. The Malaya Zelva estate was owned by Ivan Gineitovich. In 1477 he founded a church on this estate. Dying, the owner bequeathed Malaya Zelva to Grand Duke Casimir Jagiellonczyk, who in 1478 was excommunicated from government service.

At the beginning of the 16th century. Grand Duke Alexander Kazimirovich presented Malaya Zelva to Stanislav Yanovich Kezhgaila, the castellan of Troki and the headman of Zhamoit.

In the first half of the 16th century. The Malaya Zelva estate was owned successively by Ivan Vishnevsky, Yuri Ilyinich, Ivan Zaberezinsky, Mikolai Zenovich.

Later it became the property of Queen Bona.

Under 1537, the Lithuanian metric indicates that Mikolay Yurievich Pats, sub-comorial of the Grand Duchy, annexed the following estates of Queen Bona to his estates of Ruzhany and Milkovshchizna: Skidel, Zelva, Mosty, Dubna. In this case, we mean the village of Velikaya Zelva, located next to Malaya Zelva.

In 1550-60. the Malaya Zelva estate was owned by Stanislav Komarovsky, and the Velikaya Zelva estate was owned by Jan Glebovich.

In 1568, Yuri Ilyinich gave Velikaya Zelva to Mikolay Kryshtofor Radziwill the Orphan (from that time on, the words Velikaya and Malaya disappeared from the name of the city).

In 1581, Radziwill the Orphan gave Zelva to Yazersky.

In 1631, Zelva was owned by the headman of Mstislav, Joseph Korsak.

In 1632, the hetman of the Grand Duchy, headman of Slonim, Brest and Mogilev Lev Sapieha bought Zelva from Joseph Korsak.

In 1633, he gave it to his son Jan Stanislav Sapieha, Marshal of the Grand Duchy.

In 1635, Jan Stanislav Sapieha handed over Zelva and the surrounding villages to his brother Casimir Leopold, sub-chancellor of the Grand Duchy. In 1643 Casimir Leopold hosted in Zelva King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Vladislav IV.

Casimir Leopold Sapieha had no heirs. In 1655, he transferred Zelva and his other estates to his godfather Alexander Polubinsky, a Polish clerk of Lithuania.

Alexander Polubinsky passed Zelva in his will to his son Konstantin Polubinsky, who in turn passed it on to his sisters in 1685.

In 1686, Konstantin Polubinsky’s sister Isabella received Zelva and Derechin.

In 1687, she and her husband Yuri Sapieha sold Zelva to Danilka (Dominik) Radziwill for 25 thousand zlotys.

Later, in the 18th century. Zelva was again taken possession of by the Sapiehas. The latter valued the estate and called it the “Zelva County”. In 1721 the king allowed to hold in Zelva annual fair, which was then considered the largest and most famous in Belarus for 150 years.

In 1830 he became the owner of the estate and town. Zelva was Evstafiy Sapieha. This one had such hatred for Russia and the tsarist authorities that he eventually went abroad. In 1831, the tsarist authorities confiscated the estate and the town.

In the second half of the 19th century. Zelva was sold to the German Heinrich Schuchart, an entrepreneur.

ANNE FAIR IN SELVE

(Based on an article by Doctor of Economics I. Kozlovsky in the Neman magazine No. 5, 1968)

So far great brochure by Polish historian Jozef Ignatius Kraszewski, which I mentioned in the “Svisloch” section, is only referred to here. State publishing houses never got around to publishing this book in Belarusian or Russian. Meanwhile, the information presented in it about this city and its fair, even now, one hundred and fifty years later, arouses sincere interest.

I’ll start with the main thing that distinguished this fair from others held in the 19th century. in Belarus: after the unification of the two states and the destruction of customs barriers between them, already at the beginning of the 19th century. There was an industrial boom in Belarus. A mechanism for selling products was needed. And in Zelva this mechanism was found. Essentially The Zelva Fair became a commodity exchange in the west of the Russian Empire.

The fair in Zelva was held annually from July 25 to August 25. In its best years, its trade turnover reached 2 million rubles. The official opening usually took place on July 26, St. Anne's Day. Therefore, the fair was officially called Annenskaya. After August 15, trade on it began to wind down.

About three thousand people visited the Zelva fair every year. The composition of its participants is interesting. For example, in 1860, 41 percent were traders and 40 percent were buyers. The rest included servants, artists, musicians and even... public women.

77 percent of the goods brought to the Zelva Fair were textiles, shoes, furs, about 7 percent were metal products, 5.5 percent were groceries and wines, about 3 percent were porcelain, earthenware and crystal, and 1 percent were books. Horse trading was a separate item. In some years, the number of horses sold reached several thousand. That is, sometimes 100 or more horses were sold at the fair per day. Good ones cost on average up to 400 rubles. It should be borne in mind that ordinary peasant sivkas and burkas were not sold here, because the main buyers at the fair were landowners.

