Achievements of the Soviet engineering school: the motor ship Raketa. Achievements of the Soviet engineering school: motor ship Raketa Linear object definition urban planning code
The hanging linear-angular course С-е-k-m (Fig. 13.1) rests on the original
point C with known coordinates and for it the initial directional angle α ce is determined only at the beginning of the stroke.
A free linear-angular stroke has no starting points and initial directional angles either at the beginning or at the end of the stroke.
According to the accuracy of measuring horizontal angles and distances, linear-angular moves are divided into two large groups: theodolite passages and polygon-
metric moves.
IN theodolite passages horizontal angles are measured with an error of no more than 30"; the relative error in measuring distances mS/S ranges from
1/1000 to 1/3000.
IN polygonometric moves horizontal angles are measured with an error of 0.4" to 10", and the relative error in measuring distances mS/S is
ranges from 1/5000 to 1/300,000.
According to the accuracy of measurements, polygonometric moves are divided into two categories and 4 classes, discussed earlier.
13.2. Linking linear-angular moves
By referencing an open linear-angular traverse we mean the combination of its starting and ending points with the starting points of the geodetic network, the coordinates of which are known. At the starting points, the angles are measured between the direction with a known directional angle (αstart and αend) and the first (last) side of the stroke; these angles are called adjacent angles.
In addition to these standard situations, there are cases when a linear-angular move begins or ends at a point with unknown coordinates.
tami. In such cases, the additional task of determining the coordinates of this point arises. The easiest way to determine the coordinates of one point is geodetic intersections; if there are several known points near the determined point, then by performing k angular and (or) linear measurements (k > 2), you can calculate the required coordinates using standard algorithms. If this is not possible, then special cases of binding arise; Let's look at some of them.
Transferring coordinates from the top of the sign to the ground. In Fig. 13.3 clause P – definition
divisible, and points T 1, T 2, T 3 are the original ones with known coordinates. The three starting points can only be used as sighting targets. From point P, two angles are measured using the reverse angle resection program, but three points and two angles are not enough to fully control the solution of the problem. In addition, if the distance between points P and T1 is small, the intersection angle will be excessively small and the intersection accuracy will be low. To ensure the reliability of the task, two time points A 1 and A 2 are set and distances b 1, b 2 and angles β1, β2, β3, β4 are measured. β5, β6.
Rice. 13.3. Scheme for bringing the coordinates of a point to the ground
Thus, the total number of measurements is 8, and the number of unknowns is 6 (coordinates of three points). This geodetic construction must be processed using the least squares method (LSM), but an approximate, fairly accurate solution can be obtained using the final formulas given below. The following calculations are made:
∙ calculating the distance s (s = T 1 P ) twice: from triangles PA 1 T 1 and PA 2 T2 and then the average of the two:
S = 0.5 [(b 1 sinβ5 ) / sin(β1 + β5 )] + [(b 2 sinβ6 ) / sin(β2 + β6 )] . (13.1)
∙ solution of the inverse geodetic problem between points T 1 and T 2 (calculation
α12 , L 1 )
and T 1 and T 3 (calculation of α13 and L 2 ); (the solution is known and is not given here) ∙ calculating the angles µ1 and µ2 from triangles PT 2 T 1 and PT 3 T 1:
∙ calculation of angles λ1 and λ2 from triangles PT 2T 1 and PT 3T 1:
∙ calculation of the directional angle of the line T 1P:
α = 0.5 [(α12 – A 1 ) + (α13 + A 2 )]; |
∙ solution of a direct geodetic problem from point T to point P:
X P = X A + S cos α;
Y P = Y A + S sin α.
13.3. Linking linear-angular travel to wall marks
Wall marks are laid in the ground floor or in the wall of a permanent building; their designs vary and are shown in the relevant sections of educational and technical literature. Laying out wall marks and determining their coordinates is carried out when creating geodetic networks in populated areas and industrial enterprises; in the future, these marks play the role of reference points in subsequent geodetic constructions.
The diagram for linking point P of the move to two marks A and B is shown in Fig. 13.4, a. On line AB, using a tape measure, the segments AP, PB and AB = S are measured, then the coordinates of point P are found from the solution of a direct geodetic problem using
lowering the α-directional angle of direction AB.
Rice. 13.4. Linking points of linear-angular movement to wall marks
The diagram for linking point P of the move to three marks A, B, C is shown in Fig. 13.4, b. Using a tape measure, the distances S 1, S 2, S 3 are measured and multiple linear intersections are solved using the formulas given in the technical and educational literature.
