Aviation compass. The meaning of an aviation compass in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE Purpose, principle of operation and design of aviation compasses
From the book School of Survival in Accidents and Natural Disasters author Ilyin AndreyAVIATION TRANSPORT Statistics say that aviation is the safest mode of transport. On average, just over three thousand people die in aviation accidents worldwide each year. For comparison, I will cite the same statistics of road accidents,
From the book Everything about everything. Volume 1 author Likum ArkadyWho invented the compass? The simplest form of compass is a magnetic needle mounted on a rod so that it can rotate freely in all directions. The needle of such a so-called compass points to “north”, by which we mean the North Magnetic Pole
From the book 100 Great Inventions author Ryzhov Konstantin Vladislavovich21. COMPASS The compass, like paper, was invented by the Chinese in ancient times. In the 3rd century BC. Chinese philosopher Hen Fei-tzu described the structure of a contemporary compass this way: it looked like a pouring spoon made of magnetite with a thin handle and spherical, carefully
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AS) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AV) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (YOU) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GI) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GO) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KA) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KO) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MO) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) by the author TSB From the book 100 Famous Inventions author Pristinsky Vladislav Leonidovich From the book Great Encyclopedia of Technology author Team of authors From the author's book From the author's bookAviation rocket engine An aviation rocket engine is a direct reaction engine that converts some type of primary energy into the kinetic energy of the working fluid and creates jet thrust. The thrust force is applied directly to the rocket body
a navigation device for measuring the course of an aircraft. In aviation, astrocompasses are used (see Celestial navigation systems), gyrocompasses, magnetic compasses, and radio compasses. Due to significant measurement errors, magnetic signals are used only as backup.
View value Aviation Compass in other dictionaries
Aviation- aviation, aviation. Adj. to aviation. Air base.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Compass- m. German, Belomorskoe, uterus, magnetic needle on a pin, with a paper card on which the cardinal points or 32 winds are indicated, rumba (arch. strika). The mountain compass serves.........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Compass- (compass obsolete), compass, m. (Italian compasso) (physical). A physical device for recognizing the cardinal directions, consisting of a magnetized arrow that always points north.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Aviation Adj.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: aviation, associated with it. 2. Characteristic of aviation, characteristic of it.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Compass M.— 1. A device for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon, indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian. 2. transfer decomposition The one who determines the direction........
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Aviation- oh, oh. to Aviation. Ah industry. A devices. A reconnaissance (carried out by aviation means). A. sport (a combination of aircraft modeling, parachute, gliding,........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Compass- -A; (in the speech of sailors) compass, -a; m. [ital. compasso] A device for determining the cardinal directions, having a magnetized needle that always points north. Seascape. Follow the compass.........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Compass— conclusion of marketing research, giving recommendations to the manufacturing company or seller on behavior in the market.
Economic dictionary
Aviation Personnel— - persons who have special training and carry out activities to ensure aircraft flight safety and aviation security, organizations........
Legal Dictionary
Compass— Borrowing either from German (Kompass) or from Italian, where compasso is “compass”. The transition of value is explained by the action of a magnetic needle, which rotates freely........
Krylov's etymological dictionary
Aviation Hospital— G., intended for treatment and military medical examination of flight and flight technical personnel of the Air Force.
Large medical dictionary
Aviation Sports- the collective name for aviation sports. See Aeromodelling sport, Parachuting sport, Gliding sport, Airplane sport.
Aviation Transport— see Transport.
Large encyclopedic dictionary
Compass- a device for orientation to the cardinal directions, which also serves to indicate the direction of the magnetic field. Consists of a horizontally located, movable fixed........
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Gyromagnetic Compass- a gyroscopic device for determining the course of an aircraft or ship relative to the magnetic meridian. The action of the gyromagnetic compass is based on correction........
Large encyclopedic dictionary
— founded in 1932. Trains engineering personnel in the main specialties of aviation mechanical and instrument engineering, radio engineering, etc. In 1991, approx. 9 thousand students.
Large encyclopedic dictionary
Compass- (German Kompass) - a device indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian; serves for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon. There are magnetic,......
Large encyclopedic dictionary
— (Mai Technical University since 1993), founded in 1930. It trains engineering personnel in the specialties of aircraft and helicopter engineering, economics and organization of aircraft production........
Large encyclopedic dictionary
Moscow Aviation Technological University (MATU)— has been leading the history since 1932. Trains engineering personnel in the specialties of the aviation industry, materials science, instrument engineering, economics and management, in the field of security........
Large encyclopedic dictionary
Compass- a compass device for determining the sides of the horizon and measuring magnetic azimuths on the ground, for example. when moving along the route. Basic parts of the compass – magnetic needle,........
Geographical encyclopedia
Compass— - a device indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian, used for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon. In a broad sense, this is the right direction.
Historical Dictionary
COMPASS- COMPASS, -a (sailors have a compass, -a), m. A device for determining the cardinal points (sides of the horizon). Magnetic card (with a magnetized arrow that always points north). || adj.........
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
§ 21. General information about magnetic compasses
Purpose. The compass is used to determine and maintain the aircraft's heading. Airplane heading called the angle between the north direction of the meridian and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. The course is counted from the northern direction of the meridian in a clockwise direction to the direction of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. The course can be true, magnetic and compass, depending on the meridian from which they are counting (Fig. 116).
The course measured from the geographical meridian is called true course. The course measured from the magnetic meridian, i.e. from the direction shown by the arrow, free from the influence of the iron and steel masses of the aircraft, is called magnetic course. The course measured from the compass meridian, i.e. from the direction shown by the compass needle located near aircraft iron and steel, is called compass heading.