As for the books that came to the fair, their sales were measured in pounds. Russian books and prints (prints from engravings) alone were sold at 100 poods annually. In addition, French and Polish books were included in the fair.

In the middle of the 19th century. There were 163 households in Zelva. The most remarkable stone house was a two-story Cafe Gauza, as well as an extensive stone Gostiny Dvor with 200 benches, located partly in the main building, and partly in wooden booth annexes adjacent to the main exit.

The first to arrive (in advance) at the fair in Zelva were Moscow merchants with a long caravan of carriages loaded with iron and earthenware. However, they arrived not only from Moscow, but also from other provinces of Russia.

Merchants came from Ukraine (they were also called “Dubna merchants”). These carried sweets, tobacco, butter and various groceries.

The most profitable goods at the fair in Zelva were considered to be Russian goods - horses, cattle, soap, candles, tobacco, porcelain and earthenware, paper and woolen materials. They were relatively inexpensive.

In addition to traders, many artisans came to the fair, who immediately accepted and fulfilled orders: haberdashers, opticians, bookbinders, watchmakers, gilders, wood and bone carvers, turners, sharpeners (of knives, scissors), shoemakers, tailors (for example, sheepskin sheepskin coats were sewn at home), furriers (harness), and pharmacists. Moneylenders gathered here and competed with each other.

The activities of what we now call the “service sector” were widely represented at the fair: specialized temporary taverns, wineries, beer and coffee shops were opened. Was more famous establishment of Mrs. Volobrynskaya from Slonim. Basement This lady was famous for her drinks. Her “choice wines and porters” warmed stomachs and heads in Soeln. Basically, merchants gathered in this basement. After copious libations, everyone “could sober up and rest.”

The game of roulette was of great importance at the fair. Appearance gambling house in Zelva was still associated with the prohibition of roulette in Paris in 1840. Russian and Polish merchants called it in their own way - “fortune”. Roulette attracted a huge number of landowners, officials, and thrill-seekers to Zelva. Now we can jokingly say that Zelva was a kind of progenitor of Las Vegas.

Also popular "Dog Slide"- that was the name of the small wooden pavilion, where dancing continued until the morning to the music of several violinists. People of different classes came here.

Interestingly, representatives of Central Europe did not favor the fair. They did not accept the extent of her culture. Mostly representatives of the countries of the South and East - Italy, Greece, Turkey, Persia - gathered here. Entire herds of horses were brought in from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, which were then under the yoke of Turkey. Subsequently, namely at the beginning of the 19th century. Eastern traders considered this market unprofitable and abandoned it and stopped coming to Zelva.

However, the Zelva Fair did not fade away because of this. It’s just that traders and manufacturers have changed their minds. As a result, damask goods and variegated cashmere fabrics began to be replaced by domestically produced silk and wool products; and the lack of unbroken Rumelian stallions emboldened the drivers to bring horses of their own production and training to Zelva.

Of course, such a concentration of people for a whole month could not but contribute to the growth of the culture of the town. Book trade was carried out on a large scale for that time. The theater came from Vilna on tour. ABOUT theater The Anninskaya Fair deserves special mention. The building itself had a large auditorium and artistic restrooms. There were no boxes in the hall. They were replaced by a “democratic” balcony, in which anyone could take a seat. At performances the hall was usually crowded. Merchants, gentry, clerks, and townspeople gathered. Dramas and comedies were staged in Polish. But sometimes in Belarusian.

One cannot fail to mention the privileges of the fair. The first of them was... the right to smoke cigarettes and pipes “not only in taverns, but even on the street, in shops and in the theater.” The second is “the freedom to dress the way we want.” The Zelva Fair for a long time retained its position as the first in Belarus. New economic relations developed, which gradually diminished the importance of such open merchant congresses.

ABC'S OF CITY HISTORY

(Based on the reports of I.V. Sorkina and O.E. Protsenko at the scientific conference “Old Rectors of Zelvenshchyny”)

According to the inventory descriptions of Zelva for 1830 and 1835, its planning structure was market square and 10 streets. The streets had the following names: Slonimskaya, Grodnoskaya, Ruzhanskaya, Tserkovnaya, Kostelnaya, Bazarnaya, Horse Market, “above the pasture”, “behind the coffee house”, “behind the empty windows”. In 1897, Malinovaya Street and alleys were mentioned Vokzalny and Ogorodny.