As a reference direction with a known directional angle, you can use either the direction to one of the wall marks, or the direction to some other point with known coordinates.
In addition to the notch method, when linking passages to wall marks, the polar method and the reduction method, also discussed in the technical and educational literature, are also used.
13.4. The concept of a system of linear-angular moves
A set of linear-angular moves that have common points is called a system of moves; A nodal point is a point at which at least three moves converge. As for an individual linear-angular stroke, a strict and simplified measurement processing is used for the system of strokes; Let's consider simplified processing using the example of a system of three linear-angular moves with one nodal point (Fig. 13.5). Each move is based on a starting point with known coordinates; at each starting point there is a direction with a known directional angle.
One side of any move passing through a nodal point is taken as the nodal direction (for example, side 4 - 7) and its directional angle is calculated for each move separately, starting from the initial directional angle in the move. In the case of measuring left-hand angles β, three values of the directional angle of the nodal direction α4-7 are obtained:
and calculate the average weight value of the three, and the number 1 / n i is taken as the mathematical weight of an individual value, where n i is the number of angles in the course from the initial direction to the nodal direction (in Fig. 13.5 n 1 = 4, n 2 = 3, n 3 = 5):
Considering the nodal direction as the initial one and knowing its directional angle, calculate the angular discrepancies in each stroke separately and introduce corrections to the
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Categories Post navigation2.2.2. Linear-angular stroke
2.2.2.1 Classification of linear-angular strokes
Various methods can be used to determine the coordinates of several points; the most common of them are linear-angular stroke, system of linear-angular strokes, triangulation, trilateration and some others.
The linear-angular course is a sequence of polar notches in which horizontal angles and distances between adjacent points are measured (Fig. 2.17).
Fig.2.17. Scheme of linear-angular stroke
The initial data in the linear-angular stroke are the coordinates XA, YA of point A and the directional angle αBA of line BA, which is called the initial initial directional angle; this angle can be specified implicitly through the coordinates of point B.
The measured quantities are the horizontal angles β1, β2,..., βk-1, βk and the distances S1, S2, Sk-1, Sk. The error in measuring angles mβ and the relative error in measuring distances mS/S = 1/T are also known.
The directional angles of the sides of the stroke are calculated sequentially using the known formulas for transmitting the directional angle through the angle of rotation
for left corners: (2.64)
for right corners: (2.65)
For the move in Fig. 2.17 we have:
etc.
The coordinates of the traverse points are obtained from solving a direct geodetic problem, first from point A to point 2, then from point 2 to point 3, and so on until the end of the traverse.
The linear-angular stroke shown in Fig. 2.17 is used very rarely, since it lacks measurement control; in practice, as a rule, moves are used that provide for such control.
According to the form and completeness of the initial data, linear-angular moves are divided into the following types:
open stroke (Fig. 2.18): starting points with known coordinates and initial directional angles are at the beginning and end of the stroke;
Fig.2.18. Scheme of an open linear-angular stroke
If there is no initial directional angle at the beginning or end of the move, then it will be a move with partial coordinate reference; if there are no initial directional angles at all in the move, then it will be a move with full coordinate reference.
closed linear-angular stroke (Fig. 2.19) - the initial and final points of the stroke are combined; one point of the move has known coordinates and is called the starting point; at this point there must be an initial direction with a known directional angle, and the adjacent angle between this direction and the direction to the second point of the move is measured.
Fig.2.19. Scheme of a closed linear-angular stroke
a hanging linear-angular stroke (Fig. 2.17) has a starting point with known coordinates and an initial directional angle only at the beginning of the stroke.
a free linear-angular stroke has no starting points and initial directional angles either at the beginning or at the end of the stroke.
According to the accuracy of measuring horizontal angles and distances, linear-angular traverses are divided into two large groups: theodolite traverses and polygonometric traverses.
In theodolite traverses, horizontal angles are measured with an error of no more than 30"; the relative error in measuring distances mS/S ranges from 1/1000 to 1/3000.
In polygonometric moves, horizontal angles are measured with an error from 0.4" to 10", and the relative error in measuring distances mS/S ranges from 1/5000 to 1/300,000. According to the accuracy of measurements, polygonometric moves are divided into two categories and four classes (see section 7.1).