The discrepancy between the compass and magnetic meridians is explained by the fact that the magnetic needle of the compass is deflected under the influence of steel parts of the aircraft. The angle between the northern directions of the magnetic and compass meridians is called compass deviation. By analogy with declination, deviation is called eastern (+), if the northern end of the magnetic needle deviates to the right of the meridian, and western (-), if the northern end of the arrow deviates to the left of the meridian. Compass deviation (error) is a variable value for each aircraft heading.
The effect of steel aircraft parts on a compass magnet is explained by the fact that the lines of the earth's magnetic field, passing through various steel parts of the aircraft, magnetize them. As a result of the addition of the main earth's magnetic field and all induced fields in the steel and iron parts of the aircraft, a magnetic field of the aircraft is established. It is somewhat different from the earth's magnetic field in strength and direction. Every change in the aircraft's attitude causes a change in the aircraft's magnetic field.
The compass needle is set in the direction of the total magnetic field of the Earth and the aircraft.
When performing aeronautical calculations, you often have to move from one course to another. To move from a compass course to a magnetic course, the deviation value is algebraically added to the compass course:
MK = KK + Δ k
To switch from a magnetic course to a compass course, the deviation value is algebraically subtracted from the magnetic course:
KK = MK - Δ k
To move from the magnetic course to the true one, the magnetic declination is algebraically added to the magnetic course:
IR = MK + Δ m
To move from the true course to the magnetic one, the value of the magnetic declination is algebraically subtracted from the true course:
MK = IR - Δ m
Elements and characteristics of compasses.
The main part of the compass is the magnetic compass system, called cards(Fig. 117). The compass card is a thin brass or aluminum disk divided into 360 degrees. This disk, or dial, has a hollow float that reduces the weight of the card in the liquid. A pair or several pairs of magnets are symmetrically attached to the disk under the float. The magnet axes are parallel to the 0-180° line of the limb, called card axis. The magnetic poles of the same name are directed in one direction. The compass card rests with a pin on a cup made of hard stone (sapphire, agate), embedded in the compass column and called firebox
Inside the cauldron, which is an aluminum vessel hermetically sealed with a glass lid, there is a column that serves as a support for the compass card. Under the glass is exchange line- a thin wire installed against the dial and serving as an index when calculating the course of the card on the compass. Liquid is poured into the pot to dampen the vibrations of the cartridge. The pot is connected to a membrane chamber made of thin corrugated brass. The chamber serves to compensate for changes in liquid volume when temperature changes.
The disassembled diagram of the magnetic compass structure represents the basis of the designs of all aviation compasses. Different types of compasses differ only in devices for shock absorption, scale illumination, the shape of the card, compensation devices and other details.
The pilot must fly the plane along a strictly specified course; therefore, the compass intended for the pilot must, first of all, be convenient for monitoring the course of the aircraft. The pilot's compass is called travel It is the navigator's responsibility to calculate the aircraft's heading, and the navigator's compass must allow quick and accurate digital readings of the aircraft's heading at any given moment. The navigator's compass is called the main thing.
The magnetic compass card is the most critical component, and the operation of the compass as a whole depends on its quality. If you remove a card from the meridian, it tends to return to its original position. But during its reverse movement, the card will pass the zero position, deflect in the opposite direction and, like a pendulum, will oscillate in one direction or another.
In the absence of friction and fluid resistance, the rocking of the card would continue indefinitely. Such oscillations are called undamped.
In reality, the compass card is acted upon by frictional forces and fluid resistance, as a result of which the range of vibrations (amplitude) gradually decreases. Such oscillations are called fading. The ratio of two adjacent amplitudes is called damping decrement. Obviously, for a compass card this value is always greater than one.
The magnitude of the decrement and the period of oscillation characterize the compass card; the larger the decrement and the shorter the period, the faster the card is set to the equilibrium position; The larger the damping decrement, the sooner the compass will return to the zero position. In fig. 118 shows the decay graphs of three compasses. The attenuation decrements of two of them are 2.5 and 5 with equal periods. A compass with a decrement of 5 will return to the meridian sooner than a compass with a decrement of 2.5. 
Fig. 118. Decay graphs of magnetic compasses.
If the force causing the damping is strong enough, then the card returns to its equilibrium position without making a single oscillation. This compass is called aperiodic. The aperiodicity of compass cards is achieved by lightening the entire system of the card and attaching four to eight damper wires to the card, which, when the card moves in the liquid, create resistance to this movement, which quickly increases with increasing speed of the card.
If you tilt the compass card at a certain angle, then due to friction in the firebox, the card does not return exactly to its original position. The amount by which the card does not reach its original position is called stagnation of the cards. The greater the magnetic moment of the card and the greater the horizontal component of the earth's field, the less the stagnation of the card. Stagnation increases with increasing friction of the cartridge pin on the firebox. The quality of the compass card is higher, the less its stagnation. Due to the vibration of the compass, the amount of stagnation in flight at normal temperatures rarely exceeds 1°.
Compass hobby is the angle through which the liquid drags the compass card when the compass is rotated 360°. Compass drift is an extremely undesirable phenomenon, since when the plane changes course, it is impossible to determine the angle of rotation from the card drawn behind the pot. The larger the surface of the card and the closer it is to the walls of the pot, the greater the fascination. Compass drag is one of the reasons that prevents the otherwise advantageous increase in fluid resistance.
The card, which is the sensitive element of the compass, consists of a system of magnets, a dial, or dampers replacing it, a firebox, or pin, and a float. In fig. P9 shows the device of a card with a vertical dial. Such cards have a small attenuation decrement, approximately equal to 3-3.5. 
Fig. 119. Arrangement of a card with a vertical limb:
1-magnets, 2-column, 3-firebox, 4-float, 5-pin, 6-limb,
The center of gravity of the card should be below the fulcrum, i.e. below the tip of the pin. The limb and float are made of thin material. The pin is made of iridium or hard steel and has a radius of curvature at the tip of 0.1 - 0.2 mm, since a sharper pin can damage the firebox. A special spring washer prevents the card from jumping off the column.