All 200 Gostiny Dvor shops on the market opened only during the fair. Among the stone buildings of the town, the following stood out: a two-story cafenhaus, a one-story tavern building, a candy store and visiting houses. “At the entrance to the town there was a beautiful wooden Orthodox church church", and at the opposite end of the main street passing by the bazaar, on a hill (by the way, a former ancient settlement) there was a "wooden church" Not far from the Gostiny Dvor, “a rich Jewish synagogue». As you can see, everything was like in the days of the glorious Grand Duchy.

In 1866, the local church in the city center was closed and transferred to the Orthodox Church. In addition to the temple building, the following Zelva buildings belonging to the church were confiscated: a residential building (of 4 rooms, a kitchen and 2 external vestibules, a 6-window attic and 2 stoves - made of tiles and bricks), a cellar (of cobblestone , covered with thatch), an old house (with two porches, consisting of 7 rooms, 3 vestibules), a house for farm laborers (of 4 rooms), a barn, a glacier, a house on Kostelnaya Square (almshouse).

At the end of the 19th century. Zelva appeared center of the parish. There were already 938 buildings here. In the early 1890s. opened here Postal office. Worked for the funds of the volost administration public school(during this period the teacher was F. Myatelsky). Then, at the end of the 19th century. in Zelva it was effective immediately several pharmacies: pharmacist Panotsky, pharmacist Shantyra and the rural pharmacy of the pharmacist's assistant Orlis. In addition, midwife Tesha Epstein and midwife Maria Bromerskaya practiced in the volost. At the very beginning of the 20th century. opened in Zelva rural hospital, where doctor Gabriel Gabrovsky and a paramedic worked.

HOLY TRINITY CHURCH

Valentin Dubatov in the regional newspaper “Praca” for November 14, 2000 reports that, dying in Derechin, Chancellor Alexander Mikhail Sapega in his will, executed in 1793, obliged his son, artillery general, Frantisek Sapega to rebuild Zelva Theater in the Christian Church(possibly to the church).

Back at the beginning of the 18th century. mentioned in Zelva court professional theater, on the stage of which works by the best authors of European countries were staged. The foundation of this building became part of the current Trinity Church city ​​of Zelva. There is plenty of evidence of this: the interiors do not meet the requirements of a Christian church, and the presence of many small rooms, more like dressing rooms, behind the altar.

The church building is formed by two buildings of different design. The first, where the bell tower is located, is completely different from the other, whose ideal forms and small windows are more reminiscent of a medieval outbuilding. This second part is the former building of the Zelva Theater.

CHURCH OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION OF ST. VIRGIN MARY

The current church in Zelva is considered “new”. The building of the “old” church was located in the city center, near Catholic cemetery.

A. Petrosova in the regional book “Memory” (2003) reports that su current brick church in the city of Zelva was built in 1913 by the architect Józef Pivs Dekonsky in neo-Gothic style. The temple was consecrated in honor of the Holy Trinity (the “old” church at that time was transferred to the Orthodox).

This is a three-nave, two-tower structure. The main façade is decorated with two tall three-tiered towers topped with needle spiers. The pentagonal apse and side walls are reinforced with buttresses. The church is covered with a high curved roof.

The main difference and rare feature (the only example in Belarus) of the church is the design of the entrance. The input is presented as an open gallery with a series of semi-circular arches. The interior of the temple is divided by octagonal columns into three naves.

After the Great Patriotic War, the church was closed and the building was used for other purposes. Returned to believers in 1989

CITY IN THE 30s XX century

(From the memoirs of A.I. Dashkov)

Adam Iosifovich Dashkov, an old resident of Zelva, in a series of articles published in the regional newspaper “Pratsa” in June-September 2007, talks about a time that, to some extent, was not promoted in our country and now evokes great interest among true gourmets of local history. interest. I mean the era of the 30s. XX century and, naturally, the territory of Western Belarus.

Zelva was then called small town and had only a few streets: Mlynova(September 17), Marshalovskaya(Soviet), Ruzhanskaya(Pushkin), Vygonskaya (Oktyabrskaya), Factory(Bulaka), School, Sand, Zamurnaya(Pochtovy Lane).

Mlynovskaya began from Ruzhanskaya and stretched to the Zelvyanka River. This was the busiest street. Before Fabrichnaya, only Jews lived there. Further, to the end of the street, to the river, there were 12 Jewish and 27 peasant houses. Trade in industrial, household and food products was mainly in the hands of Jews; they had bakeries, beverage and confectionery shops. Jews did not engage in agriculture, but they kept cows. It was profitable. Kagal rented land and pasture meadows. All the cows from Mlynova Street grazed in one herd. The shepherds were local peasants.

On the site of the current park there was a large U-shaped building. This was the center of a private estate. The building housed trading shops, stalls, workshops, and a forge. There was a well and a garden nearby. The estate belonged to the German Schuchardt.