2.2.2.2. Calculation of coordinates of points of an open linear-angular traverse
Each defined point of the linear-angular move has two coordinates X and Y, which are unknown and which need to be found. The total number of points in the course will be denoted by n, then the number of unknowns will be 2 * (n - 2), since the coordinates of two points (the original start and end) are known. To find 2 * (n - 2) unknowns, it is enough to perform 2 * (n - 2) measurements.
Let's count how many measurements are performed in an open linear-angular stroke: n angles were measured at n points - one at each point, (n - 1) sides of the stroke were also measured, in total we get (2 * n - 1) measurements (Fig. 2.18) .
The difference between the number of measurements taken and the number of required measurements is:
that is, three dimensions are redundant: this is the angle at the penultimate point of the move, the angle at the last point of the move and the last side of the move. But nevertheless, these measurements have been made, and they must be used when calculating the coordinates of the traverse points.
In geodetic constructions, each redundant measurement generates some condition, therefore the number of conditions is equal to the number of redundant measurements; in an open linear-angular stroke, three conditions must be met: the condition of directional angles and two coordinate conditions.
Condition of directional angles. Let us calculate the directional angles of all sides of the stroke sequentially, using the formula for transferring the directional angle to the next side of the stroke:
(2.66)
Let's add these equalities and get:
where
and (2.67)
This is a mathematical notation of the first geometric condition in an open linear-angular motion. For right angles of rotation it will be written like this:
The sum of angles calculated using formulas (2.67) and (2.68) is called the theoretical sum of stroke angles. The sum of measured angles, due to measurement errors, usually differs from the theoretical sum by a certain amount called the angular discrepancy and denoted fβ:
(2.69)
The permissible value of the angular discrepancy can be considered as the maximum error of the sum of the measured angles:
We use the well-known formula from error theory to find the mean square error of a function in the form of a sum of arguments (section 1.11.2):
At
we get 
or 
(2.72)
After substituting (2.72) into (2.70) we get:
(2.73)
For theodolite traverses mβ = 30", therefore:
One of the stages of adjustment is the introduction of corrections to the measured values in order to bring them into compliance with geometric conditions. Let us denote the correction to the measured angle Vβ and write the condition:
from which it follows that:
that is, corrections to angles should be chosen so that their sum is equal to the angular discrepancy with the opposite sign.
There are n unknowns in equation (2.75), and to solve it it is necessary to impose (n-1) additional conditions on the Vβ corrections; The simplest version of such conditions would be:
that is, all corrections to the measured angles are the same. In this case, the solution to equation (2.75) is obtained in the form:
this means that the angular residual fβ is distributed with the opposite sign equally into all measured angles.
Corrected angle values are calculated using the formula:
(2.78)
Using the corrected rotation angles, the directional angles of all sides of the stroke are calculated; the coincidence of the calculated and specified values of the final initial directional angle is a control of the correct processing of angular measurements.
Coordinate conditions. Solving the direct geodetic problem sequentially, we calculate the coordinate increments on each side of the path ΔXi and ΔYi. We obtain the coordinates of the traverse points using the formulas:
(2.79)
Let's add these equalities and get for increments ΔXi:
After bringing similar ones we have:
or
(2.80)
A similar formula for the sum of increments ΔY has the form:
(2.81)
We obtained two more conditions (2.80) and (2.81), which are called coordinate conditions. The sums of coordinate increments calculated using these formulas are called theoretical sums of increments. Due to errors in measuring the sides and the simplified method of distributing the angular discrepancy, the sums of the calculated coordinate increments in the general case will not be equal to the theoretical sums; so-called coordinate discrepancies of the move arise:
(2.82)
from which the absolute motion discrepancy is calculated:
(2.83)
and then the relative discrepancy of the move:
(2.84)
The equalization of increments ΔX and ΔY is performed as follows.
First, write down the amounts of corrected increments:
and equate them to theoretical amounts:
from which it follows that:
These equations contain (n - 1) unknowns and to solve them it is necessary to impose additional conditions on the corrections VX and VY. In practice, corrections to coordinate increments are calculated using the formulas:
(2.91)
which correspond to the condition “corrections to coordinate increments are proportional to the lengths of the sides.”
The considered method of processing measurements in a linear-angular course can be called a method of sequential distribution of residuals; strict adjustment of the linear-angular motion is performed using the least squares method.
