Presentation on the topic: "Geography Jamaica is the third largest island (km²) in the Greater Antilles, located south of Cuba and west of Haiti. Extent."

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Work by Nikolai Kurashev 11th grade GBOU school No. 104 of St. Petersburg Teacher Shizhenskaya N.N.

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An island state within the British Commonwealth in the West Indies. In the northwest it borders with the territorial waters of Cuba, in the east with the territorial waters of Haiti, in the south with the territorial waters of Colombia.

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Geographical position

Jamaica is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles group. The closest point of the continent is Cape Gracias a Dios (Nicaragua). The length of the coastline is 1022 km. In the southwest there is a coral reef with a total area of ​​more than 8,000 km². The territory consists of the main island of Jamaica, the Pedro Islands and the Morant Keys archipelago, located 60 km southeast of the main island.

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Origin

The Caribbean is one of the most geologically active regions in the world. Many details in the geological history of Jamaica are unknown or their assessment is ambiguous and controversial.

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Relief and geology

Most of the territory (about 2/3) of Jamaica is a limestone plateau with a height of 500-1000 m, in some places higher. In the eastern part of the island are the Blue Mountains, where the highest point in the country is located - Blue Mountain (height 2256 m). To the southwest is Mount Malvern (725m) and to the west is Dolphin Head (545m).

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Jamaica has a tropical climate influenced by the trade winds. Temperatures vary slightly throughout the year, with average values ​​in January being 24-25°C, July - 26-27°C. Precipitation is seasonal and is especially intense in May and October, although thunderstorms with heavy rain also occur in the summer months. The average annual precipitation is 2100 mm, but also depends on the region. Jamaica is located in the Atlantic hurricane belt, which causes great damage to the population and economy.

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Water resources

Jamaica has many small rivers and streams that originate in the central highlands and often disappear into karst cavities. The total volume of renewable water resources is 9.4 km³ (2000). The longest river is the Miño (93 km) flowing from the Dry Harbor Mountains to Carlisle Bay Black River in the western part and the Rio Cobre near Kingston, are more than 50 km long. The only river that does not flow in a north or south direction is Plantaine Garden in the east of the island.

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Major cities

Kingston (capital) Spanish Town Portmore Montego Bay

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Kingston

The capital and main port of Jamaica. The city is located on the Caribbean Sea, an urban agglomeration of 580 thousand inhabitants. Located in a natural harbor, protected by the long and narrow Palisados ​​Strait, Kingston is the largest English-speaking city in the entire Caribbean region. Center for the clothing and food industries Founded in 1693 by Great Britain In 1872, the Jamaican administration was located in the city. Gained independence in 1962

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Spanish Town

The largest city and administrative center of the district of St. Catherine. Located in the southeastern part of Jamaica, one and a half ten kilometers west of the capital - the city of Kingston. In the 16th-19th centuries, it was the Spanish and English capital of Jamaica. The city has many monuments, national archives, as well as the oldest Anglican churches outside England.

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A city on the southern coast of the island of Jamaica in the parish of Santa Catherine, southeast of Kingston. Population - 170 thousand people (3rd place in the country). The city began to be built in the 1960s. Portmore is located on a plain adjacent to Kingson's Bay. The canal system prevents it from flooding

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Montego Bay

The fourth most populous city in Jamaica. It is located in the northeast of the country in the district of St. James and is its administrative center. It is located at the confluence of the Montego River into the sea. The name of the city supposedly comes from a distorted Spanish word. manteca (lard), since lard, leather and beef were exported from the port during Spanish rule.

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The forest area on the island is about 194 thousand hectares (1/5 of the entire territory). The most common cotton tree. The southern coast is overgrown with mangroves in many places. In the western and southwestern parts of the island, in places where the land is not used for plantations, savanna-type vegetation (cereals and free-standing trees) is common. In total, the island is home to more than 3,000 species of flowering plants, including 200 species of orchids and Hibiscus sabdariffa (from which hibiscus is made).

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Jamaica's fauna is relatively poor: birds, rodents, rabbits, reptiles and 20 species of bats. During human development, the fauna of the island suffered greatly. Mongooses, brought from India in 1872, became widespread. Freshwater fish are represented mainly by mullet; there are 4 types of freshwater crayfish. Manatees live in coastal waters. More than 250 bird species have been recorded, including the national symbol, the pennant-tailed hummingbird.

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The island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1494. The Spaniards founded their first settlement on the island in 1509. Jamaica was declared an English colony in 1670. The city of Port Royal began to grow near the fort. It soon gained fame as “the most sinful city in the entire Christian world.” The industry of Jamaica produced raw sugar, molasses, molasses and the famous Jamaican rum. The emancipation of black slaves in 1833 significantly undermined the plantation economy of Jamaica. American companies organized large-scale export production of bananas, as well as cocoa, coffee and coconuts in Jamaica. Universal suffrage was introduced in Jamaica in 1943, and partial self-government in 1944. In 1959, Jamaica gained internal self-government, and in August 1962, Britain granted Jamaica independence.