The float is soldered with tin and acid-free flux. All parts of the card, except the pin, are coated with a special protective varnish.
The dial is graduated 360°. The division price depends on the diameter of the dial and the purpose of the compass; for pilot's compasses, the division value is 2-5°, for navigation compasses 1-2°.
For compasses with a large damping decrement, there is no dial on the card, and instead there are several damping antennae located radially (Fig. 120).
The compass column (Fig. 121), which supports the card, also serves to absorb vibrations caused by vibration of the aircraft. The radius of curvature of an agate or sapphire firebox is 2-3 mm. The column is installed at the bottom of the compass bowl. 
The inner surface of the bowl, made of aluminum casting, is made smooth to reduce fluid entrainment when the aircraft turns. The pot is impregnated with liquid glass or a special varnish to increase the tightness. A leaking pot will cause naphtha to leak and cause a bubble to form.
The kettle must be designed to compensate for changes in liquid volume when temperature changes. This compensation is carried out using a membrane box, as indicated in Fig. 117, or through a special compensation chamber (Fig. 122). The volume of the chamber must ensure normal operation of the compass at temperatures from +50 to -70°C. The compensation chamber slightly increases the dimensions of the compass; but its use is the best way to compensate for changes in fluid volume. The liquid that fills the pot and surrounds the card serves to dampen its vibrations and reduce the friction of the firebox on the pin. Previously, compasses were filled with alcohol in various aqueous solutions; Currently, compasses are filled with naphtha.
The pots have a special hole for filling with liquid, closed with a metal stopper with a lead gasket. Some compasses have a special chamber for installing a light bulb to illuminate the instrument scale. Sometimes the light bulb socket is mounted on a small bracket outside the compass.
The heading line, which is a thin wire, is attached to the compass bowl with screws. In compasses with a horizontal card, plane-parallel glass is installed. Compasses with a vertical card use spherical or, more often, cylindrical glass. To avoid distortions and errors when taking readings, the glass must be geometrically correct.
§ 22. Types of compasses, their design and installation
A universal type of compass is the A-4 compass, which is used as a traveling and main compass. Pilots also use the KI-11 compass as a travel compass.
Compass A-4 (Fig. 117) is used as the main compass in the navigator's cabin and as a guide in the pilot's cabin.
The compass card has two cylindrical magnets attached to a float. The countdown is made using four dampers, on which the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 are printed, indicating hundreds of degrees. The angle between dampers 0 and 3 is 60°; the angle between the remaining pairs of dampers is 100°. A centigrade scale with divisions of 1° is attached to the compass bowl; The 50° division replaces the heading line.
When counting the heading, hundreds of degrees are shown by the number on the damper, set opposite the scale, tens and units - the number on the scale opposite the damper.
In addition to these dampers, there are two more shortened dampers located parallel to the magnets of the card, i.e. along the line of the magnetic meridian. These dampers form the compass needle, with the north end of the needle colored red. The purpose of the arrow is to show the general direction to the north, since the damper with the number 0 does not show this direction.
For better damping, the compass card is made in the form of a skirt. The column is equipped with spring shock absorption.
A deviation device is attached to the bottom of the pot to compensate for semicircular deviation (the design and principle of operation of the deviation device are described below, see § 23). The compass pot is filled with naphtha.
Volume compensation of the A-4 compass is arranged as follows. In the upper part of the kettle there is an additional annular chamber, partially filled with naphtha (compensation chamber). This chamber communicates with the pot through an annular cutout. The liquid level in the compass bowl is always above the bottom surface of the glass. The lower surface of the glass has some convexity to remove air bubbles that appear during aircraft evolutions. The decrease in the volume of liquid in the kettle, which occurs as the temperature drops, is compensated by the liquid coming from the compensation chamber. Since changes in atmospheric pressure do not affect changes in the volume of liquid inside the pot, the compass can work at any altitude.
The compass is illuminated by an electric light bulb, powered by the on-board network. The light bulb shines into the end of the compass glass and illuminates the instrument scale.
The time to reach zero when deviating from the magnetic meridian by 90°, which characterizes the moment of inertia, is 5 seconds. at normal temperature. The settling time of the compass when deviating by 90° from the magnetic meridian is 25 seconds. at normal temperature.
The drag at an angular velocity of 710 rps is up to 3° at normal temperature. The compass works fine at rolls up to 17°.
The weight of a card in air is 10.5 g, in naphtha - up to 2 g.
The compass has two magnets made of iron-nickel-aluminum steel with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 32 mm. The magnetic moment of each magnet is at least 80 units. CCSM.
The KI-11 compass (Fig. 119) is a travel compass and is installed in the cockpit. The compass has a vertical scale on the card. The dial of the device is divided into divisions of 5° with digitization every 30°.
The course is marked directly on the card against the heading line installed between the glass and the card. The compass card is float with one pair of magnets. The column is damped by a coil spring. Volume compensation is carried out using a compensation chamber located in the upper part of the kettle. Due to the fact that changes in atmospheric pressure do not affect the volume of liquid inside the pot, the compass can work at high altitudes.
The compass glass is a convex-concave lens, as a result of which the card appears slightly enlarged.
The lamp for illuminating the KI-11 compass is designed to be powered from the on-board network of the aircraft.
The compass is installed on the pilot's instrument panel so that when the aircraft is in the flight line, the compass card is strictly horizontal. The compass is installed on the dashboard in a hole with a diameter of 80 mm and secured using a fastening ring.
The compass damping decrement is about 3.5; calming time is about 25 seconds; the entrainment angle at a compass rotation speed of 1/10 rpm is 15-20°; stagnation is less than 0.5°.