After equalizing a single linear-angular move, the errors in the positions of its points are not the same; they increase from the beginning and end of the move to its middle, and the point in the middle of the move has the greatest position error. In the case of approximate adjustment, this error is estimated as half of the absolute path discrepancy fs. With strict equalization of the stroke, a continuous assessment of accuracy is made, that is, errors in the position of each point of the stroke, errors in the directional angles of all sides of the stroke, as well as errors in the adjusted values of the angles and sides of the stroke are calculated.
2.2.2.3. Calculation of coordinates of points of a closed linear-angular traverse
Calculation of the coordinates of points in a closed linear-angular traverse is performed in the same order as in an open traverse; the difference lies in the calculation of theoretical sums of angles and coordinate increments. If internal angles were measured in a closed course, then;
if external, then
(2.92)
2.2.2.4. Linking linear-angular moves
The binding of an open linear-angular traverse means the inclusion in the traverse of two points with known coordinates (these are the initial and final starting points of the traverse) and the measurement at these points of the angles between the direction with a known directional angle (αstart and αend) and the first (last) side of the traverse; these angles are called adjacent angles. As noted earlier, if the abutment angle is not measured at the initial and/or final point of the move, then a partial (full) coordinate reference of the move takes place.
Linking a closed linear-angular move is the inclusion of one point with known coordinates in the move and the measurement at this point of the adjacent angle, that is, the angle between the direction with a known directional angle and the first side of the move.
In addition to these standard situations, there are cases when a linear-angular move begins or ends at a point with unknown coordinates. In such cases, the additional task of determining the coordinates of this point arises.
The easiest way to determine the coordinates of one point is geodetic serifs; if there are several known points near the determined point, then by performing k angular and (or) linear measurements (k>2), you can calculate the required coordinates using standard algorithms. If this is not possible, then special cases of binding arise; Let's look at some of them.
Transferring coordinates from the top of the sign to the ground. In Fig. 2.20: P is a designated point, T1, T2, T3 are points with known coordinates that can only be used as sighting targets. From point P, only two angles can be measured using the resection program, which is not enough; In addition, with a small distance between points P and T1, the resection angle is very small and the resection accuracy is low. Set two time points A1 and A2 and measure the distances b1 and b2 and the angles β1, β2, β3, β4, β5, β6.
Thus, the total number of measurements is 8, and the number of unknowns is 6 (coordinates of three points). This geodetic construction must be processed using least squares adjustment;
an approximate solution can be obtained using the final formulas given below:
calculating the distance s (s = T1P) two times: from triangles PA1T1 and PA2T2 and then the average of the two:
solving the inverse geodetic problem between points T1 and T2 (calculation α12, L1) and T1 and T3 (calculation α13, L2),
calculating angles μ1 and μ2 from triangles PT2T1 and PT3T1:
;
calculating angles λ1 and λ2 from triangles PT2T1 and PT3T1:
calculation of the directional angle of the T1P line:
solution of a direct geodetic problem from point T to point P:
Linking linear-angular travel to wall marks. Wall marks are laid in the ground floor or in the wall of a permanent building; their designs are different and one of them is shown in Fig. 7.1-d (section 7.2). Laying wall marks and determining their coordinates is carried out when creating geodetic networks in the territory of populated areas and industrial enterprises; in the future, these marks play the role of reference points in subsequent geodetic constructions.
The linear-angular stroke can be linked to two, three or more wall marks.
The diagram for linking the stroke to two marks A and B is shown in Fig. 2.21.
On line AB, segment S is measured using a tape measure, and the coordinates of point P are found from solving a direct geodetic problem using the formulas:
where α is the directional angle of direction AB.
Fig.2.21 Fig.2.22
The scheme of binding to three brands A, B, C is shown in Fig. 2.22. Using a tape measure, the distances S1, S2, S3 are measured and multiple linear intersections are solved; For greater reliability, you can measure angles β1 and β2 and solve a combined notch.
As a reference direction with a known directional angle, you can use either the direction to one of the wall marks, or the direction to some other point with known coordinates.
In addition to the serif method, when linking passages to wall marks, the polar method and the reduction method are also used. On pages 195 - 201 a detailed description of these methods is given, as well as numerical examples.
2.2.2.5. The concept of a system of linear-angular moves
A set of linear-angular moves that have common points is called a system of moves; A nodal point is a point at which at least three moves converge. As for an individual linear-angular stroke, a strict and simplified measurement processing is used for the system of strokes; Let's consider simplified processing using the example of a system of three linear-angular moves with one nodal point (Fig. 2.23). Each move is based on a starting point with known coordinates; at each starting point there is a direction with a known directional angle.