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State structure

Until 1962, Jamaica was a possession of Great Britain; on August 6, 1962 it became an independent state. The constitution of 1962 is in force. The country is a kingdom, royal power is exercised in the form of a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the British monarch. The Governor-General signs all bills and appoints the Prime Minister. The legislative body is a bicameral parliament, consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The main two political parties are the Jamaica Labor Party and the People's National Party.

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Administrative division

Jamaica is divided into fourteen parishes, which are located in three historical counties.

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Foreign policy

Jamaica is a member of the British Commonwealth, a member of the UN and its specialized organizations, the Organization of American States, the Caribbean Community, the Non-Aligned Movement, ACP countries, etc. The country's foreign policy fluctuated significantly depending on which party was in power. Thus, the PLJ government in 1962-1972 focused on the USA and Great Britain. The PNP cabinet in 1972-1980 emphasized the slogans of non-alignment and solidarity with Third World countries and strengthened relations with Cuba. The PLJ, returning to power in 1980, broke off relations with Cuba and again reoriented itself towards the United States. Since 1989, the Jamaican government has pursued a more balanced foreign policy. The country has diplomatic relations with Russia (established with the USSR in 1975).

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Armed forces

ground forces - 1 infantry regiment (three battalions, of which one is reserve); engineer regiment (actually a battalion consisting of 4 companies); support and service battalion (training center, supply, repair, transport, military police units); aviation wing - several light aircraft and helicopters; coast guard - 3 patrol ships, 2 patrol boats, as well as small boats.

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Population

Languages: The main spoken language is Jamaican Creole ("Patois") based on English, the official language is Standard English.

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Economy

The main sector of the Jamaican economy is the service sector (more than 60% of GDP and employees). The main sources of income in convertible currency are tourist services (20% of GDP), cash receipts from workers abroad (20% of GDP) and the export of bauxite and aluminum. GDP per capita (in 2009) - 8.2 thousand dollars (117th place in the world). The unemployment rate (in 2009) is 14.5%. Agriculture (6% of GDP, 17% of workers) - sugar cane, bananas, coffee, citrus fruits, yams, vegetables; chickens and goats are raised; shellfish fishing. Industry - bauxite mining, agricultural processing, rum and clothing production.

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International trade

Exports in 2008 - $2.6 billion. Main export goods: alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, drinks. The main buyers are the USA 40.6%, Canada 10.7%, Great Britain 9.3%, the Netherlands 7.9%, France 5.4%, Russia 5.3%. Imports in 2008 - $7.2 billion: food, consumer goods, fuel, vehicles, building materials. The main suppliers are the USA 39.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 17.6%, Venezuela 11.7%.

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In the music world, Jamaica is known for the styles of ska, dub, dancehall, soul, calypso and, above all, reggae, most notably represented by Bob Marley. The lead singers of the group Boney M (Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett), the model, actress and singer Grace Jones, the lead singer of the Bad Boys Blue group Trevor Taylor, and Grammy winner Sean Paul became widely known.

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Jamaica's sporting icon is six-time Olympic champion in athletics Usain Bolt. The Jamaican bobsled team competed in four Winter Olympics, finishing 14th among four-man teams in 1994.

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Holidays

Jonkonnu is a traditional celebration dedicated to Christmas, during which celebrants parade through the streets in fancy dress. This holiday came out of the traditions of the secret societies of West Africa and was fundamental in the life of slaves. January 6th is Maroon Day. This holiday is celebrated on the birthday of Captain Kujoe, a Maroon who defeated the English army. On January 6, in honor of this day, festivals are held, the integral attributes of which are traditional dancing, singing and rituals

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Jamaica Work by Nikolai Kurashev 11th grade GBOU school No. 104 of St. Petersburg Teacher Shizhenskaya N.N.

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Geographical location Jamaica is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles group. The closest point of the continent is Cape Gracias a Dios (Nicaragua). The length of the coastline is 1022 km. In the southwest there is a coral reef with a total area of ​​more than 8,000 km². The territory consists of the main island of Jamaica, the Pedro Islands and the Morant Keys archipelago, located 60 km southeast of the main island.

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Origin The Caribbean is one of the most geologically active regions in the world. Many details in the geological history of Jamaica are unknown or their assessment is ambiguous and controversial.