The time to reach zero when deviating from the magnetic meridian by 90° is about 3 seconds. at normal temperature. The calming time for a deviation of 90° from the magnetic meridian is about 20 seconds. at normal temperature. The compass damping decrement is about 3.5.
The drag angle at a compass rotation speed of 1/10 rps is 15-20° at normal temperature.
The weight of a card in air is 9.5 g, in naphtha - about 2 g.
The magnets in the KI-11 compass are the same as in the A-4 compass.
Installation of compasses on an airplane. When installing a compass on an airplane, the following requirements must be considered.
The pilot must have a clear view of the compass without changing his head position. It is best to use a compass with a vertical card mounted on the top of the instrument panel directly facing the pilot.
For the navigator, it is best to install the compass directly in front of his workplace, slightly below eye level.
It should be remembered that the action of a piece of steel on a magnetic needle is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between them; therefore, sometimes it is enough to move the compass away from the source of the magnetic field by a few centimeters to obtain a noticeable decrease in deviation.
Electrical devices on an airplane must be shielded, and the DC wiring must be bifilar, that is, the wires from the positive side of the on-board network must be twisted together with the wires from the negative side.
The installation of the compass should provide easy access to the deviation device and the locking screw of its mounting ring.
The heading line of the compass must be in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft or be parallel to it.
Date of publication on the website: November 20, 2012
About "actions of a piece of steel".
I remember the defect from the incorrect reading of KI-13. On modern aircraft it is installed in the center, at the top, on the canopy frame, the most optimal location. Moreover, for a long time no one cared about this, this is why you need a compass on an airplane, until someone became interested in why our “bull’s eye” points “in the wrong direction at all” :-)
The reason turned out to be that the roller of one of the blind flight curtains was made of steel during repairs.
AVIATION COMPASS
compass, an aeronautical instrument indicating to the pilot the course of the aircraft relative to the magnetic meridian (magnetic compass, gyromagnetic compass), a given direction (gyro-semi-compass) or direction to a radio beacon (radio compass, radio-semi-compass) and relative to any celestial body (astronomical compass).
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
2012See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what an AVIATION COMPASS is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- COMPASS in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
Seeing a compass in a dream means that you will be forced to fight with limited means, with your hands tied, thus doing... - COMPASS in the Directory of Constellations, Latin names.
- COMPASS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(lat. Pyxis) constellation of the Southern ... - COMPASS JOURNAL. in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
scientific and literary magazine of the Naval Cadet Corps; has been published as a manuscript since March 1905 as articles accumulate, monthly if possible. ... - COMPASS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
- COMPASS
[Dutch kompas] a device for orientation relative to the cardinal points on land, at sea and in the air; consists of a magnetic needle rotating... - COMPASS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a, m. (sailors have a compass) A device for determining the cardinal directions, the magnetized arrow of which always points to the north. Compass - related... - COMPASS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a (sailors have a compass, -a), m. A device for determining the cardinal points (sides of the horizon). Magnetic card (with a magnetized pointer, always ... - COMPASS
COMPASS (lat. Pyxis), constellation South. ... - COMPASS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
COMPASS (German: Kompass), a device indicating the direction of geogr. or mag. meridian; serves for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon. There are magnetic, mechanical. (gyrocompass), ... - AVIATION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
AVIATION TRANSPORT, see Transport... - AVIATION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
AVIATION SPORTS, collect. name aviation kinds of sports. See Aeromodelling, Parachuting, Gliding, Airplane... - COMPASS in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
- COMPASS in Collier's Dictionary:
a device for determining horizontal directions on the ground. Used to determine the direction in which a ship, aircraft, or ground vehicle is moving; ... - COMPASS
compa"s, compa"sy, compa"sa, compa"sov, compa"su, compa"sam, compa"s, compa"sy, compa"som, compa"sami, compa"se, ... - COMPASS in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpasov, ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpas, ko"mpase, ... - AVIATION in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation data, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, aviation, … - COMPASS
It helps, doesn't... - COMPASS in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Southern... - COMPASS in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Assistant... - COMPASS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(later Latin compasso measure) a device for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon, indicating the direction of the geographic (true) or magnetic meridian; The simplest compass is... - COMPASS in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[a device for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon, indicating the direction of the geographic (true) or magnetic meridian; The simplest compass is a magnetic one, in a housing... - COMPASS
air compass, astrocompass, hydrocompass, gyro-latitude compass, pel compass, pel compass, radio astro compass, radio compass, ... - AVIATION in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
aeronautical... - COMPASS
m. 1) A device for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon, indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian. 2) transfer decomposition The one who determines... - AVIATION in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
adj. 1) Correlative in meaning. with noun: aviation, associated with it. 2) Characteristic of aviation, characteristic of ... - COMPASS in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
compass, ... - AVIATION in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- COMPASS in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
compass,... - AVIATION in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- COMPASS in the Spelling Dictionary:
compass, ... - AVIATION in the Spelling Dictionary.