Fig.2.23. System of linear-angular moves with one nodal point.
One side of any move passing through a nodal point is taken as the nodal direction (for example, side 4 - 7) and its directional angle is calculated for each move separately, starting from the initial directional angle in the move. Three values of the directional angle of the nodal direction are obtained:
α1 - from the first move,
α2 - from the second move,
α3 - from the third move,
and calculate the average weight value of the three, and the number 1 / ni is taken as the weight of an individual value, where ni is the number of angles in the course from the initial direction to the nodal direction (in Fig. 2.20 n1 = 4, n2 = 3, n3 = 5):
(2.94)
Considering the nodal direction to be the initial one, that is, having a known directional angle, the angular discrepancies are calculated in each stroke separately and corrections are introduced to the measured angles. Using the corrected angles, the directional angles of all sides of each move are calculated and then the coordinate increments on all sides of the moves are calculated.
Using coordinate increments, the coordinates of the nodal point are calculated for each move separately and three values of the X coordinate and three values of the Y coordinate of the nodal point are obtained.
Average weight values of coordinates are calculated using the formulas:
(2.95),
(2.96)
Considering the nodal point to be a starting point with known coordinates, coordinate residuals are calculated for each move separately and corrections are introduced to the coordinate increments along the sides of the moves. Using the corrected coordinate increments, the coordinates of the points of all moves are calculated.
In short, the simplified processing of a system of linear-angular moves with one nodal point consists of two stages: obtaining the directional angle of the nodal direction and the coordinates of the nodal point and processing each move separately.
2.3. The concept of triangulation
Triangulation is a group of adjacent triangles in which all three angles are measured; two or more points have known coordinates, the coordinates of the remaining points are to be determined. A group of triangles forms either a continuous network or a chain of triangles.
The coordinates of triangulation points are usually calculated on a computer using programs that implement strict least squares adjustment algorithms. In the triangulation preprocessing stage, the triangles are solved sequentially one by one. In our geodesy course we will consider the solution of only one triangle.
In the first triangle ABP (Fig. 2.24), the coordinates of two vertices (A and B) are known and its solution is performed in the following order:
Fig.2.24. Unit triangle triangulation
Calculate the sum of the measured angles,
Taking into account that in the triangle Σβ = 180о, the angular discrepancy is calculated:
Since
This equation contains three unknown corrections β and can be solved only if two additional conditions are present.
These conditions look like:
whence it follows that
Corrected angle values are calculated:
Solve the inverse problem between points A and B and calculate the directional angle αAB and the length S3 of side AB.
Using the theorem of sines, find the lengths of the sides AP and BP:
Calculate the directional angles of the sides AP and BP:
Solve a direct geodetic problem from point A to point P and for control - from point B to point P; in this case, both solutions must coincide.
In continuous triangulation networks, in addition to angles in triangles, the lengths of individual sides of triangles and directional angles of certain directions are measured; these measurements are performed with greater accuracy and act as additional initial data. When adjusting continuous triangulation networks, the following conditions may arise in them:
figure conditions,
conditions for the sum of angles,
horizon conditions,
pole conditions,
basic conditions,
conditions of directional angles,
coordinate conditions.
The formula for counting the number of conditions in an arbitrary triangulation network is:
where n is the total number of measured angles in triangles,
k - number of points in the network,
g is the amount of redundant source data.
2.4. The concept of trilateration
Trilateration is a continuous network of triangles adjacent to one another, in which the lengths of all sides are measured; At least two points must have known coordinates (Fig. 2.25).
The solution of the first trilateration triangle, in which the coordinates of two points are known and two sides are measured, can be performed using linear intersection formulas, and point 1 must be indicated to the right or left of the reference line AB. In the second triangle, the coordinates of two points and the lengths of two sides are also known ; its solution is also carried out using linear intersection formulas and so on.
Fig.2.25. Diagram of a continuous trilateration network
You can do it differently: first calculate the angles of the first triangle using the cosine theorem, then, using these angles and the directional angle of side AB, calculate the directional angles of sides A1 and B1 and solve the direct geodetic problem from point A to point 1 and from point B to point 1.
Thus, in each individual triangle of “pure” trilateration there are no redundant measurements and there is no possibility of performing measurement control, adjustment and accuracy assessment; in practice, in addition to the sides of the triangles, it is necessary to measure some additional elements and build a network so that geometric conditions arise in it.