About a hundred meters from the current restaurant stood visiting house- a good quality wooden building.

Further down the street there was a wooden, one-story building seven-year schools. Classes from 1st to 4th grades were taught there, and from 5th to 7th grades in the building of the old hospital. An hour or two at school was reserved for the study of the “law of God.” A priest came to teach Catholics, and a priest came to teach Orthodox Christians. The Jews had their own paid school.

At the end of Mlynova, on the Zelvianka River, there is still a mill building. It was built made of brick at the end of the 19th century Here they ground rye, made wheat flour, high and low grades of cereals. The owners bought grain from people, ground it and sent it by wagon to the cities of Poland.

There was a building across the bridge next to the mill starch plant. Potatoes were brought here and processed into starch. The bridge across the river in that place was built on stone supports, had three spans and was made of wood with a deck.

Marshalovskaya Street started from Ruzhanskaya and stretched to the old cemetery. It was inhabited mainly by peasants. The street was wide and paved. In one place it had a square, also paved with cobblestones. Fairs were held on this square, and after the Great Patriotic War - demonstrations and parades.

At the corner of Marshalovskaya and the current Academician Zhebrak there was Vrublevsky’s tavern. Business people gathered there and made deals.

In the building of the current district center of public health, the local government department was located: Soltys, clerk, police officers. The police building was located separately.

At the end of the street there was a rise Catholic cemetery, next to the old church. The cemetery occupied a large area and was divided by a ditch into old and new. The new one was closer to the current hospital. There were also German burials in this cemetery from the First World War. Another German cemetery from the First World War was located outside the city.

The old church was located next to the cemetery, on the highest point of Zelva. It was founded back in the 19th century. The Catholics never completed it. The construction was completed by the Orthodox, installing appropriate crosses on it. Without having their own church, Catholics at the beginning of the 20th century. They began to build a new church, which is still in operation today. Church on the hill existed before the First World War. When Polish power came, the Catholics returned the temple and equipped it in their own way. Replaced crosses and icons - however On the ceiling and vaults there are still images of Orthodox saints and images painted in oil paints. Since there were two churches in Zelva, this one was called “mountain”, and the new one was called “valley”.

Near the present alleys to the monument there was a good wooden house. It housed court. There was a lot of greenery around: jasmine, lilac, linden.

To the left of the courthouse, closer to the old church, stood long house where three families lived. Above, on the current site monument was located shooting range- a pit surrounded on three sides by embankments.

The current Oktyabrskaya was called differently: Meadow, Pork, Vygonskaya. Peasants lived on it. On the site of the current kindergarten and school there was a meadow. Horses, pigs, and geese were grazed here. Above there were vegetable gardens, and behind the vegetable gardens there was Orthodox cemetery. The entire floodplain of the Zelvyanka River, from the highway bridge to the monument, all the hay meadows belonged to the Orthodox community.

On Ruzhanskaya Street it was and is now operating Baptist meeting house. Nearby was the already mentioned Orthodox cemetery, which was closed in 1962 due to the emergence of a new one, outside the town.

The name Fabrichnaya Street is no coincidence. On this street, the Jew Boroditsky founded a factory. The factory was located near the river, where the cottages are now. It produced cloth and bedspreads. Between factory and railway bridge acted large at that time sawmill, equipped according to all the requirements of that time. His steam engine ran on coal and wood waste. The owner was also Boroditsky. In addition, this man also owned a mill. To transport goods from the sawmill base, a road was laid narrow gauge railway. The owner hired people (peasants) and their horses transported goods - they pulled the trolley. At that time, timber was harvested in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. We rafted along Zelvyanka to the aforementioned base. Boroditsky himself lived on Mlynovskaya - in the same the house where the veterinary hospital is now.

Another timber processing plant was located on the site of the current reservoir. This enterprise belonged to Salmon, also a Jew. It was equipped with 2 sawmills, carpentry workshops, a workshop for the production of rapeseed and flaxseed oil and a wool carding machine.

Shkolnaya Street has not changed its name. Before the war, only Jews lived there. At the end of the street, where the House of Soviets is now, there were two wooden buildings that housed the Jewish school. There was a synagogue nearby. Near the synagogue, in the place where the Golden Key kindergarten is now, there was Jewish cemetery. Wealthier Jews placed small gazebos on the graves of deceased relatives - booths.

In the place where Shapovalova Street is now, under Polish rule it was built dairy building. Milk was accepted from the population. Butter, sour cream, cheeses - everything was produced manually, using primitive devices and mechanisms.

Outside the plant was located garden of the Jew Pentelevich. Now this garden is on the territory of gymnasium No. 1.