- COMPASS in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
a device for determining the cardinal points (sides of the horizon) Magnetic card (with a magnetized arrow, always pointing to ... - COMPASS in Dahl's Dictionary:
husband. , German , Belomorskoe, uterus, magnetic needle on a pin, with a paper card on which the cardinal points or 32 are indicated... - COMPASS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(German Kompass), a device indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian; serves for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon. There are magnetic, mechanical (gyrocompass), radio compass... - COMPASS
(compass obsolete), compass, m. (Italian compasso) (physical). A physical device for recognizing cardinal directions, consisting of a magnetized needle that always points to ... - AVIATION in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
aviation, aviation. Adj. to aviation. Aviation... - COMPASS
compass m. 1) A device for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon, indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian. 2) transfer decomposition The one who … - AVIATION in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
aviation adj. 1) Correlative in meaning. with noun: aviation, associated with it. 2) Characteristic of aviation, characteristic of ... - COMPASS
- AVIATION in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
adj. 1. ratio with noun aviation, associated with it 2. Characteristic of aviation, characteristic of ... - COMPASS
m. 1. A device for orientation relative to the sides of the horizon, indicating the direction of the geographic or magnetic meridian. 2. transfer decomposition The one who determines... - AVIATION in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
adj. 1. ratio with noun aviation I, associated with it 2. Characteristic of aviation [aviation I], characteristic of ... - COMPASS in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m. Constellation of the Southern ... - LIFTING AIRCRAFT ENGINE
aircraft engine, a gas turbine engine, usually of a somewhat simplified design, that develops vertical thrust in a vertical take-off and landing aircraft. P. a. ... - in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Aviation Institute named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze (MAI), one of the largest educational and research centers in the field of aircraft manufacturing in the USSR. Founded in… - in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Aviation Institute, trains engineers for the aviation, instrument-making, radio-electronic and mechanical engineering industries. Founded in 1932 on the basis of the aerodynamic department of Kazan University. ... - AIRCRAFT ALTIMETER in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
aviation, a device for measuring the altitude of an aircraft above the ground. There are barometric altimeters and radio altimeters. The principle of operation of barometric V. ... - DMB (FILM) in the Wiki Quotation Book.
-
k B - Soviet heavy-caliber aviation machine gun of 12.7 caliber ... - MACHINE GUN in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
AVIATION FEDOROV-DEGTYAREV, PROTO SAMPLE 1925 - Soviet built-in aviation machine gun of caliber 6, 5 ...
AVIATION MAGNETIC COMPASSES AND THEIR APPLICATION
Airplane heading
The heading of an aircraft is the angle in the horizontal plane between the direction taken as the origin and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. Depending on the meridian relative to which they are counting, true, magnetic, compass and conditional courses are distinguished ( Rice. 1).
The true IR course is the angle between the north direction of the true meridian and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft; counted clockwise from 0 to 360°.
The magnetic course of the MK is the angle between the northern direction of the magnetic meridian and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft; counted clockwise from 0 to 360°.
The compass heading KK is the angle between the north direction of the compass meridian and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft; counted clockwise from 0 to 360°.
The conventional course of the UK is the angle between the conventional direction (meridian) and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
True, magnetic, compass and conditional courses are related by the relations:
IR = MK + (± D m); MK = KK + (± D To);
IR = CC + (± D ) = KK + (± D j) + (± D m);
UK = IR + (± D A).
Magnetic declination D m is the angle between the north direction of the true and magnetic meridians. It is considered positive if the magnetic meridian is deviated to the east (to the right), and negative if the magnetic meridian is deviated to the west (to the left) of the true meridian.
Azimuthal correction D a is the angle between the conventional and true meridian. It is counted from the conventional meridian clockwise with a plus sign, counterclockwise with a minus sign.
Deviation Dk is the angle between the north direction of the magnetic and compass meridians. It is considered positive if the compass meridian is deviated to the east (to the right) and negative if the compass meridian is deviated to the west (to the left) of the magnetic meridian.
Variation D is the angle between the north direction of the true and compass meridians. It is equal to the algebraic sum of magnetic declination and deviation and is considered positive if the compass meridian is deviated to the east (to the right), and negative if the compass meridian is deviated to the west (to the left) of the true meridian.
D = (± D m) + (± D To).
Brief information about terrestrial magnetism
To determine and maintain an aircraft's course, the most widely used are magnetic compasses, the operating principle of which is based on the use of the Earth's magnetic field.
The earth is a natural magnet around which there is a magnetic field. The Earth's magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic ones and are located not on the Earth's surface, but at some depth. It is conventionally accepted that the north magnetic pole, located in the northern part of Canada, has southern magnetism, i.e., attracts the northern end of the magnetic needle, and the south magnetic pole, located in Antarctica, has northern magnetism, i.e., attracts the southern end magnetic needle. A freely suspended magnetic needle is installed along the magnetic lines of force.
The Earth's magnetic field at each point is characterized by a strength vector NT measured in oersteds, inclination J and declination D m which are measured in degrees.
The total magnetic field strength can be decomposed into components: vertical Z , directed towards the center of the Earth, and horizontal H , located in the plane of the true horizon ( Rice. 2). Force N is directed horizontally along the meridian and is the only force that holds the magnetic needle in the direction of the magnetic meridian.
With increasing latitude, the vertical component Z . varies from zero (at the equator) to a maximum value (at the pole), and the horizontal component N changes accordingly from the maximum value to zero. Therefore, in polar regions, magnetic compasses operate unstable, which limits and sometimes eliminates their use.
Angle between horizontal plane and vector H T called magnetic inclination and denoted by the letter J . The magnetic inclination varies from 0 to ±90°. The inclination is considered positive if.vector NT , directed downward from the horizon plane.
Purpose, principle of operation and design of aviation compasses
A magnetic compass uses the property of a freely suspended magnetic needle to be installed in the plane of the magnetic meridian. Compasses are divided into combined and remote.
In combined magnetic compasses, the heading scale and the sensitive element (magnetic system) are rigidly fixed to a movable base - a card. Currently, combined magnetic compasses of the type KI (KI-11, KI-12, KI-13), they serve as the pilot's traveling compasses and additional compasses in case of failure of the directional instruments.
The main advantages of combined compasses are: simplicity of design, reliable operation, low weight and dimensions, ease of maintenance. On Rice. 3 shows a cross-section of a magnetic liquid compass type KI-12. The main parts of the compass are: sensitive element (card) .7 (magnetic compass system), column 2, exchange line 3, housing 4, membrane 5 and deviation device 6 .