The adjustment of continuous trilateration networks is performed on a computer using programs that implement least squares algorithms.
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A great Russian scientist, he was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize, devoted his life to revealing the secrets of the human brain, treated people with hypnosis, studied telepathy and crowd psychology.
Mysticism and materialism
Vladimir Bekhterev's experiments with hypnosis were perceived ambiguously by his contemporaries, especially the scientific community. At the end of the 19th century, there was a skeptical attitude towards hypnosis: it was considered almost quackery and mysticism. Bekhterev proved: this mysticism can be used in an exclusively applied way. Vladimir Mikhailovich sent carts through the streets of the city, collecting drunkards of the capital and delivering them to the scientist, and then conducted sessions of mass treatment of alcoholism using hypnosis. Only then, thanks to the incredible results of treatment, will hypnosis be recognized as an official method of treatment.
Brain map
Bekhterev approached the issue of studying the brain with the enthusiasm inherent in the pioneers of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. In those days, the brain was the real Terra Incognita. Based on a series of experiments, Bekhterev created a method that makes it possible to thoroughly study the paths of nerve fibers and cells. Thousands of the thinnest layers of frozen brain were attached one by one under a glass microscope, and detailed sketches were made from them, which were used to create a “brain atlas.” One of the creators of such atlases, the German professor Kopsch, said: “Only two people know perfectly the structure of the brain - God and Bekhterev.”
Parapsychology
In 1918, Bekhterev created an institute for brain research. Under him, the scientist creates a parapsychology laboratory, the main task of which was to study mind reading at a distance. Bekhterev was absolutely convinced of the materiality of thought and practical telepathy. To solve the problems of the world revolution, a group of scientists is not only thoroughly studying neurobiological reactions, but is also trying to read the language of Shambhala, and is planning a trip to the Himalayas as part of Roerich’s expedition.
Analysis of the communication problem
Issues of communication, mutual mental influence of people on each other occupy one of the central places in the socio-psychological theory and collective experiment of V. M. Bekhterev. Bekhterev considered the social role and functions of communication using the example of specific types of communication: imitation and suggestion. “If it weren’t for imitation,” he wrote, “there could be no personality as a social individual, and yet imitation draws its main material from communication with oneself.”
similar, between whom, thanks to cooperation, a kind of mutual induction and mutual suggestion develops." Bekhterev was one of the first scientists to seriously study the psychology of the collective person and the psychology of the crowd.
Child psychology
The tireless scientist even involved his children in experiments. It is thanks to his curiosity that modern scientists have knowledge about the psychology inherent in the infant period of human maturation. In his article “The Initial Evolution of Children’s Drawings in Objective Study,” Bekhterev analyzes the drawings of “girl M,” who is actually his fifth child, his beloved daughter Masha. However, interest in the drawings soon faded, leaving the door ajar to an untapped field of information, which was now provided to followers. The new and unknown always distracted the scientist from what had already been started and partially mastered. Bekhterev opened the doors.
Experiments with animals
V. M. Bekhterev with the help of trainer V.L. Durova conducted about 1278 experiments of mentally instilling information into dogs. Of these, 696 were considered successful, and then, according to the experimenters, solely because of incorrectly composed tasks. Processing of the material showed that “the dog’s answers were not a matter of chance, but depended on the influence of the experimenter on it.” This is how V.M. described it. Bekhterev's third experiment, when a dog named Pikki had to jump up on a round chair and hit the right side of the piano keyboard with his paw. “And here is the dog Pikki in front of Durov. He looks intently into her eyes and covers her muzzle with his palms for a while. Several seconds pass, during which Pikki remains motionless, but being released, he quickly rushes to the piano, jumps up on a round chair, and from the blow of his paw on the right side of the keyboard, several treble notes are heard.”
Unconscious telepathy
Bekhterev argued that the transmission and reading of information through the brain, this amazing ability called telepathy, can be realized without the knowledge of the suggestor and transmitter. Numerous experiments on the transmission of thoughts at a distance were perceived in two ways. It was as a result of the latest experiments that Bekhterev continued further work “under the gun of the NKVD.” The possibilities of instilling information in a person that aroused Vladimir Mikhailovich’s interest were much more serious than similar experiments with animals and, according to contemporaries, were interpreted by many as an attempt to create psychotronic weapons of mass destruction.
By the way...