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Relief and geology Most of the territory (about 2/3) of Jamaica is a limestone plateau with a height of 500-1000 m, in some places higher. In the eastern part of the island are the Blue Mountains, where the highest point in the country is located - Blue Mountain (height 2256 m). To the southwest is Mount Malvern (725m) and to the west is Dolphin Head (545m).

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Climate Jamaica is in a tropical climate zone, influenced by the trade winds. Temperatures vary slightly throughout the year, with average values ​​in January being 24-25°C, July - 26-27°C. Precipitation is seasonal and is especially intense in May and October, although thunderstorms with heavy rain also occur in the summer months. The average annual precipitation is 2100 mm, but also depends on the region. Jamaica is located in the Atlantic hurricane belt, which causes great damage to the population and economy.

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Water Resources Jamaica has many small rivers and streams that originate in the central highlands and often disappear into karst cavities. The total volume of renewable water resources is 9.4 km³ (2000). The longest river is the Miño (93 km) flowing from the Dry Harbor Mountains to Carlisle Bay Black River in the western part and the Rio Cobre near Kingston, are more than 50 km long. The only river that does not flow in a north or south direction is Plantaine Garden in the east of the island.

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Kingston The capital and main port of Jamaica. The city is located on the Caribbean Sea, an urban agglomeration of 580 thousand inhabitants. Located in a natural harbor, protected by the long and narrow Palisados ​​Strait, Kingston is the largest English-speaking city in the entire Caribbean region. Center for the clothing and food industries Founded in 1693 by Great Britain In 1872, the Jamaican administration was located in the city. Gained independence in 1962

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Fauna Jamaica's fauna is relatively poor: birds, rodents, rabbits, reptiles and 20 species of bats. During human development, the fauna of the island suffered greatly. Mongooses, brought from India in 1872, became widespread. Freshwater fish are represented mainly by mullet; there are 4 types of freshwater crayfish. Manatees live in coastal waters. More than 250 bird species have been recorded, including the national symbol, the pennant-tailed hummingbird.

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History The island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1494. The Spaniards founded their first settlement on the island in 1509. Jamaica was declared an English colony in 1670. The city of Port Royal began to grow near the fort. It soon gained fame as “the most sinful city in the entire Christian world.” The industry of Jamaica produced raw sugar, molasses, molasses and the famous Jamaican rum. The emancipation of black slaves in 1833 significantly undermined the plantation economy of Jamaica. American companies organized large-scale export production of bananas, as well as cocoa, coffee and coconuts in Jamaica. Universal suffrage was introduced in Jamaica in 1943, and partial self-government in 1944. In 1959, Jamaica gained internal self-government, and in August 1962, Britain granted Jamaica independence.

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Government Until 1962, Jamaica was a possession of Great Britain; on August 6, 1962 it became an independent state. The constitution of 1962 is in force. The country is a kingdom, royal power is exercised in the form of a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the British monarch. The Governor-General signs all bills and appoints the Prime Minister. The legislative body is a bicameral parliament, consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The main two political parties are the Jamaica Labor Party and the People's National Party.

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Administrative divisions Jamaica is divided into fourteen parishes, which are located in three historical counties.

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Foreign policy Jamaica is a member of the British Commonwealth, a member of the UN and its specialized organizations, the Organization of American States, the Caribbean Community, the Non-Aligned Movement, ACP countries, etc. The country's foreign policy fluctuated significantly depending on which party was in power. Thus, the PLJ government in 1962-1972 focused on the USA and Great Britain. The PNP cabinet in 1972-1980 emphasized the slogans of non-alignment and solidarity with Third World countries and strengthened relations with Cuba. The PLJ, returning to power in 1980, broke off relations with Cuba and again reoriented itself towards the United States. Since 1989, the Jamaican government has pursued a more balanced foreign policy. The country has diplomatic relations with Russia (established with the USSR in 1975).

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Armed forces ground forces - 1 infantry regiment (three battalions, one of them reserve); engineer regiment (actually a battalion consisting of 4 companies); support and service battalion (training center, supply, repair, transport, military police units); aviation wing - several light aircraft and helicopters; coast guard - 3 patrol ships, 2 patrol boats, as well as small boats.

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Population Languages: The main spoken language is Jamaican Creole ("Patois") based on English, the official language is Standard English.

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Economy The main sector of the Jamaican economy is the service sector (more than 60% of GDP and employees). The main sources of income in convertible currency are tourist services (20% of GDP), cash receipts from workers abroad (20% of GDP) and the export of bauxite and aluminum. GDP per capita (in 2009) - 8.2 thousand dollars (117th place in the world). The unemployment rate (in 2009) is 14.5%. Agriculture (6% of GDP, 17% of workers) - sugar cane, bananas, coffee, citrus fruits, yams, vegetables; chickens and goats are raised; shellfish fishing. Industry - bauxite mining, agricultural processing, rum and clothing production.