A column is placed in the center of the body 2 with thrust bearing 7. To limit the vertical movement of the column, a spring washer is used 8. Into the sleeve 9 core is pressed into the cards 10, with which it rests on the thrust bearing 7. The bushing has a spring ring 11, protecting the card from jumping off the column when the compass is turned over. The column has spring shock absorption, softening the effect of vertical shocks.
The scale of the card is uniform, with divisions of 5° and digitization every 30°. - The card is painted black, and the numbers and elongated scale divisions are covered with a luminous mass.
A holder with two magnets is attached to the sleeve 12 . The axes of the magnets are parallel to the N-S line of the scale.
A deviation device used to eliminate semicircular deviation is installed in the upper part of the housing. The deviation device consists of two longitudinal and two transverse rollers into which permanent magnets are pressed.
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Rice.3 . Section of the KI-12 compass | Rice.4 Appearance of the KI-13 compass |
The rollers are connected in pairs to each other using gearing and are driven into rotation by elongated rollers with splines.
The compass cover has two holes marked N - S and B - 3, through which you can rotate the rollers using a screwdriver. When the longitudinal rollers with magnets rotate, an additional magnetic field is created, directed across the aircraft, and when the transverse rollers rotate, a longitudinal magnetic field is created.
Naphtha is poured into the compass body, which dampens the vibrations of the card.
To compensate for changes in liquid volume when temperature changes, the compass has a membrane 5, communicating with the body through a special hole.
There is a light bulb installed at the bottom of the compass. The light from the light bulb falls through a slot in the housing onto the end of the viewing glass, is scattered and illuminates the compass scale.
Compass KI-13 (Rice. 4) unlike the KI-12 compass, it has smaller dimensions and weight, as well as a spherical body, which provides good observation of the instrument scale. At the top of the compass there is a diverting chamber to compensate for changes in the volume of the compass fluid. The compass deviation device is designed similarly to the KI-12 compass deviation device, but there is no individual backlight.
Remote compasses are those whose readings are transmitted to a special pointer installed at some distance from the magnetic system.
The GIK-1 gyro-induction compass is installed on airplanes and helicopters; it serves to indicate the magnetic heading and measure the turning angles of the aircraft. When working together with an automatic radio compass, on the scale of the UGR-1 gyromagnetic heading indicator and radio bearings, you can count the heading angles of radio stations and the magnetic bearings of radio stations and the aircraft.
The principle of operation of the GIK-1 compass is based on the property of an induction sensitive element to determine the direction of the Earth's magnetic field and the property of a gyro-semi-compass to indicate the relative flight course of an aircraft.
Included GIK-1 includes: ID-2 induction sensor, KM correction mechanism, G-ZM gyroscopic unit, UGR-1i indicators UGR-2, amplifier U-6M.
An induction sensor measures the direction of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field strength vector. For this purpose, the sensor uses a system of three identical induction-type sensitive elements located in a horizontal plane on the sides of an equilateral triangle of sensitive elements.
The magnetizing windings of the triangle of sensitive elements are powered by alternating current with a frequency of 400 Hz and a voltage of 1.7 V from a step-down transformer located in the junction box SK .
Rice. 5. Induction sensor design
1 - core of the sensitive element; 2 - magnetization coil; 3 - signal coil; 4-plastic platform of sensitive elements; 5-inner ring of the cardan;. 6-hollow cardan axis; 7-cork; 8-float; 9 - deviation device; 10 - clamping ring; // - clamp; 12 - cover; 13-sealing gasket; 14-outer ring of the cardan; 15 - sensor housing; 16, - hollow cardan axis; 17- cup; 18-cargo
Rice. 6, Correction mechanism design
1-stator winding of the selsyn-receiver; 2- rotor winding of the selsyn receiver; 3- brushes of potentiometers; 4 - base; 5 - pattern tape; 6 - deviation screw head; 7 - scale 8 - arrow 9 - deviation screw 10 - roller; 11 - swinging lever; 12 - flexible tape! 13 - exhaust motor DID-0.5,
The signal windings are connected to the stator windings of the selsyn receiver of the KM correction mechanism.
The design of the induction sensor is shown in Fig. 5.
The KM correction mechanism is designed to connect the induction sensor with the gyro unit and to eliminate residual deviation and instrumental errors of the system.
The design of the correction mechanism is shown in Fig. 6.
The UGR-1 indicator (Fig. 7) shows the magnetic heading and turning angles of the aircraft on the heading scale 1 relative to a fixed index 2. Bearings of radio stations and aircraft are determined by the position of the radio compass needle 5 relative to scale 1. The heading angle of the radio station is measured on a scale of 7 and an arrow 5.
Rice. 7. Index UGR-1
Triangular indices are used to perform 90° turns. Heading indicator arrow 3 installed with ratchet handle 4. The axis of the radio compass needle is rotated by a synchronized receiver, which is connected to a synchronized sensor of the automatic radio compass frame. The error in remote transmission from the gyro unit to the UGR-1 indicator is eliminated using a pattern device.
The GIK-1 gyro-induction compass allows you to calculate the magnetic heading of the aircraft using the UGR-1 indicator with an error of ±1.5°. The magnetic bearing of the radio station is determined with an accuracy of ±3.5°. The post-turn error of GIK-1 for 1 minute of turn is 1°.
Modern aircraft are equipped with centralized devices that rationally combine gyroscopic, magnetic, astronomical and radio means of course determination. This allows the same combination indicators to be used and improves the reliability and accuracy of heading measurements. Such devices are called exchange rate systems. The heading system typically includes an induction-type magnetic heading sensor, a gyroscopic heading sensor, an astronomical heading sensor, and a radio compass. With the help of these devices, each of which can be used either autonomously or in conjunction with each other, it is possible to determine and maintain a course in any flight conditions. Such a complex of heading devices makes it possible to determine on the indicators the values of the true, magnetic, conditional (gyro-compass) and orthodromic headings, the corresponding angles of the radio station and the angles of aircraft turn, issuing any of these values to consumers if necessary.