Academician Bekhterev once noted that the great happiness of dying while maintaining reason on the roads of life will be given to only 20% of people. The rest will turn into angry or naive senile people in old age and become ballast on the shoulders of their own grandchildren and adult children. 80% is significantly more than the number of those who are destined to develop cancer, Parkinson's disease or suffer from brittle bones in old age. To enter the lucky 20% in the future, it is important to start now.
Over the years, almost everyone begins to become lazy. We work hard in our youth so that we can rest in our old age. However, the more we calm down and relax, the more harm we do to ourselves. The level of requests is reduced to a banal set: “eat well - get plenty of sleep.” Intellectual work is limited to solving crossword puzzles. The level of demands and claims to life and to others increases, the burden of the past weighs down. Irritation from not understanding something results in rejection of reality. Memory and thinking abilities suffer. Gradually, a person moves away from the real world, creating his own, often cruel and hostile, painful fantasy world.
Dementia never comes suddenly. It progresses over the years, acquiring more and more power over a person. What is now just a prerequisite may in the future become fertile ground for the germs of dementia. Most of all, it threatens those who have lived their lives without changing their attitudes. Traits such as excessive adherence to principles, perseverance and conservatism are more likely to lead to dementia in old age than flexibility, the ability to quickly change decisions, and emotionality. “The main thing, guys, is not to grow old in your heart!”
Here are some indirect signs indicating that it is worth upgrading your brain.
1. You have become sensitive to criticism, while you yourself criticize others too often.
2. You don't want to learn new things. You would rather agree to have your old mobile phone repaired than understand the instructions for the new model.
3. You often say: “But before,” that is, you remember and are nostalgic for the old days.
4. You are ready to enthusiastically talk about something, despite the boredom in the eyes of your interlocutor. It doesn’t matter that he will fall asleep now, the main thing is that what you are talking about is interesting to you.
5. You find it difficult to concentrate when you start reading serious or scientific literature. Poor understanding and memory of what you read. You can read half a book today and forget the beginning tomorrow.
6. You began to talk about issues in which you were never knowledgeable. For example, about politics, economics, poetry or figure skating. Moreover, it seems to you that you have such a good command of the issue that you could start running the state right tomorrow, become a professional literary critic or sports judge.
7. Of two films - a work by a cult director and a popular novella/detective - you choose the second. Why strain yourself once again? You don’t understand at all what interesting someone finds in these cult directors.
8. You believe that others should adapt to you, and not vice versa.
9. Much in your life is accompanied by rituals. For example, you cannot drink your morning coffee from any mug other than your favorite one without first feeding the cat and flipping through the morning newspaper. Losing even one element would knock you out for the whole day.
10. At times you notice that you tyrannize those around you with some of your actions, and you do this without malicious intent, but simply because you think that it is more correct.
Recommendations for brain development
Note that the brightest people, who retain their intelligence into old age, as a rule, are people of science and art. Due to their duty, they have to strain their memory and perform daily mental work. They always keep their finger on the pulse of modern life, tracking fashion trends and even being ahead of them in some ways. This “production necessity” is a guarantee of happy, reasonable longevity.
1. Every two to three years, start learning something. You don't have to go to college and get a third or even fourth education. You can take a short-term training course or learn a completely new profession. You can start eating foods that you haven’t eaten before and learn new tastes.
2. Surround yourself with young people. From them you can always pick up all sorts of useful things that will help you always stay modern. Play with children, they can teach you a lot that you don’t even know about.
3. If you haven’t learned anything new for a long time, maybe you just haven’t been looking? Look around, how many new and interesting things are happening where you live.
4. From time to time, solve intellectual problems and take all kinds of subject tests.
5. Learn foreign languages, even if you don’t speak them. The need to regularly memorize new words will help train your memory.
6. Grow not only upward, but also deeper! Get out your old textbooks and periodically review your school and university curriculum.
7. Play sports! Regular physical activity before and after gray hair really saves you from dementia.
8. Train your memory more often, forcing yourself to remember poems that you once knew by heart, dance steps, programs that you learned at the institute, phone numbers of old friends and much more - everything you can remember.
9. Break up habits and rituals. The more the next day differs from the previous one, the less likely it is that you will become “smoky” and develop dementia. Drive to work on different streets, give up the habit of ordering the same dishes, do something you’ve never been able to do before.
10. Give more freedom to others and do as much as possible yourself. The more spontaneity, the more creativity. The more creativity, the longer you will retain your mind and intelligence!