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Foreign trade Exports in 2008 - $2.6 billion. Main export goods: alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, drinks. The main buyers are the USA 40.6%, Canada 10.7%, Great Britain 9.3%, the Netherlands 7.9%, France 5.4%, Russia 5.3%. Imports in 2008 - $7.2 billion: food, consumer goods, fuel, vehicles, building materials. The main suppliers are the USA 39.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 17.6%, Venezuela 11.7%.

Jamaica is a distant island in the Caribbean Sea, and at the same time the country of the same name that occupies this island. The generous nature has endowed it with incredible beauty that attracts a lot of tourists who want to lie on the snow-white Jamaican beaches and swim in the warm sea. The fact that the official language in Jamaica is English makes it easier to communicate with local residents, and this also has a positive effect on the popularity of Jamaica as a tourist destination. True, the local dialect of English is very peculiar...

1. English is indeed spoken in Jamaica, but “Caribbean English” has become noticeably different over the years from the English spoken in the UK or US. In particular, Jamaicans pronounce the sound “y” as “j”. Jamaicans also speak a local variety of Creole.
2. The local currency is also called the dollar. The dollar, however, is Jamaican (see facts about currencies).
3. Every year, many hurricanes pass through Jamaica (see), causing significant damage to the island’s infrastructure.
4. The Jamaican Air Force has several fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.
5. Only slightly more than half of all Jamaicans live in cities—about 53%.
6. The most popular sport in Jamaica is, oddly enough, not football, but running, and short-distance running.
7. The famous athlete Usain Bolt comes from here, from Jamaica.
8. Jamaica is famous for its beaches, of which there are about seventy.
9. Bob Marley, a true music legend, was also born in Jamaica.
10. One of the Jamaican resorts, Milk River, is considered the most radioactive resort in the world.
11. Jamaica became the first country with a tropical climate to have a team take part in the Winter Olympics. Jamaican bobsledders once even achieved good results.
12. Jamaica ranks second in the world in terms of the number of medals won at the Olympic Games.
13. The Blue Mountains in Jamaica get their name because they actually appear blue. This effect is achieved thanks to the fog that envelops the mountain peaks.
14. Of all the countries in the Caribbean, Jamaica was the first to gain independence.
15. Most Jamaicans are extremely devout people, and morning prayer is as much a matter of course here as breakfast or washing.
16. Marriage in Jamaica is only possible after reaching 34 years of age.
17. Jamaica is the region where twins are most often born. The reason for this phenomenon is still unknown to anyone.
18. The first Jamaican website on the Internet appeared in 1994.
19. Postal service in Jamaica has been in operation since 1688.
20. The national symbol of Jamaica is an endemic local bird - the pennant-tailed hummingbird (see). It is also called the doctor bird.
21. Jamaicans are recognized as the fastest male and female runners. Yes, running is a big thing here.
22. The railroad appeared in Jamaica earlier than in the United States.
23. Jamaican women have often won the Miss World title in beauty pageants. Jamaica ranks third in the world in this parameter.

Every year on August 6, Jamaica celebrates a national holiday - Independence Day, established in honor of the anniversary of Jamaica's declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1962. This day is celebrated on the island with festivities and fireworks.

In honor of the holiday, we invite you to discover ten facts about Jamaica that you most likely did not know yet, and at the same time admire the views of the beautiful island and, perhaps, choose a destination for your next vacation.

1. Jamaica was the first British colony to establish a postal service in 1688.

3. Jamaica has the highest number of twins, triplets and other twins born in the world.

4. Manchester Golf Club in Jamaica, founded in 1868, is the oldest in the Western Hemisphere.

5. The so-called “doctor bird” (or pennant-tailed hummingbird), the national symbol of Jamaica, lives only on this Central American island.

7. Jamaica became the first tropical country to have a team compete in the Winter Olympics. The efforts of the Jamaican bobsled team were appreciated and even inspired the creators of the film “Cool Runnings”.

8. The flag of Jamaica is the only one in the world that does not use any of the colors of the tricolor (white, blue and red). The colors of the Jamaican flag symbolize the motto: “There are difficulties, but the land is green and the sun shines.”

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An island state within the British Commonwealth in the West Indies. In the northwest it borders with the territorial waters of Cuba, in the east with the territorial waters of Haiti, in the south with the territorial waters of Colombia.

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Geographical position

• Jamaica is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles group.
• The closest point of the continent is Cape Gracias a Dios (Nicaragua).
• The length of the coastline is 1022 km.
• In the southwest there is a coral reef with a total area of ​​more than 8,000 km².
• The territory consists of the main island of Jamaica, the Pedro Islands and the Morant Keys archipelago, located 60 km southeast of the main island.

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