The basis of the heading system is a gyroscopic heading sensor - a heading gyroscope, the readings of which are periodically corrected using a magnetic or astronomical heading sensor (corrector).
To reduce errors in heading measurement caused by rolls, the heading gyroscope is connected to the central gyro-vertical; to reduce errors in heading due to accelerations, it receives signals from the correction switch, and in order to eliminate errors due to the rotation of the Earth, a signal proportional to the geographic latitude of the aircraft’s location is manually entered into it.
Depending on the tasks being solved, the heading system can operate in one of three modes: gyro-semi-compass, magnetic correction, astronomical correction. The main mode of operation of any type of heading system is the gyro-semi-compass mode.
Exchange rate system GMK-1A
The GMK-1A heading system is installed on sport aircraft and helicopters and is designed to measure and indicate the heading and turning angles of the aircraft (helicopter). When working in conjunction with radio compasses ARK-9 and ARK-15, GMK-1A allows you to measure the heading angle of a radio station and radio bearing.
Basic data of GMK-1a |
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DC supply voltage | |
AC supply voltage | |
AC frequency | |
Permissible error in determining IR | |
Permissible error in determining the CUR |
The GA-6 gyro unit is the main unit of the heading system, from the synchro stator of which signals of orthodromic, true and magnetic headings are taken.
The ID-3 induction sensor is a sensitive element of the azimuthal magnetic correction of the gyroscope. The sensor determines the direction of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field strength vector. To mount the sensor on an airplane (helicopter), there are three oval holes in the base of the housing, next to which divisions are marked on the base of the housing, allowing you to count the installation angle of the sensor in the range of ±20° (division value is 2°).
The KM-8 correction mechanism is an intermediate unit in the communication line of the induction sensor with the gyro unit and is designed to compensate for the deviation of the heading system and instrumental errors, enter magnetic declination, indicate the compass course and monitor the performance of the heading system by comparing the KM-8i readings UGR-4UK.
Coordination machine AS-1 is an intermediate unit in the communication line of the correction mechanism with the gyro unit. It is designed to amplify electrical signals proportional to magnetic or true headings, disable azimuthal, magnetic and horizontal corrections, and limit how long the heading system can run.
The UGR-4UK indicator is a combined device designed to indicate orthodromic (in GPK mode), magnetic or true (in MK mode) aircraft headings, turn angles and radio bearings or heading angles of a radio station.
The control panel is used to control the operation of GMK-1 AI and allows you to: select the operating mode of the exchange rate system; input of azimuthal latitude correction of the gyroscope; compensation for errors from gyroscope drifts in azimuth (from imbalance); setting the course scale of the UGR-4UK indicator to a given course; enabling fast gyroscope matching speed; alarm for blockage of the gyro unit's gyroscope; monitoring the performance of the exchange rate system.
The GMK-1A heading system can operate in two modes: in the gyro-semi-compass (GPK) mode and in the gyroscope magnetic correction (MK) mode. Mode Civil Procedure Code is the main operating mode of the system. Mode MK used during the initial coordination of the heading system after its activation, as well as periodically during its operation in flight.
Magnetic compass deviation
The magnetic compass error caused by the influence of the aircraft's own magnetic field is called deviation .
The magnetic field of an aircraft is created by ferromagnetic parts of the aircraft: both aircraft equipment and direct currents in the electrical and radio equipment networks of the aircraft. .
The dependence of deviation on the magnetic course of an aircraft in horizontal flight without acceleration is expressed by the approximate formula:
D k =A+B sin MK+S co s MK+ D sin 2MK+ cos E cos MK,
where A is a constant deviation;
B and WITH- approximate coefficients of semicircular deviation;
D and E- approximate quarter deviation coefficients.
In order to increase the accuracy of course measurement, deviation work is periodically carried out on airplanes, during which constant and semicircular deviations are compensated and quarter deviations are written off.
Constant deviation, along with the installation error, is eliminated by turning the remote compass sensor and turning the body of the combined compass.
Semicircular deviation is compensated at four main courses (0°, 90°, 180° and 270°) using a magnetic deviation device mounted on the compass body (induction sensor). With the help of magnets placed in the deviation device in close proximity to the sensitive element of the compass, forces are created that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to those forces that cause semicircular deviation (B" and C").
Quarter deviation is caused by the alternating magnetic field of the aircraft (forces D " and E") , therefore, it cannot be compensated by the permanent magnets of the deviation device. Quarter deviation, together with instrumental errors in remote compasses (GIK-1), is compensated using a mechanical pattern-type deviation compensator.
In combined magnetic compasses, quarter deviation is not eliminated; its value is determined at eight courses (0e, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270° and 315°) and residual deviation graphs are drawn up based on the values found.
Roll deviation is an additional deviation that occurs when an aircraft rolls, climbs or descends as a result of a change in the position of aircraft parts that have magnetic properties relative to the magnetic compass system.
With lateral rolls, the maximum deviation will be at courses of 0 and 180° , and the minimum is on courses 90 and 270°. With longitudinal rolls at courses 0 and 180 ° it is equal to zero and reaches its maximum value at courses 90 and 270 °. Roll deviation reaches its greatest value during longitudinal rolls (climbing and descending).
Aircraft compasses do not have special devices for eliminating roll deviation, however, during a long climb (descent) on magnetic courses close to 90° (270°), the influence of roll deviation is significant, so determining and maintaining the course must be carried out using a gyro-semicompass or astrocompass.
Rotary error . The essence of the turning error is that when the airplane turns, the compass card receives almost the same roll as the airplane. Consequently, the card is influenced not only by the horizontal, but also by the vertical component of the force of earthly magnetism.
As a result, when turning, the cart makes movements that depend on the magnetic inclination and roll angle of the aircraft. The movement of the card is so vigorous that using the compass is almost impossible. This error manifests itself most sharply on northern courses, which is why it is called northern.
In practice, rotational deviation is taken into account as follows. When turning on northern courses, the aircraft is taken out of the turn, not reaching the specified course by 30 °, and in the south - after passing 30 ° according to magnetic compass readings. Then, with small turns, the plane is brought onto the specified course.
If turns are performed at courses close to 90 or 270 °, the aircraft must be taken out of the turn on a given course, since the turning deviation on these courses is 0.
Performing deviation works
Deviation work on airplanes, helicopters and gliders is carried out in order to determine and compensate for errors in magnetic compasses by specialists from the aviation engineering service (IAS) together with the crew of the aircraft (helicopter, glider) under the guidance of the navigator of the aviation organization.
Deviation work is carried out at least once a year, as well as in the following cases:
If the crew has doubts about the correctness of the compass readings and if an error in the compass readings of more than 3° is detected;
When replacing a sensor or individual components of the course system that affect the deviation;
When preparing to perform particularly important tasks;
When relocating aircraft from mid-latitudes to high-latitude areas.
When performing deviation work, a protocol for performing deviation work is drawn up, which is signed by the navigator and the IAS specialist who performed the deviation work. The protocol is stored together with the aircraft (helicopter, glider) log until the next deviation is written off. According to the protocol, deviation graphs are drawn up and placed in the aircraft cockpits.
To perform deviation works at the airfield, select a site that is at least 200 m away from aircraft and other equipment parking lots, as well as from metal and reinforced concrete structures.
From the center of the selected site, using a deviation direction finder, measure the magnetic bearings of one or two landmarks located at least 3-5 km from the site .
Determining magnetic course using a deviation direction finder
Deviation device DP-1 (Fig. 10) consists of the following parts:
azimuthal dial 1 with two scales (internal and external); scale range from 0 to 360°, division value 1°, digitization done every 10°;
magnetic needle 2;
sighting frame with two diopters: eye 3 - with a slit and object 4 - with a thread;
two screws for locking the sighting frame;
spherical level 5;
course marker "MK" 6,
ball joint 7 with clamp;
screw 8 for fastening the azimuth dial;
bracket 9.
The deviation direction finder has a special box for storage, and a tripod for operation.
The magnetic course of an aircraft using a direction finder can be determined in two ways:
1. According to the heading angle of a remote landmark.
2. Direction finding of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
To determine the magnetic heading of an aircraft based on the heading angle of a remote landmark, it is necessary to first measure the magnetic bearing of the landmark (MPB) using a deviation direction finder, then place the aircraft at the point from which the bearing of the landmark was measured, install the direction finder on the aircraft and measure the heading angle of the landmark (CAO). The aircraft's magnetic heading (MC) is defined as the difference between the magnetic bearing and the heading angle of the landmark ( Rice. 9):
MK = MPO - KUO.
Rice. 10. Deviation direction finder
1 - azimuthal limb; 2 - magnetic needle; 3 - eye diopter; 4 - subject diopter; 5 - spherical level; 6 - course marker MK; 7 - ball joint; 8 - dial fastening screw; 9 – bracket.
To determine the magnetic course direction finding of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft you should install the direction finder exactly in the alignment of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and measure the magnetic bearing of the alignment of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
To determine the magnetic bearing of the MPO landmark (alignment of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft), you need:
install a tripod in the center of the site where the deviation will be recorded;
fix the direction finder on the tripod and set it in a horizontal position according to the level;
unlock the dial and magnetic needle;
by rotating the dial, align the “O” of the dial scale with the north direction of the magnetic needle, and then secure the dial;
unfolding the sighting frame and observing through the slit of the eye diopter, direct the thread of the object diopter to the selected landmark (aligned with the aircraft axis);
against the risks of the subject diopter on the dial scale, count the MPO equal to the magnetic heading of the aircraft.
Setting the aircraft on a given magnetic course
To set the aircraft on a magnetic heading according to heading angle of a distant landmark necessary:
from the center of the selected site, determine the magnetic bearing of a distant landmark;
install the aircraft at the location where the bearing was taken, and the direction finder on the aircraft (line 0-180° along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft);
turn the aircraft to align the line of sight with the selected landmark. After setting the aircraft on a given course, it is necessary to bring the “MK” index of the heading marker under the value of the given magnetic course and secure it in this position.
In order to set the plane on a different magnetic course (MK2), you need to unlock the dial and place it under the index "MK" heading indicator to MK2 and lock it. Turn the aircraft to align the line of sight with the landmark.
To set the aircraft on a magnetic heading direction finding of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft follows (Fig. 9):
Turn the aircraft onto a given magnetic course according to the course indicator;
Install the direction finder 30-50 m in front or behind the aircraft in the direction of the longitudinal axis - the aircraft;
Adjust the direction finder to the level and align the 0-180° line with the magnetic needle;
Expand the sighting frame (alidade) so that
The line of sight coincided with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft;
Count the magnetic course against the sighting frame index on the dial scale.
The installation of the direction finder on the aircraft must be done so that the 0-180° dial line is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, and the 0° dial is directed towards the nose of the aircraft.
When installing a direction finder in the center of the aircraft cabin canopy, the orientation of the direction finder dial along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is carried out by direction finding the aircraft's fin.
To do this you need:
fix the direction finder in the center of the cabin canopy and adjust it according to levels;
set the eye diopter of the direction finder to a dial reading equal to 0°;
by turning the direction finder dial, align the line of sight with the keel of the aircraft and secure the dial in this position (the 0-180° line of the dial will be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft).
